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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kvarkovi_i_leptoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvarkovi_i_leptoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kvarkovi i leptoni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvarkovi_i_leptoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fermion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 89 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fermión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرميون – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرميون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ফাৰ্মিয়ন – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফাৰ্মিয়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fermión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiyon" title="Fermiyon – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fermiyon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرمیون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرمیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermions" title="Fermions – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fermions" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ферміён – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ферміён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ফার্মিয়ন – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্মিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3" title="Fermió – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fermió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A9-m%C4%AB-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hié-mī-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hié-mī-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86" title="فێرمیۆن – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فێرمیۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φερμιόνιο – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερμιόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiono" title="Fermiono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fermiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fermión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionid" title="Fermionid – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fermionid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermioi" title="Fermioi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fermioi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرمیون – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermioni" title="Fermioni – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fermioni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feirm%C3%AD%C3%B3n" title="Feirmíón – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feirmíón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fermión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרמיון – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרמיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8" title="फर्मिऑन – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फर्मिऑन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ֆերմիոն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերմիոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiono" title="Fermiono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fermiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADeind" title="Fermíeind – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fermíeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fermione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="フェルミ粒子 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルミ粒子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფერმიონი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერმიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫರ್ಮಿಯಾನ್ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫರ್ಮಿಯಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%98%A8" title="페르미온 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르미온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionas" title="Fermionas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fermionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermioni" title="Fermioni – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fermioni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пермион – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пермион" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഫെർമിയോൺ – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫെർമിയോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8" title="फर्मिऑन – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फर्मिऑन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဖာမီယွန် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖာမီယွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ਰਮੀਔਨ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਮੀਔਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiony" title="Fermiony – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fermiony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرمیون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرمیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9rmion" title="Férmion – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Férmion" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%C3%B3n" title="Fermión – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fermión" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Фермиони – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фермиони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர்மியான் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்மியான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เฟอร์มิออน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟอร์มิออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiyon" title="Fermiyon – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fermiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фермион – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фермион" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ферміон – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ферміон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرمیون – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرمیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fermion" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费米子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费米子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="費米子 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費米子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Fermion" rel="discussion" title="Razgovorna stranica [t]" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg/300px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg/450px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg/600px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles_hr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model">Standardni model</a> <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarnih čestica</a>, s <a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEdarni_bozoni" title="Baždarni bozoni">baždarnim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsovim bozonom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Quark_structure_proton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/300px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/450px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/600px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a> je građen od dvaju <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornjih (u) kvarkova</a> i jednoga <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donjega (d) kvarka</a>. Odabir boja pojedinih kvarkova je proizvoljan, ali sve tri boje moraju biti prisutne. <a href="/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila">Jake nuklearne sile</a> između kvarkova posredovane su <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluonima</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/3/31/Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png/300px-Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/3/31/Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png/450px-Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/3/31/Temeljne_%C4%8Destice_1.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Sažetak međudjelovanje između <a href="/wiki/Subatomska_%C4%8Destica" title="Subatomska čestica">subatomskih čestica</a> opisanih <a href="/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model">standardnim modelom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Quark_structure_neutron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/300px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/450px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Quark_structure_neutron.svg/600px-Quark_structure_neutron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a> je građen od jednog <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornjeg (u) kvarka</a> i dvaju <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donjih (d) kvarkova</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila">Jaku nuklearnu silu</a> posreduju <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">gluoni</a> (valovi). Jaka nuklearna sila ima tri vrste naboja, crveno, zeleno i plavo. Imajte na umu da je izbor plave boje za gornji kvark proizvoljan; pretpostavlja se da "naboj u boji" kruži između 3 kvarka.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg/300px-Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg/450px-Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg/600px-Electrona_in_crystallo_fluentia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">Električna struja</a> je usmjereno gibanje slobodnih <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/300px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/450px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg/600px-FirstNeutrinoEventAnnotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Upotrebom <a href="/wiki/Komora_na_mjehuri%C4%87e" title="Komora na mjehuriće">komore na mjehuriće</a> prvi puta je otkriven <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> 13. prosinca 1970. Neutrino je udario <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> u <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikovom</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sraz" title="Sraz">Sraz</a> se vidi na desnoj strani, gdje se sijeku 3 linije.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/300px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/450px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/600px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niz_proton-proton" title="Niz proton-proton">Niz proton-proton</a> ili p-p niz prevladava kod <a href="/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda">zvijezdi</a> veličine našeg <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> ili manjih.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fermion</b> (po <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">E. Fermiju</a>) je <a href="/wiki/Subatomska_%C4%8Destica" title="Subatomska čestica">subatomska čestica</a> polucjelobrojnoga <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spina</a> (1/2 ili 3/2) kojoj se svojstva mogu opisati <a href="/wiki/Fermi-Diracova_statistika" title="Fermi-Diracova statistika">Fermi-Diracovom statistikom</a>. Primjerice spin je <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">kvarkova</a> jednak broju 1/2. Podvrgavaju se <a href="/wiki/Paulijev_princip_isklju%C4%8Denja" title="Paulijev princip isključenja">Paulijevu načelu isključenja</a>. Čestice složene od neparnog broja elementarnih fermiona također su fermioni (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomska jezgra</a> <a href="/wiki/Tricij" title="Tricij">tricija</a> ³H, jezgra <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a> <sup>3</sup>He, jezgra <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> <sup>13</sup>C), a čestice složene od parnog broja fermiona su <a href="/wiki/Bozon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozon">bozoni</a> (na primjer jezgra <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterija</a> <sup>2</sup>H, jezgra <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a> <sup>4</sup>He, jezgra ugljika <sup>12</sup>C).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sva poznata <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materija</a> današnjeg <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemira</a> sastavljena je od fermiona: bariona i leptona. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fermion</th> <th>Znak</th> <th>Antičestica</th> <th>Električni naboj <i>Q/e</i></th> <th>Spin</th> <th>Masa mirovanja (MeV/c<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a></td> <td>e<sup>-</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">e<sup>+</sup></a></td> <td>-1</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>0,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">mion</a></td> <td>ν<sup>-</sup></td> <td>ν<sup>+</sup></td> <td>-1</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>106 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">tauon</a></td> <td>τ<sup>-</sup></td> <td>τ<sup>+</sup></td> <td>-1</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>1,78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>elektronski <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a></td> <td>ν<sub>e</sub></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;"><i>ν</i></span><sub>e</sub></td> <td>0</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>< 2,2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>mionski <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a></td> <td>ν<sub>μ</sub></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;"><i>ν</i></span><sub>μ</sub></td> <td>0</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>< 1,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>tauonski <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a></td> <td>ν<sub>τ</sub></td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;"><i>ν</i></span><sub>τ</sub></td> <td>0</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>< 15,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a></td> <td>p</td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">p</span></td> <td>+1</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>938,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a></td> <td>n</td> <td><span style="text-decoration:overline;">n</span></td> <td>0</td> <td>1/2</td> <td>939,6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kvarkovi_i_leptoni">Kvarkovi i leptoni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermion&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Kvarkovi i leptoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermion&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvarkovi i leptoni"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članci o temama: <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvark</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Lepton</a></div></i></div> <p>Zanimljiva je činjenica da popis svih <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarnih čestica</a> koje izgrađuju svu <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materiju</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tvar" title="Tvar">tvar</a>) u <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemiru</a> jednostavno stane na jedan list <a href="/wiki/Papir" title="Papir">papira</a>. Prema <a href="/wiki/Standardni_model" title="Standardni model">standardnom modelu</a> tih elementarnih čestica ima ukupno 12. One su podijeljene u dvije grupe čestica koje nazivamo kvarkovi i leptoni. Postoji 6 kvarkova i 6 leptona (jednim imenom se nazivaju fermioni). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Popis kvarkova i leptona </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Kvarkovi </th> <th scope="col">Leptoni </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">Gornji (u – eng. <i>up</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> (e<sup>-</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">Donji (d – eng. <i>down</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">Elektronski neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝑒</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Carobni_kvark" title="Čarobni kvark">Čarobni (c – engl. <i>charm</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">Mion</a> (𝜇<sup>−</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strani_kvark" title="Strani kvark">Strani (s – engl. <i>strange</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">Mionski neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝜇</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ni_kvark" title="Vršni kvark">Vršni (t – engl. <i>top</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">Tauon</a> (𝜏) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark">Dubinski (b – engl. <i>bottom</i>)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝜏</sub>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Poznato nam je da je <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> jedan od graditelja <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Čestica">čestica</a> koja je odgovorna za <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električnu struju</a> u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_vodi%C4%8D" title="Električni vodič">električnom vodiču</a>. Elektron je elementarna čestica što znači da nema unutrašnju podstrukturu. Svih 12 čestica u tablici gore smatraju se elementarnim česticama. Iznenađujuće je to da se <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> ne spominju u toj tablici. </p><p>Sva materija sačinjena je od atoma, svaki atom je sačinjen od negativno nabijenih elektrona koji kruže oko male, teške, pozitivno nabijene <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a>. S druge strane, jezgra atoma se sastoji od protona, koji imaju pozitivan <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a>, i neutrona, koji su bez naboja. Ako je iznos naboja protona isti kao i kod elektrona (ali suprotnog predznaka), neutralni atom će sadržavati jednak broj protona u jezgri i elektrona u orbiti. Broj neutrona je obično isti kao i broj protona, no može biti malo drugačiji dajući tako različite <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotope</a> atoma. </p><p>Kao što se prije vjerovalo da je atom osnovna građevna jedinica materije, a zatim je otkriveno da se sastoji od još elementarnijih čestica: elektrona, protona i neutrona, isto tako sada znamo da protoni i neutroni nisu elementarne čestice, ali elektron je bio i ostao elementaran. Protoni i neutroni su sačinjeni od kombinacije gornjih i donjih <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">kvarkova</a>. Budući da imaju unutrašnju podstrukturu, ne mogu se smatrati elementarnim česticama. Proton se sastoji od dva gornja i jednog donjeg kvarka, a neutron od dva donja i jednog gornjeg kvarka. To možemo prikazati na sljedeći način: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}={\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}={\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0034892d7437d22a956f23926124c93c3dc75bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.269ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}={\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}={\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}={\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/320ee17771ae6393c187c3acb12e496db925df4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.269ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}={\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Budući da proton nosi <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a>, neki od kvarkova također moraju biti nabijeni. Međutim, isti kvarkovi, samo u drugoj kombinaciji, postoje i unutar neutrona koji je bez naboja. Zbog toga se naboji kvarkova moraju zbrojiti u kombinaciji koja čini proton, a poništiti u kombinaciji koja čini neutron. Označimo li naboj gornjeg kvarka s 𝑄<sub>𝑢</sub> i naboj donjeg kvarka s 𝑄<sub>𝑑</sub>, dobivamo sljedeće: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}({\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}})_{naboj}=Q_{u}+Q_{u}+Q_{d}=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>p</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}({\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}})_{naboj}=Q_{u}+Q_{u}+Q_{d}=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a78da7ed945d19f686e023214e23cd1d366c2661" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.24ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{p}}({\mbox{u}}{\mbox{u}}{\mbox{d}})_{naboj}=Q_{u}+Q_{u}+Q_{d}=1}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}({\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}})_{naboj}=Q_{d}+Q_{d}+Q_{u}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>n</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>u</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}({\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}})_{naboj}=Q_{d}+Q_{d}+Q_{u}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59efb1682f0c3d520986f94b4f26ea727cbe08f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:33.159ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{n}}({\mbox{d}}{\mbox{d}}{\mbox{u}})_{naboj}=Q_{d}+Q_{d}+Q_{u}=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ove