CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>蛋白质 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"f02b3935-6ab1-4f68-be5e-7e2a1de919bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"蛋白质","wgTitle":"蛋白质","wgCurRevisionId":84811457,"wgRevisionId":84811457,"wgArticleId":4129,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["引文格式1错误：日期","自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目","使用PMID魔术链接的页面","含有英語的條目","有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目", "包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目","分子生物学","营养学","蛋白质","蛋白质组学"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"蛋白质","wgRelevantArticleId":4129,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"蛋白質","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8", "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8054","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/1200px-Protein_mosaic.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1333"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/800px-Protein_mosaic.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="889"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/640px-Protein_mosaic.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="711"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="蛋白质 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-蛋白质 rootpage-蛋白质 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生物化学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物化学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生物化学性质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物化学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>合成</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-合成-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关合成子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-合成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-蛋白质生物合成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质生物合成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>蛋白质生物合成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质生物合成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学合成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学合成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>化学合成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化学合成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-降解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#降解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>降解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-降解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>细胞功能</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-细胞功能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关细胞功能子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-细胞功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-催化作用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#催化作用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>催化作用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-催化作用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-訊號傳遞和物質运输" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#訊號傳遞和物質运输"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>訊號傳遞和物質运输</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-訊號傳遞和物質运输-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變性作用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變性作用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>變性作用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變性作用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-影响因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>影响因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>结果</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變性蛋白質的特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變性蛋白質的特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>變性蛋白質的特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變性蛋白質的特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>应用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-显色反应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#显色反应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>显色反应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-显色反应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构蛋白" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构蛋白"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>结构蛋白</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结构蛋白-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>研究方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究方法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-蛋白质纯化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质纯化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>蛋白质纯化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质纯化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-细胞内定位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#细胞内定位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>细胞内定位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-细胞内定位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛋白质组学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质组学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>蛋白质组学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质组学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物信息学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物信息学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>生物信息学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物信息学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构预测与模拟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构预测与模拟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>结构预测与模拟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结构预测与模拟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛋白質含量檢測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白質含量檢測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>蛋白質含量檢測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白質含量檢測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-营养作用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#营养作用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>营养作用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-营养作用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史和词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史和词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>历史和词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史和词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">蛋白质</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。161种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">161种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFen" title="Proteïen – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Proteïen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروتين – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پروتين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتين – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="মাংসসাৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাংসসাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BClallar" title="Zülallar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zülallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҡһымдар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡһымдар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%ABms" title="Baltīms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltīms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Бялкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бялкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parot%C3%A9in" title="Parotéin – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parotéin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတေင်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပရိုတေင်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রোটিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোটিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уураг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уураг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ung-b%C4%83h-c%C3%A9k" title="Lâung-băh-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lâung-băh-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina_(kimika)" title="Protina (kimika) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Protina (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᎵᏥᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرۆتین – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆتین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADlkovina" title="Bílkovina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bílkovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шурри – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шурри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޕްރޮޓީން – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕްރޮޓީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πρωτεΐνη – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτεΐνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgud" title="Valgud – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتئین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiini" title="Proteiini – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9ine" title="Protéine – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protéine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiin" title="Proteiin – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Proteiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaiwyt_(stof)" title="Aaiwyt (stof) – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aaiwyt (stof)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3it%C3%A9in" title="Próitéin – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Próitéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2tain" title="Pròtain – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pròtain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteen" title="Proteen – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Proteen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0n-pha%CC%8Dk-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thàn-pha̍k-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חלבון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटीन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोटीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" title="Bjelančevine – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelančevine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwoteyin" title="Pwoteyin – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwoteyin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rje" title="Fehérje – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սպիտակուցներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպիտակուցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Белокаш – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Белокаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteino" title="Proteino – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Proteino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%ADn" title="Prótín – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prótín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="タンパク質 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンパク質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცილები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Ақуыз – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақуыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೋಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EC%A7%88" title="단백질 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="پرٛوٹیٖن – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پرٛوٹیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AEn" title="Proteîn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Proteîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protin" title="Protin – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Protin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ладзар – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ладзар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protena" title="Protena – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Protena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruteina" title="Pruteina – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pruteina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະໂລເຕອິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltymai" title="Baltymai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltymai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Olbaltumvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4teinina" title="Prôteinina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôteinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Белковина – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белковина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മാംസ്യം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാംസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB)" title="Уураг (молекул) – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уураг (молекул)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="प्रथिने – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रथिने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပရိုတိန်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပရိုတိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Ашовт – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ашовт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروتین – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پروتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रोटिन – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्रोटिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiwitten" title="Eiwitten – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eiwitten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFna" title="Proteïna – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Proteïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqata" title="Burqata – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burqata" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୁଷ୍ଟିସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروټين – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna" title="Proteína – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteína" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prutina" title="Prutina – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Prutina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C4%83" title="Proteină – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proteină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Белки – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Протеін – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Протеін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruti%C3%ACna" title="Prutiìna – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prutiìna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پروٽين – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پروٽين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ප්‍රෝටීන් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රෝටීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielkovina" title="Bielkovina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bielkovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beljakovina" title="Beljakovina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beljakovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotiin" title="Borotiin – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Borotiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina" title="Proteina – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Proteina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протеин – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaiwiete" title="Oaiwiete – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oaiwiete" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9in" title="Protéin – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protéin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protini" title="Protini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Protini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புரதம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాంసకృత్తులు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాంసకృత్తులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Сафедаҳо – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сафедаҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โปรตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belok" title="Belok – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Belok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Аксым – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аксым" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Белок – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Белок" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Білки – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پروٹین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پروٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinlar" title="Proteinlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Proteinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Proteine" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Protein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFne" title="Proteïne – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Proteïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteyene" title="Proteyene – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Proteyene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protina" title="Protina – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Protina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛋白质" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Ууруг – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ууруг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ცილეფი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცილეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פראטעאין – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראטעאין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8A" title="朊 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nn%CC%84g-pe%CC%8Dh-chit" title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nn̄g-pe̍h-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛋白質" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isakhamzimba" title="Isakhamzimba – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isakhamzimba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&oldid=84811457" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&id=84811457&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%259B%258B%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25B4%25A8"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%259B%258B%25E7%2599%25BD%25E8%25B4%25A8"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Proteins" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8054" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-bd9b666d" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-bd9b666d" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh:荧光;zh-hans:荧光;zh-hant:熒光;zh-cn:荧光;zh-tw:螢光;zh-hk:螢光;zh-mo:螢光;"></div></div></div> <div class="infobox" style="max-width:300px;float:right;padding:0 0.4em;border:1px solid #aaa;margin:0 0 0.4em 0.4em"><div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:0.5em 0;margin:0.5em 0;font-size:120%">蛋白质</div><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/300px-Protein_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/450px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Protein_mosaic.jpg/600px-Protein_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span></div><table style="text-align:left;word-break:break-word;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;font-size:90%"><caption style="background-color:#f5f5f5;font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.2em"><span><span>化合物结构分类</span>、<span>二阶类</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row">上级分类</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="生物聚合物">生物聚合物</a></span>、<span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="基因产物">基因产物</a></span>、<span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多肽">多肽</a></span>、<span><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P279" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">起因</th><td><span><span>基因组到蛋白质的转译</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P828" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">研究学科</th><td><span><span>蛋白质科学</span>、<span>蛋白质化学</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P2579" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">編碼基因</th><td><span><span>蛋白质编码基因</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P702" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">範例項目</th><td><span><span><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA_(%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0)" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質 (營養素)">蛋白質 (營養素)</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P5869" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">EntitySchema for this class</th><td><span><span>Entity schema not supported yet (E167)</span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P12861" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Stack Exchange標籤</th><td><span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://biology.stackexchange.com/tags/proteins">https://biology.stackexchange.com/tags/proteins</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#P1482" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/12px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/18px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/200px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/300px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/400px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>三维结构的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%84%E5%B8%B6%E5%9C%96" title="飄帶圖">飘带图</a>，其主要由<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="Α螺旋">α螺旋</a>所构成。这种蛋白质是第一个通过<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a>解析其结构</figcaption></figure> <p><b>蛋白质</b>（英語：<span lang="en">protein</span>）旧称“<b>朊</b>”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，常简称“蛋白”，是大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物分子">生物分子</a>，或<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子">高分子</a>，它由一个或多个由α-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E5%9F%BA" title="殘基">残基</a>组成的长链条组成。α-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>分子呈线性排列，相邻α-氨基酸<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E5%9F%BA" title="殘基">残基</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="氨基">氨基</a>通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>连接在一起，最後經過折疊形成有功能的立體結構。蛋白质的α-氨基酸序列是由对应<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>所编码。除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a>所编码的20种“标准”氨基酸，在蛋白质中，某些α-氨基酸残基还可以以被改變原子的排序而发生化学结构的变化，从而对蛋白质进行激活或调控。多个蛋白质和礦物質可以一起，往往是通过结合在一起形成稳定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質複合物">蛋白质复合物</a>，這樣的大分子結構就像機械一樣，來发挥某一特定功能。 </p><p>与其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>）一样，蛋白质是地球上生物体中的必要组成成分，参与了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>生命活动的每一个进程。<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6" title="蛋白酶">蛋白酶</a>是最常见的一类蛋白质，它们<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a>生物化学反应，尤其对于生物体的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>至关重要。除了酶之外，还有许多结构性或机械性蛋白质，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌动蛋白">肌动蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="微管蛋白">微管蛋白</a>（参与形成细胞内的支撑网络以维持细胞外形），另外一些蛋白质则参与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%AF%BC_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="信号转导 (生物)">细胞信号传导</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫反应">免疫反应</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E9%BB%8F%E9%99%84" title="細胞黏附">细胞黏附</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞周期">细胞周期调控</a>等。同时，蛋白质也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>饮食中必需的营养物质，这是因为动物自身无法合成所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="蛋白胺基酸">蛋白氨基酸</a>，动物需要和必须从食物中获取<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="必需氨基酸">必需氨基酸</a>。通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="消化">消化</a>过程将蛋白质降解为自由氨基酸，动物就可以将它们用于自身的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物化学性质"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8"></span>生物化学性质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生物化学性质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide-Figure-Revised.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/300px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/450px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Peptide-Figure-Revised.png/600px-Peptide-Figure-Revised.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>蛋白质结构中氨基酸和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="丙氨酸">丙氨酸</a>通過肽鍵（用方塊標出）連接在一起</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide_group_resonance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Peptide_group_resonance.png/300px-Peptide_group_resonance.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Peptide_group_resonance.png 1.5x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="85" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="共振 (化学)">共振</a>结构。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>通过肽键连接在一起形成蛋白质<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a></figcaption></figure> <p>蛋白质是由不同的L型α<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>所形成的线性聚合物。目前在绝大多数已鉴定的天然蛋白质中发现的氨基酸有20种（参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="標準蛋白氨基酸列表">標準蛋白氨基酸列表</a>）。不过在自然界中还存在着一些特殊的氨基酸，例如在一种海洋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E6%AF%9B%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="寡毛纲">寡毛纲</a>小<a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%95%E8%99%AB" title="蠕虫">蠕虫</a><i>Olavius algarvensis</i>以及与之存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="共生">共生</a>关系的细菌δ1（该细菌属于δ<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="變形菌">變形菌</a>）中存在着高含量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%8A%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="硒代半胱氨酸">硒代半胱氨酸</a>，由原本为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="密码子">终止密码子</a>的UGA编码，和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF%E8%B5%96%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="吡咯赖胺酸">吡咯赖胺酸</a>，由终止密码子UAG编码<sup id="cite_ref-Sec_and_Pyl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sec_and_Pyl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>所有氨基酸都有共同的结构特征，包括与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="氨基">氨基</a>连接的α碳原子，一个羧基和连接在α碳原子上的不同的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%A7%E9%93%BE" title="侧链">侧链</a>。但<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AF%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="脯氨酸">脯氨酸</a>有着与这种基本结构不同之处：它含有一个侧链与氨基连接在一起所形成的特殊的环状结构，使得其氨基在肽键中的构象相对固定。<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 标准氨基酸的侧链是构成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质结构">蛋白质结构</a>的重要元素，它们具有不同的化学性质，因此对于蛋白质的功能至关重要。多肽链中的氨基酸之间是通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="脱水反应">脱水反应</a>所形成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>来互相连接；一旦形成肽键成为蛋白质的一部分，氨基酸就被称为“残基”，而连接在链的碳、氮、氧原子被称为“主链”或“蛋白质骨架”。由于肽键有两种<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="共振 (化学)">共振</a>态，具有一定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E9%94%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="双键">双键</a>特性，使得相邻α碳之间形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽平面（页面不存在）">肽平面</a>；而肽键两侧的二面角确定了蛋白质骨架的局部形态。 </p><p>由于氨基酸的非对称性（两端分别具有氨基和羧基），蛋白质链具有方向性。蛋白质链的起始端有自由的氨基，被称为N端或氨基端；尾端则有自由的羧基，被称为C端或羧基端。 </p><p>“蛋白质”、“多肽”和“肽”这些名词的含义在一定程度上有重叠，经常容易混淆。“蛋白质”通常指具有完整生物学功能并有稳定<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="三级结构">结构</a>的分子；而“肽”则通常指一段较短的氨基酸寡聚体，常常没有稳定的三维结构。然而，“蛋白质”和“肽”之间的界限很模糊，通常以20-30个残基为界。