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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Atomska_teorija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomska_teorija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Atomska teorija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomska_teorija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sastav_atomskih_jezgara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastav_atomskih_jezgara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sastav atomskih jezgara</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sastav_atomskih_jezgara-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Sastav atomskih jezgara</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sastav_atomskih_jezgara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuklearna_reakcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuklearna_reakcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nuklearna reakcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuklearna_reakcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiproton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiproton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antiproton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiproton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 151 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بروتون – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(fizika)" title="Proton (fizika) – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proton (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotuons" title="Pruotuons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruotuons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пратон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটন – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – buginski" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3" title="Protó – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cék-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="پرۆتۆن – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πρωτόνιο – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prooton" title="Prooton – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prooton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proodon" title="Proodon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Proodon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Prótón – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Prótón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="પ્રોટોન – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રોટોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרוטון – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoton" title="Pwoton – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoton" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Պրոտոն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protono" title="Protono – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Protono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3teind" title="Róteind – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róteind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%AD%90" title="陽子 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陽子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruotan" title="Pruotan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pruotan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პროტონი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პროტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprutun" title="Aprutun – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aprutun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C9%94%C9%94" title="Protɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Protɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양성자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="برٛۆن – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – kelnski" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kelnski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obukontanyo(Protons)" title="Obukontanyo(Protons) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obukontanyo(Protons)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutun" title="Prutun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prutun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ໂປຣຕອນ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂປຣຕອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonas" title="Protonas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protons" title="Protons – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Protons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4t%C3%B4na" title="Prôtôna – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôtôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രോട്ടോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटॉन – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रोटॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ပရိုတွန် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटोन – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje) – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proton (deeltje)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirootoonii" title="Pirootoonii – oromski" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pirootoonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ – orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٹان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروټون – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Próton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purutun" title="Purutun – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purutun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protone" title="Protone – sardski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Protone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutuni" title="Prutuni – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروٽان – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%B3n" title="Protón – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Protón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotoon" title="Borotoon – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoni" title="Protoni – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="நேர்மின்னி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్రోటాన్ – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రోటాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروتون – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پروتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="پروٹون – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton" title="Proton – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Proton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feppsaal" title="Feppsaal – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Feppsaal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" title="质子 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="质子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Протон – kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Протон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-protons" title="Ii-protons – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-protons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פראטאן – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Prótọ̀nù – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4ng-ch%C3%BA" title="Iông-chú – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iông-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="質子" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></span></span> <i>Ovo je glavno značenje pojma <b>Proton</b>. Za druga značenja pogledajte <a href="/wiki/Proton_(razdvojba)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proton (razdvojba)">Proton (razdvojba)</a>.