dvije jednadžbe su jednostavne za riješiti, uzimajući u obzir da su naboji gornjeg i donjeg kvarka redom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{u}=+{\frac {2}{3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{u}=+{\frac {2}{3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46cd6b094542bc035b889a9ab990b5397e9164ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.916ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{u}=+{\frac {2}{3}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{d}=-{\frac {1}{3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{d}=-{\frac {1}{3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/496559b5668ae31bb74d9ec60c3b590ddf40c789" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.836ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{d}=-{\frac {1}{3}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Treba samo napomenuti da je u gornjim jednadžbama korišten dogovor koja postavlja da naboj protona iznosi +1, dok u standardnim jedinicama približno iznosi 1,6∙10<sup>−19</sup> C (<a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">kulon</a>). Ovaj naboj protona naziva se još i <a href="/wiki/Elementarni_naboj" title="Elementarni naboj">elementarnim nabojem</a> i označava se slovom 𝑒. </p><p>Do otkrića kvarkova, fizičari su smatrali da električni naboj može biti samo cjelobrojni višekratnik elementarnog naboja. Tako elektron ima električni naboj −𝑒, proton +𝑒, jezgra helija +2𝑒 i tako dalje. Kvarkovi, ovisno o vrsti, imaju samo dio elementarnog naboj: +2/3𝑒 ili −1/3𝑒. No, budući da kvarkovi ne postoje samostalno, već dolaze uvijek u kombinaciji dva ili tri kvarka, u prirodi nikad nije zapaženo postojanje čestice s nabojem manjim od jednog elementarnog naboja. Čestice sastavljene od 3 kvarka nazivamo <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barionima</a>, dok <a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">mezonima</a> nazivamo čestice koje se sastoje od parnog broja kvarkova i antikvarkova. U donjoj tablici, koja pokazuje način na koji su kvarkovi grupirani u generacije, svi kvarkovi u prvom retku imaju naboj +2/3, a u drugom retku −1/3. Ovo grupiranje kvarkova u generacije strogo prati poredak kojim su kvarkovi otkriveni. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Kvarkovska generacija </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Prva generacija </th> <th scope="col">Druga generacija </th> <th scope="col">Treća generacija </th></tr> <tr> <td>+𝟐/𝟑 </td> <td>Gornji (u) </td> <td>Čarobni (c) </td> <td>Vršni (t) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-1/𝟑 </td> <td>Donji (d) </td> <td>Strani (s) </td> <td>Dubinski (b) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sva tvar (materija) u svemiru sastoji se od atoma, dakle od protona i neutrona, stoga su gornji i donji kvarkovi najviše zastupljeni kvarkovi u svemiru. Ostali kvarkovi su puno masivniji (<a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> kvarkova raste kako idemo od prve prema drugoj i trećoj generaciji) i puno rjeđi. Međutim, ranije u evoluciji svemira tvar je bila daleko energičnija, stoga su masivniji kvarkovi bili mnogo češći i imali su značajnu ulogu u reakcijama koje su se dogodile. </p><p>Od leptona najpoznatiji je elektron, stoga su leptoni najviše i proučavani budući da se svojstva elektrona zrcale u mionu i tauonu. Ova tri leptona imaju isti <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> i malo toga, osim mase, razlikuje elektron od miona i tauona. Jedina očita razlika je u tome što se mion i tauon mogu raspadati na druge čestice (iz prve i druge generacije leptona i njihove <a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Antičestica">antičestice</a>), dok je elektron stabilna čestica. </p><p>Donja tablica prikazuje grupiranje leptona u 3 generacije. Isto kao i kod kvarkova, masa leptona se povećava kako idemo prema višoj generaciji, barem što se tiče prvog retka u tablici. </p><p>Ostala 3 leptona se nazivaju <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrini</a> jer su električki neutralni. Treba napomenuti da nije isto reći, na primjer, da je neutron bez naboja i da je neutron neutralan. Neutron se sastoji od 3 kvarka i svaki od njih nosi električni naboj koji se u konačnom zbroju poništi. Neutrini, za razliku od neutrona, su elementarne čestice. Kao takve nisu građene od drugih elementarnijih komponenti – oni su istinski neutralni. Stoga, da bi razlikovali takve čestice od onih kojima se naboji komponenti poništavaju, reći ćemo za neutrine (i slične čestice) da su neutralni, a za neutrone (i čestice slične njima) da su bez naboja. Prema standardnom modelu smatra se da su neutrini čestice bez mase, iako rezultati pokusa <i>Super-Kamiokande</i> (<a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">M. Koshiba</a>) u Japanu daju naznaku da bi neutrini ipak mogli imati izuzetno malu, ali konačnu masu. Budući da su neutrini bez mase i neutralni, to im uskraćuje bilo kakvo fizičko postojanje. Međutim, neutrini imaju energiju i ta ih <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> čini stvarnima. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Leptonska generacija </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"> </th> <th scope="col">Prva generacija </th> <th scope="col">Druga generacija </th> <th scope="col">Treća generacija </th></tr> <tr> <td>−𝟏 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> (𝑒<sup>−</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">Mion</a> (𝜇<sup>−</sup>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">Tauon</a> (𝜏<sup>−</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>𝟎 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">Elektronski neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝑒</sub>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">Mionski neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝜇</sub>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a> (𝜈<sub>𝜏</sub>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Leptoni, za razliku od kvarkova, postoje u prirodi kao zasebne čestice. Donja tablica pokazuje gdje je sve moguće naći leptone u prirodi. <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> je vrlo poznata čestica i njegova svojstva su uspostavljena u osnovama fizike. Njegov partner, <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">elektronski neutrino</a>, je manje poznat ali jednako čest u prirodi. U velikom broju ga proizvode neki <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivni</a> procesi i središnje jezgre <a href="/wiki/Nuklearni_reaktor" title="Nuklearni reaktor">nuklearnih reaktora</a>, dok je <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunce</a> najveći