CINXE.COM

Možgani - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="sl" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Možgani - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )slwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy full","wgMonthNames":["","januar","februar","marec","april","maj","junij","julij","avgust","september","oktober","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"b6e193cb-ab6f-4b34-86fb-c471d4be5180","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Možgani","wgTitle":"Možgani","wgCurRevisionId":6376797,"wgRevisionId":6376797,"wgArticleId":349818,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Vsi članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami","Članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami","Povezava na kategorijo Zbirke je v Wikipodatkih","Vsi izbrani članki","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji BNF","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji GND","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji J9U","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji LCCN","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NDL","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NKC","Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji TA98","Možgani","Organi"] ,"wgPageViewLanguage":"sl","wgPageContentLanguage":"sl","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Možgani","wgRelevantArticleId":349818,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"sl","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"sl"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1073","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.CommonsDirekt","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sl&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=sl&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sl&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/1200px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1512"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/800px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1008"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/640px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="806"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Možgani - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Uredi" href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedija (sl)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sl.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sl"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom-vir strani »Wikipedija«" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Možgani rootpage-Možgani skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pojdi na vsebino</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Glavni meni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni meni" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni meni</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni meni</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Obiščite glavno stran [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod"><span>Naučite se urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Portal_skupnosti" title="O projektu, kaj lahko storite, kje lahko kaj najdete"><span>Portal skupnosti</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Stik_z_nami"><span>Stik z nami</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sl.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="prosta enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Iskanje" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Iskanje</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Iskanje v Wikipediji" aria-label="Iskanje v Wikipediji" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Iskanje"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Išči</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osebna orodja"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=sl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&amp;returnto=Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&amp;returnto=Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=sl.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=sl"><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&amp;returnto=Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&amp;returnto=Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Anatomija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Anatomija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celična_struktura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celična_struktura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Celična struktura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celična_struktura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Evolucija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Splošna_zgradba_živčevja_dvobočno_somernih_živali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splošna_zgradba_živčevja_dvobočno_somernih_živali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Splošna zgradba živčevja dvobočno somernih živali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splošna_zgradba_živčevja_dvobočno_somernih_živali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nevretenčarji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nevretenčarji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Nevretenčarji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nevretenčarji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vretenčarji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vretenčarji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Vretenčarji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vretenčarji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sesalci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sesalci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Sesalci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sesalci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prvaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prvaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Prvaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prvaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiziologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiziologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fiziologija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fiziologija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Fiziologija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fiziologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Živčni_prenašalci_in_receptorji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Živčni_prenašalci_in_receptorji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Živčni prenašalci in receptorji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Živčni_prenašalci_in_receptorji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Električna_aktivnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Električna_aktivnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Električna aktivnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Električna_aktivnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presnova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presnova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Presnova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presnova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funkcije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funkcije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Funkcije</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funkcije-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Funkcije</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funkcije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procesiranje_informacij" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procesiranje_informacij"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Procesiranje informacij</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procesiranje_informacij-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senzorika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senzorika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Senzorika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senzorika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorični_nadzor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorični_nadzor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Motorični nadzor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorični_nadzor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budnost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budnost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Budnost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budnost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Homeostaza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Motivacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Učenje_in_spomin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Učenje_in_spomin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Učenje in spomin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Učenje_in_spomin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Razvoj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Razvoj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Razvoj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Razvoj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raziskovanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raziskovanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Raziskovanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raziskovanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zgodovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zgodovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zgodovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zgodovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici_in_opombe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici_in_opombe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sklici in opombe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici_in_opombe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Možgani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 185 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – nemščina (Švica)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemščina (Švica)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="አንጎል – amharščina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንጎል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – aragonščina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A6gen" title="Brægen – stara angleščina" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brægen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="stara angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nden%CC%84" title="Nden̄ – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nden̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%9A%DC%90" title="ܡܘܚܐ – aramejščina" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܚܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مخ (بيولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مخ (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – asamščina" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebru" title="Cerebru – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerebru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtip" title="Wirtip – atikamekwščina" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wirtip" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekwščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="ГӀадалнах – avarščina" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадалнах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixwi" title="Lixwi – ajmarščina" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lixwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بئیین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بئیین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Баш мейеһе – baškirščina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баш мейеһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smag%C4%97nis" title="Smagėnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Smagėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutok" title="Hutok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hutok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозг – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галаўны мозг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Галаўны мозаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галаўны мозаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Главен мозък – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Главен мозък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="माथा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माथा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunkolos%C9%9Bm%C9%9B" title="Kunkolosɛmɛ – bambarščina" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kunkolosɛmɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মস্তিষ্ক – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্তিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="ཀླད་པ་ – tibetanščina" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀླད་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empenn" title="Empenn – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Empenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok-utok" title="Utok-utok – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Utok-utok" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Коьртан хье – čečenščina" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коьртан хье" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="مێشک – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozek" title="Mozek – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mozek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymennydd" title="Ymennydd – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymennydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehirn" title="Gehirn – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gehirn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezg" title="Mezg – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mezg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3rzgi" title="Mórzgi – dolnja lužiška srbščina" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mórzgi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%91%DE%A8" title="ސިކުނޑި – diveščina" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސިކުނޑި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="diveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Εγκέφαλος – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγκέφαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarv%C3%A8l" title="Zarvèl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Zarvèl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brain" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerbo" title="Cerbo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaaju" title="Peaaju – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peaaju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmuin" title="Burmuin – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burmuin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="مغز – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aivot" title="Aivot – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aivot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona" title="Mona – fidžijščina" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mona" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveau" title="Cerveau – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cerveau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsens" title="Harsens – zahodna frizijščina" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Harsens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zahodna frizijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchinn" title="Inchinn – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inchinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rvo" title="Sèrvo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sèrvo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanchainn" title="Eanchainn – škotska gelščina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eanchainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotska gelščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9" title="Apytu&#039;ũ – gvaranijščina" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu&#039;ũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%9C" title="મગજ – gudžaratščina" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મગજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwalwa" title="Kwakwalwa – havščina" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwakwalwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="havščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A8u-n%C3%B3" title="Thèu-nó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thèu-nó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimaag" title="Dimaag – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dimaag" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozy" title="Mozy – gornja lužiška srbščina" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mozy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornja lužiška srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8vo" title="Sèvo – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sèvo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agy" title="Agy – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dober članek"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Գլխուղեղ – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլխուղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untak" title="Untak – ibanščina" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Untak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqisaq" title="Qaqisaq – inupiaščina" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Qaqisaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – ilokanščina" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilokanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Хьоа – inguščina" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьоа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebro" title="Cerebro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cerebro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heili" title="Heili – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heili" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervello" title="Cervello – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cervello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%83%E1%95%86%E1%91%95%E1%96%85" title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ – inuktitutščina" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖃᕆᑕᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B3" title="脳 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brien" title="Brien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/besna" title="besna – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="besna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თავის ტვინი – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავის ტვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%A9t%C9%A9y%C9%A9m" title="Fɩtɩyɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɩtɩyɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuu_(a%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1)" title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱) – tjapska nigerijščina" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fuu (a̱pyia̱)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tjapska nigerijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok" title="Utok – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Utok" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8" title="Ми – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೆದುಳು – kanareščina" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆದುಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanareščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C" title="뇌 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="کوڈ – kašmirščina" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mej%C3%AE" title="Mejî – kurdščina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mejî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ympynnyon" title="Ympynnyon – kornijščina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ympynnyon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Мээ – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мээ" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cerebrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gehier" title="Gehier – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gehier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F" title="Ня – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ня" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D3%80" title="Кьилин мефтӀ – lezginščina" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кьилин мефтӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herre" title="Herre – limburščina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Herre" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervell" title="Cervell – lombardščina" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cervell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%94ng%C9%94%CC%81_(enama)" title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama) – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bɔngɔ́ (enama)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ສະໝອງ – laoščina" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະໝອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvos_smegenys" title="Galvos smegenys – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galvos smegenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smadzenes" title="Smadzenes – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smadzenes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atidoha" title="Atidoha – malgaščina" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atidoha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вуйдорык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вуйдорык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Мозок – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мозок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="മസ്തിഷ്കം – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസ്തിഷ്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи – mongolščina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тархи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="मेंदू – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेंदू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" title="Otak – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Otak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဦးနှောက် – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဦးနှောက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Удем – erzjanščina" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Удем" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzjanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuayolotl" title="Cuayolotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cuayolotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregen" title="Bregen – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bregen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="न्हेपु – nevarščina" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हेपु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hersenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjerne" title="Hjerne – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8rv%C3%A9" title="Chèrvé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chèrvé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerv%C3%A8l" title="Cervèl – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cervèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ – odijščina" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍ତିଷ୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC" title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿਮਾਗ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utek" title="Utek – pangasinanščina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Utek" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – pampanščina" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebro" title="Celebro – papiamentu" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Celebro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zg" title="Mózg – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mózg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servel" title="Servel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Servel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ماغزه – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماغزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rebro" title="Cérebro – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cérebro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91utqu" title="Ñutqu – kečuanščina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñutqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creier" title="Creier – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="Головной мозг – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Головной мозг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%91" title="Мозоґ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мозоґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubwonko" title="Ubwonko – ruandščina" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubwonko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मस्तिष्कम् – sanskrt" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मस्तिष्कम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Мэйии – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мэйии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ – santalščina" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbeddu" title="Cherbeddu – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cherbeddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciriveddu" title="Ciriveddu – sicilijanščina" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciriveddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harn" title="Harn – škotščina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – sindščina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoig%C5%8Ba%C5%A1at" title="Vuoigŋašat – severna samijščina" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuoigŋašat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="severna samijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozak" title="Mozak – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mozak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%BA" title="මොළය – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොළය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" title="Brain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozog" title="Mozog – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mozog" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huropi" title="Huropi – šonščina" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Huropi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskax" title="Maskax – somalščina" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maskax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truri" title="Truri – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Truri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мозак – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мозак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainge" title="Brainge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brainge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteuk" title="Uteuk – sundanščina" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uteuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4rna" title="Hjärna – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubongo" title="Ubongo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="மனித மூளை – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித மூளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మెదడు – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెదడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мағзи сар – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мағзи сар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สมอง – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelle_be%C3%BDnisi" title="Kelle beýnisi – turkmenščina" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kelle beýnisi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utak" title="Utak – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyin" title="Beyin – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Баш мие – tatarščina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баш мие" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%AD%DB%95" title="مېڭە – ujgurščina" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېڭە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Головний мозок – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головний мозок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="دماغ – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دماغ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosh_miya" title="Bosh miya – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosh miya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serve%C5%82o" title="Serveło – beneščina" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Serveło" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="beneščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o" title="Não – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Não" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – volapik" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervea" title="Cervea – valonščina" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cervea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utok" title="Utok – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დუდიშ ტვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დუდიშ ტვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97" title="מוח – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk" title="Uk – džuangščina" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Uk" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="džuangščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1u" title="Náu – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Náu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuchopho" title="Ubuchopho – zulujščina" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuchopho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pogovor:Mo%C5%BEgani" rel="discussion" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Mo%C5%BEgani" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:PosebneStrani" title="Seznam vseh posebnih strani [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne strani</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;oldid=6376797" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&amp;page=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;id=6376797&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMo%25C5%25BEgani"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMo%25C5%25BEgani"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Mo%C5%BEgani"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Prenesi kot PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;printable=yes" title="Različica te strani za tisk [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Različica za tisk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V drugih projektih </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brain" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedijina zbirka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073" title="Povezava na ustrezni predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki" title="To je izbrani članek. Za več podatkov klikni zvezdo."