<sup id="cite_ref-Lodish_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“多肽”可以指任何长度的氨基酸线性单链分子，但常常表示缺少稳定的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="三级结构">三级结构</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="合成"><span id=".E5.90.88.E6.88.90"></span>合成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：合成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛋白质生物合成"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.90.88.E6.88.90"></span>蛋白质生物合成</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：蛋白质生物合成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质生物合成">蛋白质生物合成</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/220px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/330px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg/440px-Ribosome_mRNA_translation_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>核糖體產生一種蛋白質，使用信使RNA模板</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_code_zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genetic_code_zh.png/220px-Genetic_code_zh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genetic_code_zh.png/330px-Genetic_code_zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genetic_code_zh.png/440px-Genetic_code_zh.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">编码</a>一个蛋白质<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>序列的基因的<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>序列</figcaption></figure> <p>每一种蛋白质都有自己独特的氨基酸序列，而氨基酸序列的组成信息则由编码对应蛋白质的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>序列所决定。遗传密码是一套由三个核苷酸组成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="密码子">密码子</a>，每一种三个核苷酸的组合可以编码一种特定氨基酸，如mRNA上的AUG（在DNA中为ATG）编码<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="甲硫氨酸">甲硫氨酸</a>。由于<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>含有四种核苷酸（<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">A</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">T</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">C</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="鳥嘌呤">G</a>），所以对应的可能的密码子有4×4×4=64种；而标准氨基酸只有20种，因此有部分密码子是冗余的，即部分氨基酸可以由多个不同的密码子所编码。DNA中的基因首先在<a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>等蛋白质的作用下被转录为前<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>。在大多数生物体中，前mRNA（或初始转录产物）要经过<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a>以形成成熟的mRNA，随后mRNA就可以经由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a>被用作蛋白质合成的模板。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>中，mRNA可能可以在生成后被直接用于蛋白质合成，或者在离开<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="類核">類核</a>后就结合核糖体。而在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>中，mRNA在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>中被合成，然后通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>被转运到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a>中；在细胞质中，mRNA才可以被用于蛋白质合成。原核生物的蛋白质合成速率可以达到每秒20个氨基酸，要高于真核生物。<sup id="cite_ref-Dobson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>从一个mRNA模板合成一个蛋白质的过程被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">轉譯</a>。在轉譯过程中，mRNA被一些蛋白质携带到核糖体上；然后核糖体在mRNA上从5'端到3'端寻找<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="密码子">起始密码子</a>（大多数情况下为AUG）；找到起始密码子后，即核糖体上起始<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="反密碼子">反密码子</a>与起始密码子<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">配对</a>后，翻译就可以开始进行；在起始密码子后，核糖体每一次阅读三个核苷酸（或一个密码子），同样是通过携带对应氨基酸的tRNA上反密码子与密码子配对。其中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0tRNA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="氨酰tRNA合成酶">氨酰tRNA合成酶</a>可以将tRNA分子与正确的氨基酸连接到一起。不断延长的多肽链通常被称为“新生链”。生物体中的蛋白质合成总是从N-端到C-端。 </p><p>合成的蛋白质的大小可以通过其含有的氨基酸数目或者其<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量">分子量</a>（以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">道尔顿</a>或千道尔顿，即<a href="/wiki/KDa" class="mw-redirect" title="KDa">kDa</a>为单位）来衡量。<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母">酵母</a>蛋白的平均长度为466个氨基酸或平均分子量为53kDa。<sup id="cite_ref-Lodish_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>目前已知的最大蛋白质是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%81%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌联蛋白">肌联蛋白</a>，它是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="肌节">肌节</a>的组分之一，其分子量为近3,000 kDa，含有近27,000个氨基酸。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化学合成"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E5.90.88.E6.88.90"></span>化学合成</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：化学合成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除了生物合成外，一些小的蛋白质可以通过多种化学途径来合成。这些合成方法又被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="肽合成">肽合成</a>，其依赖于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="有机合成">有机合成</a>技术，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学连接（页面不存在）">化学连接</a>来高通量生产肽。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>化学合成允许在合成的肽链中引入非天然氨基酸，如加入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89" title="荧光">荧光</a>标记的氨基酸。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这些合成方法所合成的产物被大量应用于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a>实验。但是，化学合成无法有效合成残基数多于300的蛋白质，而且合成的蛋白质可能不具有天然的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="三级结构">三级结构</a>。大多数化学合成方法都是从C-端到N-端进行合成，刚好和生物合成反应的方向相反。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="降解"><span id=".E9.99.8D.E8.A7.A3"></span>降解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：降解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质降解（页面不存在）">蛋白质降解</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶体</a></div> <p>对于细胞来说，蛋白质降解有多种用途，包括去除分泌蛋白的N末端信号肽，对前体蛋白进行剪切以产生“成熟”蛋白等。细胞不需要的或受到损伤的非跨膜蛋白质一般由<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶体</a>来进行降解，而真核生物的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="膜蛋白">跨膜蛋白</a>则通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="内体">内体</a>运送到<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a>（动物细胞）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="液泡">液泡</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母">酵母</a>）中进行降解。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>降解所生成的氨基酸分子可以被用于合成新的蛋白质。一些蛋白质可以发生自降解。此外，细胞中存在的大量<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6" title="蛋白酶">蛋白酶</a>（特别是溶酶体中），可以对外来的蛋白质进行降解，这也是一种细胞自我保护的机制。 </p><p>生物学实验中，也经常对蛋白质进行降解分析；例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a>中，利用蛋白酶对特定蛋白质进行降解，并对降解产物进行<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="质谱">质谱</a>分析而获得对应蛋白质的序列信息和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">修饰</a>情况；此外，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a>实验中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%B3%95" title="埃德曼降解法">埃德曼降解法</a>常被用于对蛋白质进行氨基酸序列分析。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="结构"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质结构">蛋白质结构</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaperonin_1AON.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chaperonin_1AON.png/300px-Chaperonin_1AON.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chaperonin_1AON.png/450px-Chaperonin_1AON.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chaperonin_1AON.png/600px-Chaperonin_1AON.png 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>分子伴侣的晶体结构。分子伴侣帮助蛋白质折叠</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proteinviews-1tim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/300px-Proteinviews-1tim.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/450px-Proteinviews-1tim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proteinviews-1tim.png/600px-Proteinviews-1tim.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>三种显示蛋白质三维结构的方式。图中蛋白质为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%B8%99%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E9%85%B6" title="磷酸丙糖异构酶">磷酸丙糖异构酶</a>。左：显示全部原子，并以原子类型标色（碳原子为蓝绿色，氧原子为红色，氮原子为蓝色）；中：只显示主链构象，以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="二级结构">二级结构</a>类型标色（α螺旋为紫色，β折叠为黄色）；右：显示“溶剂可及表面”，以残基类型标色（酸性氨基酸为红色，碱性氨基酸为蓝色，极性氨基酸为绿色，非极性氨基酸为白色）</figcaption></figure> <p>大多数的蛋白质都自然<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="蛋白质折叠">折叠</a>为一个特定的三维结构，这一特定结构被称为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天然状态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Native state"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天然状态（页面不存在）">天然状态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_state" class="extiw" title="en:Native state"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Native state</span></a></span>）</span></span>。虽然多数蛋白可以通过本身氨基酸序列的性质进行自我折叠，但还是有许多蛋白质需要<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%B4%E4%BE%A3" title="分子伴侣">分子伴侣</a>的帮助来进行正确的折叠。在高温或极端pH等条件下，蛋白质会失去其天然结构和活性，这一现象就称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="变性 (生物化学)">变性</a>。生物化学家常常用以下四个方面来表示蛋白质的结构： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%80%E7%B4%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="蛋白質一級結構">蛋白质一级结构</a>：组成蛋白质多肽链的线性氨基酸序列。一个蛋白质是一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="聚酰胺">聚酰胺</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质二级结构">蛋白质二级结构</a>：依靠不同氨基酸之间的C=O和N-H基团间的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氢键</a>形成的稳定结构，主要为<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="Α螺旋">α螺旋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="Β折叠">β折叠</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Branden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因为二级结构是局部的，不同的二级结构的许多区域可存在于相同的蛋白质分子。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="蛋白質三級結構">蛋白质三级结构</a>：通过多个二级结构元素在三维空间的排列所形成的一个蛋白质分子的三维结构，是单个蛋白质分子的整体形状。蛋白质的三级结构大都有一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="疏水核心">疏水核心</a>来稳定结构，同时具有稳定作用的还有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盐桥 (蛋白质)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Salt bridge (protein)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E6%A1%A5_(%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐桥 (蛋白质)（页面不存在）">盐桥 (蛋白质)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_bridge_(protein)" class="extiw" title="en:Salt bridge (protein)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Salt bridge (protein)</span></a></span>）</span></span>、氢键和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%A1%AB%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="二硫鍵">二硫键</a>，甚至<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%AD%AF%E5%BE%8C%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="轉譯後修飾">轉译后修饰</a>。“三级结构”常常可以用“折叠”一词来表示。三级结构控制蛋白质的基本功能。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质四级结构">蛋白质四级结构</a>：由几个蛋白质分子（多肽链），通常称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="蛋白质亚基">蛋白质亚基</a>所形成的结构，在功能上作为一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白质复合体">蛋白质复合体</a>。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_Dynamics_Cytochrome_C_2NEW_smaller.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Protein_Dynamics_Cytochrome_C_2NEW_smaller.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0c" title="細胞色素c">细胞色素c</a>的NMR溶液结构，显示了蛋白质的动态结构</figcaption></figure> <p>蛋白质并不完全是刚性分子。许多蛋白质在执行生物学功能时可以在多个相关结构中相互转换。在进行功能型结构重排时，这些相关的三级或四级结构通常被定义为不同“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%9E%84%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="化学构象">构象</a>”，而这些结构之间的转换就被称为“构象变换”。例如，酶的构象变换常常是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9" title="底物">底物</a>结合到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9" title="活性位点">活性位点</a>所导致。在溶液中，所有的蛋白质都会发生结构上的动态变化，主要表现为热振动和与其他分子之间碰撞所导致的运动。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_Composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/300px-Protein_Composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/450px-Protein_Composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Protein_Composite.jpg/600px-Protein_Composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>不同大小的蛋白质的分子表面。从左到右依次为：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="抗体">抗体</a>（IgG）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腺苷酸激酶（页面不存在）">腺苷酸激酶</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B7%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B0%E6%B0%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谷胺酰氨合成酶（页面不存在）">谷胺酰氨合成酶</a></figcaption></figure> <p>蛋白质可以由三级结构的不同大致分为三个主要类别：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="球蛋白">球蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="硬蛋白">纖維蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="膜蛋白">膜蛋白</a>。几乎所有的球蛋白都是水溶性的，许多球蛋白是酶。纤维蛋白多为结构性的，例如，结缔组织的主要成分<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="胶原蛋白">胶原蛋白</a>，或头发和指甲的蛋白质成分<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="角蛋白">角蛋白</a>。膜蛋白常常作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="受体 (生物化学)">受体</a>，或提供通道极性的或带电的分子通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>。 </p><p>要了解特定蛋白质的功能，获得其三级结构或四级结构可以提供重要的结构信息。目前用于蛋白质的原子分辨率结构测定的方法主要是<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a>和NMR光谱学。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%86%BB%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷冻电子显微学（页面不存在）">冷冻电子显微学</a>也可以提供超大蛋白质复合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a>等）的低分辨率结构信息。<sup id="cite_ref-Branden_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Branden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电子晶体学（页面不存在）">电子晶体学</a>在一些情况下也可以提供较高分辨率的结构信息，特别是对于膜蛋白的二维晶体。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>解析的结构（包括原子坐标和结构解析的相关信息）通常存放到<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="蛋白質資料庫">蛋白质数据库</a>（PDB），供全世界研究者免费下载。<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B" title="蛋白质结构预测">蛋白质结构预测</a>也可以为未知结构（实验结构）的蛋白质提供结构信息。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="细胞功能"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>细胞功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：细胞功能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蛋白质是细胞中的主要功能分子。<sup id="cite_ref-Lodish_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>除了特定类别的<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>，大多数的其他生物分子都需要蛋白质来调控。蛋白质也是细胞中含量最为丰富的分子之一；例如，蛋白质占<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>细胞干重的一半，而其他大分子如<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>和RNA则只分别占3%和20%。<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在一个特定细胞或细胞类型中表达的所有蛋白被称为对应细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84" title="蛋白质组">蛋白质组</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model,_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/220px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/330px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png/440px-Hexokinase_ball_and_stick_model%2C_with_substrates_to_scale_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>酶<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%B3%96%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6" title="己糖激酶">己糖激酶</a>被显示为常规的球-棒分子模型。