proizvođač. Približno 10<sup>12</sup> elektronskih neutrina prođe kroz naše tijelo svake sekunde, većina nastala u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">nuklearnim reakcijama</a> koje se odvijaju u jezgri Sunca. Budući da jako rijetko međudeluju s materijom veliki broj neutrina koji prođe kroz naše tijelo ne čini nikakvu štetu. </p><p>Leptoni druge generacije su rjeđi, ali ih se može naći u prirodi. <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">Mione</a> je lako proizvesti u laboratorijskim pokusima. Osim po masi, vrlo su slični elektronima. Zbog velike mase su nestabilni pa se raspadaju na elektrone i neutrina. Jednostavno se mogu promatrati u pokusima s <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkim zrakama</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Prisutnost leptona u prirodi </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Prva generacija </th> <th scope="col">Druga generacija </th> <th scope="col">Treća generacija </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a>: <br /> - nalazi se u <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomima</a>; <br /> - važan u <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električnoj struji</a>; <br /> - nastaje <a href="/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Beta raspad">beta-raspadom</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">Mion</a>: <br /> - nastaje u velikom broju <br /> udarom <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkih zraka</a> <br /> o gornje slojeve <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfere</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">Tauon</a>: <br /> - do sada viđen samo <br /> u <a href="/wiki/Laboratorij" title="Laboratorij">laboratorijima</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">Elektronski neutrino</a>: <br /> - nastaje <a href="/wiki/Beta_raspad" title="Beta raspad">beta-raspadom</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">Mionski neutrino</a>: <br /> - nastaje u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearni_reaktor" title="Nuklearni reaktor">nuklearnim reaktorima</a>, <br /> - nastaje udarom <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkih zraka</a> <br /> o gornje slojeve <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfere</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a>: <br /> - do sada viđen samo <br /> u <a href="/wiki/Laboratorij" title="Laboratorij">laboratorijima</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Članovi treće generacije nisu viđeni u nikakvim prirodnim procesima, barem ne u ovom stadiju evolucije svemira. Mnogo ranije, kada je svemir bio topliji i kada su čestice imale daleko više energije, leptoni treće generacije su često nastajali u prirodnim reakcijama. To je međutim bilo prije nekoliko milijardi godina. Danas se tauon može promatrati samo u laboratorijskim pokusima, dok tau neutrino nije izravno viđen u pokusima već se njegovo prisustvo daje zaključiti iz određenih reakcija.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermion&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermion&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>fermion</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=19312">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, pristupljeno 3. veljače 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Svetlana Veselinović: "Elementarne čestice", <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mathos.unios.hr/~mdjumic/uploads/diplomski/VES07.pdf">[2]</a>, završni rad, Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Osijek 2014., pristupljeno 27. siječnja 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici" title="Predložak:Čestice u fizici"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Čestice u <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizici</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">Elementarne<br />čestice</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fermioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvarkovi</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">u</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">d</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Carobni_kvark" title="Čarobni kvark">c</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strani_kvark" title="Strani kvark">s</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ni_kvark" title="Vršni kvark">t</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark">b</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">e<sup>-</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">e<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">μ<sup>-</sup> <b>·</b> μ<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">τ<sup>-</sup> <b>·</b> τ<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">ν<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">μ<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">μ</span><sub>e</sub></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">τ<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">τ</span><sub>e</sub></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bozon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozon">Bozoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEdarni_bozoni" title="Baždarni bozoni">Baždarni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">γ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">g</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W<sup>±</sup> <b>·</b> Z</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_duh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faddeev–Popov duh (stranica ne postoji)">duhovi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_%C4%8Destice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske čestice (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartneri</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugino</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">gluino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitino (stranica ne postoji)">gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostali</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksino (stranica ne postoji)">aksino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozino (stranica ne postoji)">bozino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chargino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chargino (stranica ne postoji)">chargino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higgsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higgsino (stranica ne postoji)">higgsino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">neutralino</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfermion (stranica ne postoji)">sfermion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksion (stranica ne postoji)">A<sup>0</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilaton (stranica ne postoji)">dilaton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">G</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsov bozon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majoron (stranica ne postoji)">majoron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tahion" title="Tahion">tahion</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_i_Y_bozoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X i Y bozoni (stranica ne postoji)">X <b>·</b> Y</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W' <b>·</b> Z'</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterilni_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterilni neutrino (stranica ne postoji)">sterilni neutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezano_stanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezano stanje (stranica ne postoji)">Složene</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron">Hadroni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barioni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperion_(%C4%8Destica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperion (čestica) (stranica ne postoji)">Hiperioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">N</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">p</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Delta_barion" title="Delta barion">Δ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lambda_barion" title="Lambda barion">Λ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sigma_barion" title="Sigma barion">Σ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xi_barion" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi barion">Ξ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Omega_barion" title="Omega barion">Ω</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">Mezoni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvarkonij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvarkonij (stranica ne postoji)">Kvarkoniji</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">π</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ρ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">η <b>·</b> η′</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fi mezon (stranica ne postoji)">φ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ω</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_mezon" title="J/ψ mezon">J/ψ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipsilon_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipsilon mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ϒ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">θ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">K</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B mezon (stranica ne postoji)">B</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/D_mezon" title="D mezon">D</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T mezon (stranica ne postoji)">T</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Druge</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični atomi (stranica ne postoji)">egzotični atomi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pozitronij" title="Pozitronij">pozitronij</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mionij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mionij (stranica ne postoji)">mionij</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onij (stranica ne postoji)">onij</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_slo%C5%BEene_molekule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske složene molekule (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični hadron (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični hadroni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični barion (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični barioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibarion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibarion (stranica ne postoji)">dibarion</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentakvark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentakvark (stranica ne postoji)">pentakvark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični mezon (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični mezoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glueball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glueball (stranica ne postoji)">glueball</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrakvark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrakvark (stranica ne postoji)">tetrakvark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezonska_molekula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezonska molekula (stranica ne postoji)">mezonska molekula</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeron (stranica ne postoji)">pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazi%C4%8Destice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazičestice (stranica ne postoji)">Kvazičestice</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davydov_soliton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davydov soliton (stranica ne postoji)">Davydov soliton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksciton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksciton (stranica ne postoji)">eksciton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnon (stranica ne postoji)">magnon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon">fonon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmaron (stranica ne postoji)">plazmaron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmon (stranica ne postoji)">plazmon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polariton (stranica ne postoji)">polariton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaron (stranica ne postoji)">polaron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roton (stranica ne postoji)">roton</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;">Popisi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis čestica (stranica ne postoji)">popis čestica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_kvazi%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis kvazičestica (stranica ne postoji)">popis kvazičestica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_bariona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis bariona (stranica ne postoji)">popis bariona</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_mezona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis mezona (stranica ne postoji)">popis mezona</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronologija_otkri%C4%87a_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronologija otkrića čestica (stranica ne postoji)">kronologija otkrića čestica</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia books</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Hadronska tvar - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Hadronic_Matter" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Hadronic Matter">en:Book:Hadronic Matter</a> <b>·</b> Čestice standardnog modela - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Particles of the Standard Model">en:Book:Particles of the Standard 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