</i></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 110%;" colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;"><i><b>Proton</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Quark_structure_proton.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/300px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/450px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Quark_structure_proton.svg/600px-Quark_structure_proton.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;"><small>Proton je građen od dvaju <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornjih (u) kvarkova</a> i jednoga <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donjega (d) kvarka</a>. Odabir boja pojedinih <a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">kvarkova</a> je proizvoljan, ali sve tri boje moraju biti prisutne. <a href="/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila">Jake nuklearne sile</a> između kvarkova posredovane su gluonima.</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Klasifikacija:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kompozicija:</b></td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornja kvarka</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donji kvark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cesti%C4%8Dna_statistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čestična statistika (stranica ne postoji)">Čestična statistika</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalne_interakcije" title="Fundamentalne interakcije">Međudjelovanje</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravitacijska_sila" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitacijska sila">Gravitacijsko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slaba_nuklearna_sila" title="Slaba nuklearna sila">slabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Jaka nuklearna sila">jako</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetska_sila" title="Elektromagnetska sila">elektromagnetsko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Simbol(i):</b></td> <td>p, p<sup>+</sup>, N<sup>+</sup>, <sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>H<sup>+</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Anti%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Antičestica">Antičestica</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Teoretiziran:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> (1815.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Otkriven:</b></td> <td>Promatrao kao H<sup>+</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Goldstein (stranica ne postoji)">E. Goldstein</a> (1886.). Identificirao u drugim jezgrama (i imenovao) <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">E. Rutherford</a> (1917. – 1920.). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a>:</b></td> <td>1,67262192369(51)× <sup>−27</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a> <br /> <p>938,2720813(58) <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">MeV/c<sup>2</sup></a> <br /> 1,007276466879(91) <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jedinica_mase" title="Atomska jedinica mase">u</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">Vrijeme poluraspada</a>:</b></td> <td>> 2,1×10<sup>29</sup> godina (stabilan) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">Električni naboj</a>:</b></td> <td>+1 <a href="/wiki/Elementarni_naboj" title="Elementarni naboj">e</a> <br /> <p>1,6021766208(98)×10<sup>−19</sup> C </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabojni_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabojni radius (stranica ne postoji)">Nabojni radius</a>:</b></td> <td>0,8414(19) fm<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_dipole_moment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electric dipole moment (stranica ne postoji)">Electric dipole moment</a>:</b></td> <td>< 5,4×10<sup>−24</sup> e⋅cm </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electri%C4%8Dna_polarizabilnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrična polarizabilnost (stranica ne postoji)">Electrična polarizabilnost</a>:</b></td> <td>1,20(6)×10<sup>−3</sup> fm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">Magnetski moment</a>:</b></td> <td>1,4106067873(97)×10<sup>−26</sup> J·T<sup>−1</sup> <br /> <p>1,5210322053(46)×10<sup>−3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_magneton" title="Bohrov magneton">μ<sub>B</sub></a> <br /> 2,7928473508(85) μN </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetska_polarizabilnost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetska polarizabilnost (stranica ne postoji)">Magnetska polarizabilnost</a>:</b></td> <td>1,9(5)×10<sup>−4</sup> fm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (fizika)">Spin</a>:</b></td> <td>1⁄2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Izospin" title="Izospin">Izospin</a>:</b></td> <td>1⁄2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paritet_(fizika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paritet (fizika) (stranica ne postoji)">Paritet</a>:</b></td> <td>+1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg/300px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg/450px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg/600px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Tri prirodna <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, koji se razlikuj po broju <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> u <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskoj jezgri</a>. S lijeva na desno: procijum <sup>1</sup>H je bez neutrona, <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterij</a> <sup>2</sup>H s jednim neutronom i <a href="/wiki/Tricij" title="Tricij">tricij</a> <sup>3</sup>H s dva neutrona.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Helium_atom_QM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/300px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/450px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg/600px-Helium_atom_QM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a> s oblakom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> u nijansama sive. U jezgri su dva protona i dva <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> prikazana crveno i plavo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Carbon-atom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carbon-atom.jpg/300px-Carbon-atom.