为了显示比例，在右上角标出它的底物，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">ATP</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a></figcaption></figure> <p>蛋白质能够在细胞中发挥多种多样的功能，涵盖了细胞生命活动的各个方面：发挥催化作用的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>；参与生物体内的新陈代谢的调剂作用，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>；一些蛋白质具有运输代谢物质的作用，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%B3%B5" title="离子泵">离子泵</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a>；可以消耗能量來轉動並運動的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="分子馬達">分子馬達</a>；控制神經和反應的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="神經傳遞物">神經傳遞物</a>；发挥储存作用，如植物种子中的大量蛋白质，就是用来萌发时的储备；许多结构蛋白被用于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a>等的形成，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>；还有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96" title="细胞分化">细胞分化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a>等过程中都有大量蛋白质参与。 </p><p>蛋白质功能发挥的关键在于能够特异性地并且以不同的亲和力与其他各类分子，包括蛋白质分子结合。蛋白质结合其他分子的区域被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9" title="结合位点">结合位点</a>，而结合位点常常是从蛋白质分子表面下陷的一个“口袋”；而结合能力与蛋白质的三级结构密切相关，因为结构决定了结合位点的形状和化学性质（即结合位点周围的氨基酸残基的侧链的化学性质）。蛋白质结合的紧密性和特异性可以非常高；例如，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖核酸酶抑制蛋白（页面不存在）">核糖核酸酶抑制蛋白</a>可以与人的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血管促生蛋白" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="angiogenin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E4%BF%83%E7%94%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血管促生蛋白（页面不存在）">血管促生蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/angiogenin" class="extiw" title="en:angiogenin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">angiogenin</span></a></span>）</span></span>以亚飞摩尔（sub-femtomolar，即<10<sup>-15</sup> M）量级的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E7%A6%BB%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="解离常数">解离常数</a>进行结合，<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但却完全不结合（解离常数>1 M）angiogenin在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两栖动物">两栖动物</a>中的同源蛋白<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抗肿瘤核糖核酸酶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="onconase"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗肿瘤核糖核酸酶（页面不存在）">抗肿瘤核糖核酸酶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/onconase" class="extiw" title="en:onconase"><span lang="en" dir="auto">onconase</span></a></span>）</span></span>。）非常微小的化学结构变化，如在结合位点的某一残基侧链上添加一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="甲基">甲基</a>基团，有时就可以几乎完全破坏结合；例如，氨酰tRNA合成酶可以分辨侧链结构非常类似的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%88%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="纈氨酸">纈氨酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="异亮氨酸">异亮氨酸</a>，而这两种氨基酸的差别就在于异亮氨酸的侧链多出一个甲基。相同的蛋白质分子结合在一起就可形成同源<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="寡聚体">寡聚体</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%9A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="多聚體">多聚体</a>，有些多聚体可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="纤维">纤维</a>；而这些形成纤维的蛋白质往往是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="结构蛋白（页面不存在）">结构蛋白</a>，它们在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%93" title="单体">单体</a>状态下是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="球蛋白">球蛋白</a>，通过自结合来形成刚性的纤维。蛋白-蛋白相互作用可以调控酶的活性和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞周期">细胞周期</a>中的各种进程，并可以使大型的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質複合物">蛋白质复合物</a>得以形成，这样可以将参与同一生物学功能的分子结合到一起，从而提高其工作效率；而结合所诱导的蛋白构象变化对于复杂的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%AF%BC_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="信号转导 (生物)">信号传导</a>网络的构建也是必不可少的。还有一些蛋白质（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="膜蛋白">膜蛋白</a>）可以结合或者插入到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="催化作用"><span id=".E5.82.AC.E5.8C.96.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8"></span>催化作用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：催化作用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a></div> <p>细胞中，酶是最被广泛了解和研究最多的蛋白质，它的特点是<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a>细胞中的各类<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="化学反应">化学反应</a>。酶的催化反应具有高度的专一性和极高的催化效率。酶在大多数与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="异化作用">异化作用</a>以及DNA的<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">复制</a>、<a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA修复">修复</a>和<a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA合成">RNA合成</a>等相关的反应中发挥作用。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a>作用中，一些酶（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6" title="激酶">激酶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="磷酸酶">磷酸酶</a>）可以在其底物蛋白质上增加或去除特定化学基团（如磷酸基团）。目前已知的酶催化的反应有约4000种。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>酶可以极大地加速其所催化的反应；例如，与没有酶催化的情况相比，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乳清酸核苷-5'-单磷酸脱羧酶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="orotate decarboxylase"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%B3%E6%B8%85%E9%85%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7-5%27-%E5%8D%95%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乳清酸核苷-5'-单磷酸脱羧酶（页面不存在）">乳清酸核苷-5'-单磷酸脱羧酶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/orotate_decarboxylase" class="extiw" title="en:orotate decarboxylase"><span lang="en" dir="auto">orotate decarboxylase</span></a></span>）</span></span>的加速作用最高可达10<sup>17</sup>倍（形象地说，在没有酶的情况下完成反应需要七千八百万年，而存在酶的情况下反应只需18<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="毫秒">毫秒</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>结合于酶上，并在酶的作用下发生反应的分子被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9" title="底物">底物</a>。虽然酶分子通常含有数百个氨基酸残基，但参与与底物结合的残基只占其中的一小部分，而直接参与底物催化反应的残基则更少（平均为3-4个残基）。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这部分参与底物结合和催化的区域被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9" title="活性位点">活性位点</a>。有一些酶需要结合一些小分子（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6" title="辅酶">辅酶</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="辅因子">辅因子</a>）才能够有效发挥催化作用。酶的活性还可以被<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="酶抑制剂">酶抑制剂</a>所抑制，或被<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%89%82" title="酶激活剂">酶激活剂</a>所提高。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="訊號傳遞和物質运输"><span id=".E8.A8.8A.E8.99.9F.E5.82.B3.E9.81.9E.E5.92.8C.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E8.BF.90.E8.BE.93"></span>訊號傳遞和物質运输</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：訊號傳遞和物質运输"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/150px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/225px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png/300px-Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="小鼠">小鼠</a>的抗<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍乱">霍乱</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="抗体">抗体</a>与一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖</a>分子<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="抗原">抗原</a>结合的复合物结构图</figcaption></figure> <p>许多蛋白质都参与了细胞中和细胞间的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="訊號傳遞（页面不存在）">訊號傳遞</a>。一些蛋白质，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>，作为细胞外蛋白质，可以将訊號从一个细胞（合成这些蛋白质的细胞）传送到身体其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">组织</a>中的细胞。还有一些蛋白质，如属于膜蛋白的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="受体 (生物化学)">受体</a>，可以结合细胞外的訊號分子来引发细胞内的生物化学反应；多数受体都有一个位于细胞外表面的结合域〔结合訊號分子〕和一个位于细胞内的效应结构域（可能具有酶活性或可以发生构象变化以诱发与细胞内其他蛋白质的结合），两者之间通过跨膜域连接。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="抗体">抗体</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="适应性免疫系统">适应性免疫系统</a>中重要的组成蛋白质，其作用为结合<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F" title="抗原">抗原</a>或机体中的其他外来物质，通过识别来引发免疫系统消除这些物质。抗体可以被<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C" title="分泌">分泌</a>到细胞外环境中或锚合到特异性<a href="/wiki/B%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="B细胞">B细胞</a>（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="浆细胞">浆细胞</a>）的细胞膜中。抗体和抗原之间存在很高的亲和力，使得抗体可以很快地识别抗原。 </p><p>在多细胞生物体中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%AB%94_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="配體 (生物化學)">載體</a>运输蛋白能够结合特定的小分子并将它们运送到机体中的特定位置。这些蛋白质在运输的起点（往往具有较高的浓度）必须以高的亲和力结合它们的運輸物，而在目的组织中（運輸物質浓度较低）则必须释放所结合的物質。这就需要运输蛋白和所结合的物質之间有特定的亲和力。一个典型的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a>，它作用是将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94" title="氧气">氧气</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>中运输到其他组织和器官中。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="通道蛋白">通道蛋白</a>也是重要的物质运输蛋白，它们能够改变细胞膜的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E9%80%8F%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通透性（页面不存在）">通透性</a>，使得一些小分子和离子可以进出细胞。膜本身是疏水性的，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7" title="极性">极性</a>或带电分子无法通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="扩散">扩散作用</a>穿过。作为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="跨膜蛋白">跨膜蛋白</a>的通道蛋白，含有可控制的内部通道，在一定条件下允许这些分子进出细胞。通道蛋白也有专一性，许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="离子通道">离子通道</a>蛋白只选择性地对特定离子起作用；例如，钾离子和钠离子通道分别只识别<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" title="鉀離子">钾离子</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鈉離子">钠离子</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="變性作用"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.80.A7.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8"></span>變性作用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：變性作用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="影响因素"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>影响因素</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：影响因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1.物理因素：加热、加压、搅拌、振荡、紫外线照射、X射线、超声波等。 </p><p>2.化学因素：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E9%85%B8" title="强酸">强酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%A2%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="强碱">强碱</a>、尿素、重金属盐、非生理浓度的盐类、有机溶剂（甲醛，酒精，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8" title="苯甲酸">苯甲酸</a>等）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="结果"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.9C"></span>结果</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：结果"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>引起蛋白質結構的改變，形成沉淀，並引起生理活性的消失。變性作用破壞了蛋白質的二級、三級、四級結構，一般不會影響其初級結構。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="變性蛋白質的特性"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.80.A7.E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B3.AA.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>變性蛋白質的特性</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：變性蛋白質的特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>溶解度降低。</li> <li>生物活性消失。</li> <li>不能結晶。</li> <li>易受蛋白脢的水解。</li> <li>滴定曲线改變，因可滴定的官能基增加。</li> <li>-SH等基團的反應活性增加。</li> <li>变性为不可逆的化学过程。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="应用"><span id=".E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8"></span>应用</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：应用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1.<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E9%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="碘酒">碘酒</a>杀菌消毒的原理是使细菌，病毒蛋白质变性死亡。 </p><p>2.食物加热烹调使蛋白质变性，利于酶发挥作用使其消化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="显色反应"><span id=".E6.98.BE.E8.89.B2.E5.8F.8D.E5.BA.94"></span>显色反应</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：显色反应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>浓<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>与某些蛋白质发生显色（黄色）反应，可用于蛋白质的检验。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="结构蛋白"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD"></span>结构蛋白</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：结构蛋白"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actin_filament_atomic_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actin_filament_atomic_model.png/220px-Actin_filament_atomic_model.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actin_filament_atomic_model.png/330px-Actin_filament_atomic_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Actin_filament_atomic_model.png/440px-Actin_filament_atomic_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>聚合成链状的F型肌动蛋白</figcaption></figure> <p>结构蛋白能够形成相对更为刚性的生物组分。多数结构蛋白为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="纖維蛋白">纤维蛋白</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="胶原蛋白">胶原蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="弹性蛋白">弹性蛋白</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E7%BC%94%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="结缔组织">结缔组织</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%AA%A8" title="软骨">软骨</a>）中关键的组分，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="角蛋白">角蛋白</a>则存在于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B4%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="头发">头发</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%94%B2" title="指甲">指甲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B" title="羽毛">羽毛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B9%84" title="蹄">蹄</a>和一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="贝壳">贝壳</a>中。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌动蛋白">肌动蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="微管蛋白">微管蛋白</a>作为单体是球状可溶蛋白，但一旦多聚化便形成长的刚性纤维用于组成细胞骨架，以保持细胞的大小和形态。 </p><p>其他结构蛋白还包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="马达蛋白">马达蛋白</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="运动蛋白">运动蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="动力蛋白">动力蛋白</a>，它们能够产生动力。这些蛋白质对于细胞<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="能动性">能动性</a>（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AD%90" title="精子">精子</a>的运动）、细胞内物质运输和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">细胞分裂</a>都具有重要作用；<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>它们也为<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9" title="肌肉收缩">肌肉收缩</a>提供动力。