><img alt="Izbrani članek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Članek govori o možganih vseh živalskih vrst ter o človeških. Za posebnosti človeških možganov glej članek <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clove%C5%A1ki_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Človeški možgani">Človeški možgani</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/220px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/330px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/440px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Možgani <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0impanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Šimpanz">šimpanza</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Možgáni</b> so središče <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Devje" class="mw-redirect" title="Živčevje">živčevja</a> vseh <a href="/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji">vretenčarjev</a> in večine <a href="/wiki/Nevreten%C4%8Darji" title="Nevretenčarji">nevretenčarjev</a>. Le nekatere vrste nevretenčarjev, kot so <a href="/wiki/Spu%C5%BEve" title="Spužve">spužve</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%C5%BEigalkarji" title="Ožigalkarji">ožigalkarji</a>, odrasli <a href="/wiki/Pla%C5%A1%C4%8Darji" title="Plaščarji">plaščarji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Igloko%C5%BEci" title="Iglokožci">iglokožci</a>, nimajo možganov, čeprav imajo difuzno <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dno_tkivo" title="Živčno tkivo">živčno tkivo</a>. Možgani ležijo v glavi, navadno blizu osnovnih <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cutilni_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Čutilni organ">čutilnih organov</a>, kot so vidni, slušni, ravnotežni, okušalni in vohalni organi. So najkompleksnejši vretenčarski organ. <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganska_skorja" title="Možganska skorja">Možganska skorja</a>, ki je največji del možganov, pri povprečnem človeku šteje od 15 do 33 milijard <a href="/wiki/Nevron" title="Nevron">nevronov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vsak se s <a href="/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dna_sinapsa" title="Kemična sinapsa">sinapsami</a> povezuje z več tisoč drugimi nevroni. Ti nevroni komunicirajo med seboj prek <a href="/wiki/Nevrit" title="Nevrit">nevritov</a>, ki prenašajo <a href="/wiki/Akcijski_potencial" title="Akcijski potencial">akcijski potencial</a> do oddaljenega predela možganov ali do <a href="/wiki/Biolo%C5%A1ka_tar%C4%8Da" title="Biološka tarča">tarčne celice</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiziologija" title="Fiziologija">Fiziološka</a> funkcija možganov je centralni nadzor telesa. Možgani delujejo na druge dele telesa s tvorbo vzorcev mišične aktivnosti in z izločanjem <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormonov</a>. Centralni nadzor omogoča hiter in usklajen odziv na spremembe v okolju. Določene tipe odzivov, kot so <a href="/wiki/Refleks" title="Refleks">refleksi</a>, posredujejo <a href="/wiki/Hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Hrbtenjača">hrbtenjača</a> ali <a href="/wiki/Obkrajno_%C5%BEiv%C4%8Devje" title="Obkrajno živčevje">obkrajni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganglij" title="Ganglij">gangliji</a>, a dovršen in usmerjen nadzor vedenja, ki temelji na kompleksnem senzoričnem dovodu, zahteva informacijsko-integracijske sposobnosti centraliziranih možganov. </p><p>S <a href="/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija">filozofskega</a> stališča je razlika med možgani in drugimi organi v tem, da so možgani fizična struktura, ki tvori <a href="/wiki/Um" title="Um">um</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat">Hipokrat</a> je dejal: »Človek bi moral vedeti, da le iz možganov prihajajo veselje, radost, smeh in razvedrilo, trpljenje, žalost, potrtost in žalovanje.«<sup id="cite_ref-Hippocrates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippocrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Od <a href="/wiki/Rene_Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Descartes">Descartesa</a> dalje je prevladovala ideja, da je um ločen od možganov (<a href="/wiki/Dualizem" title="Dualizem">dualizem</a>). Celo za današnjo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevroznanost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevroznanost (stran ne obstaja)">nevroznanost</a> ostajajo izziv mehanizmi, po katerih možganska aktivnost ustvarja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zavest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zavest (stran ne obstaja)">zavest</a> in misel. Kljub hitremu znanstvenemu napredku ostaja večina možganskega delovanja skrivnost. Delovanje posamezne možganske celice je sedaj razjasnjeno precej podrobno. Še vedno ni znano, kako delujejo skupki več milijonov celic. Najbolj obetavni pristopi obravnavajo možgane kot biološki računalnik, katerega mehanizem se od elektronskih računalnikov zelo razlikuje, vendar mu je podoben v načinu pridobivanja informacij iz okolja, njihovega shranjevanja in predelave.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomija">Anatomija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Anatomija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Anatomija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg/220px-Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg/330px-Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg/440px-Section_through_olfactory_bulb_16_days_old_rat_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Prerez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfaktorni_bulbus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olfaktorni bulbus (stran ne obstaja)">olfaktornega bulbusa</a> podgane. Obarvan je na dva načina hkrati – eno barvanje kaže telesa nevronov, drugo kaže receptorje za <a href="/wiki/Nevtrotransmitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevtrotransmitor">nevtrotransmitor</a> <a href="/wiki/GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA">GABA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oblika in velikost možganov različnih <a href="/wiki/Vrsta_(biologija)" title="Vrsta (biologija)">vrst</a> se zelo razlikujeta. Navadno je težko identificirati skupne značilnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kljub temu obstaja več načel možganske arhitekture, ki so skupne širokemu naboru vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-Sporns2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sporns2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nekatere značilnosti možganske strukture so skupne skoraj vsem živalskim vrstam.<sup id="cite_ref-Başar2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Başar2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Preostale napravijo razliko med »višjimi«&#160;in primitivnimi možgani – med vretenčarji in nevretenčarji.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opazovanje je najlažji način pridobivanja informacij o anatomiji možganov, obstajajo pa tudi bolj sofisticirane tehnike. Možgansko tkivo je v svojem naravnem stanju premehko za obravnavo, zato ga utrdijo v <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkoholu</a> ali drugih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiksacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiksacija (stran ne obstaja)">fiksacijskih</a> sredstvih. Nato ga narežejo za makroskopski pregled notranjosti. Notranjost možganov sestavljata <a href="/wiki/Siva_mo%C5%BEganovina" title="Siva možganovina">siva možganovina</a>, ki je temne barve, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bela_mo%C5%BEganovina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bela možganovina (stran ne obstaja)">bela možganovina</a>, ki je svetlejša. Več informacij daje barvanje tkivnih rezin z različnimi <a href="/wiki/Barvilo" title="Barvilo">barvili</a>. Ta prikažejo regije, kjer so specifični tipi <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekul</a> prisotni v visokih <a href="/wiki/Koncentracija" title="Koncentracija">koncentracijah</a>. Možno je tudi pregledati mikrostrukturo možganskega tkiva z <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopom</a> in slediti vzorcem povezanosti možganskih regij.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celična_struktura"><span id="Celi.C4.8Dna_struktura"></span>Celična struktura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Celična struktura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Celična struktura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg/250px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg/375px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg/500px-Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Nevroni tvorijo električne signale, ki potujejo vzdolž nevritov. Ko električni signal doseže stik – sinapso, povzroči sprostitev nevrotransmitorja. Ta se veže na receptorje na drugih celicah in spremeni njihovo električno aktivnost.</figcaption></figure> <p>Možgane vseh živali sestavljata dva glavna tipa celic – <a href="/wiki/Nevron" title="Nevron">nevroni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nevroglija" title="Nevroglija">glialne celice</a>. Slednje imenujejo tudi <i>glija</i> ali <i>nevroglija</i> in so različnih vrst. Nudijo strukturno in presnovno podporo, so izolatorji in usmerjajo razvoj. Nevroni veljajo za najpomembnejše celice možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edinstvena za nevrone je njihova sposobnost pošiljanja signalov specifičnim tarčnim celicam na dolge razdalje.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Signale pošiljajo po nevritih do drugih območij, včasih bližjih, včasih do oddaljenih delov možganov ali telesa. Dolžina nevrita je lahko nenavadna – če bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piramidna_celica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piramidna celica (stran ne obstaja)">piramidno celico</a> možganske skorje povečali na velikost človeškega telesa, bi njen nevrit, enako povečan, postal kabel, ki bi meril v premeru nekaj centimetrov in bil daljši od kilometra.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nevriti prenašajo signale v obliki elektrokemičnih pulzov – <a href="/wiki/Akcijski_potencial" title="Akcijski potencial">akcijskih potencialov</a>. Ti trajajo manj kot tisočinko sekunde in potujejo vzdolž nevrita s hitrostjo 1–100 <a href="/wiki/Meter_na_sekundo" title="Meter na sekundo">m/s</a>. Nekateri nevroni oddajajo akcijske potenciale stalno, od 10 do 100-krat na sekundo, navadno v nepravilnih vzorcih. Drugi nevroni so večino časa nemi, le vsake toliko časa oddajajo »izbruhe«&#160;akcijskih potencialov.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevriti prenašajo signale do drugih nevronov preko specializiranih stikov – sinaps. Posamezen nevrit lahko tvori tudi več tisoč sinaptičnih povezav z drugimi celicami.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ko akcijski potencial, ki potuje vzdolž nevrita, dospe do sinapse, povzroči sprostitev nevrotransmitorja. Ta se veže na receptor na <a href="/wiki/Celi%C4%8Dna_membrana" title="Celična membrana">membrani</a> tarčne celice in vpliva na nastanek akcijskih potencialov v njej.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Svetlozeleno obarvana celica leži na rdečem in črnem ozadju. Ima dolge, močno razvejane izrastke, ki segajo v več smeri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg/220px-PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg/330px-PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg/440px-PLoSBiol4.e126.Fig6fNeuron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Nevroni imajo pogosto razvejano mrežo dendritov, ki prejemajo sinaptične povezave. Na sliki je piramidna celica iz <a href="/wiki/Hipokampus" title="Hipokampus">hipokampusa</a>. Z barvanjem so prikazali beljakovine (obarvane so z zeleno).</figcaption></figure> <p>Sinapse so ključni funkcionalni element možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShepherdSOB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osnovna funkcija možganov je komunikacija med celicami in sinapse so mesto, kjer se to dogaja. Ocenjujejo, da imajo človeški možgani približno 100·10<sup>12</sup> sinaps.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možgani <a href="/wiki/Vinska_mu%C5%A1ica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinska mušica">vinske mušice</a> imajo več milijonov sinaps.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Funkcije sinaps so zelo raznolike – nekatere so ekscitatorne (vzburjajo tarčno celico), druge so inhibitorne (zavirajo tarčno celico). Nekatere delujejo preko aktivacije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_drugotnih_prena%C5%A1alcev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem drugotnih prenašalcev (stran ne obstaja)">sistema drugotnega prenašalca</a>, ki spremeni notranjo kemijo tarčne celice na zelo zapletene načine.<sup id="cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShepherdSOB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Velik delež sinaps je dinamično prilagodljiv. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapti%C4%8Dna_plasti%C4%8Dnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaptična plastičnost (stran ne obstaja)">Od aktivnosti odvisna prilagodljivost sinaps</a> velja za primarni mehanizem možganov, ki omogoča <a href="/wiki/U%C4%8Denje" title="Učenje">učenje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spomin" title="Spomin">spomin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShepherdSOB-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Večino možganskega prostora zavzemajo nevriti, ki se pogosto povezujejo v <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dna_proga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Živčna proga (stran ne obstaja)">živčne proge</a>. Mnogo nevritov obdaja maščobna snov <a href="/wiki/Mielin" title="Mielin">mielin</a>, ki povečuje hitrost potovanja signala. Mielin je bel, zato so deli možganov, ki jih izpolnjujejo le živčna vlakna, svetlejši. Imenujemo jih <i>bela možganovina</i>. <i>Sivo možganovino</i> oblikujejo območja z večjo gostoto teles nevronov.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolucija">Evolucija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Evolucija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Evolucija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Splošna_zgradba_živčevja_dvobočno_somernih_živali"><span id="Splo.C5.A1na_zgradba_.C5.BEiv.C4.8Devja_dvobo.C4.8Dno_somernih_.C5.BEivali"></span>Splošna zgradba živčevja dvobočno somernih živali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Splošna zgradba živčevja dvobočno somernih živali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Splošna zgradba živčevja dvobočno somernih živali"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Bilaterian-plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/300px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/450px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bilaterian-plan.svg/600px-Bilaterian-plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Živčevje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvobo%C4%8Dno_somerna_%C5%BEival&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvobočno somerna žival (stran ne obstaja)">dvobočno somerne živali</a> je v obliki hrbtne strune s segmentnimi povečanji in <i>možgani</i> spredaj.</figcaption></figure> <p>Razen nekaj primitivnih tipov živali, kot so spužve (nimajo živčevja)<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in ožigalkarji (njihovo živčevje sestavlja difuzna živčna mreža),<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> so vse danes živeče živali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvobo%C4%8Dno_somerna_%C5%BEival&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvobočno somerna žival (stran ne obstaja)">dvobočno somerne</a>. To pomeni, da je oblika njihovega telesa simetrična (leva in desna polovica sta si približni zrcalni sliki).<sup id="cite_ref-Urbilateria_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbilateria-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vse dvobočno somerne živali so se razvile iz skupnega prednika, ki je verjetno živel v zgodnjem <a href="/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij">kambriju</a>, pred 550 do 600 milijoni let. Hipoteza trdi, da je imel skupni prednik obliko preprostega <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Crv" title="Črv">črva</a> s členjenim telesom.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbilateria_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbilateria-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Na shematski ravni se osnovna črvasta oblika odraža v zgradbi telesa in živčevja vseh dvobočno somernih živali, vključno z vretenčarji.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Temeljna dvobočno somerna oblika telesa je cev s črevesno votlino, ki poteka od ust do <a href="/wiki/Anus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anus">anusa</a> in s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrbtna_struna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrbtna struna (stran ne obstaja)">hrbtno struno</a> z razširitvijo (<a href="/wiki/Ganglij" title="Ganglij">ganglijem</a>) za vsak telesni člen. Posebno velik ganglij je na začetku – imenujemo ga možgani. Možgani so pri določenih skupinah, kot so <a href="/wiki/Gliste" title="Gliste">gliste</a>, majhni in preprosti. Pri drugih skupinah živali, vključno z vretenčarji, so najkompleksnejši organ.<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nekatere črvaste živali, kot so <a href="/wiki/Pijavke" title="Pijavke">pijavke</a>, imajo povečan ganglij na koncu hrbtne strune, čemur pravimo <i>repni možgani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nekateri tipi dvobočno somernih živali nimajo prepoznavnih možganov. To so iglokožci, plaščarji in skupina primitivnih <a href="/wiki/Ploski_%C4%8Drvi" title="Ploski črvi">ploskih črvov</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acoelomorpha&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acoelomorpha (stran ne obstaja)">Acoelomorpha</a>. Ni dokončno pojasnjeno, ali obstoj teh skupin brez možganov kaže, da so bili zgodnejši nevretenčarji brez možganov, ali pa so se njihovi predniki razvili na način, ki je vodil v izgubo predhodno obstoječe možganske strukture.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwinyi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwinyi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nevretenčarji"><span id="Nevreten.C4.8Darji"></span>Nevretenčarji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Nevretenčarji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Nevretenčarji"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/330px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/440px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Vinsko mušico vrste <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> preučujejo da bi pridobili vpogled v vlogo genov pri razvoju možganov.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sem spadajo <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clenono%C5%BEci" title="Členonožci">členonožci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehku%C5%BEci" title="Mehkužci">mehkužci</a> in številne živali črvaste oblike. Raznolikost teles nevretenčarjev se ujema z raznolikostjo možganske strukture.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kompleksne možgane imata dve skupini nevretenčarjev: členonožci (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDu%C5%BEelke" title="Žuželke">žuželke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raki" title="Raki">raki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajkovci" title="Pajkovci">pajkovci</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Glavono%C5%BEci" title="Glavonožci">glavonožci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hobotnice" title="Hobotnice">hobotnice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lignji" title="Lignji">lignji</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možgani členonožcev in glavonožcev nastanejo iz dveh vzporednih hrbtnih strun, ki potekata vzdolž vsega telesa živali. Členonožci imajo osrednje možgane. Razdeljeni so na tri dele. Za vsakim očesom imajo velik optični <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEganski_re%C5%BEenj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Možganski reženj (stran ne obstaja)">možganski reženj</a>, ki služi obdelavi vizualnih podatkov.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Glavonožci, kot so hobotnice in lignji, imajo največje možgane med nevretenčarji.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulloch1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulloch1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nekatere vrste nevretenčarjev so raziskovali, ker so lastnosti njihovih možganov primerne za <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksperiment">eksperimentalno</a> delo. To so: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinske_mu%C5%A1ice" title="Vinske mušice">Vinske mušice</a>: na voljo so številne tehnike za preučevanje njihovih <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetskih značilnosti</a>, zaradi česar so izjemno priročen subjekt za proučevanje vloge genov pri razvoju možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kljub veliki <a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">evolucijski</a> razdalji med žuželkami in <a href="/wiki/Sesalci" title="Sesalci">sesalci</a> so se številni vidiki nevrogenetskih lastnosti vinskih mušic pokazali kot relevantni za ljudi. Prve gene, ki uravnavajo biološke ure, so prepoznali s pregledovanjem <a href="/wiki/Mutacija" title="Mutacija">mutantov</a> vinske mušice, ki so izkazovali motene <a href="/wiki/Cirkadiani_ritem" title="Cirkadiani ritem">cirkadiane ritme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Iskanje po <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genomih</a> vretenčarjev je pokazalo skupek analognih genov, ki igrajo podobno vlogo v biološki uri <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1" title="Miš">miši</a> – zato so zelo verjetno povezani tudi z biološko uro človeka.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Glisto <i><a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a></i> so raziskovali zaradi njenega pomena v genetiki.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V zgodnjih 70. letih 20. stoletja jo je <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> izbral kot <a href="/wiki/Modelni_organizem" title="Modelni organizem">modelni organizem</a> za raziskovanje genetskega nadzora razvoja. Prednost te živali za raziskave je stereotipnost njene telesne zgradbe. Živčevje tega <a href="/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit">hermafrodita</a> obsega točno 302 nevrona, ki sta vedno na enakem mestu in vedno ustvarjata identične sinaptične povezave.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brennerjeva ekipa je razrezala glisto na tisoče ultratankih rezin in vsako pregledala pod <a href="/wiki/Vrsti%C4%8Dni_elektronski_mikroskop" title="Vrstični elektronski mikroskop">elektronskim mikroskopom</a>. Nato so vizualno preverili ujemanje od odseka do odseka in mapirali vsak nevron in sinapso.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tako natančno ni raziskan noben drug organizem. Te informacije so omogočile ogromno študij.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Morske zajčke iz rodu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aplysia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aplysia (stran ne obstaja)">Aplysia</a></i> je <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziologijo_ali_medicino" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo ali medicino">Nobelov nagrajenec</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> izbral kot modelni organizem za proučevanje celične osnove učenja in spomina, saj imajo preprosto in dostopno živčevje. Te živali so uporabili v več sto poskusih.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vretenčarji"><span id="Vreten.C4.8Darji"></span>Vretenčarji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Vretenčarji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Vretenčarji"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Shark_brain.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shark_brain.png/170px-Shark_brain.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shark_brain.png/255px-Shark_brain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shark_brain.png/340px-Shark_brain.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Možgani <a href="/wiki/Morski_pes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morski pes">morskega psa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi vretenčarji so se pojavili pred več kot 500 milijoni let, v <a href="/wiki/Kambrij" title="Kambrij">kambriju</a>, in so po obliki morda spominjali na današnje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenavice&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenavice (stran ne obstaja)">glenavice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morski_pes" class="mw-redirect" title="Morski pes">Morski psi</a> so se pojavili pred približno 450 milijoni let, dvoživke pred 400 milijoni, plazilci pred 350 milijoni in sesalci pred 200 milijoni let. Nobene sodobne vrste ne moremo v strogem pomenu besede opredeliti kot <i>primitivnejše</i> od drugih, saj imajo vse enako dolgo evolucijsko zgodovino. Vendar možgani sodobnih glenavic, <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%A1kurji" title="Piškurji">piškurjev</a>, morskih psov, dvoživk, plazilcev in sesalcev kažejo gradient velikosti in kompleksnosti, ki v grobem sledi evolucijskemu zaporedju. Vsi ti možgani imajo enak skupek osnovnih anatomskih komponent. Pri glenavicah so mnoge rudimentarne, pri sesalcih pa so najpomembnejši del – predvsem je razširjen in dovršen <a href="/wiki/Telencefalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencefalon">telencefalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Možgane najlažje primerjamo po velikosti. Razmerja med velikostjo možganov, velikostjo telesa in drugimi spremenljivkami so primerjali pri številnih vrstah vretenčarjev. Velikost možganov se povečuje z velikostjo telesa, vendar ne <a href="/wiki/Linearna_funkcija" title="Linearna funkcija">linearno</a>. Če računamo velikost možganov kot funkcijo velikosti telesa, imajo manjše živali večje možgane. Žival z največjim razmerjem med velikostjo možganov in velikostjo telesa je <a href="/wiki/Kolibriji" title="Kolibriji">kolibri</a>. Pri sesalcih razmerje med prostornino možganov in telesno maso sledi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poten%C4%8Dni_zakon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Potenčni zakon (stran ne obstaja)">potenčnemu zakonu</a> z <a href="/wiki/Eksponent" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksponent">eksponentom</a> okrog 0,75.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ta formula opisuje osnoven princip, vendar se vsaka družina sesalcev nekoliko razlikuje, kar deloma odseva kompleksnost njihovega vedenja. Možgani <a href="/wiki/Prvaki" title="Prvaki">prvakov</a> so tako 5 do 10-krat večji, kot to predvideva formula. Plenilci imajo glede na telesno velikost večje možgane kot njihov plen.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:EmbryonicBrain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/langsl-250px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/langsl-375px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/langsl-500px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Glavne podenote <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embriogeneza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Embriogeneza (stran ne obstaja)">embrionalnih</a> možganov vretenčarjev, ki se pozneje diferencirajo v prozencefalon, mezencefalon in rombencefalon</figcaption></figure> <p>Možgani vseh vretenčarjev imajo skupno osnovno obliko, ki je najbolj opazna med zgodnjimi obdobji embrionalnega razvoja. V najzgodnejši obliki se možgani pojavljajo kot tri razširitve na zgornjem koncu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevralna_cev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevralna cev (stran ne obstaja)">nevralne cevi</a>. Iz teh razširitev nastanejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prozencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prozencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">prozencefalon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">mezencefalon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rombencefalon" title="Rombencefalon">rombencefalon</a>. V zgodnejših razvojnih stopnjah so vsa tri območja približno enako velika. Pri številnih razredih vretenčarjev, kot so ribe in dvoživke, ostanejo ti trije deli enako veliki tudi v odrasli dobi. Pri sesalcih postane prozencefalon mnogo večji kot druga dva dela; mezencefalon se zelo zmanjša.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Možgani vretenčarjev so zgrajeni iz mehkega tkiva.<sup id="cite_ref-Principlesof_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principlesof-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Živo možgansko tkivo je navzven rožnato in navznoter predvsem belo; možne so tudi druge barve. Možgane vretenčarjev obdaja <a href="/wiki/Vezivno_tkivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vezivno tkivo">vezivno tkivo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganska_ovojnica" title="Možganska ovojnica">možganske ovojnice</a> ali <i>meninge</i> ločujejo lobanjo in možgane. Krvne žile vstopajo v možgane skozi odprtine v plasteh ovojnic. Celice v stenah krvnih žil so tesno druga ob drugi in tvorijo <a href="/wiki/Krvno-mo%C5%BEganska_pregrada" title="Krvno-možganska pregrada">krvno-možgansko pregrado</a>. Ta varuje možgane pred <a href="/wiki/Toksin" title="Toksin">toksini</a>, ki jih nosi kri.<sup id="cite_ref-CarpenterCh1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarpenterCh1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevroanatomi delijo možgane vretenčarjev na šest glavnih regij: <a href="/wiki/Telencefalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencefalon">telencefalon</a> (možganski polobli), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">diencefalon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talamus" title="Talamus">talamus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">hipotalamus</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">mezencefalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Mali možgani">male možgane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Most_(anatomija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Most (anatomija) (stran ne obstaja)">most</a> ter <a href="/wiki/Podalj%C5%A1ana_hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Podaljšana hrbtenjača">podaljšano hrbtenjačo</a>. Vsaka regija ima kompleksno notranjo strukturo. Nekateri deli, kot sta možganska skorja in mali možgani, so sestavljeni iz plasti, ki so zvite in zložene, da ustrezajo prostoru, ki je na voljo. Talamus in hipotalamus sta sestavljena iz skupkov več majhnih jeder. Na podlagi razlik v živčni strukturi, kemiji in povezanosti lahko identificiramo več tisoč različnih regij vretenčarskih možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-Principlesof_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principlesof-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Čeprav so nekateri osnovni sestavni deli prisotni v možganih vseh vretenčarjev, so nekatere evolucijske veje vretenčarjev ubrale svojo pot. Opazne so razlike v možganski geometriji, predvsem v območju prozencefalona. Možgani morskega psa kažejo osnovne komponente v rostralni smeri. Pri <a href="/wiki/Kostnice" title="Kostnice">kostnicah</a> so možgani <i>obrnjeni</i> – kot nogavica, ki je obrnjena od znotraj navzven. Pri ptičih je največja razlika v strukturi prozencefalona.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Te razlike otežujejo primerjanje možganov različnih živalskih vrst.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png/220px-Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Vertebrate-brain-regions_small.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Glavne anatomske regije možganov vretenčarjev. Shema prikazuje možgane morskega psa in človeka. Oba imata enake dele, vendar se razlikujejo po velikosti in obliki.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sledi seznam pomembnih struktur vretenčarskih možganov in kratek opis njihovih funkcij: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podalj%C5%A1ana_hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Podaljšana hrbtenjača">Podaljšana hrbtenjača</a> skupaj s <a href="/wiki/Hrbtenja%C4%8Da" title="Hrbtenjača">hrbtenjačo</a> vsebuje več majhnih jeder, ki sodelujejo pri mnogih motoričnih in senzoričnih funkcijah.