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Carbon-atom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>1/12 mase <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> <sup>12</sup>C je danas <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jedinica_mase" title="Atomska jedinica mase">atomska jedinica mase</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Isotopes_and_half-life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/300px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/450px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/600px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vrijeme_poluraspada" title="Vrijeme poluraspada">Vrijeme poluraspada</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnih</a> izotopa ili <a href="/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid">radionuklida</a>. Treba zapaziti da se teoretska linija za stabilne isotope <i>Z</i> = <i>N</i> (<i>Z</i> – <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a> i <i>N</i> - <a href="/wiki/Neutronski_broj" title="Neutronski broj">neutronski broj</a>), razdvaja od stvarnog odnosa atomskog broja i neutrona, što znači da se s povećanjem atomskog broja, povećava i nestabilnost <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskih jezgri</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG/300px-CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG/450px-CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG/600px-CERN_LHC_Tunnel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tunel LHC-a (<a href="/wiki/Veliki_hadronski_sudariva%C4%8D" title="Veliki hadronski sudarivač">Veliki hadronski sudarivač</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Stdef2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Stdef2.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="456" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Model tekuće kapljice <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Proton</b> (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl</a>., prema <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč</a>. <i>πρῶτον</i>: prvo; oznaka p) je stabilna <a href="/wiki/Subatomska_%C4%8Destica" title="Subatomska čestica">subatomska čestica</a> koja je sastavni dio svih <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomskih jezgri</a>. Pozitivnoga je <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnoga naboja</a> 1,6022 · 10<sup>–19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a> koja iznosi 1 836 masa <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> (1,672 622 · 10<sup>–27</sup> kg = 938,272 MeV/c² = 1,007 276 <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jedinica_mase" title="Atomska jedinica mase">u</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spina</a> 1/2, <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetskoga momenta</a> 2,79285 nuklearnih magnetona, a opisana je <a href="/wiki/Fermi-Diracova_statistika" title="Fermi-Diracova statistika">Fermi-Diracovom statistikom</a>. Proton je jezgra <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikova</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> <sup>1</sup>H, a s nešto težim <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutronom</a> gradi atomske jezgre. Općenito je brojem protona u atomskoj jezgri nekoga <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskoga elementa</a> određen njegov <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a>. Proton je građen od dvaju <a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">gornjih (u) kvarkova</a> i jednoga <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">donjega (d) kvarka</a>. Zbog svojega je električnoga naboja i stabilnosti pogodan za ubrzavanje na vrlo visoke <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> i brzine bliske <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzini svjetlosti</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Ubrziva%C4%8D_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubrzivač čestica">ubrzivačima čestica</a> (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Veliki_hadronski_sudariva%C4%8D" title="Veliki hadronski sudarivač">veliki hadronski sudarivač</a>). Proton je otkrio <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">E. Rutherford</a> (1919. – 1920.) prilikom <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">pokusa</a> u kojemu se <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> <sup>14</sup>N bombardiran <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-česticama</a> pretvarao u kisik <sup>17</sup>O, dakle:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>17</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6cac441307a0c345c5a1f33f58947f4fafe9b683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:22.775ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {p} }"></span></dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atomska_teorija">Atomska teorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Atomska teorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Atomska teorija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U atomskoj teoriji <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> se sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> oko koje kruže <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a>. Danas je općenito priznato mišljenje da se atomska jezgra svih <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskih elemenata</a> sastoji od pozitivno nabijenih protona i <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a> koji nemaju <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a>. Čestice koje se nalaze u atomskoj jezgri, to jest protoni i neutroni, zovu se zajedničkim imenom <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat</a>. <i>nucleus</i>: jezgra). Neutron ima <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masu</a> gotovo jednaku masi protona. Proton je jezgra <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikovog</a> atoma, pa mu je masa jednaka masi atoma vodika. Broj protona u atomskoj jezgri koji se zove <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a>, jednak je njezinom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električnom naboju</a> i uvijek odgovara rednom broju kemijskog elementa u <a href="/wiki/Periodni_sustav_elemenata" title="Periodni sustav elemenata">periodnom sustavu</a>. Dakle atomskim brojem određena je vrsta kemijskog elementa. </p><p>U neutralnom atomu broj elektrona što kruže oko jezgre jednak je broju protona u jezgri. Pozitivan naboj jednog protona jednako je velik kao negativan naboj elektrona. 