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方法"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>研究方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：研究方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="蛋白质方法">蛋白质方法</a></div> <p>蛋白质是被研究得最多的一类生物分子，对它们的研究包括“<a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">体内</a>”(in vivo)、“<a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">体外</a>”(in vitro)、和“<a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">在硅之中</a>”(in silico)。体外研究多应用于纯化后的蛋白质，将它们置于可控制的环境中，以期获得它们的功能信息；例如，<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="酶动力学">酶动力学</a>相关的研究可以揭示酶催化反应的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="反应机制">化学机制</a>和与不同底物分子之间的相对亲和力。相反的，<b>体内</b>研究实验着重于蛋白质在细胞或者整个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>中的活性作用，从而可以了解蛋白质发挥功能的场所和相应的调节机制。<b>在硅之中</b>研究使用的计算方法来研究蛋白质。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛋白质纯化"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8.E7.BA.AF.E5.8C.96"></span>蛋白质纯化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：蛋白质纯化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BA%AF%E5%8C%96" title="蛋白质纯化">蛋白质纯化</a></div> <p>为了进行<a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">体外</a>(in vitro)研究，必须先将目的蛋白质从其他细胞组分中分离提纯出来。这一过程通常从<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%A3%82%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞裂解（页面不存在）">细胞裂解</a>开始（对于分泌性蛋白质的提纯则不需要裂解细胞），通过破坏细胞膜将细胞内含物释放到溶液中，从而获得含有目的蛋白质的细胞裂解液。然后通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%80%9F%E7%A6%BB%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超速离心（页面不存在）">超速离心</a>将细胞裂解液中膜<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="脂类">脂</a>和膜蛋白、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞器">细胞器</a>、核酸以及含有可溶蛋白质的混合物。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E6%9E%90" title="盐析">盐析</a>法是一种较为常用的通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80" title="沉淀">沉淀</a>从裂解液中分离浓缩蛋白质的方法。基于目的蛋白质的化学性质（如分子量、带电情况和结合活性），可以利用不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="色谱法">色谱法</a>来进一步分离提纯蛋白质。纯化的程度可以用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3" title="电泳">电泳</a>（已知目的蛋白质的分子量）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱学</a>（目的蛋白质具有独特的光谱学特征）或者酶活分析反应（目的蛋白质具有特定的酶活性）来衡量。另外，蛋白质可以使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6" title="等電位聚焦">电聚焦</a>根据其电荷被分离 <sup id="cite_ref-Hey2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>对于天然蛋白质，可能需要一系列的纯化步骤才能获得纯度足以用于实验室应用的蛋白质。为了简化这一过程，通常采用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因工程</a>的手段在目的蛋白质上添加一些化学特性，在不改变其结构和生物学活性的情况下使纯化过程更为简单。通常是将含有特定氨基酸序列的“标签”连接在目的蛋白质的N-端或C-端。例如，含有连续多个组氨酸的序列，称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%A8%99%E7%B1%A4" title="組氨酸標籤">组氨酸标签</a>；将含有带组氨酸标签蛋白质的裂解液流过含有<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">镍</a>的亲和层析柱，组氨酸就可以与镍<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%AF%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="螯合">螯合</a>从而结合在柱子上，而裂解液中其他蛋白质由于没有组氨酸标签而直接流出柱子，从而达到分离目的。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>通过基因工程（即<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA重组">DNA重组</a>）改造而获得的蛋白质被称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="重组蛋白质">重组蛋白质</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="细胞内定位"><span id=".E7.BB.86.E8.83.9E.E5.86.85.E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>细胞内定位</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：细胞内定位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质定位（页面不存在）">蛋白质定位</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Localisations02eng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Localisations02eng.jpg/300px-Localisations02eng.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Localisations02eng.jpg/450px-Localisations02eng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Localisations02eng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>带有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="绿色荧光蛋白">绿色荧光蛋白</a>标签的蛋白质在不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%8C%BA%E5%AE%A4" title="细胞区室">细胞区室</a>和细胞结构中的分布图。荧光以白色来显示。左边从上到下依次为，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="质膜">质膜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>；中间从上到下依次为，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%94" title="核小體">核小体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a>；右边从上到下依次为，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">核膜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%BD%93" title="中心体">中心体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%9D" title="微丝">微丝</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>in vivo</i>的蛋白质研究常常专注于蛋白质在细胞中的合成和定位。虽然已经知道许多细胞内蛋白质是在细胞质中合成，而膜结合蛋白质或分泌性蛋白质是在内质网中合成，但蛋白质定位到特定细胞器或细胞结构的特异性是如何达到的，目前还不清楚。一些有助于获得特定蛋白质在细胞中定位的方法得到了发展，特别是用基因工程将目的蛋白质上连接上“报告者”（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="绿色荧光蛋白">绿色荧光蛋白</a>），将这样的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="融合蛋白">融合蛋白</a>在细胞中表达后，就可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="显微镜">显微镜</a>观察荧光来了解融合蛋白在细胞中的分布。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另一种常用的同样是基因工程的方法为<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%BB%9E%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="定點突變">定点突变</a>。利用这一方法，研究者可以改变蛋白质序列，从而改变其结构、细胞内定位以及调控机制；而这些改变可以在<i>in vivo</i>的情况下通过连接绿色荧光蛋白，或者在<i>in vitro</i>的情况下通过酶动力学的方法以及结合实验进行观察。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛋白质组学"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8.E7.BB.84.E5.AD.A6"></span>蛋白质组学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：蛋白质组学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></div> <p>在一定时间内一个细胞或一类细胞中存在的所有蛋白质被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84" title="蛋白质组">蛋白质组</a>，研究如此大规模的数据的领域就被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a>，与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="基因组学">基因组学</a>的命名方式相似。蛋白质组学中关键的实验技术包括用于检测细胞中大量种类蛋白质相对水平的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%BE%AE%E9%98%B5%E5%88%97" title="蛋白质微阵列">蛋白质微阵列</a>技术，和用于系统性研究<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD-%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白-蛋白相互作用（页面不存在）">蛋白-蛋白相互作用</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E7%AD%9B%E9%80%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双杂交筛选（页面不存在）">双杂交筛选</a>技术。此外，还有探究所有组分之间的可能的生物学相互作用的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%BB%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相互作用组（页面不存在）">相互作用组</a>学，以及系统性地解析蛋白质结构，并揭示其中的可能的折叠类型的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="结构基因组学">结构基因组学</a>。 </p><p>分析基因组和蛋白质组数据，这就需要应用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算技术</a>于生物学问题，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="基因识别">基因识别</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類</a>。生物信息学领域现在是基因和蛋白质的分析必不可少的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物信息学"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF.E5.AD.A6"></span>生物信息学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：生物信息学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></div> <p>大量的计算方法已经被开发来分析蛋白质的结构，功能和进化。 </p><p>这样的工具的开发是由可用的多种生物体（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="人類基因組">人类基因组</a>）的大量基因组和蛋白质组数据驱动的。根本不可能通过实验来研究所有的蛋白质，因此只有少数蛋白质被得到实验室实验，而计算工具用于外推到相似的蛋白质。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="结构预测与模拟"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E9.A2.84.E6.B5.8B.E4.B8.8E.E6.A8.A1.E6.8B.9F"></span>结构预测与模拟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：结构预测与模拟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg/350px-225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg/525px-225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg/700px-225_Peptide_Bond-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>组成氨基酸可以被分析以预测二级的，三级的和四级的蛋白质结构，在这个例子情况下是含有血红素的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="血红素">血红素</a>单元</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B" title="蛋白质结构预测">蛋白质结构预测</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="分子动力学">分子动力学</a></div> <p>作为结构基因组研究的互补，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B" title="蛋白质结构预测">蛋白质结构预测</a>的目标是发展出有效的能够提供未知结构（未通过实验方法得到）蛋白质的可信的结构模型。目前最为成功的结构预测方法是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同源建模（页面不存在）">同源建模</a>；这一方法是利用序列相似的蛋白质（已知结构）的结构作为“模板”。而结构基因组的目标正是通过解析大量蛋白质的结构来为同源建模提供足够的模板以获得剩余的未解析的同源蛋白结构。从序列相似性较差的模板计算出精确的结构模型对于同源建模法还是一个挑战，问题在于序列比对准确性的影响，如果能够获得“完美”的比对结果，则能够获得精确的结构模型。<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>许多结构预测方法已经被用于在<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质工程">蛋白质工程</a>领域，在这些方法的帮助下，研究者们设计出一些新型的蛋白质折叠类型。<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>更为复杂的结构计算是预测蛋白质分子之间的相互作用，需要应用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子对接法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Docking (molecular)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%8E%A5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子对接法（页面不存在）">分子对接法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking_(molecular)" class="extiw" title="en:Docking (molecular)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Docking (molecular)</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白-蛋白相互作用预测" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein–protein interaction prediction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD-%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白-蛋白相互作用预测（页面不存在）">蛋白-蛋白相互作用预测</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction_prediction" class="extiw" title="en:Protein–protein interaction prediction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein–protein interaction prediction</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p><p>利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="分子动力学">分子动力学</a>的方法可以模拟蛋白质的折叠和结合过程。通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="分布式计算">分布式计算</a>，如<a href="/wiki/Folding@Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Folding@Home">Folding@Home</a>计划，为分子动力学模拟注入了活力。小的α螺旋蛋白结构域，如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绒毛蛋白" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Villin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%92%E6%AF%9B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绒毛蛋白（页面不存在）">绒毛蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villin" class="extiw" title="en:Villin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Villin</span></a></span>）</span></span>的头部<sup id="cite_ref-Zagrovic_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zagrovic-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/HIV" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV">HIV</a>辅助蛋白<sup id="cite_ref-Herges_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herges-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>已经成功地在计算机中（<i>in silico</i>）被模拟。将标准的分子动力学和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>计算相结合的混合方法已经被用于探索<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%B4%AB%E7%BA%A2%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="视紫红质">视紫红质</a>分子的电子态。<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="蛋白質含量檢測"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B3.AA.E5.90.AB.E9.87.8F.E6.AA.A2.E6.B8.AC"></span>蛋白質含量檢測</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：蛋白質含量檢測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蛋白質含量檢測，通常是檢測樣本裡的含氮量比例。但是，凱氏分析與杜马斯方法，分辨不出蛋白質與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%B0%E8%83%BA" title="三聚氰胺">三聚氰胺</a>的差異。一份純瘦肉的雞胸肉以凱氏分析，可以測得數值約31%左右。 </p> <ul><li>凱氏分析（<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E6%B0%AE%E6%B3%95" title="凯氏定氮法">凯氏定氮法</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杜马斯方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dumas method"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜马斯方法（页面不存在）">杜马斯方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas_method" class="extiw" title="en:Dumas method"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dumas method</span></a></span>）</span></span>（杜马斯燃烧定氮法）</li> <li>近红外光谱法</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="营养作用"><span id=".E8.90.A5.E5.85.BB.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8"></span>营养作用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：营养作用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大多数<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>和植物能够合成所有20种标准氨基酸；动物则由于缺乏某些氨基酸合成途径中特定氨基酸合成反应所需的关键酶，如从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天冬氨酸">天冬氨酸</a>生成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="赖氨酸">赖氨酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="甲硫氨酸">甲硫氨酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="苏氨酸">苏氨酸</a>的合成反应第一步中发挥催化作用的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天冬氨酸激酶（页面不存在）">天冬氨酸激酶</a>，而只能合成部分氨基酸。因此，动物必须从食物中获取这些自身无法合成的氨基酸。<sup id="cite_ref-Voet_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一个生物体所无法合成而需从食物中获取的氨基酸被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="必需氨基酸">必需氨基酸</a>；而食物中缺少必需氨基酸的蛋白质，被定位为不完全蛋白质。如果环境中存在所需氨基酸，微生物能够直接摄取这些氨基酸，而下调其自身的合成水平，从而节省了原来需要用于合成反应的能量。 </p><p>动物所摄取的氨基酸来源于食物中所含的蛋白质，每公克蛋白質可供給4大卡熱量。摄入的蛋白质通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="消化作用">消化作用</a>而被降解，这一过程通常包括蛋白质在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="消化系统">消化系统</a>的酸性环境下发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="变性 (生物化学)">变性</a>，变性后的蛋白质被<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6" title="蛋白酶">蛋白酶</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>成氨基酸或小段的肽。随后这些降解片段就可以被吸收。部分吸收后的氨基酸被用于蛋白质的合成，其余的则通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖异生</a>作用被转化为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>或进入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a>进行代谢。蛋白质的营养作用在饥饿环境下显得特别重要，此时机体可以利用自身的蛋白质，特别是肌肉中的蛋白质，来产生能量以维持生命活动。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛋白质/氨基酸也是食物中重要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>源. </p><p>蛋白質進入口腔時無法被分解，進而到胃。胃蛋白酶可斷裂芳香族氨基酸或亮氨酸氨基端肽鍵，凝乳酶可將牛奶中的酪蛋白（Casein）催化成含鈣的副乾酪素（Ca paracaseinate）。到了小腸，胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、羧基肽酶開始作用;胰蛋白酶可斷裂赖氨酸或精氨酸的羧基端肽鍵，糜蛋白酶可斷裂色氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的羧基端肽鍵，羧基肽酶可斷裂肽鏈羧基端的最後一個肽鍵。人體所需蛋白質在許多食物中都含量豐富，如動物肌肉、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="乳製品">乳製品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋">蛋</a>、豆類、穀類和蕈類等。人體中蛋白質缺乏可以導致全身浮腫、皮膚乾燥病變、頭髮稀疏脫色、肌肉重量減輕、免疫力下降等。