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Most_(anatomija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Most (anatomija) (stran ne obstaja)">Most</a> leži v možganskem deblu, tik nad podaljšano hrbtenjačo. Vsebuje jedra, ki nadzorujejo spanje, dihanje, požiranje, funkcijo sečnega mehurja, ravnotežje, premikanje oči, izraze obraza in pokončno držo.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">Hipotalamus</a> je majhna struktura na bazi prozencefalona, katerega kompleksnost in pomen presegata njegovo velikost. Sestavljajo ga številna majhna jedra, vsako z različno povezanostjo in nevrokemijo. Hipotalamus uravnava ritme budnosti in spanja, prehranjevanje in pitje, sproščanje hormonov ter več drugih pomembnih bioloških funkcij.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamus" title="Talamus">Talamus</a> je še ena skupina jeder z različnimi funkcijami. Nekatera sodelujejo pri preklapljanju informacij v možganske poloble in iz njih. Druga so ključna za motivacijo. Subtalamično območje (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cona_incerta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cona incerta (stran ne obstaja)">cona incerta</a></i>) verjetno vsebuje sisteme, ki generirajo tipe vedenja, kot so prehranjevanje, pitje, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iztrebljanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iztrebljanje (stran ne obstaja)">odvajanje</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parjenje" title="Parjenje">parjenje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Mali možgani">Mali možgani</a> modulirajo signale iz drugih možganskih sistemov tako, da jih napravijo bolj natančne. Če živalim odstranimo male možgane, bodo še vedno zmožne početi vse, vendar bodo gibi netočni in nerodni. Ta natančnost ni vrojena, vgrajena, ampak se je naučimo s poskusi in napakami. Zgled nevronske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasti%C4%8Dnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastičnost (stran ne obstaja)">plastičnosti</a>, ki se oblikuje v malih možganih, je vožnja kolesa.<sup id="cite_ref-refprinciples_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refprinciples-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zgornji_kolikel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zgornji kolikel (stran ne obstaja)">Zgornji kolikel</a>/optični tektum: omogoča, da so dejanja usmerjena proti določeni točki v prostoru, večinoma v odgovoru na vizualni vnos. Pri sesalcih se imenuje zgornji kolikel (<i>colliculus superior</i>). Njegova najbolje preučena funkcija je usmerjanje premikanja očesnih zrkel. Usmerja tudi gibe doseganja in druga v objekte usmerjena dejanja. Ima močne vhode iz čutila za vid, kot tudi iz drugih čutil, ki sodelujejo v usmerjanju dejanj, kot je slušni vnos pri sovah in vnos iz termosenzitivnega jamičastega organa pri kačah. Pri nekaterih ribah, kot so piškurji, je ta predel največji del možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zgornji kolikel je del mezencefalona.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallium (stran ne obstaja)">Pallium</a> je plast sive možganovine, ki leži na površini prozencefalona. Pri plazilcih in sesalcih se imenuje <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganska_skorja" title="Možganska skorja">možganska skorja</a>. Skorja opravlja več funkcij, kot sta <a href="/wiki/Voh" title="Voh">voh</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostorski_spomin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostorski spomin (stran ne obstaja)">prostorski spomin</a>. Pri sesalcih, kjer je največji del možganov, nadzoruje funkcije iz več možganskih regij. Pri številnih sesalcih je skorja oblikovana v vijuge – giruse. Ti tvorijo globoke žlebe - sulkuse. Vijuge povečujejo površino skorje in tako povečajo količino sive možganovine in informacij, ki jih možgani lahko procesirajo.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipokampus" title="Hipokampus">Hipokampus</a> v ožjem pomenu obstaja le pri sesalcih. Medialni pallium, iz katerega izhaja hipokampus, ima ustreznice pri vseh vretenčarjih. Ta del možganov se ukvarja s prostorskim spominom in navigacijo pri ribah, ptičih, plazilcih in sesalcih.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazalni_ganglij" title="Bazalni ganglij">Bazalni gangliji</a> so skupina med seboj povezanih struktur v prozencefalonu. Primarna funkcija bazalnih ganglijev je selekcija dejanj. Inhibitorne signale pošiljajo vsem delom možganov, ki lahko generirajo motorično vedenje. V pravih okoliščinah lahko sprostijo inhibicijo. To omogoči sistemom, ki tvorijo dejanja, da jih izvedejo. Najpomembnejši učinek nagrajevanja in kaznovanja je spreminjanje povezav znotraj bazalnih ganglijev.<sup id="cite_ref-Grillner2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grillner2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olfaktorni_bulbus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olfaktorni bulbus (stran ne obstaja)">Olfaktorni bulbus</a> je posebna struktura, ki procesira vohalne signale in pošilja svoje odgovore v olfaktorni del skorje. Pri mnogih vretenčarjih je glavni sestavni del možganov, pri prvakih pa je zelo zmanjšana.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sesalci">Sesalci</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Sesalci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sesalci"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Največja razlika med možgani sesalcev in drugih vretenčarjev je v velikosti. Sesalec ima možgane povprečno približno dvakrat večje od enako velikega ptiča in desetkrat večje od plazilca enake velikosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Northcutt2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northcutt2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Velikost ni edina razlika, saj obstajajo tudi razlike v obliki. Rombencefalon in mezencefalon sesalcev sta podobna kot pri drugih vretenčarjih. Največja razlika je v prozencefalonu, ki je veliko večji in ima drugačno strukturo.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možganska skorja je del možganov, po katerem se sesalci najbolj razlikujejo od drugih skupin. Pri nesesalcih je površina <a href="/wiki/Veliki_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Veliki možgani">velikih možganov</a> povezana z razmeroma preprosto strukturo iz treh plasti, ki jo imenujemo pallium. Skorja pri sesalcih obsega kompleksno šestplastno strukturo, ki jo imenujemo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neokorteks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neokorteks (stran ne obstaja)">neokorteks</a> ali izokorteks.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboitiz_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboitiz-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Več regij na robu neokorteksa, vključno s hipokampusom in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amigdala&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Amigdala (stran ne obstaja)">amigdalo</a>, je mnogo bolj razvitih pri sesalcih kot pri drugih vretenčarjih.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izpopolnjenost možganske skorje prinaša spremembe tudi v drugih možganskih regijah. Zgornji kolikel, ki je pomemben pri vizualnem nadzoru vedenja večine vretenčarjev, je pri sesalcih zelo majhen. Številne njegove funkcije prevzamejo temu namenjene regije možganske skorje.<sup id="cite_ref-Northcutt2002_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northcutt2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mali možgani sesalcev vsebujejo velika območja (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocerebellum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocerebellum (stran ne obstaja)">neocerebellum</a>), ki podpirajo možgansko skorjo, česar pri drugih vretenčarjih ne najdemo.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prvaki">Prvaki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Prvaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Prvaki"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 10px;"> <caption>Količnik encefalizacije (EQ) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vrsta </th> <th>EQ<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2005_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek">Človek</a></td> <td>7,4–7,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0impanzi" title="Šimpanzi">Šimpanzi</a></td> <td>2,2–2,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezus (stran ne obstaja)">Rezus</a> (opica)</td> <td>2,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Velika_pliskavka" title="Velika pliskavka">Velika pliskavka</a></td> <td>4,14<sup id="cite_ref-Marino_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marino-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sloni" title="Sloni">Sloni</a></td> <td>1,13–2,36<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_pes" title="Domači pes">Domači pes</a></td> <td>1,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_konj" title="Domači konj">Domači konj</a></td> <td>0,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podgana" title="Podgana">Podgana</a></td> <td>0,4 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Možgani človeka in drugih prvakov imajo enako strukturo kot možgani drugih sesalcev, vendar so večinoma večji glede na telesno velikost.<sup id="cite_ref-Finlay_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finlay-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najbolj sprejet način primerjave možganov med različnimi živalskimi vrstami je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koli%C4%8Dnik_encefalizacije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Količnik encefalizacije (stran ne obstaja)">količnik encefalizacije</a>, ki upošteva nelinearnost razmerja možgani–telo.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth2005_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Povprečen količnik ljudi je 7–8, količnik drugih prvakov je 2–3. Količnik delfinov je višji kot pri človeku podobnih opicah in drugih prvakih (z izjemo človeka),<sup id="cite_ref-Marino_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marino-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> skoraj vsi drugi sesalci pa imajo precej nizek EQ. </p><p>Večina povečanja možganov prvakov je na račun obsežne razširitve možganske skorje, posebno <a href="/wiki/Prefrontalna_skorja" title="Prefrontalna skorja">prefrontalne skorje</a> in delov skorje, ki sodelujejo pri vidnem zaznavanju.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mreža prvakov za vizualno procesiranje obsega najmanj 30 različnih možganskih regij s kompleksnim omrežjem povezav. Ocenjujejo, da območja vizualnega procesiranja obsegajo več kot polovico celotne površine neokorteksa prvakov.<sup id="cite_ref-Sereno1995_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sereno1995-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prefrontalna skorja opravlja funkcije, ki vključujejo načrtovanje, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delovni_spomin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Delovni spomin (stran ne obstaja)">delovni spomin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivacija" title="Motivacija">motivacijo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozornost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozornost (stran ne obstaja)">pozornost</a> in izvršilni nadzor. Pri prvakih zavzema veliko večji delež možganov kot pri drugih vrstah. Posebno velika je pri človeku.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiziologija">Fiziologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Fiziologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Fiziologija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funkcije možganov temeljijo na sposobnosti nevronov prenašati elektrokemične signale do drugih celic in njihovi sposobnosti, da primerno odgovorijo na elektrokemični signal, ki ga prejmejo od drugih celic. <a href="/wiki/Membranski_potencial" title="Membranski potencial">Membranske potenciale</a> nevronov nadzorujejo mnogi biokemični in presnovni procesi, od katerih so najpomembnejše interakcije med <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiv%C4%8Dni_prena%C5%A1alec" title="Živčni prenašalec">živčnimi prenašalci</a> in receptorji, ki potekajo v sinapsah.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Živčni_prenašalci_in_receptorji"><span id=".C5.BDiv.C4.8Dni_prena.C5.A1alci_in_receptorji"></span>Živčni prenašalci in receptorji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Živčni prenašalci in receptorji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Živčni prenašalci in receptorji"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Živčni prenašalci so snovi, ki se sproščajo v sinapsah, ko jih aktivira akcijski potencial. Vežejo se na receptor na sinaptični membrani tarčne celice, s tem pa spremenijo električne in kemične lastnosti receptorja. </p><p>Razen nekaj izjem vsak nevron v možganih sprošča enake živčne prenašalce ali njihovo kombinacijo na vseh sinapsah, kar imenujemo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daleovo_na%C4%8Delo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daleovo načelo (stran ne obstaja)">Daleovo načelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zato se nevron lahko poimenuje po živčnih prenašalcih, ki jih sprošča. Velika večina <a href="/wiki/Psihoaktivna_droga" title="Psihoaktivna droga">psihoaktivnih snovi</a> deluje tako, da spreminja specifične živčnoprenašalske sisteme. Te snovi so med drugim tudi <a href="/wiki/Marihuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marihuana">marihuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin">nikotin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain">kokain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoksetin" title="Fluoksetin">fluoksetin</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klopromazin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klopromazin (stran ne obstaja)">klopromazin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V možganih vretenčarjev sta najpogostejša živčna prenašalca <a href="/wiki/Glutamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamat">glutamat</a>, ki na tarčne celice deluje vzbujevalno (ekscitatorno), in <a href="/wiki/GABA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA">GABA</a>, ki je skoraj vedno deluje zaviralno (inhibitorno). Nevroni s tema prenašalcema so v skoraj vseh predelih možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zdravila, ki delujejo na glutamatni ali GABA-ergični sistem, imajo več močnih učinkov, saj sta ta sistema prisotna povsod. Nekateri <a href="/wiki/Anestetik" title="Anestetik">splošni anestetiki</a> zmanjšajo učinek glutamata. Večina <a href="/wiki/Pomirjevalo" title="Pomirjevalo">pomirjeval</a> deluje tako, da spodbuja učinke spojine GABA.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nekateri živčni prenašalci so prisotni v bolj omejenem obsegu, pogosto v regijah, ki opravljajo določeno funkcijo. <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> je primarna tarča <a href="/wiki/Antidepresiv" title="Antidepresiv">antidepresivov</a> in več prehranskih dodatkov. Nastaja izključno v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedro_rafe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedro rafe (stran ne obstaja)">jedru rafe</a> v možganskem deblu.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalin" title="Noradrenalin">Noradrenalin</a>, ki vpliva na budnost, se tvori le v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locus_coeruleus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Locus coeruleus (stran ne obstaja)">lokusu coeruleusu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehler_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehler-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Drugi živčni prenašalci, kot sta <a href="/wiki/Acetilholin" title="Acetilholin">acetilholin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a>, se tvorijo v več predelih možganov, vendar niso tako razširjeni, kot sta glutamat in GABA.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Električna_aktivnost"><span id="Elektri.C4.8Dna_aktivnost"></span>Električna aktivnost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Električna aktivnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Električna aktivnost"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Spike-waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/220px-Spike-waves.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/330px-Spike-waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/440px-Spike-waves.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Možganska električna aktivnost, posneta pri človeku z <a href="/wiki/Epilepsija" title="Epilepsija">epileptičnim napadom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stranski učinek elektrokemičnih procesov, ki jih nevroni uporabljajo za signaliziranje, je <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električno polje</a>. Tvori ga aktivno možgansko tkivo. Ko veliko število nevronov kaže sinhronizirano aktivnost, je mogoče električno polje, ki ga tvorijo, zaznati tudi zunaj lobanje. Za to se uporabljata <a href="/wiki/Elektroencefalografija" title="Elektroencefalografija">elektroencefalografija</a> (EEG)<sup id="cite_ref-Niedermeyer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niedermeyer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetoencefalografija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetoencefalografija (stran ne obstaja)">magnetoencefalografija</a> (MEG). Posnetki EEG-ja, skupaj s posnetki preko elektrod, vstavljenih v možgane poskusnih živali, kot so podgane, kažejo, da so možgani živih živali neprestano aktivni, tudi med spanjem.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzsaki_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzsaki-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vsak del možganov kaže mešanico ritmične in neritmične aktivnosti, ki se razlikuje glede na vedenje. Pri sesalcih kaže možganska skorja velike in počasne valove delta med spanjem, hitrejše valove alfa, ko je žival budna, a nepozorna in na videz kaotično aktivnost, ko opravlja določeno nalogo. Med epileptičnim napadom možganski nadzor inhibicije odpove. Električna aktivnost naraste na patološko raven in kaže na EEG-ju vzorce, ki jih v zdravih možganih ni. Koreliranje vzorcev z računskimi funkcijami posameznih nevronov je eno osrednjih raziskovalnih področij sodobne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevrofiziologija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevrofiziologija (stran ne obstaja)">nevrofiziologije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzsaki_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzsaki-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presnova">Presnova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Presnova" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Presnova"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vsi vretenčarji imajo <a href="/wiki/Krvno-mo%C5%BEganska_pregrada" title="Krvno-možganska pregrada">krvno-možgansko pregrado</a>, ki omogoča, da presnova v možganih poteka drugače kot v drugih delih telesa. Najpomembnejše so celice nevroglije, saj nadzorujejo kemijsko sestavo tekočine, ki obdaja nevrone, vključno z ravnjo <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionov</a> in hranil.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Možgansko tkivo porabi glede na svojo prostornino veliko količino energije. Veliki možgani so za žival velika presnovna obremenitev. Potreba po omejitvi telesne mase, da bi žival lahko npr. letela, je pri nekaterih živalih (na primer <a href="/wiki/Netopirji" title="Netopirji">netopirjih</a>) vodila v zmanjšanje velikosti možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možgani porabijo večino energije za vzdrževanje membranskega potenciala nevronov.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri vretenčarjih predstavlja bazalna presnova možganov 2–8&#160;% celotne <a href="/wiki/Bazalna_presnova" title="Bazalna presnova">bazalne presnove</a>. Pri prvakih je ta delež večji in pri človeku predstavlja 20–25&#160;%.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poraba energije se časovno ne spreminja bistveno. Aktivne regije možganske skorje porabijo več energije kot neaktivne. To je osnova funkcionalnih slikovnih preiskav možganov, kot so <a href="/wiki/Pozitronska_emisijska_tomografija" title="Pozitronska emisijska tomografija">pozitronska emisijska tomografija</a> (PET), <a href="/wiki/Magnetna_resonanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetna resonanca">funkcionalna magnetna resonanca</a> (fMR)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bli%C5%BEnja_infrarde%C4%8Da_spektroskopija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bližnja infrardeča spektroskopija (stran ne obstaja)">bližnja infrardeča spektroskopija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri človeku in mnogih drugih vrstah dobijo možgani večino energije iz <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidacija">oksidativne razgradnje</a> <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nieuwenhuys-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri nekaterih drugih vrstah so možni alternativni viri energije, kot so <a href="/wiki/Laktat" class="mw-redirect" title="Laktat">laktat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keton" title="Keton">ketoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina">aminokisline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen">glikogen</a> in tudi <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funkcije">Funkcije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Funkcije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Funkcije"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iz evolucijsko-biološke perspektive je funkcija možganov izvajati koherenten nadzor nad dejanji živali. Centralizirani možgani omogočajo hkratno aktivacijo skupin mišic v kompleksnih vzorcih. Centraliziran nadzor omogoča, da dogajanje v enem delu telesa izzove odziv v drugih delih in tudi prepreči navzkrižno delovanje različnih telesnih delov.<sup id="cite_ref-CarewCh1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarewCh1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Da bi možgani tvorili namensko in usklajeno delovanje, najprej prenesejo signal iz čutil v središče. Te grobe podatke obdelajo in izluščijo informacije o strukturi okolja. Obdelane senzorične informacije uskladijo z informacijami o trenutnih potrebah živali in s spominom na pretekle okoliščine. Na podlagi rezultata tvorijo motorične vzorce, ki so najboljši za žival. Obdelava signalov je zahtevna interakcija med več funkcionalnimi podsistemi.<sup id="cite_ref-CarewCh1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarewCh1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procesiranje_informacij">Procesiranje informacij</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Procesiranje informacij" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Procesiranje informacij"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iznajdba elektronskih računalnikov v 40. letih 20. stoletja in razvoj matematične <a href="/w/index.php?title=Informacijska_teorija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Informacijska teorija (stran ne obstaja)">informacijske teorije</a> sta privedla so odkritja, da se lahko možgane razume kot sisteme, ki procesirajo informacije. Ta koncept je osnova <a href="/wiki/Kibernetika" title="Kibernetika">kibernetike</a>. Omogočil je tudi pojav <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ka_nevroznanost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Računalniška nevroznanost (stran ne obstaja)">računalniške nevroznanosti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najzgodnejše težnje kibernetike so bile precej okorne, saj so možgane obravnavale kot da so le preobleka digitalnega računalnika. Eden takšnih primerov je <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">Neumannova</a> knjiga <i>Računalnik in možgani</i> (<i>The Computer and the Brain</i>) iz leta 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Skozi leta so informacije o električnih odgovorih možganskih celic, ki so jih posneli na živalih, premikale teoretične koncepte v smer večjega realizma.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg/220px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg/330px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg/440px-Model_of_Cerebellar_Perceptron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Model nevronskega krogotoka malih možganov, kot si ga je zamišljal <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_S._Albus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James S. Albus (stran ne obstaja)">James S. Albus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bistvo pristopa informacijskega procesiranja je razumeti možgansko funkcijo v pojmih informacijskega toka in izvrševanja <a href="/wiki/Algoritem" title="Algoritem">algoritmov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eden najbolj vplivnih zgodnjih prispevkov je <i>What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain</i>. Napisan je bil leta 1959. Preverjali so vizualne odgovore nevronov v <a href="/wiki/Retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Retina">mrežnici</a> in optičnem tektumu žab. Zaključili so, da so nekateri tektalni nevroni povezani tako, da kombinirajo elementarne odzive na način, da delujejo kot »detektorji hroščev«.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nekaj let kasneje sta <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David Hubel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a> v primarni vidni skorji opic odkrila celice, ki se aktivirajo, ko se ostrorobi objekt premakne čez določeno točko v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidno_polje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidno polje (stran ne obstaja)">vidnem polju</a>. Za to odkrije sta prejela Nobelovo nagrado.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nadaljnje študije višjih vizualnih področij so odkrile celice, ki zaznavajo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Binokulara_dispariteta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Binokulara dispariteta (stran ne obstaja)">binokularno dispariteto</a>, barvo, gibanje in obliko. Z oddaljevanjem teh področij od primarne vidne skorje se povečuje kompleksnost odgovorov.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Druge raziskave možganskih področij, nepovezanih z vidom, so razkrile širok razpon povezav s spominom in nekaterimi abstraktnimi kognitivnimi kategorijami, kot je prostor.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teoretiki so poskušali razumeti vzorce odzivanja tako, da so sestavili matematične modele nevronskih mrež, ki se jih da računalniško simulirati.<sup id="cite_ref-CKS1993_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nekateri uporabni modeli so abstraktni. Bolj so osredotočeni na konceptualno strukturo nevronskih algoritmov kot na to, kako so vgrajeni v možgane. Drugi modeli težijo k vključevanju podatkov o biofizičnih lastnostih resničnih nevronov.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Noben model na nobeni ravni še ni dovolj razvit, da bi bil popolnoma veljaven opis možganske funkcije. Osnovna težava je, da sofisticirana komputacija nevronskih mrež zahteva distribuirane procese, v katerih sodeluje stotine ali tisoče nevronov. Trenutne snemalne metode pa omogočajo snemanje le izoliranih akcijskih potencialov nekaj deset nevronov hkrati.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senzorika">Senzorika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Senzorika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Senzorika"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg/220px-Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg/330px-Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg/440px-Hearing_mechanics_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Diagram signalnega procesiranja v <a href="/wiki/Sluh" title="Sluh">slušnem sistemu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ena primarnih funkcij možganov je pridobivati biološko pomembne informacije iz senzoričnih vnosov. Človeški možgani dobivajo informacije o svetlobi, zvoku, kemični sestavi <a href="/wiki/Ozra%C4%8Dje" title="Ozračje">ozračja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturi</a>, orientaciji glave, položaju okončin, kemični sestavi krvi. Druge živali lahko imajo tudi dodatne čute, kot je <a href="/wiki/Svetloba" title="Svetloba">infrardeči</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoreceptor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoreceptor (stran ne obstaja)">termoreceptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8De" title="Kače">kač</a>, čut za <a href="/wiki/Magnetno_polje" title="Magnetno polje">magnetno polje</a> nekaterih ptičev ali čut za <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električno polje</a> nekaterih tipov rib. Nekatere živali so razvile senzorične sisteme na nove načine – netopirji so adaptirali slušni sistem v obliko <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonarja</a>. Vse senzorične modalitete uvodoma zazna specializirano čutilo, ki prenese signal v možgane.<sup id="cite_ref-hearing_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearing-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vsak senzorični sistem se začne s specializiranimi receptorskimi celicami, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pali%C4%8Dnica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paličnica (stran ne obstaja)">paličnice</a> v <a href="/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnica" title="Mrežnica">mrežnici</a> očesa, na vibracijo občutljivi nevroni v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C5%BE_(anatomija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polž (anatomija) (stran ne obstaja)">ušesnem polžu</a>, na pritisk občutljivi nevroni v <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža">koži</a>. Nevriti senzoričnih receptorjev potekajo do hrbtenjače ali do možganov, kjer prenesejo signal do svojih primarnih senzoričnih jeder. Ta prenesejo informacije v višja senzorična področja. Skozi talamus se signali prenesejo v možgansko skorjo. Tam se s procesiranjem pridobi biološko pomembne podatke. Te se integrira s signali, ki prihajajo iz drugih senzoričnih sistemov.<sup id="cite_ref-hearing_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearing-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorični_nadzor"><span id="Motori.C4.8Dni_nadzor"></span>Motorični nadzor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Uredi razdelek: Motorični nadzor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Motorični nadzor"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motori%C4%8Dni_sistem&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorični sistem (stran ne obstaja)">Motorični sistemi</a> so področja možganov, ki so neposredno ali posredno vključena v gibanje telesa – v aktivacijo mišic. Razen zunanjih zrkelnih mišic, ki premikajo oko in jih nadzorujejo jedra v mezencefalonu, so vse <a href="/wiki/Skeletna_mi%C5%A1ica" title="Skeletna mišica">skeletne mišice</a> v telesu neposredno oživčene z <a href="/wiki/Motori%C4%8Dni_nevron" title="Motorični nevron">motoričnimi nevroni</a> v hrbtenjači in rombencefalonu.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hrbtenjačne motorične nevrone nadzorujejo živčni krogi, ki so intrinzični za hrbtenjačo, in descendentni vhodi iz možganov. Intrinzični hrbtenjačni krogi izvršujejo mnoge refleksne odgovore in vsebujejo <i>generatorje vzorcev</i> za <a href="/wiki/Ritem" title="Ritem">ritmične</a> gibe, kot sta hoja ali plavanje. Descendentne povezave iz možganov omogočajo bolj sofisticiran nadzor.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V možganih je več motoričnih področij, ki se projicirajo neposredno v hrbtenjačo. Na najnižji ravni sta motorični področji v podaljšani hrbtenjači in v mostu. Nadzorujeta stereotipna vedenja kot so hoja, dihanje ali požiranje. Višje so področja mezencefalona, kot je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rde%C4%8De_jedro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rdeče jedro (stran ne obstaja)">rdeče jedro</a> (<i>nucleus ruber</i>), ki je odgovorno za koordiniranje gibov rok in nog. Najvišja raven je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primarna_motori%C4%8Dna_skorja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Primarna motorična skorja (stran ne obstaja)">primarna motorična skorja</a>. To je tkivna proga, ki se nahaja na posteriorni strani čelnega režnja. Primarna motorična skorja pošilja projekcije subkortikalnim motoričnim področjem in skozi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piramidna_proga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piramidna proga (stran ne obstaja)">piramidno progo</a> neposredno v podaljšano hrbtenjačo. Ta neposredna kortikospinalna projekcija omogoča natančni hoteni nadzor detajlov gibov. Druga možganska področja, povezana z motoriko, izkazujejo drugotne učinke preko projiciranja v primarna motorična področja. Najpomembnejša drugotna področja so premotorična skorja, bazalni gangliji in mali možgani.