1869. ruski kemičar <a href="/wiki/Dmitrij_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Mendeljejev" title="Dmitrij Ivanovič Mendeljejev">D. I. Mendeljejev</a> otkrio je zakonitost ponavljanja kemijskih svojstva elemenata kod povećanja njihove atomske mase. On je tada sve poznate elemente poredao po rastućim atomskim masama jedan iznad drugoga i sastavio periodičku tablicu. Mendeljejev je dokazao da svaki kemijski element ima određen sastav atoma koji označuje atomska masa i mjesto u periodnom sustavu elemenata. </p><p>Broj protona <i>P</i> i neutrona <i>N</i> u jezgri određuje atomsku masu <i>A</i> određenog elementa, to jest: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=P+N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=P+N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30067ba89fd58bfa91ea9877878c0bb52700f698" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.491ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=P+N}"></span></dd></dl> <p>i zove se <a href="/wiki/Maseni_broj" title="Maseni broj">maseni broj</a> atoma. Na primjer jezgra <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helija</a> sastoji se od dva protona i dva neutrona. Prema tome je <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> jezgre i <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">redni broj</a> helija 2, a <a href="/wiki/Relativna_atomska_masa" title="Relativna atomska masa">relativna atomska masa</a> 4. Oko atomske jezgre kruže negativno nabijeni elektroni, a broj elektrona jednak je broju protona u jezgri. </p><p>No kod istog broja protona u jezgri mogu postojati različite količine neutrona. Dva atoma koji imaju isti broj protona, a različiti broj neutrona, imaju skoro ista kemijska svojstva i isti redni broj, ali različite atomske mase. Takvi se elementi koji imaju isti redni broj, a različitu atomsku masu, zovu <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a>. Tako na primjer postoji <a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">klor</a> koji ima redni broj 17, to jest njegova jezgra sadrži 17 protona, dok mu je atomska masa 35, što znači da jezgra njegova atoma sadrži 18 neutrona (17 + 18 = 35). Međutim, postoji i klor s atomskom masom 37, to jest jezgra njegova atoma sadrži 20 neutrona (17 + 20 = 37). Običan klor koji se nalazi u spojevima u prirodi ima atomsku masu 35,46, što znači da je on smjesa tih dvaju izotopa koji su u njemu zastupani u omjeru 3 : 1, to jest: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {3\cdot 35+1\cdot 37} }{\mathrm {4} }}=\mathrm {35,5} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>35</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>37</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>35</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {3\cdot 35+1\cdot 37} }{\mathrm {4} }}=\mathrm {35,5} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3f2a58e731f2a5d0a3dffd71857309ab2766634" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.629ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {3\cdot 35+1\cdot 37} }{\mathrm {4} }}=\mathrm {35,5} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Prvi izotop klora pišemo simbolički <sub>17</sub>Cl<sup>35</sup>, a drugi <sub>17</sub>Cl<sup>37</sup>. Gornji broj uz kemijski simbol elementa znači relativnu atomsku masu tog elementa, a donji - broj protona u jezgri tog elementa, odnosno njegov redni broj. I <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> ima svoje izotope: <sub>1</sub>H<sup>1</sup> obični vodik, <sub>1</sub>H<sup>2</sup> teški vodik ili <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterij</a> i <sub>1</sub>H<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tricij" title="Tricij">tricij</a>. </p><p>Ovakvi izotopi nađeni su gotovo kod svih kemijskih elemenata. Tako <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranij</a>, koji je najvažniji u dobivanju <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_energija" title="Nuklearna energija">nuklearne energije</a>, ima 5 izotopa. Uranij ima redni broj 92, a njegovi izotopi imaju atomske mase 234, 235, 237, 238 i 239. U prirodnom uraniju najjače je zastupljen izotop s atomskom masom 238. Ima ga 137 puta više nego izotopa s atomskom masom 235. Ostalih njegovih izotopa ima još i manje. Izotopi se danas vrlo mnogo primjenjuju u medicini, tehnici i privredi, a naročito su veoma važni u proizvodnji nuklearne energije. Odjeljivanje izotopa vrši se centrifugiranjem, destilacijom, difuzijom i tako dalje. </p><p>Da se jezgra atoma koja se sastoji od pozitivno nabijenih protona ne razleti, jer se istoimeni električni naboji međusobno odbijaju, uzrok su privlačne sile koje vladaju, između protona i neutrona. To su takozvane sile jezgre ili <a href="/wiki/Osnovne_sile" class="mw-redirect" title="Osnovne sile">osnovne sile</a> koje, iako su vrlo velike, djeluju samo na vrlo male daljine, to jest u dimenzijama atomske jezgre. Tumačenje tih sila spada danas u glavne probleme atomske fizike.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastav_atomskih_jezgara">Sastav atomskih jezgara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Sastav atomskih jezgara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sastav atomskih jezgara"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rutherfordovo raspršenje">Rutherfordovo raspršenje</a></div></i></div> <p>Iskustvena potvrda <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherfordove</a> jednadžbe, učvrstila je pretpostavku da između <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestica</a> i atomskih jezgara vladaju poznate <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">Coulombove sile</a>. Na osnovu toga može se proračunati kako blizu jezgri dopre alfa-čestica koja se otklanja pod određenim kutom. Čestice vrlo velikih <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzina</a> mogu doći sasvim blizu tako da je ispitana Coulombova sila sve do udaljenosti 10<sup>-14</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">metara</a>. Dođu li izvanredno brze alfa-čestice još na veću blizinu atomskoj jezgri, slika s pokusa ne proizlazi više iz odbojnog Coulombova potencijala. Između alfa-čestica i jegri javljaju se nove sile, koje znatno prevladavaju Coulombov električni potencijal. Po Rutherfordu možemo kao polumjer atomske jezgre odrediti onu udaljenost kod koje prestaje između alfa-čestica i atomske jezgre vrijediti Coulombova odbojna sila. Taj polumjer iznosi za najteže atomske jezgre oko 10<sup>-14</sup> metara. </p><p>Bez obzira na to kakve su sile između atomskih jezgara na velikim i malim udaljenostima, osnovno načelo <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">mehanike</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zakon_o%C4%8Duvanja_energije" title="Zakon očuvanja energije">zakon o održanju impulsa i energije</a>, moraju vrijediti za sve <a href="/wiki/Sraz" title="Sraz">srazove</a>. Predočimo sebi alfa-česticu, koja udari o neku drugu atomsku jezgru. Prije sraza ima alfa-čestica <a href="/wiki/Impuls_sile" title="Impuls sile">impuls sile</a> <i>m</i><sub>1</sub>∙<i>v</i>, gdje je <i>m</i><sub>1</sub> <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> alfa-čestice, a <i>v</i> njena <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzina</a> prije sraza. Kad udari u atomsku jezgru, prenosi dio svojeg impulsa i poprima impuls <i>m</i><sub>1</sub>∙<i>v</i>’. Po zakonu o održanju impulsa mora impuls alfa-čestice prije sraza biti jednak zbroju impulsa obiju čestica poslije sraza: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/338e4521b656c33f9e18dc11762279c59efcd875" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.465ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ovu vektorsku jednadžbu možemo pisati u komponentama u smjeru osi <i>y</i> i <i>x</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \cos \theta _{1}+m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \cos \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \cos \theta _{1}+m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \cos \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45341b181a51f9b73c2cad7ccc71a0d46837f01c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:40.109ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \cos \theta _{1}+m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \cos \theta _{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \sin \theta _{1}-m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \sin \theta _{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \sin \theta _{1}-m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \sin \theta _{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/825f47fd0cfd72f5f4baeda891af73b7f59781df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:34.859ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0=m_{1}\cdot v'\cdot \sin \theta _{1}-m_{2}\cdot v''\cdot \sin \theta _{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Od prvobitnog smjera otklonjena je alfa-čestica za kut <i>θ<sub>1</sub></i>, a jezgra za kut <i>θ<sub>2</sub></i>. Prva nam je jednadžba sistema kaže da je prvobitni impuls alfa-čestice jednak zbroju impulsa obiju čestica u prvobitnom smjeru. Druga jednadžba kaže da se impulsi obiju čestica, okomiti na prvobitni smjer, poništavaju. </p><p>Prema zakonu o održanju energije mora <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetička energija</a> alfa-čestica prije sraza biti jednaka zbroju kinetičkih energija obiju čestica poslije sraza: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">′</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">″</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79d0a4be10d202c8c47e5c8e779571ee9095ae1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.518ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Srazove između alfa-čestica i jezgri možemo motriti u <a href="/wiki/Maglena_komora" title="Maglena komora">Wilsonovoj komori</a>. Alfa-čestice poznate brzine dolaze do <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivne tvari</a> i prolaze kroz plin komore. Tad se često opazi da se staza neke alfa-čestice savije, a od mjesta pregiba odleti druga čestica. Brzine obiju čestica mogu se izmjeriti, a isto tako i kutovi njihovih staza s prvobitnim smjerom. Unesu li se vrijednosti iz pokusa za <i>v</i>’, <i>v</i>”, <i>θ<sub>1</sub></i> i <i>θ<sub>2</sub></i> u jednadžbu impulsa i energije, uvijek se nalazi da su jednadžbe ispunjene. Zakoni o održanju impulsa i energije vrijede strogo za sve srazove. </p><p>Brzine čestica nakon sraza dadu se mjeriti pomoću savijanja u magnetskom polju ili iz duljine i debljine staze. Ali one se mogu i ukloniti iz zadnje dvije jednadžbe. Tad nam preostaje još jedna jednadžba, u kojoj dolaze mase čestica i kutovi otklona: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}=m_{1}\cdot {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin(\theta _{1}+2\cdot \theta _{2})}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}=m_{1}\cdot {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin(\theta _{1}+2\cdot \theta _{2})}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9ae7e82fd131d373ff45973f73e6b7bdff2b6868" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.439ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}=m_{1}\cdot {\frac {\sin \theta _{1}}{\sin(\theta _{1}+2\cdot \theta _{2})}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Iz te jednadžbe može se prema izmjerenim kutovima <i>θ<sub>1</sub></i> i <i>θ<sub>2</sub></i> izračunati masa udarene jezgre. Ta je metoda vrlo prikladna da se ustanovi koja je atomska jezgra u Wilsonovoj komori zadobila udarac. </p><p>Često je najzgodnije da se promatraju središnji srazovi. Tad alfa-čestica i jezgra lete u prvobitnom smjeru. U gornjim jednadžbama moramo staviti <i>θ<sub>1</sub></i> = 0 i <i>θ<sub>2</sub></i> = 0. Iz zakona o održanju impulsa i energije: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/338e4521b656c33f9e18dc11762279c59efcd875" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.465ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}\cdot v=m_{1}\cdot v'+m_{2}\cdot v''}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">′</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">″</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79d0a4be10d202c8c47e5c8e779571ee9095ae1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.518ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot m_{1}\cdot v'^{2}+m_{2}\cdot v''^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>možemo isključivanjem odmah izračunati brzinu koju dobiva atomska jezgra pri srazu: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v''={\frac {2\cdot m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\cdot v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v''={\frac {2\cdot m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\cdot v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c70e726c2cf7b0de9de0030c23038fdfbc1d31f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.036ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v''={\frac {2\cdot m_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\cdot v}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Na primjer kod udarca alfa- čestice na proton (atom <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>) dobivamo: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v''=1,6\cdot v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v''=1,6\cdot v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb8ee4be1e315136c54c76be7af38825287a48ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.529ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v''=1,6\cdot v}"></span></dd></dl> <p>To znači da je brzina protona 60% veća od prvobitne brzine alfa-čestice. No središnje udareni protoni imaju najveću brzinu. Ta najveća brzina može se mjeriti i prema mjerenjima je zaista 1,6 puta veća od početne brzine alfa-čestice. Zadnja jednadžba omogućuje nam da, mjereći najveće brzine udarenih atomskih jezgri, izračunamo njihove mase. To je jedna od najboljih metoda da se utvrde nepoznate atomske jezgre u Wilsonovoj komori. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuklearna_reakcija">Nuklearna reakcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Nuklearna reakcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nuklearna reakcija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">Nuklearna reakcija</a></div></i></div> <p>Pri točnijem ispitivanju prolaza alfa-čestica kroz Wilsonovu komoru bili su ipak otkriveni i protoni s mnogo većim brzinama nego što bi to odgovaralo središnjem srazu. Paradoks se objasnio kad je Rutherford opazio da ti brzi protoni dolaze i onda kad alfa-čestice prolaze kroz tvari u kojima nema vodika. Rutherford je pustio alfa-čestice kroz čisti <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikov</a> <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plin</a> i na veliko iznenađenje opazio da se od alfa-čestica odvaja staza jednog protona. Rutherford je odmah ispravno protumačio da se tu događa pretvorba atomskih jezgara, alfa-čestica prodre u dušikovu jezgru, a jedan proton biva izbačen. Kemijskim simbolima možemo tu reakciju pisati: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>17</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74b3e50d768b20f9f40ce30a1745d5854778b502" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.226ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {}_{7}^{14}\mathrm {N} +{}_{2}^{4}\mathrm {He} \rightarrow {}_{8}^{17}\mathrm {O} +{}_{1}^{1}\mathrm {H} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Gornji indeksi označuju masu atomskih jezgri, a donji njihov naboj ili redni broj elementa. Primitkom jedne alfa-čestice i gubitkom jednog protona povećava se masa dušikove jezgre za 3, a naboj za 1, pa iz dušika dobivamo <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisikov</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> s atomskom težinom 17. </p><p>Sad je bilo jasno, zašto se javljaju i protoni većih energija nego što bismo ih dobili središnjim srazom alfa-čestica. Višak energije protona potječe od energije atomske jezgre. Reakcije atomskih jezgri mogu teći s dobitkom ili gubitkom energije, a tu razliku u energijama nose izbačene čestice. Pretvorbe atomskih jezgri iznijele su na vidjelo da su protoni sastavni dijelovi svih atomskih jezgri. No vidi se odmah da pored njih moraju u izgradnji jezgri sudjelovati i druge čestice. Dva protona dala bi doduše naboj helijeve jezgre, ali ta jezgra ima 4 puta veću masu od protona. Nastala je potraga za česticama pored protona u atomskim jezgrama. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">W. Bothe</a> i Herbert Becker su 1930. opazili da pri obasjavanju lakih elemenata alfa-česticama nastaje neko vrlo prodorno zračenje. Malo kasnije našli su <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a> da nove zrake bivaju jako apsorbirane u tvarima koje obiluju <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikom</a>. Iz tih tvari nove zrake izbijaju protone s brzinama oko desetine <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzine svjetlosti</a>. Prirodu tih zraka Chadwick je malo kasnije ispitivao u Wilsonovoj komori. Zagonetne zrake nisu se vidjele u Wilsonovoj komori - znak da ne nose <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a>. No opet to nisu mogle biti ni <a href="/wiki/Gama_zrake" class="mw-redirect" title="Gama zrake">gama zrake</a>. U Wilsonovoj komori vidi se kako lake jezgre, kao protoni, helijeve, <a href="/wiki/Litij" title="Litij">litijeve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berilij" title="Berilij">berilijeve</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljikove</a> jezgre, zadobivaju snažne udarce, što se ne može objasniti djelovanjem <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskih valova</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">J. Chadwick</a> je objasnio ova opažanja hipotezom o novoj vrsti čestica - <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutronima</a>. Te čestice nemaju električnog naboja pa ne <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ioniziraju</a> i ne vide se u Wilsonovoj komori. Brzinu i masu nevidljivih čestica možemo proračunati tako da motrimo najveće brzine udarenih atoma. Chadwick je mjerio najveće brzine udarenih protona i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikovih</a> atoma. Za omjer najvećih brzina protona i dušikovih jezgri dobiva se prema: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{H}}{v_{N}}}={\frac {x+14}{x+1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>14</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{H}}{v_{N}}}={\frac {x+14}{x+1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cb49f6759262bac958b1d9b73bf7c336059723c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.085ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {v_{H}}{v_{N}}}={\frac {x+14}{x+1}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>x</i> - <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> neutrona. Najveće brzine udarenih protona su oko 7 puta veće od najvećih brzina dušikovih atoma. Za masu neutrona dobiva se odatle vrijednost 1. Neutroni, dakle, imaju otprilike istu masu kao i protoni. Time se direktno objašnjava zašto nove zrake izbacuju snažno protone iz tvari bogatih vodikom. Kao kod sraza biljarskih kugli, tako i tu mogu neutroni najjače pokrenuti jednako teške protone. </p><p>Iste godine kad je otkriven neutron, postavili su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitrij_Dmitrijevi%C4%8D_Ivanjenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitrij Dmitrijevič Ivanjenko (stranica ne postoji)">D. D. Ivanjenko</a> i <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">W. Heisenberg</a> hipotezu, da su atomske jezgre građene od protona i neutrona. Ova hipoteza održala se i kasnije i temelj je čitave <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika">nuklearne fizike</a>. Pri razbijanju jezgara nalazimo uvijek protone, neutrone ili lake jezgre, a nikada ne elektrone i pozitrone. </p><p>Vidjeli smo da su atomske težine približno cijeli brojevi. Zaokružene relativne atomske težine, kao čiste cijele brojeve bez fizičke dimenzije, označit ćemo s <i>A</i>. <a href="/wiki/Atomska_te%C5%BEina" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomska težina">Atomska težina</a> <i>A</i> pokazuje ukupan broj sastavnih dijelova jezgre, a redni broj <i>Z</i> daje broj protona. Svaka atomska jezgra određena je s ta dva podatka: <i>A</i> i <i>Z</i>. Nađene su, ipak, i različite atomske jezgre s istim <i>A</i> i <i>Z</i>, ali po svemu se čini da se tu radi o dva različita <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvantna</a> stanja iste jezgre. Mi ćemo odsad pretpostaviti da atomska težina i redni broj jednoznačno opisuju vrstu atomske jezgre. Atomske jezgre s jednakim brojem protona, a različitom masom, zovemo <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopima</a>. Atomske jezgre s jednakim brojem čestica zovu se izobare. </p><p>Atomskih jezgara ima mnogo više od <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskih elemenata</a>, jer neki kemijski elementi imaju i preko 10 različitih izotopa. Može se grafički dobiti lijep pregled nad svim jezgrama tako da pojedine jezgre nanesemo kao točke u križaljku, kod koje apscisa određuje broj protona, a ordinata broj neutrona. Iz položaja jezgre u tablici može se odmah razabrati od koliko je protona i neutrona građena. Izvučena dijagonala na tablici označuje one jezgre kod kojih je broj protona jednak broju neutrona. Ispod dijagonale broj je protona veći od broja neutrona, a iznad dijagonale preteže broj neutrona u jezgri. </p><p>Već kratki pregled nad poznatim jezgrama odmah pokazuje da u prirodi nisu ostvarene sve moguće kombinacije između protona i neutrona. Kod jezgri je broj protona približno jednak broju neutrona. Kod lakih jezgri vrijedi ovaj zakon vrlo točno. Najčešće jezgre u prirodi, kao <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a> <sub>2</sub>He<sup>4</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik">ugljik</a> <sub>6</sub>C<sup>12</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a> <sub>7</sub>N<sup>14</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisik</a> <sub>8</sub>O<sup>16</sup>, magnezij <sub>12</sub>Mg<sup>24</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Silicij" title="Silicij">silicij</a> <sub>14</sub>Si<sup>28</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpor</a> <sub>16</sub>S<sup>32</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij">kalcij</a> <sup>20</sup>Ca<sup>40</sup>, građene su od jednakog broja protona i neutrona. Dolaze i izotopi tih jezgri, kod kojih je ta simetrija između protona i neutrona za jednu ili dvije ili tri čestice narušena, ali se ipak sve te jezgre gomilaju oko dijagonale kod koje je broj protona jednak broju neutrona. Ta približno ostvarena simetrija između broja neutrona i protona jedan je od temeljnih zakona fizike jezgre, i mi ćemo morati tražiti razlog te simetrije. Kod težih jezgri prevladava sve više broj neutrona nad brojem protona. Suvišak neutrona nad protonima iznosi kod teških jezgri po više desetaka. "Rijeka" jezgri završava s <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranijem</a>, koji ima električni naboj 92 i masu 238. Broj neutrona kod te jezgre jednak je razlici između mase i naboja, dakle 238 - 92 = 146. Suvišak neutrona nad protonima iznosi kod toga glavnog uranijevog izotopa 54. Simetrija je tu već znatno narušena.