<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>食物中的蛋白质有时会引起<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%95%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="過敏反應">过敏反应</a>。 </p><p>高蛋白饮食会加重心脏病的状况，胆固醇问题会使其上升到不健康的水平。<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史和词源"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E5.92.8C.E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>历史和词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：历史和词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物学史</a></div> <p>在18世纪，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东尼奥·弗朗索瓦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼奥·弗朗索瓦（页面不存在）">安东尼奥·弗朗索瓦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Fourcroy" class="extiw" title="en:Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy</span></a></span>）</span></span>和其他一些研究者发现蛋白质是一类独特的生物分子，他们发现用酸处理一些分子能够使其<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">凝结</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%AE%E5%87%9D" title="絮凝">絮凝</a>。当时他们注意到的例子有来自<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋清">蛋清</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液">血液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B8%85%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血清白蛋白">血清白蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦">小麦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E7%AD%8B" title="面筋">面筋</a>裡的蛋白质。荷兰化学家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格哈杜斯·约翰内斯·穆德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gerhardus Johannes Mulder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格哈杜斯·约翰内斯·穆德（页面不存在）">格哈杜斯·约翰内斯·穆德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhardus_Johannes_Mulder" class="extiw" title="en:Gerhardus Johannes Mulder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gerhardus Johannes Mulder</span></a></span>）</span></span>对一般的蛋白质进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元素分析">元素分析</a>发现几乎所有的蛋白质都有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BC%8F" title="实验式">实验式</a>。用“蛋白质”这一名词来描述这类分子是由穆德的合作者<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%87%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="永斯·贝采利乌斯">永斯·贝采利乌斯</a>于1838年提出。穆德随后鉴定出蛋白质的降解产物，并发现其中含有为氨基酸的亮氨酸，并且得到它（非常接近正确值）的分子量为131<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">原子质量单位</a>。 </p><p>对于早期的生物化学家来说，研究蛋白质的困难在于难以纯化大量的蛋白质以用于研究。因此，早期的研究工作集中于能够容易地纯化的蛋白质，如血液、蛋清、各种<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="毒素">毒素</a>中的蛋白质以及消化性和代谢酶（获取自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="屠宰场">屠宰场</a>）。1950年代后期，Armour Hot Dog公司纯化了一公斤纯的牛胰腺中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核糖核酸酶A" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ribonuclease A"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖核酸酶A（页面不存在）">核糖核酸酶A</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonuclease_A" class="extiw" title="en:Ribonuclease A"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ribonuclease A</span></a></span>）</span></span>，并免费提供给全世界科学家使用。目前，科学家可以从生物公司购买越来越多的各类纯蛋白质。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KendrewMyoglobin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg/220px-KendrewMyoglobin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg/330px-KendrewMyoglobin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/KendrewMyoglobin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81" title="约翰·肯德鲁">约翰·肯德鲁</a>与在进展中的肌红蛋白模型</figcaption></figure> <p>著名化学家<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%9E%97" title="萊納斯·鮑林">萊納斯·鮑林</a>成功地预测了基于氢键的规则蛋白质二级结构，而这一构想最早是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="威廉·阿斯特伯里">威廉·阿斯特伯里</a>于1933年提出。随后，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃尔特·考兹曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Kauzmann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔特·考兹曼（页面不存在）">沃尔特·考兹曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kauzmann" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Kauzmann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Kauzmann</span></a></span>）</span></span>在总结自己对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="变性 (生物化学)">变性</a>的研究成果和之前<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凯伊·林诺斯特伦·郎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kaj Linderstrom-Lang"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E9%83%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯伊·林诺斯特伦·郎（页面不存在）">凯伊·林诺斯特伦·郎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj_Linderstrom-Lang" class="extiw" title="en:Kaj Linderstrom-Lang"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kaj Linderstrom-Lang</span></a></span>）</span></span>的研究工作的基础上，提出了<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="蛋白质折叠">蛋白质折叠</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" title="疏水性">疏水相互作用</a>所介导的。1949年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">弗雷德里克·桑格</a>首次正确地测定了胰岛素的氨基酸序列，并验证了蛋白质是由氨基酸所形成的线性（不具有分叉或其他形式）多聚体。原子分辨率的蛋白质结构首先在1960年代通过X射线晶体学获得解析；到了1980年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>也被应用于蛋白质结构的解析；近年来，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冷冻电子显微" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cryo-electron microscopy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%86%BB%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷冻电子显微（页面不存在）">冷冻电子显微</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="extiw" title="en:Cryo-electron microscopy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cryo-electron microscopy</span></a></span>）</span></span>学被广泛用于对于超大分子复合体的结构进行解析。 </p><p>蛋白质这一概念最早是由瑞典化学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%87%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="永斯·贝采利乌斯">永斯·贝采利乌斯</a>于1838年提出，但当时人们对于蛋白质在机体中的核心作用并不了解。1926年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3" title="詹姆斯·B·萨姆纳">詹姆斯·B·萨姆纳</a>揭示<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="尿素酶">尿素酶</a>是蛋白质，首次证明了酶是蛋白质。<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>第一个被<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="蛋白质测序">测序</a>的蛋白质是<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="胰岛素">胰岛素</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">弗雷德里克·桑格</a>完成，他也因此获得1958年度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>首先被解析的蛋白质结构包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌红蛋白">肌红蛋白</a>的结构，所用方法为<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a>；<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>该工作由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8" title="马克斯·佩鲁茨">马克斯·佩鲁茨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81" title="约翰·肯德鲁">约翰·肯德鲁</a>于1958年分别完成，他们也因此获得1962年度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。截至到2017年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="蛋白質資料庫">蛋白质数据库</a>(PDB)中已存有接近126,000个原子级分辨率的蛋白质及其相关复合物的三维结构的坐标<sup id="cite_ref-urlRCSB_Protein_Data_Bank_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRCSB_Protein_Data_Bank-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="914" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3d_tRNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/28px-3d_tRNA.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/42px-3d_tRNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/3d_tRNA.png/56px-3d_tRNA.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:生物技术">生物技术主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="標準蛋白氨基酸列表">标准氨基酸列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="必需氨基酸">必需氨基酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84" title="蛋白质组">蛋白质组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质工程">蛋白质工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质设计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质设计（页面不存在）">蛋白质设计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_design" class="extiw" title="en:Protein design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein design</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质内含子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="intein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%86%85%E5%90%AB%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质内含子（页面不存在）">蛋白质内含子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intein" class="extiw" title="en:intein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">intein</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重组蛋白质列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of recombinant proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重组蛋白质列表（页面不存在）">重组蛋白质列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recombinant_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:List of recombinant proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of recombinant proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蛋白质列表">蛋白质列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="朊病毒">朊病毒</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDSS2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PDSS2（页面不存在）">PDSS2</a></li> <li>營養學中的<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="蛋白質 (營養素)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein (nutrient)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA_(%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0)" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質 (營養素)">營養素蛋白質</a></span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E6%9C%8A">朊</a>. 汉典. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-06-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502090230/https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E6%9C%8A">存档</a>于2021-05-02） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B1%89%E5%85%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net%2Fhans%2F%25E6%259C%258A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modern-chinese-dictionary_7th-edition">现代汉语词典（第7版）</a>. 商务印书馆. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-100-12450-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-100-12450-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-100-12450-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC7%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-100-12450-8&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodern-chinese-dictionary_7th-edition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sec_and_Pyl-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sec_and_Pyl_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Yan Zhang and Vadim N. Gladyshev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1976440">High content of proteins containing 21st and 22nd amino acids, selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, in a symbiotic deltaproteobacterium of gutless worm Olavius algarvensis</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, <b>35</b> (15): 4952–4963 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [04.03]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17626042"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 17626042</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=High+content+of+proteins+containing+21st+and+22nd+amino+acids%2C+selenocysteine+and+pyrrolysine%2C+in+a+symbiotic+deltaproteobacterium+of+gutless+worm+Olavius+algarvensis&rft.au=Yan+Zhang+and+Vadim+N.+Gladyshev&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=15&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.pages=4952-4963&rft.volume=35&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1976440&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17626042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M. M. (2005) Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry, 4th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodish-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodish_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodish_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodish_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipurksy SL, Darnell J. (2004). <i>Molecular Cell Biology</i> 5th ed. WH Freeman and Company: New York, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobson_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Dobson CM. (2000). The nature and significance of protein folding. In <i>Mechanisms of Protein Folding</i> 2nd ed. Ed. RH Pain. <i>Frontiers in Molecular Biology</i> series. Oxford University Press: New York, NY.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Fulton A, Isaacs W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_bioessays_1991-04_13_4/page/157">Titin, a huge, elastic sarcomeric protein with a probable role in morphogenesis</a>. Bioessays. 1991, <b>13</b> (4): 157–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1859393"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 1859393</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Titin%2C+a+huge%2C+elastic+sarcomeric+protein+with+a+probable+role+in+morphogenesis&rft.au=Fulton+A%2C+Isaacs+W&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Bioessays&rft.pages=157-61&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_bioessays_1991-04_13_4%2Fpage%2F157&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1859393&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Bruckdorfer T, Marder O, Albericio F. From production of peptides in milligram amounts for research to multi-tons quantities for drugs of the future. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2004, <b>5</b> (1): 29–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14965208"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 14965208</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=From+production+of+peptides+in+milligram+amounts+for+research+to+multi-tons+quantities+for+drugs+of+the+future&rft.au=Bruckdorfer+T%2C+Marder+O%2C+Albericio+F&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Curr+Pharm+Biotechnol&rft.pages=29-43&rft.volume=5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14965208&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Schwarzer D, Cole P. Protein semisynthesis and expressed protein ligation: chasing a protein's tail. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2005, <b>9</b> (6): 561–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16226484"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16226484</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Protein+semisynthesis+and+expressed+protein+ligation%3A+chasing+a+protein%27s+tail&rft.au=Schwarzer+D%2C+Cole+P&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Chem+Biol&rft.pages=561-9&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16226484&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Nickerson DP, Russell MR, Odorizzi G. A concentric circle model of multivesicular body cargo sorting. EMBO Rep. 2007, <b>8</b>: 644–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17603537"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 17603537</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=A+concentric+circle+model+of+multivesicular+body+cargo+sorting&rft.au=Nickerson+DP%2C+Russell+MR%2C+Odorizzi+G&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Rep&rft.pages=644-50&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17603537&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branden-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branden_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Branden C, Tooze J. (1999). <i>Introduction to Protein Structure</i> 2nd ed. Garland Publishing: New York, NY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Gonen T, Cheng Y, Sliz P, Hiroaki Y, Fujiyoshi Y, Harrison SC, Walz T. (2005). Lipid-protein interactions in double-layered two-dimensional AQP0 crystals. <i>Nature</i> 438(7068):633-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voet-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voet_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voet_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Voet D, Voet JG. (2004). <i>Biochemistry</i> Vol 1 3rd ed. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Lee FS, Shapiro R, Vallee BL. Tight-binding inhibition of angiogenin and ribonuclease A by placental ribonuclease inhibitor. Biochemistry. 1989, <b>28</b> (1): 225–230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2706246"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 2706246</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Tight-binding+inhibition+of+angiogenin+and+ribonuclease+A+by+placental+ribonuclease+inhibitor&rft.au=Lee+FS%2C+Shapiro+R%2C+Vallee+BL&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.pages=225-230&rft.volume=28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2706246&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Bairoch A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110601003507/http://www.expasy.org/NAR/enz00.pdf">The ENZYME database in 2000</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, <b>28</b>: 304–305 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-03-13</span>]</span>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592255?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10592255</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.org/NAR/enz00.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-06-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=The+ENZYME+database+in+2000&rft.au=Bairoch+A.&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.pages=304-305&rft.volume=28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expasy.org%2FNAR%2Fenz00.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Radzicka A, Wolfenden R. A proficient enzyme.. Science. 1995, <b>6</b> (267): 90–931. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7809611?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7809611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=A+proficient+enzyme.&rft.au=Radzicka+A%2C+Wolfenden+R.&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=267&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=90-931&rft.volume=6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/">The Catalytic Site Atlas at The European Bioinformatics Institute</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180927214709/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/CSA/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Marden MC, Griffon N, Poyart C. Oxygen delivery and autoxidation of hemoglobin. Transfus Clin Biol. 1995, <b>2</b> (6): 473–480. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8646344"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 8646344</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Oxygen+delivery+and+autoxidation+of+hemoglobin&rft.au=Marden+MC%2C+Griffon+N%2C+Poyart+C&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Transfus+Clin+Biol.&rft.pages=473-480&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8646344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Shi N, Ye S, Alam A, Chen L, Jiang Y. Atomic structure of a Na+- and K+-conducting channel. Nature. 2006, <b>440</b> (7083): 570–574. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467789"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16467789</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Atomic+structure+of+a+Na%2B-+and+K%2B-conducting+channel&rft.au=Shi+N%2C+Ye+S%2C+Alam+A%2C+Chen+L%2C+Jiang+Y&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7083&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=570-574&rft.volume=440&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16467789&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Hirokawa N, Noda Y, Okada Y. Kinesin and dynein superfamily proteins in organelle transport and cell division. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998, <b>10</b> (1): 60–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484596"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 9484596</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Kinesin+and+dynein+superfamily+proteins+in+organelle+transport+and+cell+division&rft.au=Hirokawa+N%2C+Noda+Y%2C+Okada+Y&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Cell+Biol.&rft.pages=60-73&rft.volume=10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9484596&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Gibbons IR. The role of dynein in microtubule-based motility. Cell Struct Funct. 1996, <b>21</b> (5): 331–342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9118238"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 9118238</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=The+role+of+dynein+in+microtubule-based+motility&rft.au=Gibbons+IR&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Cell+Struct+Funct.&rft.pages=331-342&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9118238&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Curtin NA, Woledge RC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_physiological-reviews_1978-07_58_3/page/690">Energy changes and muscular contraction</a>. Physiol Rev. 1978, <b>58</b> (3): 690–761. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 28541</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Energy+changes+and+muscular+contraction&rft.au=Curtin+NA%2C+Woledge+RC&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Physiol+Rev.&rft.pages=690-761&rft.volume=58&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_physiological-reviews_1978-07_58_3%2Fpage%2F690&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28541&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hey2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hey2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hey J, Posch A, Cohen A, Liu N, Harbers A. Fractionation of complex protein mixtures by liquid-phase isoelectric focusing. Methods in Molecular Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology™. 2008, <b>424</b>: 225–39. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58829-722-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58829-722-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-58829-722-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369866"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 18369866</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-60327-064-9_19"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-064-9_19</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Fractionation+of+complex+protein+mixtures+by+liquid-phase+isoelectric+focusing&rft.au=Cohen%2C+A&rft.au=Harbers%2C+A&rft.au=Liu%2C+N&rft.au=Posch%2C+A&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-1-58829-722-8&rft.jtitle=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=225-39&rft.volume=424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-60327-064-9_19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18369866&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Hochuli E, Döbeli H, Schacher A. New metal chelate adsorbent selective for proteins and peptides containing neighbouring histidine residues. J Chromatogr. 1987, <b>411</b>: 177–184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3443622"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 3443622</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=New+metal+chelate+adsorbent+selective+for+proteins+and+peptides+containing+neighbouring+histidine+residues&rft.au=Hochuli+E%2C+D%C3%B6beli+H%2C+Schacher+A&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Chromatogr.&rft.pages=177-184&rft.volume=411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3443622&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Yuste R. Fluorescence microscopy today. Nat Methods. 2005, <b>2</b> (12): 902–4. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16299474?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16299474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Fluorescence+microscopy+today&rft.au=Yuste+R&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Nat+Methods&rft.pages=902-4&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Zhang Y, Skolnick J. (2005). The protein structure prediction problem could be solved using the current PDB library. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i> 102(4):1029-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhlman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhlman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Kuhlman B, Dantas G, Ireton GC, Varani G, Stoddard BL, Baker D. (2003). Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy. <i>Science</i> 302(5649):1364-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagrovic-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zagrovic_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Zagrovic B, Snow CD, Shirts MR, Pande VS. (2002). Simulation of folding of a small alpha-helical protein in atomistic detail using worldwide-distributed computing. <i>J Mol Biol</i> 323(5):927-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herges-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herges_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Herges T, Wenzel W. (2005). In silico folding of a three helix protein and characterization of its free-energy landscape in an all-atom force field. <i>Phys Rev Let</i> 94(1):018101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmann-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>Hoffmann M, Wanko M, Strodel P, Konig PH, Frauenheim T, Schulten K, Thiel W, Tajkhorshid E, Elstner M. (2006). Color tuning in rhodopsins: the mechanism for the spectral shift between bacteriorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin II. <i>J Am Chem Soc</i> 128(33):10808-18. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Brosnan J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/6/2068S">Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation</a>. J Nutr. 2003, <b>133</b> (6 Suppl 1): 2068S–72S <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-03-12</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771367"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12771367</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414142555/http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/6/2068S">存档</a>于2009-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Interorgan+amino+acid+transport+and+its+regulation&rft.au=Brosnan+J&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6+Suppl+1&rft.jtitle=J+Nutr&rft.pages=2068S-72S&rft.volume=133&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjn.nutrition.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F133%2F6%2F2068S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12771367&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313172034/http://www.msdchina.com.cn/manual/section_1/1-2/3.html">默克诊疗手册，第一章，第二节：蛋白质-能量营养不良</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年3月11日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msdchina.com.cn/manual/section_1/1-2/3.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008年3月13日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%98%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%8A%E7%96%97%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%8A%82%EF%BC%9A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msdchina.com.cn%2Fmanual%2Fsection_1%2F1-2%2F3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmd.cn/proteins-1/">补充蛋白质有什么好处，蛋白质的作用及功能，蛋白质对人体的作用（一）</a>. WebMD. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%84%EF%BC%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%8A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmd.cn%2Fproteins-1%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmd.cn/proteins-2/">补充蛋白质有什么好处，蛋白质的作用及功能，蛋白质对人体的作用（二）</a>. WebMD. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-12-07</span>]</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%84%EF%BC%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8F%8A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%8C%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmd.cn%2Fproteins-2%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Sumner, JB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/69/2/435.pdf?ijkey=028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f">The Isolation and Crystallization of the Enzyme Urease. Preliminary Paper</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. J Biol Chem. 1926, <b>69</b>: 435–441 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-03-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120727/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/69/2/435.pdf?ijkey=028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2007-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=The+Isolation+and+Crystallization+of+the+Enzyme+Urease.