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Glavna področja, ki nadzorujejo gibanje </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Regija </th> <th width="100">Mesto </th> <th>Funkcija </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprednji_rog_hrbtenja%C4%8De&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprednji rog hrbtenjače (stran ne obstaja)">Ventralni rog</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Hrbtenjača</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Vsebuje motorične nevrone, ki neposredno aktivirajo mišice.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Okulomotori%C4%8Dni_%C5%BEivec" title="Okulomotorični živec">Okulomotorična jedra</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Mezencefalon</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Vsebuje motorične nevrone, ki neposredno aktivirajo očesne mišice.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Mali_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Mali možgani">Mali možgani</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Rombencefalon</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Umerjajo natančnost in čas izvedbe giba.<sup id="cite_ref-refprinciples_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refprinciples-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bazalni_gangliji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazalni gangliji">Bazalni gangliji</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Prozencefalon</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Izbor dejanja na podlagi motivacije.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motori%C4%8Dna_skorja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorična skorja (stran ne obstaja)">Motorična skorja</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Čelni reženj</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Neposredna kortikalna aktivacija krogotokov spinalnih motoričnih nevronov. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premotori%C4%8Dna_skorja&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Premotorična skorja (stran ne obstaja)">Premotorična skorja</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Čelni reženj</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Zbiranje elementarnih gibov v koordinirane vzorce.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suplementarno_motori%C4%8Dno_podro%C4%8Dje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suplementarno motorično področje (stran ne obstaja)">Suplementarno motorično področje</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Čelni reženj</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Tvorba zaporedja gibov v začasni vzorec.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontalna_skorja" title="Prefrontalna skorja">Prefrontalna skorja</a> </th> <td style="background: tan">Čelni reženj</td> <td style="background:#ffdead">Načrtovanje in druge izvršilne funkcije.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Možgani in hrbtenjača vsebujejo obsežne krogotoke, ki nadzorujejo <a href="/wiki/Avtonomni_%C5%BEiv%C4%8Dni_sistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Avtonomni živčni sistem">avtonomni živčni sistem</a>, ki deluje preko izločanja <a href="/wiki/Hormon" title="Hormon">hormonov</a> in usmerjanja <a href="/wiki/Gladka_mi%C5%A1ica" title="Gladka mišica">gladkih mišic</a> črevesja.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Avtonomni živčni sistem vpliva na hitrost srčnega utripa, prebavo, hitrost dihanja, slinjenje, <a href="/wiki/Znoj" class="mw-redirect" title="Znoj">znojenje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urin" class="mw-redirect" title="Urin">uriniranje</a>, spolno vzburjenje in mnoge druge procese. Večina teh funkcij ni pod neposrednim vplivom volje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budnost">Budnost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Uredi razdelek: Budnost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Budnost"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eden očitnejših vidikov vedenja vsake živali je dnevni cikel med spanjem in budnostjo. Budnost in zavedanje usmerja velika mreža možganskih področij.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles45_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles45-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ključni del sistema budnosti je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprakiazmati%C4%8Dno_jedro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprakiazmatično jedro (stran ne obstaja)">suprakiazmatično jedro</a>. Leži v hipotalamusu, točno nad križiščem optičnih živcev iz oči. Suprakiazmatično jedro vsebuje centralno biološko uro telesa. Nevroni v tem področju izkazujejo raven dejavnosti, ki se poveča ali upade v obdobju 24 ur. To so <a href="/wiki/Cirkadiani_ritem" title="Cirkadiani ritem">cirkadiani ritmi</a>. Spremembe aktivnosti narekujejo ritmične spremembe v izražanju skupka genov <i>clock</i>. Suprakiazmatično jedro ohranja čas, četudi je izrezano iz možganov in nameščeno v posodo s toplo tekočino in hranili. V organizmu prejema vnose iz optičnih živcev, in sicer preko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinohipotalami%C4%8Dna_proga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinohipotalamična proga (stran ne obstaja)">retinohipotalamične proge</a>. Ta omogoča dnevno-nočnim ritmom umerjati biološko uro.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Projekcije suprakiazmatičnega jedra vodijo v hipotalamus in v možgansko deblo. Vključene so v izvršitev ciklov budnosti in spanja. Pomemben del sistema je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retikularna_formacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Retikularna formacija (stran ne obstaja)">retikularna formacija</a>. Retikularni nevroni pošiljajo signale do talamusa. Ta nato pošilja signale, ki nadzorujejo raven aktivnosti, v predele skorje. Poškodba retikularne formacije lahko povzroči trajno <a href="/wiki/Koma" title="Koma">komatozno</a> stanje.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles45_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles45-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med spanjem se dogajajo velike spremembe v možganski aktivnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles47_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles47-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do leta 1950 so mislili, da možgani med spanjem mirujejo.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sedaj se ve, da je to daleč od resnice. Možganska aktivnost se nadaljuje tudi v spanju, vendar se vzorci zelo razlikujejo. Obstajata 2 fazi spanja: <a href="/wiki/REM" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="REM">REM</a> (<i>Rapid eye movement</i>), spanje s hitrim premikanjem očesnih zrkel (s sanjami) in NREM (<i>Non-rapid eye movement</i>), brez hitrega premikanja očesnih zrkel (navadno brez sanj). Pojavljata se v različnih vzorcih skozi epizodo spanja. Možno je meriti 3 tipe različnih vzorcev možganske aktivnosti: REM, plitki NREM in globoki NREM. Med globokim NREM spanjem, imenovanim tudi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanje_po%C4%8Dasnih_valov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanje počasnih valov (stran ne obstaja)">spanje počasnih valov</a>, se možganska aktivnost v skorji kaže v obliki velikih sinhroniziranih valov, ki so v budnem stanju burni in desinhronizirani. Raven nevrotransmitorjev <a href="/wiki/Noradrenalin" title="Noradrenalin">noradrenalina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonina</a> med to obliko spanja upade in med REM fazo pade skoraj na nič. Ravni <a href="/wiki/Acetilholin" title="Acetilholin">acetilholina</a> kažejo ravno obraten vzorec.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles47_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles47-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeostaza">Homeostaza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Uredi razdelek: Homeostaza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Homeostaza"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg/220px-LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg/330px-LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Presek človeške glave, označen je hipotalamus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Za preživetje vsake živali je nujno vzdrževanje mnogih parametrov telesnega stanja. Ti parametri so med drugimi telesna temperatura, vsebnost vode, koncentracija natrija v krvi, raven krvnega sladkorja in raven kisika.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zmožnost, da živali regulirajo svoje notranje okolje, je znana kot <a href="/wiki/Homeostaza" title="Homeostaza">homeostaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vzdrževanje homeostaze je ključna funkcija možganov. Osnovni princip homeostaze je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negativna_povratna_zveza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Negativna povratna zveza (stran ne obstaja)">negativna povratna zveza</a>. Vsakič, ko se parameter razlikuje od svoje nastavljene vrednosti, nevroni generirajo signal, ki javi napako. Ta signal izzove odgovor, ki povzroči, da se parameter uravna s svojo nastavljeno vrednostjo<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (ta princip se pogosto uporablja v <a href="/wiki/In%C5%BEenirstvo" title="Inženirstvo">inženirstvu</a>, na primer v nadzoru temperature s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termostat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Termostat (stran ne obstaja)">termostatom</a>). </p><p>Pri vretenčarjih je najpomembnejši del možganov, ki skrbi za homeostazo, <a href="/wiki/Hipotalamus" title="Hipotalamus">hipotalamus</a>. To je majhno področje na bazi prozencefalona, katerega velikost ne odseva njegove kompleksnosti ali pomena njegove funkcije.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hipotalamus je zbirka majhnih jeder. Večina jih sodeluje pri temeljnih bioloških funkcijah. Nekatere so povezane z budnostjo ali s socialnimi interakcijami, kot so <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seksualnost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Seksualnost (stran ne obstaja)">seksualnost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agresija" class="mw-redirect" title="Agresija">agresija</a> ali materinsko vedenje, večina pa jih je povezanih s homeostazo. Več hipotalamičnih jeder prejema vnose iz čutil, ki obdajajo krvne žile in zbirajo informacije o temperaturi, ravni natrija, glukoze ter kisika. Ta hipotalamična jedra pošiljajo iznose do motoričnih področij, ki tvorijo dejanja, ki uravnavajo razlike. Nekaj signalov se prenese tudi v <a href="/wiki/Hipofiza" title="Hipofiza">hipofizo</a>. To je drobna žleza, pritrjena na možgane, neposredno pod hipotalamusom. Hipofiza izloča hormone v krvni obtok. Hormoni krožijo po telesu in povzročajo spremembe v celični aktivnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivacija">Motivacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Uredi razdelek: Motivacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Motivacija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Basal_ganglia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basal_ganglia.svg/350px-Basal_ganglia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basal_ganglia.svg/525px-Basal_ganglia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Basal_ganglia.svg/700px-Basal_ganglia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Deli bazalnih ganglijev, prikazani na prerezu človeških možganov. Modro: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavdatno_jedro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavdatno jedro (stran ne obstaja)">kavdatno jedro</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Putamen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Putamen (stran ne obstaja)">putamen</a>. Zeleno: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus_pallidus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus pallidus (stran ne obstaja)">globus pallidus</a>. Rdeče: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subtalami%C4%8Dno_jedro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Subtalamično jedro (stran ne obstaja)">subtalamično jedro</a>. Črno: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Crna_substanca&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Črna substanca (stran ne obstaja)">črna substanca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Po razvojni teoriji so živali genetsko programirane tako, da skušajo preživeti in imeti potomce. Na ravni posamezne živali se cilja genetske prilagodljivosti prevedeta v skupek vedenja, ki omogoča preživetje. Žival išče hrano, vodo, zavetišče in partnerja.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Motivacijski sistem možganov nadzoruje trenutno stanje zadovoljitve teh ciljev. Ko se pojavi potreba, aktivira vedenje, da bi jo zadovoljil. Motivacijski sistem večinoma deluje preko mehanizma kaznovanja in nagrajevanja. Ko določenemu vedenju sledijo ugodne posledice, se aktivira mehanizem za nagrado. To vključuje možganske strukturne spremembe. Te povzročijo, da se določeno vedenje ponovi vsakič, ko se pojavi enaka situacija. Kadar vedenju sledijo neprijetne posledice, se aktivira sistem kaznovanja. Ko se ponovi enaka situacija, se določeno vedenje zavre zaradi strukturnih možganskih sprememb.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Možgani vseh živali, ki so jih doslej proučevali, imajo mehanizem kaznovanja in nagrajevanja. Celo črvi in žuželke lahko spremenijo svoje vedenje, ko iščejo hrano ali se izogibajo nevarnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pri vretenčarjih se mehanizem kaznovanja in nagrajevanja izvršuje v posebnem možganskem področju, katerega center so bazalni gangliji. To je skupek medsebojno povezanih področij na bazi prozencefalona.<sup id="cite_ref-Grillner2005_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grillner2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bazalni gangliji so center odločanja in izkazujejo stalni zaviralni nadzor nad večino motoričnih možganskih sistemov. Ko sprostijo zaviranje, lahko motorični sistem izvede načrtovano dejanje. Nagrajevanje in kaznovanje delujeta preko spreminjanja razmerja med vnosi, ki jih prejemajo bazalni gangliji in med odločitvami – signali, ki jih oddajajo. Mehanizem nagrajevanja je bolje razumljen kot mehanizem kaznovanja. Vlogo slednjega pri zlorabi različnih snovi bo treba še raziskati. Raziskave kažejo, da je najpomembnejši <a href="/wiki/Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopamin</a>. Snovi, ki povzročajo odvisnost (na primer <a href="/wiki/Kokain" title="Kokain">kokain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfetamin" title="Amfetamin">amfetamini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikotin" title="Nikotin">nikotin</a>), dvigujejo raven dopamina ali okrepijo njegove učinke v možganih.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Učenje_in_spomin"><span id="U.C4.8Denje_in_spomin"></span>Učenje in spomin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Uredi razdelek: Učenje in spomin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Učenje in spomin"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skoraj vse živali so zmožne na podlagi izkušnje prilagajati svoje vedenje, tudi najbolj primitivni tipi črvov. Vedenje določa možganska aktivnost, zato spremembe vedenja izhajajo iz sprememb v možganih. Teoretiki so že od <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Cajalovega</a> obdobja trdili, da sta učenje in spomin posledica sprememb sinaptičnih povezav.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do leta 1970 je teoriji o sinaptični plastičnosti manjkal eksperimentalni dokaz. Leta 1971 sta Tim Bliss in Terje Lømo objavila članek o pojavu, ki ga danes imenujejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolgoro%C4%8Dna_potenciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolgoročna potenciacija (stran ne obstaja)">dolgoročna potenciacija</a>. Članek je prinašal jasen dokaz o sinaptičnih spremembah, ki so se zgodile zaradi aktivnosti nevronov in so trajale vsaj nekaj dni.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Odkar je tehnični napredek olajšal eksperimentalno delo, so izvedli več tisoč študij, da bi razjasnili mehanizem sinaptičnih sprememb in razkrili druge tipe z aktivnostjo induciranih sinaptičnih sprememb v različnih možganskih področjih, vključno z možgansko skorjo, hipokampusom, bazalnimi gangliji in malimi možgani.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevroznanstveniki razlikujejo več tipov učenja in spomina, ki se v možganih izvršujejo na različne načine: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delovni_spomin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Delovni spomin (stran ne obstaja)">Delovni spomin</a> je sposobnost možganov vzdrževati trenutno zastopanost informacij o nalogi, ki jo žival trenutno izvaja. To obliko dinamičnega spomina verjetno usmerjajo povezave med skupinami aktiviranih nevronov, ki vzdržujejo svojo aktivnost s konstantnim medsebojnim stimuliranjem. O tem govori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebbovo_u%C4%8Denje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hebbovo učenje (stran ne obstaja)">Hebbovo učenje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epizodi%C4%8Dni_spomin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epizodični spomin (stran ne obstaja)">Epizodični spomin</a> je sposobnost zapomniti si podrobnosti določenih dogodkov. Ta oblika spomina se lahko ohrani doživljenjsko. Pri tem je ključen hipokampus, saj so ljudje s hudo poškodbo hipokampusa včasih <a href="/wiki/Amnezija" title="Amnezija">amnestični</a>. Amnezija je nesposobnost tvoriti nov dolgoročni epizodični spomin.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semanti%C4%8Dni_spomin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Semantični spomin (stran ne obstaja)">Semantični spomin</a> je sposobnost naučiti se dejstva in odnose med njimi. Ta oblika spomina je verjetno shranjena v možganski skorji. Usmerjajo jo spremembe v povezanosti med celicami, ki zastopajo določen tip informacij.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumentalno_u%C4%8Denje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumentalno učenje (stran ne obstaja)">Instrumentalno učenje</a> je sposobnost spreminjati vedenje glede na nagrado ali kazen. Izvršuje ga mreža možganskih področij s centrom v bazalnih ganglijih.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motori%C4%8Dno_u%C4%8Denje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorično učenje (stran ne obstaja)">Motorično učenje</a> je sposobnost z vajo oziroma s ponavljanjem prečistiti vzorce telesnih gibov. Pri tem sodeluje mnogo možganskih področij, vključno s premotorično skorjo in bazalnimi gangliji. Zelo pomembni so mali možgani, ki delujejo kot velika spominska banka za mikroprilagoditve parametrov gibanja.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Razvoj">Razvoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Uredi razdelek: Razvoj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Razvoj"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:6_week_embryo_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg/300px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg/450px-6_week_embryo_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/6_week_embryo_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Človeški zarodek v šestem tednu razvoja</figcaption></figure> <p>Razvoj možganov poteka v več zaporednih fazah.<sup id="cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PurvesLichtmanCh1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možgani spreminjajo svojo obliko iz preproste izbokline na sprednjem delu nevralne cevi v najzgodnejšem embrionalnem obdobju do celostnega sistema področij in povezav. Nevroni nastajajo v posebnih področjih, ki vsebujejo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarodna_celica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarodna celica (stran ne obstaja)">zarodne celice</a> in nato migrirajo skozi tkiva, da dosežejo svoje dokončno mesto. Ko se namestijo, njihovi nevriti vzniknejo in se usmerjajo skozi možgane. Spotoma se vejijo in razširjajo, vse dokler ne dosežejo svojih tarč in ustvarijo sinaptičnih povezav. Nevroni in sinapse v zgodnjih obdobjih v več predelih živčevja nastanejo v presežku. Odvečni se nato odstranijo.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pri vseh vretenčarjih so zgodnja razvojna obdobja podobna.<sup id="cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PurvesLichtmanCh1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ko se zarodek preoblikuje iz mehurčka celic v strukturo, podobno črvu, se ozek trak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ektoderm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ektoderm (stran ne obstaja)">ektoderma</a>, ki poteka vzdolž sredine hrbta, začne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celi%C4%8Dna_diferenciacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Celična diferenciacija (stran ne obstaja)">spreminjati</a> v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevralna_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevralna plošča (stran ne obstaja)">nevralno ploščo</a>. Ta je predhodnik živčevja. Nevralna plošča se zvije navznoter in tvori nevralni žleb. Nato se gubi, ki obdajata žleb, združita in oblikujeta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevralna_cev&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevralna cev (stran ne obstaja)">nevralno cev</a>. To je kanal, ki ima v središču prekat, napolnjen s tekočino. V sprednjem delu se prekat in kanal povečata in tvorita tri mehurčke, ki so predhodniki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prozencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prozencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">prozencefalona</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezencefalona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezencefalona (stran ne obstaja)">mezencefalonaa</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rombencefalona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rombencefalona (stran ne obstaja)">rombencefalona</a>. V naslednji fazi se prozencefalon razdeli v dva mehurčka. To sta <a href="/wiki/Telencefalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencefalon">telencefalon</a> (sestavljajo ga možganska skorja, bazalni gangliji in povezane strukture) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Diencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">diencefalon</a> (sestavljata ga talamus in hipotalamus). V istem obdobju se rombencefalon razdeli v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">metencefalon</a> (iz njega se bodo razvili <a href="/wiki/Mali_mo%C5%BEgani" title="Mali možgani">mali možgani</a> in most) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miencefalon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Miencefalon (stran ne obstaja)">miencefalon</a> (iz njega se bo razvila podaljšana hrbtenjača). Vsako od teh področij vsebuje proliferativne cone, kjer se tvorijo nevroni in glialne celice. Celice nato migrirajo, včasih na dolge razdalje, do svojih končnih mest.<sup id="cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PurvesLichtmanCh1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ko nevron pripotuje na svoje mesto, požene dendrite in nevrit. Nevriti se raztezajo na velike razdalje in morajo doseči svoje specifične tarče, zato je njihova rast zelo zapletena. Vrh rastočega nevrita sestavlja mehurček protoplazme, ki se imenuje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rastna_cona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rastna cona (stran ne obstaja)">rastna cona</a>. Obdan je s kemičnimi receptorji. Ti zaznavajo lokalno okolje in povzročajo, da različni celični elementi rastno cono privlačijo ali odbijajo. To nevrit usmerja v določeno smer na vsaki točki vzdolž njegove poti. Rezultat iskanja poti je, da rastna cona išče pot skozi možgane, dokler ne doseže svojega cilja. Tam drugi kemični vplivi povzročijo tvorbo sinaps. V celotnih možganih je več tisoč genov, ki kodirajo snovi, ki vplivajo na potovanje nevrita.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinaptična mreža je le delno pogojena z geni. V mnogih predelih možganov je uvodoma nevritov preveč. Nato njihovo število zmanjšajo mehanizmi, ki temeljijo na nevronski aktivnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V projekcijah, ki potekajo od očesa do mezencefalona so zrele strukture mapirane zelo natančno. Vsaka točka na površini <a href="/wiki/Mre%C5%BEnica" title="Mrežnica">mrežnice</a> se povezuje z ustrezno točko v mezencefalonu. V prvi fazi razvoja vodijo kemični vplivi vsak mrežnični nevrit do pravega mesta v mezencefalonu. Nevrit se nato močno razveji in pride v stik s številnimi nevroni mezencefalona. Mrežnica pred rojstvom vsebuje posebne mehanizme, ki tvorijo valove aktivnosti. Ti se prožijo spontano na določeni točki in se nato počasi širijo skozi mrežnične plasti. Povzročijo istočasno aktivacijo sosednjih nevronov. Tvorijo vzorec nevronske aktivnosti, ki vsebuje informacije o prostorski ureditvi nevronov. To informacijo uporabi mezencefalon. Če nevritski aktivnosti vzdolž nevrita ne sledi aktivnost tarčne celice, poseben mehanizem povzroči, da sinapsa oslabi ali celo izgine. Rezultat procesa je postopno izoblikovanje mreže v njeno zrelo obliko.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Podobno se dogaja v drugih področjih možganov. Začetni sinaptični matriks je rezultat genetsko določenega kemičnega vodstva. Nato ga postopoma prečisti od aktivnosti odvisen mehanizem, ki ga delno vodi notranja dinamika, delno pa zunanji senzorični dražljaji. V nekaterih primerih, kot je v sistemu mrežnica-mezencefalon, vzorci aktivnosti temeljijo na mehanizmih, ki delujejo le v razvijajočih se možganih in obstajajo le, da vodijo razvoj.<sup id="cite_ref-Wong_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pri človeku in mnogih drugih sesalcih se novi nevroni tvorijo večinoma pred rojstvom. Možgani otroka vsebujejo precej več nevronov kot možgani odraslega.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V nekaj področjih novi nevroni nastajajo celo življenje. Pri odraslih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevrogeneza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevrogeneza (stran ne obstaja)">nevrogeneza</a> poteka v olfaktornem bulbusu (omogoča voh) in v dentatni vijugi hipokampusa. Dokazali so, da novi nevroni omogočajo shranjevanje novih spominov. Razen teh dveh izjem je zbir nevronov, ki je prisoten v zgodnjem otroštvu, vseživljenjski. Glialne celice so drugačne. Vse življenje se obnavljajo, podobno kot večina drugih celic.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Razprave, ali na lastnosti uma, osebnosti in inteligence vpliva predvsem dednost ali predvsem vzgoja, so trajale dolgo.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Čeprav je treba marsikaj še raziskati, je nevroznanost jasno dokazala, da sta pomembna oba dejavnika. Geni določajo splošno obliko možganov in njihovo odzivnost na izkušnjo. Izkušnja je potrebna, da se prečisti matriks sinaptičnih povezav. Ta v svoji razviti obliki vsebuje mnogo več informacij, kot jih nosi genom. Včasih šteje le prisotnost ali odsotnost izkušnje med kritičnim obdobjem razvoja.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Včasih sta pomembni količina in kakovost izkušnje. Žival, ki je odraščala v za razvoj možganov spodbudnem okolju, ima debelejšo možgansko skorjo, kar kaže na večjo gostoto sinaptičnih povezav. Možganska skorja živali, ki je odraščala v nespodbudnem okolju, je tanjša.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raziskovanje">Raziskovanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Uredi razdelek: Raziskovanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Raziskovanje"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevroznanost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevroznanost (stran ne obstaja)">Nevroznanost</a> obsega vse pristope, ki hočejo razumeti možgane in ostalo živčevje.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psihologija" title="Psihologija">Psihologija</a> hoče razumeti um in vedenje. <a href="/wiki/Nevrologija" title="Nevrologija">Nevrologija</a> je veja medicine, ki <a href="/wiki/Diagnoza" title="Diagnoza">diagnosticira</a> in zdravi bolezni živčevja. Možgane proučuje tudi <a href="/wiki/Psihiatrija" title="Psihiatrija">psihiatrija</a>, ki raziskuje, preprečuje in zdravi <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1evna_motnja" title="Duševna motnja">duševne motnje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kognitivna_znanost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kognitivna znanost (stran ne obstaja)">Kognitivna znanost</a> poskuša združiti nevroznanost in psihologijo z drugimi področji, ki se ukvarjajo z možgani, kot sta <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo" title="Računalništvo">računalništvo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umetna_inteligenca" title="Umetna inteligenca">umetna inteligenca</a>) in filozofija.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Najstarejša raziskovalna metoda je anatomska. Do sredine 20. stoletja je večina nevroznanstvenih spoznanj izvirala iz izboljšav barvanja celic in izboljšav mikroskopov. Nevroanatomi so študirali makroskopski videz in mikroskopsko strukturo nevronov in njihovih sestavnih delov, zlasti sinaps. Uporabljali so mnogo barvanj, ki so razkivala nevronsko strukturo, kemijo in povezanost. V zadnjih letih je razvoj <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunohistokemija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunohistokemija (stran ne obstaja)">imunohistokemičnih</a> tehnik omogočil študij nevronov, ki izražajo specifični skupek genov. <i>Funkcionalna nevroanatomija</i> povezuje različice v možganski strukturi človeških možganov s spremembami v vedenju s pomočjo metod slikovne diagnostike.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevrofiziologi študirajo kemične, <a href="/wiki/Farmakologija" title="Farmakologija">farmakološke</a> in električne lastnosti možganov. Njihova osnovna orodja so kemične učinkovine in snemalne naprave. Tisoče eksperimentalno razvitih snovi vpliva na živčevje, nekatere na visoko specifične načine. Posnetke možganske aktivnosti pridobivajo preko elektrod. Te so lahko prilepljene na lasišče (na primer pri elektroencefalografiji), lahko pa so vstavljene v možgane živali. Slednje omogoča zunajcelično snemanje, ki lahko zazna akcijske potenciale, ki jih prožijo posamezni nevroni.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Možgani nimajo receptorjev za bolečino, zato je na budnih živalih mogoče izvajati te meritve, ne da bi jim povzročili bolečino. Enako tehniko včasih uporabljajo za študij možganske aktivnosti pri bolnikih z neobvladljivo epilepsijo. Poslužijo se je za ugotavljanje možganskega področja, odgovornega za epileptične napade.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Za študij možganske aktivnosti so uporabne tudi metode funkcionalne slikovne diagnostike. Večinoma se jih uporablja na ljudeh, saj mora biti preiskovanec zavesten in mirujoč dlje časa. Velika prednost slikovnih metod je, da so neinvazivne.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Brain-computer_interface_(schematic).