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiproton">Antiproton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Antiproton" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antiproton"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Antiproton</b> (oznaka p) se od protona razlikuje po tom što ima suprotan <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> i što mu je <a href="/wiki/Magnetski_moment" title="Magnetski moment">magnetski moment</a> suprotno orijentiran prema <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spinu</a>. Postojanje antiprotona ustanovili su eksperimentalno s pomoću ubrzivača čestica <a href="/wiki/Bevatron" title="Bevatron">bevatron</a> (1955.) <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> i <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a>, za što su 1959. dobili <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/constants">"The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants"</a>, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, US.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "2018 CODATA recommended values" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>proton</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=50764">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Supek" title="Ivan Supek">Ivan Supek</a>: "Nova fizika", Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1966.</span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici" title="Predložak:Čestice u fizici"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:%C4%8Cestice_u_fizici&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Čestice u <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizici</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">Elementarne<br />čestice</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Kvark" title="Kvark">Kvarkovi</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gornji_kvark" title="Gornji kvark">u</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Donji_kvark" title="Donji kvark">d</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Carobni_kvark" title="Čarobni kvark">c</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strani_kvark" title="Strani kvark">s</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ni_kvark" title="Vršni kvark">t</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dubinski_kvark" title="Dubinski kvark">b</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">e<sup>-</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">e<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mion" title="Mion">μ<sup>-</sup> <b>·</b> μ<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauon">τ<sup>-</sup> <b>·</b> τ<sup>+</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_neutrino" title="Elektronski neutrino">ν<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><sub>e</sub></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mionski_neutrino" title="Mionski neutrino">μ<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">μ</span><sub>e</sub></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">τ<sub>e</sub> <b>·</b> <span style="text-decoration:overline;">τ</span><sub>e</sub></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Bozon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bozon">Bozoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%BEdarni_bozoni" title="Baždarni bozoni">Baždarni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">γ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">g</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W<sup>±</sup> <b>·</b> Z</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_duh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faddeev–Popov duh (stranica ne postoji)">duhovi</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_%C4%8Destice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske čestice (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartneri</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugino</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">gluino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitino (stranica ne postoji)">gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostali</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksino (stranica ne postoji)">aksino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozino (stranica ne postoji)">bozino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chargino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chargino (stranica ne postoji)">chargino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higgsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higgsino (stranica ne postoji)">higgsino</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">neutralino</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfermion (stranica ne postoji)">sfermion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksion (stranica ne postoji)">A<sup>0</sup></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilaton (stranica ne postoji)">dilaton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">G</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsov_bozon" title="Higgsov bozon">Higgsov bozon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majoron (stranica ne postoji)">majoron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tahion" title="Tahion">tahion</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=X_i_Y_bozoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X i Y bozoni (stranica ne postoji)">X <b>·</b> Y</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/W_i_Z_bozoni" title="W i Z bozoni">W' <b>·</b> Z'</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterilni_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterilni neutrino (stranica ne postoji)">sterilni neutrino</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezano_stanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezano stanje (stranica ne postoji)">Složene</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadron">Hadroni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">Barioni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperion_(%C4%8Destica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperion (čestica) (stranica ne postoji)">Hiperioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">N</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">n</a> <b>·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">p</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Delta_barion" title="Delta barion">Δ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lambda_barion" title="Lambda barion">Λ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sigma_barion" title="Sigma barion">Σ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xi_barion" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi barion">Ξ</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Omega_barion" title="Omega barion">Ω</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">Mezoni</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvarkonij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvarkonij (stranica ne postoji)">Kvarkoniji</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">π</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ρ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">η <b>·</b> η′</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fi mezon (stranica ne postoji)">φ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omega_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omega mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ω</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_mezon" title="J/ψ mezon">J/ψ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipsilon_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipsilon mezon (stranica ne postoji)">ϒ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theta_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theta mezon (stranica ne postoji)">θ</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">K</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=B_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B mezon (stranica ne postoji)">B</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/D_mezon" title="D mezon">D</a>  <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T mezon (stranica ne postoji)">T</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Druge</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomi</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_atomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični atomi (stranica ne postoji)">egzotični atomi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pozitronij" title="Pozitronij">pozitronij</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mionij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mionij (stranica ne postoji)">mionij</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onij (stranica ne postoji)">onij</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotetske_slo%C5%BEene_molekule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotetske složene molekule (stranica ne postoji)">Hipotetske</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_hadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični hadron (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični hadroni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-podgrupa" style="width:100%;;;;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_barion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični barion (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični barioni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibarion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibarion (stranica ne postoji)">dibarion</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentakvark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentakvark (stranica ne postoji)">pentakvark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egzoti%C4%8Dni_mezon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egzotični mezon (stranica ne postoji)">Egzotični mezoni</a></div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glueball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glueball (stranica ne postoji)">glueball</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrakvark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrakvark (stranica ne postoji)">tetrakvark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Ostale</div></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezonska_molekula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezonska molekula (stranica ne postoji)">mezonska molekula</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeron (stranica ne postoji)">pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvazi%C4%8Destice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvazičestice (stranica ne postoji)">Kvazičestice</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davydov_soliton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davydov soliton (stranica ne postoji)">Davydov soliton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksciton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksciton (stranica ne postoji)">eksciton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnon (stranica ne postoji)">magnon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon">fonon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmaron (stranica ne postoji)">plazmaron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazmon (stranica ne postoji)">plazmon</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polariton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polariton (stranica ne postoji)">polariton</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaron (stranica ne postoji)">polaron</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roton (stranica ne postoji)">roton</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;">Popisi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis čestica (stranica ne postoji)">popis čestica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_kvazi%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis kvazičestica (stranica ne postoji)">popis kvazičestica</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_bariona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis bariona (stranica ne postoji)">popis bariona</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popis_mezona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popis mezona (stranica ne postoji)">popis mezona</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronologija_otkri%C4%87a_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronologija otkrića čestica (stranica ne postoji)">kronologija otkrića čestica</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia books</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Hadronska tvar - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Hadronic_Matter" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Hadronic Matter">en:Book:Hadronic Matter</a> <b>·</b> Čestice standardnog modela - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Particles_of_the_Standard_Model" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Particles of the Standard Model">en:Book:Particles of the Standard Model</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=7021072">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton&oldid=7021072</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Barioni" title="Kategorija:Barioni">Barioni</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 14. rujna 2024. u 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