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg/300px-Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg/450px-Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg/600px-Brain-computer_interface_%28schematic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Zasnova eksperimenta, v katerem so možgansko aktivnost opice uporabili za vodenje robotske roke<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Drug pristop k možganski funkciji je študij posledic poškodb določenih možganskih področij. Čeprav so zavarovani z lobanjo in možganskimi ovojnicami, obliti z likvorjem in jih od krvi ločuje krvno-možganska pregrada, so zaradi svoje občutljivosti dovzetni za številne bolezni in več tipov poškodb. Pri človeku so bili učinki <a href="/wiki/Mo%C5%BEganska_kap" title="Možganska kap">možganske kapi</a> in drugih tipov možganskih poškodb ključni vir informacij o delovanju možganov. Te informacije je navadno težko interpretirati, saj narave poškodbe ni mogoče eksperimentalno nadzorovati. Na živalih, običajno podganah, uporabljajo elektrode ali lokalno injicirajo snovi, da izzovejo natančen vzorec poškodbe. Nato analizirajo posledice.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ka_nevroznanost&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Računalniška nevroznanost (stran ne obstaja)">Računalniška nevroznanost</a> združuje dva pristopa. Prvi je uporaba računalnikov za študij možganov. Drugi je študij tega, kako možgani izvajajo komputacijo. Mogoče je napisati računalniški program tako, da posnema delovanje skupine nevronov. To storijo tako, da uporabijo sisteme enačb, ki opisujejo električno aktivnost skupine nevronov. Takšne simulacije so znane kot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biolo%C5%A1ka_nevronska_mre%C5%BEa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biološka nevronska mreža (stran ne obstaja)">biološke nevronske mreže</a>. Prav tako pa je s simulacijami ali matematično analizo mogoče študirati <a href="/wiki/Algoritem" title="Algoritem">algoritme</a> živčne komputacije. Te operacije delujejo na principu poenostavljenih <i>enot</i>. Te imajo nekaj lastnosti nevronov, vendar so še pomembnejši podatki, ki jih pridobijo zaradi biološke kompleksnosti nevronov. Komputacijske funkcije možganov proučujejo računalničarji in nevroznanstveniki.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V zadnjih letih pri študiju možganov narašča aplikacija genetskih in genomskih tehnik.<sup id="cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tonegawa-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Najpogosteje študirajo miši, saj je tehnologija dostopna. Mogoče je izbiti (<i>knock-out</i>) ali mutirati več genov in nato študirati učinke na možgansko funkcijo. Uporabljajo se tudi bolj sofisticirani pristopi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tehnologija_Cre-loxP&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tehnologija Cre-loxP (stran ne obstaja)">Tehnologija Cre-loxP</a> omogoča aktivirati ali deaktivirati gene v specifičnih delih možganov ob določenem času.<sup id="cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tonegawa-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zgodovina">Zgodovina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Uredi razdelek: Zgodovina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zgodovina"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Descartes-reflex.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG/150px-Descartes-reflex.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG/225px-Descartes-reflex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Descartes-reflex.JPG/300px-Descartes-reflex.JPG 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rene_Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Descartes">Descartesova</a> ilustracija, kako možgani izvedejo refleksni odgovor</figcaption></figure> <p>Zgodnji filozofi se niso mogli zediniti, ali je sedež duše v možganih ali v srcu. <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a> je trdil, da je v srcu in menil, da je funkcija možganov predvsem hlajenje krvi. <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a>, utemeljitelj <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomske</a> teorije snovi, je predlagal tridelno dušo – z intelektom v glavi, čustvi v srcu in poželenjem blizu jeter.<sup id="cite_ref-Finger14_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finger14-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hipokrat, <i>oče medicine</i>, je nedvoumno trdil, da so to možgani. V svoji razpravi o epilepsiji je zapisal: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5829682">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px;border:none}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0;border:none}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Morali bi vedeti, da le iz možganov prihajajo veselje, radost, smeh in razvedrilo ter trpljenje, žalost, potrtost in žalovanje. Isti organ povzroči, da smo neprištevni in <a href="/wiki/Delirij" title="Delirij">delirantni</a>, da nas napadajo strahovi in groza – nekateri podnevi, drugi ponoči. Tudi sanje, tavanje in neustrezne skrbi, preziranje trenutnih okoliščin, zanemarjanje in nespretnost. Vse to prihaja iz možganov, kadar niso zdravi.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8201;<cite>Hipokrat: <i>O sveti bolezni</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hippocrates_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hippocrates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:1543,_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica,_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/150px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/225px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg/300px-1543%2C_Andreas_Vesalius%27_Fabrica%2C_Base_Of_The_Brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Ilustracija iz <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Vesaliusovega dela</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_humani_corporis_fabrica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De humani corporis fabrica (stran ne obstaja)">De humani corporis fabrica</a></i>, objavljenega leta 1543, ki prikazuje bazo človeških možganov, vključno z optično kiazmo, malimi možgani in olfaktornim bulbusom</figcaption></figure> <p>Rimski zdravnik <a href="/wiki/Galen" class="mw-redirect" title="Galen">Galen</a> je poudarjal pomen možganov in se poglabljal v njihovo delovanje. Nakazal je anatomske odnose med možgani, živci in mišicami. Pokazal je, da so vse mišice povezane z možgani preko razvejane mreže živcev. Predpostavljal je, da živci mehansko aktivirajo mišice, in sicer tako, da nosijo skrivnostno snov, ki jo je poimenoval <i>pneumata psychikon</i>, »živalska duša«.<sup id="cite_ref-Finger14_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finger14-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Galenove ideje so poznali tudi v <a href="/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="Srednji vek">srednjem veku</a>. Razcvet je prišel z <a href="/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa">renesanso</a>. Takrat so ponovno začeli s podrobnim proučevanjem anatomije, ki so jo združevali s teoretičnimi domnevami <a href="/wiki/Rene_Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Descartes">Descartesa</a> in njegovih naslednikov. Podobno kot Galen je tudi Descartes o živčevju razmišljal v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidravlika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidravlika (stran ne obstaja)">hidravličnih</a> pojmih. Verjel je, da nefizične <i>res cognitans</i> omogočajo izvajanje višjih kognitivnih funkcij, vendar je večino človeškega vedenja mogoče razložiti mehanicistično.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:PurkinjeCell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/150px-PurkinjeCell.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/225px-PurkinjeCell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PurkinjeCell.jpg/300px-PurkinjeCell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Cajalova</a> risba dveh vrst nevronov iz malih možganov goloba, pobarvanih z Golgijevo metodo</figcaption></figure> <p>Prvi resnični napredek v smeri sodobnega razumevanja delovanja živčevja so prinesle raziskave <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigija Galvanija</a>. Odkril je, da lahko sunek statične <a href="/wiki/Elektrika" title="Elektrika">elektrike</a>, ki ga je usmeril na izpostavljeno živčno vlakno mrtve žabe, povzroči skrčenje okončine. Od takrat je napredek v razumevanju delovanja živčevja sledil razvoju novih raziskovalnih tehnik. Do zgodnjih let 20. stoletja je večina spoznanj izhajala iz novih metod barvanja celic.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dokaj pomembno je bilo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barvanje_po_Golgiju&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barvanje po Golgiju (stran ne obstaja)">barvanje po Golgiju</a>. To obarva le delčke nevronov, vendar jih prikaže v vsej njihovi kompleksnosti. Prikaže celično telo, dendrite in nevrit. Brez tega barvanja je možgansko tkivo pod mikroskopom le nerazločen klobčič <a href="/wiki/Protoplazma" title="Protoplazma">protoplazemskih</a> vlaken, ki jim ni mogoče določiti strukture. <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panci" title="Španci">španski</a> nevroanatom <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> sta uspešno uporabila novo metodo. Opisala sta stotine vrst nevronov, od katerih ima vsaka značilno dendritsko strukturo in vzorec povezanosti.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V prvi polovici 20. stoletja so dosežki v <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektroniki</a> omogočili raziskovanje električnih potencialov živčnih celic. To se je odrazilo na biofiziki akcijskega potenciala, ki sta jo proučevala tudi <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a>, in na elektrokemičnosti sinapse, s katero se je ukvarjal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Te študije so dopolnile anatomsko sliko s konceptom možganov kot dinamične entitete. </p><p>V drugi polovici 20. stoletja je razvoj kemije, elektronske mikroskopije, genetike, računalništva, funkcijskih slikovnih preiskav možganov in drugih področij omogočal nova spoznanja o strukturi in funkciji možganov. V ZDA so bila 90. leta uradno razglašena kot <i>desetletje možganov</i>, da bi se poklonili napredku v raziskovanju možganov in spodbudili tovrstne raziskave.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V 21. stoletju se ti trendi nadaljujejo. Uveljavilo se je več novih pristopov, med njimi je tudi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metoda_z_multielektrodo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metoda z multielektrodo (stran ne obstaja)">metoda z multielektrodo</a>, ki omogoča snemanje aktivnosti več možganskih celic hkrati.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetsko_in%C5%BEenirstvo" title="Genetsko inženirstvo">Genetsko inženirstvo</a> omogoča eksperimentalno spreminjanje molekularnih komponent možganov.<sup id="cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tonegawa-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Genomika (stran ne obstaja)">Genomika</a> omogoča <a href="/wiki/Korelacija" title="Korelacija">koreliranje</a> različic v možganski strukturi z različicami v lastnostih DNK.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici_in_opombe">Sklici in opombe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici in opombe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici in opombe"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPelvigPakkenbergStarkPakkenberg2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pelvig, DP; Pakkenberg, H; Stark, AK; Pakkenberg, B (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_neurobiology-of-aging_2008-11_29_11/page/1754">»Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains«</a>. <i>Neurobiology of Aging</i>. <b>29</b> (11): 1754–1762. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544173">17544173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Neurobiology+of+Aging&amp;rft.atitle=Neocortical+glial+cell+numbers+in+human+brains&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1754-1762&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17544173&amp;rft.aulast=Pelvig&amp;rft.aufirst=DP&amp;rft.au=Pakkenberg%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Stark%2C+AK&amp;rft.au=Pakkenberg%2C+B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_neurobiology-of-aging_2008-11_29_11%2Fpage%2F1754&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippocrates-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hippocrates_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hippocrates_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHippocrates2006" class="citation cs2">Hippocrates (2006) [400 BCE], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213032/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html"><i>On the Sacred Disease</i></a>, Translated by Francis Adams, Internet Classics Archive: The University of Adelaide Library, arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/mirror/classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/sacred.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 26. septembra 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=On+the+Sacred+Disease&amp;rft.pub=Internet+Classics+Archive%3A+The+University+of+Adelaide+Library&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.au=Hippocrates&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fmirror%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHippocrates%2Fsacred.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CKS1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CKS1993_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CKS1993_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CKS1993_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CKS1993_3-3">3,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CKS1993_3-4">3,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFChurchlandKochSejnowski1993" class="citation book cs1">Churchland, PS; Koch, C; Sejnowski, TJ (1993). »What is computational neuroscience?«. V Schwartz EL (ur.). <i>Computational Neuroscience</i>. MIT Press. str.&#160;46–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-69164-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-69164-2"><bdi>978-0-262-69164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+computational+neuroscience%3F&amp;rft.btitle=Computational+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=46-55&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-69164-2&amp;rft.aulast=Churchland&amp;rft.aufirst=PS&amp;rft.au=Koch%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Sejnowski%2C+TJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_4-2">4,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1994" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, GM (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurobiology0000shep"><i>Neurobiology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurobiology0000shep/page/n20">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-508843-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-508843-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Neurobiology&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-508843-4&amp;rft.aulast=Shepherd&amp;rft.aufirst=GM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurobiology0000shep&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sporns2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sporns2010_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSporns2010" class="citation book cs1">Sporns, O (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=v1DBKE7-UrYC&amp;pg=PA143"><i>Networks of the Brain</i></a>. MIT Press. str.&#160;143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-01469-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-01469-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01469-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Networks+of+the+Brain&amp;rft.pages=143&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-01469-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sporns&amp;rft.aufirst=O&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1DBKE7-UrYC%26pg%3DPA143&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Başar2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Başar2010_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBaşar2010" class="citation book cs1">Başar, E (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NAbMHo-ux58C&amp;pg=PA225"><i>Brain-Body-Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System: A Holistic Approach by Oscillations</i></a>. Springer. str.&#160;225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-4419-6134-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-1-4419-6134-1"><bdi>978-1-4419-6134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Brain-Body-Mind+in+the+Nebulous+Cartesian+System%3A+A+Holistic+Approach+by+Oscillations&amp;rft.pages=225&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4419-6134-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ba%C5%9Far&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAbMHo-ux58C%26pg%3DPA225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2006_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, I (2006). »A brief review of the techniques used in the study of neuroanatomy«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=bBMS013dmycC&amp;pg=PA24"><i>Textbook of human neuroanatomy</i></a>. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. str.&#160;24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-81-8061-808-6" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-81-8061-808-6"><bdi>978-81-8061-808-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=A+brief+review+of+the+techniques+used+in+the+study+of+neuroanatomy&amp;rft.btitle=Textbook+of+human+neuroanatomy&amp;rft.pages=24&amp;rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-8061-808-6&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=I&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBMS013dmycC%26pg%3DPA24&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtva_povezava" title="Wikipedija:Mrtva povezava"><span title="&#160;Mrtva povezava, označena mesec ni naveden">mrtva povezava</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a> str. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, str. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasMartin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, RJ; Martin, KA (2004). »Neuronal circuits of the neocortex«. <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>27</b>: 419–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.27.070203.144152">10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15217339">15217339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Neuronal+circuits+of+the+neocortex&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.pages=419-451&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.27.070203.144152&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15217339&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas&amp;rft.aufirst=RJ&amp;rft.au=Martin%2C+KA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBarnettLarkman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, MW; Larkman, PM (2007). »The action potential«. <i>Practical Neurology</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 192–197. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17515599">17515599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Practical+Neurology&amp;rft.atitle=The+action+potential&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=192-197&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17515599&amp;rft.aulast=Barnett&amp;rft.aufirst=MW&amp;rft.au=Larkman%2C+PM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch.10, str. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principles10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles10_13-0">13,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles10_13-1">13,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShepherdSOB-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-1">14,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ShepherdSOB_14-2">14,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2004" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, GM (2004). »Ch. 1: Introduction to synaptic circuits«. <i>The Synaptic Organization of the Brain</i>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-515956-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-515956-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+1%3A+Introduction+to+synaptic+circuits&amp;rft.btitle=The+Synaptic+Organization+of+the+Brain&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-515956-1&amp;rft.aulast=Shepherd&amp;rft.aufirst=GM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHerrup1988" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, RW; Herrup, K (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-neuroscience_1988_11/page/423">»The control of neuron number«</a>. <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>11</b>: 423–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.11.030188.002231">10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3284447">3284447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=The+control+of+neuron+number&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.pages=423-453&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.11.030188.002231&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3284447&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=RW&amp;rft.au=Herrup%2C+K&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-neuroscience_1988_11%2Fpage%2F423&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Heisenberg, M (2003). »Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models«. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 266–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn1074">10.1038/nrn1074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671643">12671643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Mushroom+body+memoir%3A+from+maps+to+models&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=266-275&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn1074&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12671643&amp;rft.aulast=Heisenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_18-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsNakanishi_NYuan_DCamara2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, DK; Nakanishi N; Yuan D; in&#160;sod. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/47/5/712">»Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa«</a>. <i>Integrative &amp; Comparative Biology</i>. <b>47</b> (5): 712–723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficm094">10.1093/icb/icm094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21669752">21669752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+%26+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+sensory+structures+in+basal+metazoa&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=712-723&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficm094&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21669752&amp;rft.aulast=Jacobs&amp;rft.aufirst=DK&amp;rft.au=Nakanishi+N&amp;rft.au=Yuan+D&amp;rft.au=Camara%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Nichols%2C+S.+A.&amp;rft.au=Hartenstein%2C+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F47%2F5%2F712&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urbilateria-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Urbilateria_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Urbilateria_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBalavoine2003" class="citation journal cs1">Balavoine, G (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/43/1/137">»The segmented Urbilateria: A testable scenario«</a>. <i>Integrative &amp; Comparative Biology</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 137–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F43.1.137">10.1093/icb/43.1.137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+%26+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+segmented+Urbilateria%3A+A+testable+scenario&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=137-147&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F43.1.137&amp;rft.aulast=Balavoine&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F43%2F1%2F137&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Rhaesa2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Rhaesa, A (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionorgansy00schm"><i>The Evolution of Organ Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionorgansy00schm/page/n120">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-856669-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-856669-4"><bdi>978-0-19-856669-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Organ+Systems&amp;rft.pages=110&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-856669-4&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidt-Rhaesa&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionorgansy00schm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKristan_JrCalabreseFriesen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kristan Jr, WB; Calabrese, RL; Friesen, WO (2005). »Neuronal control of leech behavior«. <i>Prog Neurobiology</i>. <b>76</b> (5): 279–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2005.09.004">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16260077">16260077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Prog+Neurobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Neuronal+control+of+leech+behavior&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=279-327&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2005.09.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16260077&amp;rft.aulast=Kristan+Jr&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Calabrese%2C+RL&amp;rft.au=Friesen%2C+WO&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mwinyi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mwinyi_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMwinyiBaillyBourlatJondelius2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mwinyi, A; Bailly, X; Bourlat, SJ; Jondelius, U; Littlewood, DT; Podsiadlowski, L (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973942">»The phylogenetic position of Acoela as revealed by the complete mitochondrial genome of Symsagittifera roscoffensis«</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>10</b>: 309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-309">10.1186/1471-2148-10-309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973942">2973942</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20942955">20942955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+position+of+Acoela+as+revealed+by+the+complete+mitochondrial+genome+of+Symsagittifera+roscoffensis&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=309&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973942%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20942955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-309&amp;rft.aulast=Mwinyi&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Bailly%2C+X&amp;rft.au=Bourlat%2C+SJ&amp;rft.au=Jondelius%2C+U&amp;rft.au=Littlewood%2C+DT&amp;rft.au=Podsiadlowski%2C+L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973942&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1987" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, RD (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool0000barn"><i>Invertebrate Zoology</i></a> (5.&#160;izd.). Saunders College Pub. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invertebratezool0000barn/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-03-008914-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-03-008914-5"><bdi>978-0-03-008914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.edition=5.&amp;rft.pub=Saunders+College+Pub.&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-03-008914-5&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=RD&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvertebratezool0000barn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_24-0">24,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_24-1">24,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFButler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, AB (2000). »Chordate Evolution and the Origin of Craniates: An Old Brain in a New Head«. <i>Anatomical Record</i>. <b>261</b> (3): 111–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0185%2820000615%29261%3A3%3C111%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F">10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3&#60;111::AID-AR6&#62;3.0.CO&#59;2-F</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10867629">10867629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Anatomical+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Chordate+Evolution+and+the+Origin+of+Craniates%3A+An+Old+Brain+in+a+New+Head&amp;rft.volume=261&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=111-125&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0185%2820000615%29261%3A3%3C111%3A%3AAID-AR6%3E3.0.CO%3B2-F&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10867629&amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;rft.aufirst=AB&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulloch1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulloch1995_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBullochKutch1995" class="citation book cs1">Bulloch, TH; Kutch, W (1995). »Are the main grades of brains different principally in numbers of connections or also in quality?«. V Breidbach O (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dW5e6FHOH-4C&amp;pg=PA439"><i>The nervous systems of invertebrates: an evolutionary and comparative approach</i></a>. Birkhäuser. str.&#160;439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-3-7643-5076-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-3-7643-5076-5"><bdi>978-3-7643-5076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Are+the+main+grades+of+brains+different+principally+in+numbers+of+connections+or+also+in+quality%3F&amp;rft.btitle=The+nervous+systems+of+invertebrates%3A+an+evolutionary+and+comparative+approach&amp;rft.pages=439&amp;rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-7643-5076-5&amp;rft.aulast=Bulloch&amp;rft.aufirst=TH&amp;rft.au=Kutch%2C+W&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW5e6FHOH-4C%26pg%3DPA439&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516123352/http://flybrain.neurobio.arizona.edu/">»Flybrain: An online atlas and database of the <i>drosophila</i> nervous system«</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flybrain.neurobio.arizona.edu/">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 16. maja 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Flybrain%3A+An+online+atlas+and+database+of+the+drosophila+nervous+system&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflybrain.neurobio.arizona.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKonopkaBenzer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Konopka, RJ; Benzer, S (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC389363">»Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster«</a>. <i>Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A</i>. <b>68</b> (9): 2112–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.68.9.2112">10.1073/pnas.68.9.2112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC389363">389363</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5002428">5002428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Nat+Acad+Sci+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=Clock+Mutants+of+Drosophila+melanogaster&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2112-6&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC389363%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5002428&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.68.9.2112&amp;rft.aulast=Konopka&amp;rft.aufirst=RJ&amp;rft.au=Benzer%2C+S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC389363&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShin_HS_et_a.1985" class="citation journal cs1">Shin HS <i>et a.</i> (1985). »An unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in vertebrates«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>317</b> (6036): 445–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F317445a0">10.1038/317445a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2413365">2413365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=An+unusual+coding+sequence+from+a+Drosophila+clock+gene+is+conserved+in+vertebrates&amp;rft.volume=317&amp;rft.issue=6036&amp;rft.pages=445-8&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F317445a0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2413365&amp;rft.au=Shin+HS+%27%27et+a.%27%27&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org">»WormBook: The online review of <i>C. elegans</i> biology«</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=WormBook%3A+The+online+review+of+C.+elegans+biology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHobert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hobert, O (2005). The <i>C. elegans</i> Research Community (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html">»Specification of the nervous system«</a>. <i>WormBook</i>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.12.1">10.1895/wormbook.1.12.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18050401">18050401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=WormBook&amp;rft.atitle=Specification+of+the+nervous+system&amp;rft.pages=1-19&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1895%2Fwormbook.1.12.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18050401&amp;rft.aulast=Hobert&amp;rft.aufirst=O&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_specnervsys%2Fspecnervsys.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSouthgateThomsonBrenner1986" class="citation journal cs1">White, JG; Southgate, E; Thomson, JN; Brenner, S (1986). »The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans«. <i>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London (Biology)</i>. <b>314</b> (1165): 1–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0056">10.1098/rstb.1986.0056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+London+%28Biology%29&amp;rft.atitle=The+Structure+of+the+Nervous+System+of+the+Nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.volume=314&amp;rft.issue=1165&amp;rft.pages=1-340&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1986.0056&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=JG&amp;rft.au=Southgate%2C+E&amp;rft.au=Thomson%2C+JN&amp;rft.au=Brenner%2C+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Hodgkin, J (2001).&#160;»<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>«. V Brenner S; Miller JH (ur.). <i>Encyclopedia of Genetics</i>. Elsevier. str.&#160;251–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-227080-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-227080-2"><bdi>978-0-12-227080-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genetics&amp;rft.pages=251-256&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-227080-2&amp;rft.aulast=Hodgkin&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKandel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kandel, ER (2007). <i>In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind</i>. WW Norton. str.&#160;145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-393-32937-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-393-32937-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32937-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Memory%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+New+Science+of+Mind&amp;rft.pages=145-150&amp;rft.pub=WW+Norton&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-393-32937-7&amp;rft.aulast=Kandel&amp;rft.aufirst=ER&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShuMorrisHanZhang2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shu, DG; Morris, SC; Han, J; in&#160;sod. (2003). »Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate <i>Haikouichthys</i>«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>421</b> (6922): 526–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01264">10.1038/nature01264</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12556891">12556891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Head+and+backbone+of+the+Early+Cambrian+vertebrate+Haikouichthys&amp;rft.volume=421&amp;rft.issue=6922&amp;rft.pages=526-529&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01264&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12556891&amp;rft.aulast=Shu&amp;rft.aufirst=DG&amp;rft.au=Morris%2C+SC&amp;rft.au=Han%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z-F&amp;rft.au=Yasui%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Janvier%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Chen%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+X.-L.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+J.-N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFStriedter2005" class="citation book cs1">Striedter, GF (2005). »Ch. 3: Conservation in vertebrate brains«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofbrai0000stri"><i>Principles of Brain Evolution</i></a>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-87893-820-9" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-87893-820-9"><bdi>978-0-87893-820-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+3%3A+Conservation+in+vertebrate+brains&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Brain+Evolution&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87893-820-9&amp;rft.aulast=Striedter&amp;rft.aufirst=GF&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofbrai0000stri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1983" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, E (1983). »Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals«. <i>Science</i>. <b>220</b> (4603): 1302–1304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6407108">10.1126/science.6407108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6407108">6407108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Relative+brain+size+and+metabolism+in+mammals&amp;rft.volume=220&amp;rft.issue=4603&amp;rft.pages=1302-1304&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.6407108&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6407108&amp;rft.aulast=Armstrong&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJerison1973" class="citation book cs1">Jerison, HJ (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofbrain0000jeri"><i>Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence</i></a>. Academic Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofbrain0000jeri/page/55">55</a>–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-385250-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-385250-2"><bdi>978-0-12-385250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+Brain+and+Intelligence&amp;rft.pages=55-74&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-385250-2&amp;rft.aulast=Jerison&amp;rft.aufirst=HJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofbrain0000jeri&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, str. 1019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principlesof-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principlesof_39-0">39,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principlesof_39-1">39,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarpenterCh1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CarpenterCh1_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFParentCarpenter1995" class="citation book cs1">Parent, A; Carpenter, MB (1995). »Ch. 1«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanneuroanatom0000pare"><i>Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy</i></a>. Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-683-06752-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-683-06752-1"><bdi>978-0-683-06752-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+1&amp;rft.btitle=Carpenter%27s+Human+Neuroanatomy&amp;rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-683-06752-1&amp;rft.aulast=Parent&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Carpenter%2C+MB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanneuroanatom0000pare&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFNorthcutt2008" class="citation journal cs1">Northcutt, RG (2008). »Forebrain evolution in bony fishes«. <i>Brain Research Bulletin</i>. <b>75</b> (2–4): 191–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2007.10.058">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.10.058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18331871">18331871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Forebrain+evolution+in+bony+fishes&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=191-205&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2007.10.058&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18331871&amp;rft.aulast=Northcutt&amp;rft.aufirst=RG&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFReinerYamamotoKarten2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reiner, A; Yamamoto, K; Karten, HJ (2005). »Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain«. <i>The Anatomical Record Part A</i>. <b>287</b> (1): 1080–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.a.20253">10.1002/ar.a.20253</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16206213">16206213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record+Part+A&amp;rft.atitle=Organization+and+evolution+of+the+avian+forebrain&amp;rft.volume=287&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1080-1102&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.a.20253&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16206213&amp;rft.aulast=Reiner&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Karten%2C+HJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Chs. 44, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelSapru2010" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, A; Sapru, HN (2010). <i>Essential Neuroscience</i>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. str.&#160;184–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-8383-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-8383-5"><bdi>978-0-7817-8383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Essential+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=184-189&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8383-5&amp;rft.aulast=Siegel&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Sapru%2C+HN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSwaabBollerAminoff2003" class="citation book cs1">Swaab, DF; Boller, F; Aminoff, MJ (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Js81Pr1PmaAC"><i>The Human Hypothalamus</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-444-51357-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-444-51357-1"><bdi>978-0-444-51357-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Human+Hypothalamus&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-444-51357-1&amp;rft.aulast=Swaab&amp;rft.aufirst=DF&amp;rft.au=Boller%2C+F&amp;rft.au=Aminoff%2C+MJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJs81Pr1PmaAC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtva_povezava" title="Wikipedija:Mrtva povezava"><span title="&#160;Mrtva povezava, označena mesec ni naveden">mrtva povezava</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, EG (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WMxqAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Thalamus</i></a>. Plenum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-306-41856-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-306-41856-3"><bdi>978-0-306-41856-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Thalamus&amp;rft.pub=Plenum+Press&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-306-41856-3&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=EG&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWMxqAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refprinciples-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-refprinciples_47-0">47,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-refprinciples_47-1">47,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSaitohMénardGrillner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Saitoh, K; Ménard, A; Grillner, S (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615082419/http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/97/4/3093">»Tectal control of locomotion, steering, and eye movements in lamprey«</a>. <i>Journal of Neurophysiology</i>. <b>97</b> (4): 3093–3108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjn.00639.2006">10.1152/jn.00639.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17303814">17303814</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/97/4/3093">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 15. junija 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 2. marca 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&amp;rft.atitle=Tectal+control+of+locomotion%2C+steering%2C+and+eye+movements+in+lamprey&amp;rft.volume=97&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=3093-3108&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjn.00639.2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17303814&amp;rft.aulast=Saitoh&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=M%C3%A9nard%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Grillner%2C+S&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.physiology.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F97%2F4%2F3093&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPuelles2001" class="citation journal cs1">Puelles, L (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088538">»Thoughts on the development, structure and evolution of the mammalian and avian telencephalic pallium«</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B (Biological Sciences)</i>. <b>356</b> (1414): 1583–1598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0973">10.1098/rstb.2001.0973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088538">1088538</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11604125">11604125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+London+B+%28Biological+Sciences%29&amp;rft.atitle=Thoughts+on+the+development%2C+structure+and+evolution+of+the+mammalian+and+avian+telencephalic+pallium&amp;rft.volume=356&amp;rft.issue=1414&amp;rft.pages=1583-1598&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088538%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11604125&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0973&amp;rft.aulast=Puelles&amp;rft.aufirst=L&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088538&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSalasBroglioRodríguez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Salas, C; Broglio, C; Rodríguez, F (2003). »Evolution of forebrain and spatial cognition in vertebrates: conservation across diversity«. <i>Brain, Behavior and Evolution</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 72–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000072438">10.1159/000072438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12937346">12937346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain%2C+Behavior+and+Evolution&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+forebrain+and+spatial+cognition+in+vertebrates%3A+conservation+across+diversity&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=72-82&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000072438&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12937346&amp;rft.aulast=Salas&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rft.au=Broglio%2C+C&amp;rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grillner2005-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grillner2005_51-0">51,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grillner2005_51-1">51,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGrillnerHellgrenMenardSaitoh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Grillner, S; in&#160;sod. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2005-07_28_7/page/364">»Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs—roles for the striatum and pallidum«</a>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>28</b> (7): 364–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.05.004">10.1016/j.tins.2005.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15935487">15935487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+selection+of+basic+motor+programs%E2%80%94roles+for+the+striatum+and+pallidum&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=364-370&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.05.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15935487&amp;rft.aulast=Grillner&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft.au=Hellgren%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Menard%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Saitoh%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Wikstrom%2C+M&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-neurosciences_2005-07_28_7%2Fpage%2F364&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFNorthcutt1981" class="citation journal cs1">Northcutt, RG (1981). »Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals«. <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>4</b>: 301–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.04.030181.001505">10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7013637">7013637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+telencephalon+in+nonmammals&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=301-350&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ne.04.030181.001505&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7013637&amp;rft.aulast=Northcutt&amp;rft.aufirst=RG&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northcutt2002-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Northcutt2002_53-0">53,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Northcutt2002_53-1">53,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFNorthcutt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Northcutt, RG (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/4/743.full">»Understanding vertebrate brain evolution«</a>. <i>Integrative &amp; Comparative Biology</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 743–756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.4.743">10.1093/icb/42.4.743</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708771">21708771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Integrative+%26+Comparative+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Understanding+vertebrate+brain+evolution&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=743-756&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2F42.4.743&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708771&amp;rft.aulast=Northcutt&amp;rft.aufirst=RG&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F42%2F4%2F743.full&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_54-0">54,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Barton_54-1">54,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBartonHarvey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, RA; Harvey, PH (2000). »Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>405</b> (6790): 1055–1058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35016580">10.1038/35016580</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10890446">10890446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Mosaic+evolution+of+brain+structure+in+mammals&amp;rft.volume=405&amp;rft.issue=6790&amp;rft.pages=1055-1058&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35016580&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10890446&amp;rft.aulast=Barton&amp;rft.aufirst=RA&amp;rft.au=Harvey%2C+PH&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aboitiz-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aboitiz_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAboitizMoralesMontiel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Aboitiz, F; Morales, D; Montiel, J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Aboitiz/Referees">»The evolutionary origin of the mammalian isocortex: Towards an integrated developmental and functional approach«</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>26</b> (5): 535–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X03000128">10.1017/S0140525X03000128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15179935">15179935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+origin+of+the+mammalian+isocortex%3A+Towards+an+integrated+developmental+and+functional+approach&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=535-552&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X03000128&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15179935&amp;rft.aulast=Aboitiz&amp;rft.aufirst=F&amp;rft.au=Morales%2C+D&amp;rft.au=Montiel%2C+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbsonline.org%2FPreprints%2FAboitiz%2FReferees&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, AS; Parsons, TS (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9"><i>The Vertebrate Body</i></a>. Holt-Saunders International. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratebody0000rome_a5a9/page/531">531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-03-910284-X" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&amp;rft.pages=531&amp;rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&amp;rft.aulast=Romer&amp;rft.aufirst=AS&amp;rft.au=Parsons%2C+TS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratebody0000rome_a5a9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth2005-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roth2005_57-0">57,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Roth2005_57-1">57,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRothDicke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, G; Dicke, U (2005). »Evolution of the brain and Intelligence«. <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 250–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2005.03.005">10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15866152">15866152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+brain+and+Intelligence&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=250-257&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tics.2005.03.005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15866152&amp;rft.aulast=Roth&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.au=Dicke%2C+U&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marino-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Marino_58-0">58,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Marino_58-1">58,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMarino2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marino, Lori (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916132752/http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/spackled/2005readings/CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf">»Cetacean Brain Evolution: Multiplication Generates Complexity«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Society for Comparative Psychology</i> (17): 1–16. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/spackled/2005readings/CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 16. septembra 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 29. avgusta 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Society+for+Comparative+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=Cetacean+Brain+Evolution%3A+Multiplication+Generates+Complexity&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=1-16&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Marino&amp;rft.aufirst=Lori&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogs.indiana.edu%2Fspackled%2F2005readings%2FCetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShoshaniKupskyMarchant2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shoshani, J; Kupsky, WJ; Marchant, GH (2006). »Elephant brain Part I: Gross morphology, functions, comparative anatomy, and evolution«. <i>Brain Research Bulletin</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 124–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2006.03.016">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.03.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16782503">16782503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Elephant+brain+Part+I%3A+Gross+morphology%2C+functions%2C+comparative+anatomy%2C+and+evolution&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=124-157&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2006.03.016&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16782503&amp;rft.aulast=Shoshani&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Kupsky%2C+WJ&amp;rft.au=Marchant%2C+GH&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finlay-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Finlay_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayDarlingtonNicastro2001" class="citation journal cs1">Finlay, BL; Darlington, RB; Nicastro, N (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2001-04_24_2/page/263">»Developmental structure in brain evolution«</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 263–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X01003958">10.1017/S0140525X01003958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11530543">11530543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Developmental+structure+in+brain+evolution&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=263-308&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X01003958&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11530543&amp;rft.aulast=Finlay&amp;rft.aufirst=BL&amp;rft.au=Darlington%2C+RB&amp;rft.au=Nicastro%2C+N&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_behavioral-and-brain-sciences_2001-04_24_2%2Fpage%2F263&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1996" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, WH (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=z1r03ECL5A8C"><i>How Brains Think</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-465-07278-1" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-465-07278-1"><bdi>978-0-465-07278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=How+Brains+Think&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-465-07278-1&amp;rft.aulast=Calvin&amp;rft.aufirst=WH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dz1r03ECL5A8C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Mrtva_povezava" title="Wikipedija:Mrtva povezava"><span title="&#160;Mrtva povezava, označena mesec ni naveden">mrtva povezava</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sereno1995-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sereno1995_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSerenoDaleReppasKwong1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sereno, MI; Dale, AM; Reppas, AM; Kwong, KK; Belliveau, JW; Brady, TJ; Rosen, BR; Tootell, RBH (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~sereno/papers/HumanRetin95.pdf">»Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. AAAS. <b>268</b> (5212): 889–893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7754376">10.1126/science.7754376</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7754376">7754376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Borders+of+multiple+visual+areas+in+human+revealed+by+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging&amp;rft.volume=268&amp;rft.issue=5212&amp;rft.pages=889-893&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.7754376&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7754376&amp;rft.aulast=Sereno&amp;rft.aufirst=MI&amp;rft.au=Dale%2C+AM&amp;rft.au=Reppas%2C+AM&amp;rft.au=Kwong%2C+KK&amp;rft.au=Belliveau%2C+JW&amp;rft.au=Brady%2C+TJ&amp;rft.au=Rosen%2C+BR&amp;rft.au=Tootell%2C+RBH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ucsd.edu%2F~sereno%2Fpapers%2FHumanRetin95.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFuster2008" class="citation book cs1">Fuster, JM (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prefrontalcortex00fust_374"><i>The Prefrontal Cortex</i></a>. Elsevier. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prefrontalcortex00fust_374/page/n15">1</a>–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-373644-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-373644-4"><bdi>978-0-12-373644-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Prefrontal+Cortex&amp;rft.pages=1-7&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-373644-4&amp;rft.aulast=Fuster&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprefrontalcortex00fust_374&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCooperBloomRoth2003" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, JR; Bloom, FE; Roth, RH (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=e5I5gOwxVMkC"><i>The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (stran ne obstaja)">Oxford University Press</a> US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514008-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514008-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biochemical+Basis+of+Neuropharmacology&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-514008-8&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=JR&amp;rft.au=Bloom%2C+FE&amp;rft.au=Roth%2C+RH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3De5I5gOwxVMkC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeerMcGeer1989" class="citation book cs1">McGeer, PL; McGeer, EG (1989). »Amino acid neurotransmitters«. V G. Siegel; in&#160;sod. (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicneurochemis0000unse"><i>Basic Neurochemistry</i></a>. Raven Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicneurochemis0000unse/page/311">311</a>–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-88167-343-2" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-88167-343-2"><bdi>978-0-88167-343-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Amino+acid+neurotransmitters&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Neurochemistry&amp;rft.pages=311-332&amp;rft.pub=Raven+Press&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-88167-343-2&amp;rft.aulast=McGeer&amp;rft.aufirst=PL&amp;rft.au=McGeer%2C+EG&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicneurochemis0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFosterKemp2006" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, AC; Kemp, JA (2006). »Glutamate- and GABA-based CNS therapeutics«. <i>Current Opinion in Pharmacology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 7–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coph.2005.11.005">10.1016/j.coph.2005.11.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16377242">16377242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pharmacology&amp;rft.atitle=Glutamate-+and+GABA-based+CNS+therapeutics&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=7-17&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.coph.2005.11.005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16377242&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=AC&amp;rft.au=Kemp%2C+JA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFrazerHensler1999" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, A; Hensler, JG (1999). »Understanding the neuroanatomical organization of serotonergic cells in the brain provides insight into the functions of this neurotransmitter«. V Siegel, GJ (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicneurochemis0000unse_e2f6"><i>Basic Neurochemistry</i></a> (Sixth&#160;izd.). Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-397-51820-X" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-397-51820-X"><bdi>0-397-51820-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Understanding+the+neuroanatomical+organization+of+serotonergic+cells+in+the+brain+provides+insight+into+the+functions+of+this+neurotransmitter&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Neurochemistry&amp;rft.edition=Sixth&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-397-51820-X&amp;rft.aulast=Frazer&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Hensler%2C+JG&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicneurochemis0000unse_e2f6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehler-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mehler_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMehlerPurpura2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mehler, MF; Purpura, DP (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668953">»Autism, fever, epigenetics and the locus coeruleus«</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain_Research_Reviews&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brain Research Reviews (stran ne obstaja)">Brain Research Reviews</a></i>. <b>59</b> (2): 388–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2008.11.001">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668953">2668953</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19059284">19059284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Autism%2C+fever%2C+epigenetics+and+the+locus+coeruleus&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=388-392&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668953%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19059284&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2008.11.001&amp;rft.aulast=Mehler&amp;rft.aufirst=MF&amp;rft.au=Purpura%2C+DP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2668953&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRang2003" class="citation book cs1">Rang, HP (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788181479174"><i>Pharmacology</i></a>. Churchill Livingstone. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788181479174/page/476">476</a>–483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-443-07145-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-443-07145-4"><bdi>0-443-07145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Pharmacology&amp;rft.pages=476-483&amp;rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-443-07145-4&amp;rft.aulast=Rang&amp;rft.aufirst=HP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9788181479174&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niedermeyer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Niedermeyer_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSpeckmannElger2004" class="citation book cs1">Speckmann, E-J; Elger, CE (2004). »Introduction to the neurophysiological basis of the EEG and DC potentials«. V Niedermeyer E; Lopes da Silva FH (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electroencephalo0000unse_u0c9"><i>Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields</i></a>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electroencephalo0000unse_u0c9/page/17">17</a>–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7817-5126-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7817-5126-8"><bdi>0-7817-5126-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+neurophysiological+basis+of+the+EEG+and+DC+potentials&amp;rft.btitle=Electroencephalography%3A+Basic+Principles%2C+Clinical+Applications%2C+and+Related+Fields&amp;rft.pages=17-31&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-7817-5126-8&amp;rft.aulast=Speckmann&amp;rft.aufirst=E-J&amp;rft.au=Elger%2C+CE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectroencephalo0000unse_u0c9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buzsaki-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buzsaki_72-0">72,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Buzsaki_72-1">72,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBuzsáki2006" class="citation book cs1">Buzsáki, G (2006). <i>Rhythms of the Brain</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-530106-9" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-530106-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530106-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifikator)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63279497">63279497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+the+Brain&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63279497&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-530106-9&amp;rft.aulast=Buzs%C3%A1ki&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nieuwenhuys-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-0">73,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-1">73,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Nieuwenhuys_73-2">73,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFNieuwenhuysDonkelaarNicholson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nieuwenhuys, R; Donkelaar, HJ; Nicholson, C (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centralnervoussy0001nieu"><i>The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, Volume 1</i></a>. Springer. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centralnervoussy0001nieu/page/n32">11</a>–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-3-540-56013-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-3-540-56013-5"><bdi>978-3-540-56013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Central+Nervous+System+of+Vertebrates%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.pages=11-14&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-56013-5&amp;rft.aulast=Nieuwenhuys&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Donkelaar%2C+HJ&amp;rft.au=Nicholson%2C+C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentralnervoussy0001nieu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSafiSeidDechmann2005" class="citation journal cs1">Safi, K; Seid, MA; Dechmann, DK (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617168">»Bigger is not always better: when brains get smaller«</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 283–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2005.0333">10.1098/rsbl.2005.0333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1617168">1617168</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148188">17148188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Bigger+is+not+always+better%3A+when+brains+get+smaller&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=283-286&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1617168%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148188&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2005.0333&amp;rft.aulast=Safi&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Seid%2C+MA&amp;rft.au=Dechmann%2C+DK&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1617168&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMinkBlumenschineAdams1981" class="citation journal cs1">Mink, JW; Blumenschine, RJ; Adams, DB (1981). »Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis«. <i>American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>241</b> (3): R203–212. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7282965">7282965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=Ratio+of+central+nervous+system+to+body+metabolism+in+vertebrates%3A+its+constancy+and+functional+basis&amp;rft.volume=241&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=R203-212&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7282965&amp;rft.aulast=Mink&amp;rft.aufirst=JW&amp;rft.au=Blumenschine%2C+RJ&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+DB&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRaichleGusnard2002" class="citation journal cs1">Raichle, M; Gusnard, DA (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124895">»Appraising the brain's energy budget«</a>. <i>Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>99</b> (16): 10237–10239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.172399499">10.1073/pnas.172399499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124895">124895</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12149485">12149485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Nat.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&amp;rft.atitle=Appraising+the+brain%27s+energy+budget&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.pages=10237-10239&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC124895%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12149485&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.172399499&amp;rft.aulast=Raichle&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Gusnard%2C+DA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC124895&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMehagnoul-Schippervan_der_KallenColiervan_der_Sluijs2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mehagnoul-Schipper, DJ; van der Kallen, BF; Colier, WNJM; in&#160;sod. (2002). »Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects«. <i>Hum Brain Mapp</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 14–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhbm.10026">10.1002/hbm.10026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Hum+Brain+Mapp&amp;rft.atitle=Simultaneous+measurements+of+cerebral+oxygenation+changes+during+brain+activation+by+near-infrared+spectroscopy+and+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+healthy+young+and+elderly+subjects.&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=14-23&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhbm.10026&amp;rft.aulast=Mehagnoul-Schipper&amp;rft.aufirst=DJ&amp;rft.au=van+der+Kallen%2C+BF&amp;rft.au=Colier%2C+WNJM&amp;rft.au=van+der+Sluijs%2C+MC&amp;rft.au=van+Erning%2C+LJ&amp;rft.au=Thijssen%2C+HO&amp;rft.au=Oeseburg%2C+B&amp;rft.au=Hoefnagels%2C+WH&amp;rft.au=Jansen%2C+RW&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFSoengasAldegunde2002" class="citation journal cs1">Soengas, JL; Aldegunde, M (2002). »Energy metabolism of fish brain«. <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</i>. <b>131</b> (3): 271–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1096-4959%2802%2900022-2">10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00022-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11959012">11959012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+Part+B%3A+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Energy+metabolism+of+fish+brain&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=271-296&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1096-4959%2802%2900022-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11959012&amp;rft.aulast=Soengas&amp;rft.aufirst=JL&amp;rft.au=Aldegunde%2C+M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarewCh1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CarewCh1_79-0">79,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CarewCh1_79-1">79,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCarew2000" class="citation book cs1">Carew, TJ (2000). »Ch. 1«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=wEMTGwAACAAJ"><i>Behavioral Neurobiology: the Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior</i></a>. Sinauer Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-87893-092-0" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-87893-092-0"><bdi>978-0-87893-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+1&amp;rft.btitle=Behavioral+Neurobiology%3A+the+Cellular+Organization+of+Natural+Behavior&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87893-092-0&amp;rft.aulast=Carew&amp;rft.aufirst=TJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DwEMTGwAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFvon_NeumannChurchlandChurchland2000" class="citation book cs1">von Neumann, J; Churchland, PM; Churchland, PS (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computerbrain0000vonn"><i>The Computer and the Brain</i></a>. Yale University Press. str.&#160;xi–xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-300-08473-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-300-08473-3"><bdi>978-0-300-08473-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Computer+and+the+Brain&amp;rft.pages=xi-xxii&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-08473-3&amp;rft.aulast=von+Neumann&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft.au=Churchland%2C+PM&amp;rft.au=Churchland%2C+PS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputerbrain0000vonn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLettvinMaturanaMcCullochPitts1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lettvin, JY; Maturana, HR; McCulloch, WS; Pitts, WH (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928024235/http://jerome.lettvin.info/lettvin/Jerome/WhatTheFrogsEyeTellsTheFrogsBrain.pdf">»What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineering</i>. <b>47</b>: 1940–1951. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jerome.lettvin.info/lettvin/Jerome/WhatTheFrogsEyeTellsTheFrogsBrain.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> dne 28. septembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 2. marca 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institute+of+Radio+Engineering&amp;rft.atitle=What+the+frog%27s+eye+tells+the+frog%27s+brain&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.pages=1940-1951&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.aulast=Lettvin&amp;rft.aufirst=JY&amp;rft.au=Maturana%2C+HR&amp;rft.au=McCulloch%2C+WS&amp;rft.au=Pitts%2C+WH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjerome.lettvin.info%2Flettvin%2FJerome%2FWhatTheFrogsEyeTellsTheFrogsBrain.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHubelWiesel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hubel, DH; Wiesel, TN (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainvisualperce00hube"><i>Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brainvisualperce00hube/page/n665">657</a>–704. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-517618-6" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-517618-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517618-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Brain+and+visual+perception%3A+the+story+of+a+25-year+collaboration&amp;rft.pages=657-704&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-517618-6&amp;rft.aulast=Hubel&amp;rft.aufirst=DH&amp;rft.au=Wiesel%2C+TN&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrainvisualperce00hube&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFarah2000" class="citation book cs1">Farah, MJ (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cognitiveneurosc0000fara"><i>The Cognitive Neuroscience of Vision</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cognitiveneurosc0000fara/page/n22">1</a>–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-631-21403-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-631-21403-8"><bdi>978-0-631-21403-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cognitive+Neuroscience+of+Vision&amp;rft.pages=1-29&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-631-21403-8&amp;rft.aulast=Farah&amp;rft.aufirst=MJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcognitiveneurosc0000fara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFEngelSinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, AK; Singer, W (2001). »Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness«. <i>Tends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 16–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901568-0">10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01568-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164732">11164732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Tends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Temporal+binding+and+the+neural+correlates+of+sensory+awareness&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=16-25&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2800%2901568-0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11164732&amp;rft.aulast=Engel&amp;rft.aufirst=AK&amp;rft.au=Singer%2C+W&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDayanAbbott2005" class="citation book cs1">Dayan, P; Abbott, LF (2005). »Ch.7: Network models«. <i>Theoretical Neuroscience</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-54185-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-54185-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.7%3A+Network+models&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretical+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-54185-5&amp;rft.aulast=Dayan&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft.au=Abbott%2C+LF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAverbeckLee2004" class="citation journal cs1">Averbeck, BB; Lee, D (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2004-04_27_4/page/225">»Coding and transmission of information by neural ensembles«</a>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 225–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.02.006">10.1016/j.tins.2004.02.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15046882">15046882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Coding+and+transmission+of+information+by+neural+ensembles&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=225-230&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.02.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15046882&amp;rft.aulast=Averbeck&amp;rft.aufirst=BB&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-neurosciences_2004-04_27_4%2Fpage%2F225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearing-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hearing_87-0">87,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-hearing_87-1">87,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Chs. 36, 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDafny" class="citation web cs1">Dafny, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s2/chapter03.html">»Anatomy of the spinal cord«</a>. Neuroscience Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 10. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+spinal+cord&amp;rft.pub=Neuroscience+Online&amp;rft.aulast=Dafny&amp;rft.aufirst=N&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.uth.tmc.edu%2Fs2%2Fchapter03.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDragoi" class="citation web cs1">Dragoi, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117070343/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html">»Ocular motor system«</a>. Neuroscience Online. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter07.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 17. novembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 10. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Ocular+motor+system&amp;rft.pub=Neuroscience+Online&amp;rft.aulast=Dragoi&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.uth.tmc.edu%2Fs3%2Fchapter07.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGurneyPrescottWickensRedgrave2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gurney, K; Prescott, TJ; Wickens, JR; Redgrave, P (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_2004-08_27_8/page/453">»Computational models of the basal ganglia: from robots to membranes«</a>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>27</b> (8): 453–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.06.003">10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15271492">15271492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Computational+models+of+the+basal+ganglia%3A+from+robots+to+membranes&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=453-459&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2004.06.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15271492&amp;rft.aulast=Gurney&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Prescott%2C+TJ&amp;rft.au=Wickens%2C+JR&amp;rft.au=Redgrave%2C+P&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-neurosciences_2004-08_27_8%2Fpage%2F453&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShimaTanji1998" class="citation journal cs1">Shima, K; Tanji, J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509185621/https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3247">»Both supplementary and presupplementary motor areas are crucial for the temporal organization of multiple movements«</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Neurophysiology&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Neurophysiology (stran ne obstaja)">Journal of Neurophysiology</a></i>. <b>80</b> (6): 3247–3260. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9862919">9862919</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/3247">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 9. maja 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 2. marca 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurophysiology&amp;rft.atitle=Both+supplementary+and+presupplementary+motor+areas+are+crucial+for+the+temporal+organization+of+multiple+movements&amp;rft.volume=80&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=3247-3260&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9862919&amp;rft.aulast=Shima&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rft.au=Tanji%2C+J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.physiology.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F80%2F6%2F3247&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMillerCohen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, EK; Cohen, JD (2001). »An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function«. <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 167–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.24.1.167">10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11283309">11283309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=An+integrative+theory+of+prefrontal+cortex+function&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=167-202&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.24.1.167&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11283309&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=EK&amp;rft.au=Cohen%2C+JD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principles45-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles45_98-0">98,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles45_98-1">98,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAntleSilver2005" class="citation journal cs1">Antle, MC; Silver, R (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031120051/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/silver/publications2/149%20antle%20et%20al.pdf">»Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 145–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.01.003">10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749168">15749168</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/silver/publications2/149%20antle%20et%20al.pdf">prvotnega spletišča</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> dne 31. oktobra 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 2. marca 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Orchestrating+time%3A+arrangements+of+the+brain+circadian+clock&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=145-151&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tins.2005.01.003&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15749168&amp;rft.aulast=Antle&amp;rft.aufirst=MC&amp;rft.au=Silver%2C+R&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fpsychology%2Fsilver%2Fpublications2%2F149%2520antle%2520et%2520al.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principles47-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles47_100-0">100,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principles47_100-1">100,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKleitman1938" class="citation book cs1">Kleitman, N (1938). <i>Sleep and Wakefulness</i>. revised 1963, reprinted 1987. The University of Chicago Press, Midway Reprints series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-226-44073-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-226-44073-7"><bdi>0-226-44073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Sleep+and+Wakefulness&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+Midway+Reprints+series&amp;rft.date=1938&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-44073-7&amp;rft.aulast=Kleitman&amp;rft.aufirst=N&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dougherty-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_102-0">102,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_102-1">102,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty_102-2">102,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty" class="citation web cs1">Dougherty, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117073211/http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter01.html">»Hypothalamus: structural organization«</a>. Neuroscience Online. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter01.html">prvotnega spletišča</a> dne 17. novembra 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 11. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Hypothalamus%3A+structural+organization&amp;rft.pub=Neuroscience+Online&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.uth.tmc.edu%2Fs4%2Fchapter01.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGross1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, CG (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~cggross/Neuroscientist_98_Bernard.pdf">»Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Neuroscientist</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 380–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107385849800400520">10.1177/107385849800400520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Neuroscientist&amp;rft.atitle=Claude+Bernard+and+the+constancy+of+the+internal+environment&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=380-385&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107385849800400520&amp;rft.aulast=Gross&amp;rft.aufirst=CG&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~cggross%2FNeuroscientist_98_Bernard.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty" class="citation web cs1">Dougherty, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s4/chapter02.html">»Hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone«</a>. Neuroscience Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 11. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Hypothalamic+control+of+pituitary+hormone&amp;rft.pub=Neuroscience+Online&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.uth.tmc.edu%2Fs4%2Fchapter02.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFChielBeer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chiel, HJ; Beer, RD (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-neurosciences_1997-12_20_12/page/553">»The brain has a body: adaptive behavior emerges from interactions of nervous system, body, and environment«</a>. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>20</b> (12): 553–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-2236%2897%2901149-1">10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01149-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9416664">9416664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=The+brain+has+a+body%3A+adaptive+behavior+emerges+from+interactions+of+nervous+system%2C+body%2C+and+environment&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=553-557&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0166-2236%2897%2901149-1&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9416664&amp;rft.aulast=Chiel&amp;rft.aufirst=HJ&amp;rft.au=Beer%2C+RD&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-neurosciences_1997-12_20_12%2Fpage%2F553&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBerridge2004" class="citation journal cs1">Berridge, KC (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_physiology-behavior_2004-04_81_2/page/179">»Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience«</a>. <i>Physiology &amp; Behavior</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 179–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2004.02.004">10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15159167">15159167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Physiology+%26+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Motivation+concepts+in+behavioral+neuroscience&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=179-209&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2004.02.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15159167&amp;rft.aulast=Berridge&amp;rft.aufirst=KC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_physiology-behavior_2004-04_81_2%2Fpage%2F179&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFArdielRankin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ardiel, EL; Rankin, CH (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/17/4/191.long">»An elegant mind: learning and memory in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>«</a>. <i>Learning and Memory</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 191–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Flm.960510">10.1101/lm.960510</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20335372">20335372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Learning+and+Memory&amp;rft.atitle=An+elegant+mind%3A+learning+and+memory+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=191-201&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Flm.960510&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20335372&amp;rft.aulast=Ardiel&amp;rft.aufirst=EL&amp;rft.au=Rankin%2C+CH&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearnmem.cshlp.org%2Fcontent%2F17%2F4%2F191.long&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFHymanMalenka2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hyman, SE; Malenka, RC (2001). »Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence«. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 695–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35094560">10.1038/35094560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584307">11584307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Addiction+and+the+brain%3A+the+neurobiology+of+compulsion+and+its+persistence&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=695-703&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35094560&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11584307&amp;rft.aulast=Hyman&amp;rft.aufirst=SE&amp;rft.au=Malenka%2C+RC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRamón_y_Cajal1894" class="citation journal cs1">Ramón y Cajal, S (1894). »The Croonian Lecture: La Fine Structure des Centres Nerveux«. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>55</b> (331–335): 444–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1894.0063">10.1098/rspl.1894.0063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&amp;rft.atitle=The+Croonian+Lecture%3A+La+Fine+Structure+des+Centres+Nerveux&amp;rft.volume=55&amp;rft.issue=331%E2%80%93335&amp;rft.pages=444-468&amp;rft.date=1894&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1894.0063&amp;rft.aulast=Ram%C3%B3n+y+Cajal&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLømo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lømo, T (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693150">»The discovery of long-term potentiation«</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B (Biological Sciences)</i>. <b>358</b> (1432): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1226">10.1098/rstb.2002.1226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693150">1693150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740104">12740104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+London+B+%28Biological+Sciences%29&amp;rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+long-term+potentiation&amp;rft.volume=358&amp;rft.issue=1432&amp;rft.pages=617-620&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693150%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12740104&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1226&amp;rft.aulast=L%C3%B8mo&amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693150&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaBear2004" class="citation journal cs1">Malenka, R; Bear, M (2004). »LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches«. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 5–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2004.09.012">10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15450156">15450156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Neuron&amp;rft.atitle=LTP+and+LTD%3A+an+embarrassment+of+riches&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5-21&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2004.09.012&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15450156&amp;rft.aulast=Malenka&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Bear%2C+M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisD&#39;Esposito2003" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, CE; D'Esposito, M (2003). »Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory«. <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>7</b> (9): 415–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900197-9">10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00197-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12963473">12963473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Persistent+activity+in+the+prefrontal+cortex+during+working+memory&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=415-423&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1364-6613%2803%2900197-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12963473&amp;rft.aulast=Curtis&amp;rft.aufirst=CE&amp;rft.au=D%27Esposito%2C+M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFTulvingMarkowitsch1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tulving, E; Markowitsch, HJ (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_hippocampus_1998_8_3/page/198">»Episodic and declarative memory: role of the hippocampus«</a>. <i>Hippocampus</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 198–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-1063%281998%298%3A3%3C198%3A%3AAID-HIPO2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-G">10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3&#60;198::AID-HIPO2&#62;3.0.CO&#59;2-G</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9662134">9662134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Hippocampus&amp;rft.atitle=Episodic+and+declarative+memory%3A+role+of+the+hippocampus&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=198-204&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-1063%281998%298%3A3%3C198%3A%3AAID-HIPO2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-G&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9662134&amp;rft.aulast=Tulving&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Markowitsch%2C+HJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_hippocampus_1998_8_3%2Fpage%2F198&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFMartinChao2001" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, A; Chao, LL (2001). »Semantic memory and the brain: structures and processes«. <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 194–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0959-4388%2800%2900196-3">10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00196-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11301239">11301239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Semantic+memory+and+the+brain%3A+structures+and+processes&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=194-201&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0959-4388%2800%2900196-3&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11301239&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rft.au=Chao%2C+LL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBalleineLiljeholmOstlund2009" class="citation journal cs1">Balleine, BW; Liljeholm, Mimi; Ostlund, SB (2009). »The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental learning«. <i>Behavioral Brain Research</i>. <b>199</b> (1): 43–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2008.10.034">10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19027797">19027797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Brain+Research&amp;rft.atitle=The+integrative+function+of+the+basal+ganglia+in+instrumental+learning&amp;rft.volume=199&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=43-52&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2008.10.034&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19027797&amp;rft.aulast=Balleine&amp;rft.aufirst=BW&amp;rft.au=Liljeholm%2C+Mimi&amp;rft.au=Ostlund%2C+SB&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDoya2000" class="citation journal cs1">Doya, K (2000). »Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control«. <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 732–739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0959-4388%2800%2900153-7">10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00153-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11240282">11240282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurobiology&amp;rft.atitle=Complementary+roles+of+basal+ganglia+and+cerebellum+in+learning+and+motor+control&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=732-739&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0959-4388%2800%2900153-7&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11240282&amp;rft.aulast=Doya&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PurvesLichtmanCh1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-0">117,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-1">117,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PurvesLichtmanCh1_117-2">117,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPurvesLichtman"><i>Principles of Neural Development</i></a>, Ch. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPurvesLichtman"><i>Principles of Neural Development</i></a>, Ch. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPurvesLichtman"><i>Principles of Neural Development</i></a>, Chs. 5, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPurvesLichtman"><i>Principles of Neural Development</i></a>, Ch. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_121-0">121,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wong_121-1">121,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWong1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, R (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-neuroscience_1999_22/page/29">»Retinal waves and visual system development«</a>. <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. <b>22</b>: 29–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.22.1.29">10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10202531">10202531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Retinal+waves+and+visual+system+development&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.pages=29-47&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.neuro.22.1.29&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10202531&amp;rft.aulast=Wong&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-neuroscience_1999_22%2Fpage%2F29&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPurvesLichtman"><i>Principles of Neural Development</i></a>, Ch. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRakic2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rakic, P (2002). »Adult neurogenesis in mammals: an identity crisis«. <i>J. Neuroscience</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 614–618. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11826088">11826088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Adult+neurogenesis+in+mammals%3A+an+identity+crisis&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=614-618&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11826088&amp;rft.aulast=Rakic&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFRidley2003" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=9TkUHQAACAAJ"><i>Nature via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human</i></a>. Forth Estate. str.&#160;1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-06-000678-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-06-000678-5"><bdi>978-0-06-000678-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Nature+via+Nurture%3A+Genes%2C+Experience%2C+and+What+Makes+Us+Human&amp;rft.pages=1-6&amp;rft.pub=Forth+Estate&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-000678-5&amp;rft.aulast=Ridley&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9TkUHQAACAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWiesel1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wiesel, T (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1981/wiesel-lecture.pdf">»Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>299</b> (5884): 583–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F299583a0">10.1038/299583a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6811951">6811951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Postnatal+development+of+the+visual+cortex+and+the+influence+of+environment&amp;rft.volume=299&amp;rft.issue=5884&amp;rft.pages=583-591&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F299583a0&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6811951&amp;rft.aulast=Wiesel&amp;rft.aufirst=T&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobel.se%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1981%2Fwiesel-lecture.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFvan_PraagKempermannGage2000" class="citation journal cs1">van Praag, H; Kempermann, G; Gage, FH (2000). »Neural consequences of environmental enrichment«. <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 191–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35044558">10.1038/35044558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11257907">11257907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Neural+consequences+of+environmental+enrichment&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=191-198&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35044558&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11257907&amp;rft.aulast=van+Praag&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Kempermann%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Gage%2C+FH&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refPrinciples"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a>, Ch. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFStorrow1969" class="citation book cs1">Storrow, HA (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?ei=pQ-ZTtmvG7TOiAK09rgn"><i>Outline of Clinical Psychiatry</i></a>. Appleton-Century-Crofts. str.&#160;27–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Outline+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&amp;rft.pages=27-30&amp;rft.pub=Appleton-Century-Crofts&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.aulast=Storrow&amp;rft.aufirst=HA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DpQ-ZTtmvG7TOiAK09rgn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFThagard2008" class="citation web cs1">Thagard, P (2008). Zalta, EN (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/cognitive-science/">»Cognitive Science«</a>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 14. oktobra 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=neznano&amp;rft.btitle=Cognitive+Science&amp;rft.pub=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Thagard&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2008%2Fentries%2Fcognitive-science%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBearConnorsParadiso2007" class="citation book cs1">Bear, MF; Connors, BW; Paradiso, MA (2007). »Ch. 2«. <i>Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain</i>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-6003-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-6003-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-6003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+2&amp;rft.btitle=Neuroscience%3A+Exploring+the+Brain&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6003-4&amp;rft.aulast=Bear&amp;rft.aufirst=MF&amp;rft.au=Connors%2C+BW&amp;rft.au=Paradiso%2C+MA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2001" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, JE (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuronsnetworksi0000dowl"><i>Neurons and Networks</i></a>. Harvard University Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuronsnetworksi0000dowl/page/15">15</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-674-00462-7" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-674-00462-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00462-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Neurons+and+Networks&amp;rft.pages=15-24&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-674-00462-7&amp;rft.aulast=Dowling&amp;rft.aufirst=JE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuronsnetworksi0000dowl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFWyllieGuptaLachhwani2005" class="citation book cs1">Wyllie, E; Gupta, A; Lachhwani, DK (2005). »Ch. 77«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781749954"><i>The Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice</i></a>. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-4995-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7817-4995-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-4995-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+77&amp;rft.btitle=The+Treatment+of+Epilepsy%3A+Principles+and+Practice&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4995-4&amp;rft.aulast=Wyllie&amp;rft.aufirst=E&amp;rft.au=Gupta%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Lachhwani%2C+DK&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780781749954&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFLaureysBolyTononi2009" class="citation book cs1">Laureys, S; Boly, M; Tononi, G (2009). »Functional neuroimaging«. V Laureys S; Tononi G (ur.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurologyconscio00laur"><i>The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology</i></a>. Academic Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurologyconscio00laur/page/n45">31</a>–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-374168-4" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-12-374168-4"><bdi>978-0-12-374168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+neuroimaging&amp;rft.btitle=The+Neurology+of+Consciousness%3A+Cognitive+Neuroscience+and+Neuropathology&amp;rft.pages=31-42&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-374168-4&amp;rft.aulast=Laureys&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft.au=Boly%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Tononi%2C+G&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurologyconscio00laur&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCarmenaLebedevCristO&#39;Doherty2003" class="citation journal cs1">Carmena, JM; in&#160;sod. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261882">»Learning to Control a Brain–Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates«</a>. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 193–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000042">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC261882">261882</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624244">14624244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&amp;rft.atitle=Learning+to+Control+a+Brain%E2%80%93Machine+Interface+for+Reaching+and+Grasping+by+Primates&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=193-208&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261882%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14624244&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000042&amp;rft.aulast=Carmena&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rft.au=Lebedev%2C+Mikhail+A.&amp;rft.au=Crist%2C+Roy+E.&amp;rft.au=O%27Doherty%2C+Joseph+E.&amp;rft.au=Santucci%2C+David+M.&amp;rft.au=Dimitrov%2C+Dragan+F.&amp;rft.au=Patil%2C+Parag+G.&amp;rft.au=Henriquez%2C+Craig+S.&amp;rft.au=Nicolelis%2C+Miguel+A.+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC261882&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKolbWhishaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, B; Whishaw, I (2008). »Ch. 1«. <i>Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7167-9586-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-7167-9586-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-9586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.+1&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Human+Neuropsychology&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7167-9586-5&amp;rft.aulast=Kolb&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.au=Whishaw%2C+I&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott_136-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottDayan2001" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, LF; Dayan, P (2001). »Preface«. <i>Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-54185-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-54185-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54185-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Preface&amp;rft.btitle=Theoretical+Neuroscience%3A+Computational+and+Mathematical+Modeling+of+Neural+Systems&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-54185-5&amp;rft.aulast=Abbott&amp;rft.aufirst=LF&amp;rft.au=Dayan%2C+P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tonegawa-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-0">137,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-1">137,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tonegawa_137-2">137,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFTonegawaNakazawaWilson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tonegawa, S; Nakazawa, K; Wilson, MA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693163">»Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory«</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B (Biological Sciences)</i>. <b>358</b> (1432): 787–795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1243">10.1098/rstb.2002.1243</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifikator)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Prosto dostopno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693163">1693163</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12740125">12740125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+Roy.+Soc.+London+B+%28Biological+Sciences%29&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+neuroscience+of+mammalian+learning+and+memory&amp;rft.volume=358&amp;rft.issue=1432&amp;rft.pages=787-795&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693163%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12740125&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2002.1243&amp;rft.aulast=Tonegawa&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+K&amp;rft.au=Wilson%2C+MA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1693163&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finger14-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Finger14_138-0">138,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Finger14_138-1">138,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Finger, S (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofneurosc0000fing"><i>Origins of Neuroscience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofneurosc0000fing/page/n33">14</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514694-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514694-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Origins+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=14-15&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-514694-3&amp;rft.aulast=Finger&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofneurosc0000fing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Finger, S (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofneurosc0000fing"><i>Origins of Neuroscience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. str.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofneurosc0000fing/page/n212">193</a>–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514694-3" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-514694-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514694-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=Origins+of+Neuroscience&amp;rft.pages=193-195&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-514694-3&amp;rft.aulast=Finger&amp;rft.aufirst=S&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofneurosc0000fing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1975" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, FE (1975). Schmidt FO; Worden FG; Swazey JP; Adelman G (ur.). <i>The Neurosciences, Paths of Discovery</i>. MIT Press. str.&#160;211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-23072-8" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-262-23072-8"><bdi>978-0-262-23072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knjiga&amp;rft.btitle=The+Neurosciences%2C+Paths+of+Discovery&amp;rft.pages=211&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-23072-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bloom&amp;rft.aufirst=FE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1991" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, GM (1991). »Ch.1&#160;: Introduction and Overview«. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofneu0000shep"><i>Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-506491-9" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/978-0-19-506491-9"><bdi>978-0-19-506491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=knji%C5%BEni+predmet&amp;rft.atitle=Ch.1+%3A+Introduction+and+Overview&amp;rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Neuron+Doctrine&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-506491-9&amp;rft.aulast=Shepherd&amp;rft.aufirst=GM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofneu0000shep&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolino2002" class="citation journal cs1">Piccolino, M (2002). »Fifty years of the Hodgkin-Huxley era«. <i>Trends in Neurosciences</i>. <b>25</b> (11): 552–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-2236%2802%2902276-2">10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02276-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12392928">12392928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Neurosciences&amp;rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+the+Hodgkin-Huxley+era&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=552-553&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0166-2236%2802%2902276-2&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12392928&amp;rft.aulast=Piccolino&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMendell1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_G._Jones&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward G. Jones (stran ne obstaja)">Jones, EG</a>; Mendell, LM (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/284/5415/739">»Assessing the Decade of the Brain«</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>284</b> (5415): 739. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5415.739">10.1126/science.284.5415.739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10336393">10336393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Decade+of+the+Brain&amp;rft.volume=284&amp;rft.issue=5415&amp;rft.pages=739&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5415.739&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10336393&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=EG&amp;rft.au=Mendell%2C+LM&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fsummary%2F284%2F5415%2F739&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBuzsáki2004" class="citation journal cs1">Buzsáki, G (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osiris.rutgers.edu/BuzsakiHP/Publications/PDFs/Buzsaki2004NatNeurosci.pdf">»Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 446–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn1233">10.1038/nn1233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15114356">15114356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=Large-scale+recording+of+neuronal+ensembles&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=446-451&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn1233&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15114356&amp;rft.aulast=Buzs%C3%A1ki&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosiris.rutgers.edu%2FBuzsakiHP%2FPublications%2FPDFs%2FBuzsaki2004NatNeurosci.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGeschwindKonopka2009" class="citation journal cs1">Geschwind, DH; Konopka, G (2009). »Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology«. <i>Nature</i>. <b>461</b> (7266): 908–915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08537">10.1038/nature08537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19829370">19829370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Neuroscience+in+the+era+of+functional+genomics+and+systems+biology&amp;rft.volume=461&amp;rft.issue=7266&amp;rft.pages=908-915&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08537&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19829370&amp;rft.aulast=Geschwind&amp;rft.aufirst=DH&amp;rft.au=Konopka%2C+G&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AMo%C5%BEgani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/33px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/49px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg/66px-Wiktionary-logo-sl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Poglejte si besedo <i><b><a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/mo%C5%BEgani" class="extiw" title="wikt:možgani">možgani</a></b></i>&#160;ali <i><b><a href="https://sl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mo%C5%BEgani" class="extiw" title="wikt:Možgani">Možgani</a></b></i> v Wikislovarju, prostem slovarju.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5916282"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5911185"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brain">Možgani</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmuseum.org/">Brain Museum</a>, primerjalna zbirka možganov sesalcev</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu">BrainInfo</a>, nevroanatomska zbirka podatkov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brainmaps.org/">BrainMaps.org</a>, interaktivni visokoločljivostni digitalni atlas možganov prvakov in neprvakov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca">The Brain from Top to Bottom</a>, Univerza McGill</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/?p=3787">The HOPES Brain Tutorial</a>, Univerza Stanford</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Normativna_kontrola_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Uredite_to_na_Wikipodatkih" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narodne knjižnice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971075f">Francija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11971075f">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4019752-9">Nemčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283973705171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85016319">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568735">Japonska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph123008&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Znanstvene podatkovne baze</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&amp;url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&amp;url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&amp;id=A14.1.03.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5f467697bf‐hj78p Cached time: 20250212071920 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.062 seconds Real time usage: 1.201 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9128/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 252509/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4865/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 388563/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.637/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4804713/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 946.211 1 -total 82.31% 778.839 1 Predloga:Opombe 42.81% 405.074 68 Predloga:Navedi_časopis 20.75% 196.367 45 Predloga:Navedi_knjigo 6.81% 64.444 2 Predloga:Side_box 6.72% 63.583 3 Predloga:Slepa_povezava 5.82% 55.086 3 Predloga:Fix 5.55% 52.491 1 Predloga:Kategorija_v_Zbirki 5.35% 50.656 1 Predloga:Sister_project 4.67% 44.151 7 Predloga:Category_handler --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key slwiki:pcache:349818:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250212071920 and revision id 6376797. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pridobljeno iz&#160;»<a dir="ltr" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Možgani&amp;oldid=6376797">https://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Možgani&amp;oldid=6376797</a>«</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategoriji</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Mo%C5%BEgani" title="Kategorija:Možgani">Možgani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Organi" title="Kategorija:Organi">Organi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrite kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vsi_%C4%8Dlanki_z_mrtvimi_zunanjimi_povezavami" title="Kategorija:Vsi članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami">Vsi članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanki_z_mrtvimi_zunanjimi_povezavami" title="Kategorija:Članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami">Članki z mrtvimi zunanjimi povezavami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Povezava_na_kategorijo_Zbirke_je_v_Wikipodatkih" title="Kategorija:Povezava na kategorijo Zbirke je v Wikipodatkih">Povezava na kategorijo Zbirke je v Wikipodatkih</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Vsi_izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki" title="Kategorija:Vsi izbrani članki">Vsi izbrani članki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_BNF" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji BNF">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_GND" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji GND">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_J9U" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji J9U">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_LCCN" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji LCCN">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_NDL" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NDL">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_NKC" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NKC">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Wikipedijini_%C4%8Dlanki_z_identifikatorji_TA98" title="Kategorija:Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji TA98">Wikipedijini članki z identifikatorji TA98</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Čas zadnje spremembe strani: 21:45, 22. januar 2025.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Besedilo se sme prosto uporabljati v skladu z dovoljenjem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0</a>; uveljavljajo se lahko dodatni pogoji. Za podrobnosti glej <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Pogoje uporabe</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® je tržna znamka neprofitne organizacije <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation Inc.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pravilnik o zasebnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:O_Wikipediji">O Wikipediji</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Splo%C5%A1na_zavrnitev_odgovornosti">Zavrnitve odgovornosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodeks ravnanja</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Razvijalci</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sl.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">O piškotkih</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//sl.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo%C5%BEgani&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilni prikaz</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Iskanje</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Iskanje v Wikipediji"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Iskanje"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Išči</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Možgani</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>185 jezikov</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Dodaj temo</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56d8db5f6f-xnggw","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.062","walltime":"1.201","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9128,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":252509,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4865,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":388563,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 946.211 1 -total"," 82.31% 778.839 1 Predloga:Opombe"," 42.81% 405.074 68 Predloga:Navedi_časopis"," 20.75% 196.367 45 Predloga:Navedi_knjigo"," 6.81% 64.444 2 Predloga:Side_box"," 6.72% 63.583 3 Predloga:Slepa_povezava"," 5.82% 55.086 3 Predloga:Fix"," 5.55% 52.491 1 Predloga:Kategorija_v_Zbirki"," 5.35% 50.656 1 Predloga:Sister_project"," 4.67% 44.151 7 Predloga:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.637","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4804713,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-hj78p","timestamp":"20250212071920","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mo\u017egani","url":"https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mo%C5%BEgani","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1073","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1073","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Sodelavci projektov Wikimedie"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-03-02T16:53:30Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T20:45:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg","headline":"organ, ki slu\u017ei kot sredi\u0161\u010de \u017eiv\u010dnega sistema pri vseh vreten\u010darjih in ve\u010dini nevreten\u010darjev"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10