+Preliminary+Paper&rft.au=Sumner%2C+JB&rft.date=1926&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&rft.pages=435-441&rft.volume=69&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F69%2F2%2F435.pdf%3Fijkey%3D028d5e540dab50accbf86e01be08db51ef49008f&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958</a>. Nobelprize.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-10-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226100535/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1958/summary/">存档</a>于2018-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1958&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1958%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Muirhead H, Perutz M. Structure of hemoglobin. A three-dimensional fourier synthesis of reduced human hemoglobin at 5.5 A resolution. Nature. 1963, <b>199</b> (4894): 633–638. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14074546"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 14074546</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=Structure+of+hemoglobin.+A+three-dimensional+fourier+synthesis+of+reduced+human+hemoglobin+at+5.5+A+resolution&rft.au=Muirhead+H%2C+Perutz+M&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4894&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=633-638&rft.volume=199&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14074546&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Kendrew J, Bodo G, Dintzis H, Parrish R, Wyckoff H, Phillips D. A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis. Nature. 1958, <b>181</b> (4610): 662–666. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13517261"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 13517261</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.atitle=A+three-dimensional+model+of+the+myoglobin+molecule+obtained+by+x-ray+analysis&rft.au=Kendrew+J%2C+Bodo+G%2C+Dintzis+H%2C+Parrish+R%2C+Wyckoff+H%2C+Phillips+D&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4610&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=662-666&rft.volume=181&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13517261&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962</a>. Nobelprize.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-02-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106164028/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1962/summary/">存档</a>于2019-01-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1962&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1962%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlRCSB_Protein_Data_Bank-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlRCSB_Protein_Data_Bank_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418160606/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do">RCSB Protein Data Bank</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-01-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do">原始内容</a>存档于2015-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&rft.btitle=RCSB+Protein+Data+Bank&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsb.org%2Fpdb%2Fhome%2Fhome.do&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org">蛋白质数据库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160303165729/http://www.rcsb.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608183902/http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/">UniProt上的蛋白质资源</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteinatlas.org">人类蛋白质图集</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170501045727/http://www.proteinatlas.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihop-net.org/UniPub/iHOP/">有关于蛋白质的超链接信息</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20051017154959/http://www.ihop-net.org/UniPub/iHOP/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein">美国国家生物技术信息中心中Entrez上的蛋白质数据库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20041117054909/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure">美国国家生物技术信息中心的蛋白质结构数据库</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20041117055014/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071622/http://www.hprd.org/">人类蛋白质参考数据库</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135408/http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/">人类蛋白质百科</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folding.stanford.edu/">斯坦福大学的Folding@Home</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120908075542/http://folding.stanford.edu/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219090405/http://www.biochemweb.org/proteins.shtml">蛋白质：生物合成降解-生物化学和细胞生物学的虚拟图书馆</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/amino-acid-metabolism.html">氨基酸的代谢</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190217040602/http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/amino-acid-metabolism.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="蛋白质" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:蛋白质（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="蛋白质" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">过程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="蛋白质折叠">蛋白质折叠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质导向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein targeting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质导向（页面不存在）">蛋白质导向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_targeting" class="extiw" title="en:Protein targeting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein targeting</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84" title="蛋白质组">蛋白质组</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="蛋白质方法">蛋白质方法</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">结构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质结构">蛋白质结构</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9F%9F" title="蛋白质结构域">蛋白质结构域</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶体</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质类型列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of types of proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质类型列表（页面不存在）">蛋白质类型列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:List of types of proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of types of proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蛋白质列表">蛋白质列表</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="膜蛋白质">膜蛋白</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8A%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="球状蛋白质">球状蛋白质</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="球蛋白">球蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="白蛋白">白蛋白</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="硬蛋白">纤维状蛋白</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胆素蛋白质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biliprotein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%86%E7%B4%A0%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胆素蛋白质（页面不存在）">胆素蛋白质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliprotein" class="extiw" title="en:Biliprotein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biliprotein</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E8%86%BD%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="藻膽蛋白">藻膽蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%95%8F%E7%B4%A0" title="光敏素">光敏素</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物化學物質種類索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學物質</a><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">種類</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类">糖类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%87" title="Template:醇">醇類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="Template:多元醇">糖醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">醣蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="Template:糖苷">苷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂类">酯質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:类花生酸类">类花生酸类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycerides" title="Template:Glycerides">甘油酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">磷脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">鞘脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">胆固醇与甾体中间产物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸">核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="Template:碱基、核苷和核苷酸">成分</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:氨基酸">胺基酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF" title="Template:四吡咯">四吡咯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_classification_navs" title="Template:Protein classification navs"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protein_classification_navs" title="Template talk:Protein classification navs"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Protein_classification_navs" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Protein classification navs"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="蛋白质索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:其它细胞膜蛋白质">膜蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%90%83%E7%8A%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:球状蛋白质">球蛋白</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%85%B6" title="Template:酶">酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:载体蛋白">载体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="Template:抗体">抗生素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%8A%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:纤维状蛋白质">纖維狀</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="基因表达" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template talk:基因表达"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:基因表达"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="基因表达" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因表达</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="中心法則">经典中心法则</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">→</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="信使核糖核酸">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">→</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87#中心法则的扩充" title="中心法則">扩充中心法则</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E9%85%B6" title="RNA複製酶">RNA → RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="逆转录">RNA → DNA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质 → 蛋白质</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="细菌转录" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bacterial transcription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细菌转录（页面不存在）">细菌转录</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterial transcription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bacterial transcription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Archaeal transcription" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archaeal transcription"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal transcription（页面不存在）">古菌转录</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal transcription"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archaeal transcription</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="真核转录">真核转录</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">转录因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="启动子">启动子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="前信使RNA">hnRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2%E7%AB%AF%E5%B8%BD" title="5′端帽">5'端加帽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" title="RNA剪接">RNA剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="多腺苷酸化">多腺苷酸化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%B9%99%E9%86%AF%E5%8C%96" title="組蛋白乙醯化">組蛋白乙醯化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">翻译</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Archaeal translation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archaeal translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal translation（页面不存在）">古菌翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archaeal translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="真核翻译">真核翻译</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="基因表达调控">基因表达调控</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表观遗传学调节</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="基因組銘印">基因組銘印</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="转录调控">转录调控</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基因调控网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gene regulatory network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因调控网络（页面不存在）">基因调控网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" class="extiw" title="en:Gene regulatory network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gene regulatory network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="顺式作用元件">顺式作用元件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E5%AD%90" title="乳糖操縱子">乳糖操縱子</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="转录后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-transcriptional regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转录后调控（页面不存在）">转录后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-transcriptional regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-transcriptional regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="P体">P体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="可变剪接">可变剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MiRNA">miRNA</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translational regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译调控（页面不存在）">翻译调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Translational regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translational regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译后调控" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-translational regulation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译后调控（页面不存在）">翻译后调控</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-translational regulation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-translational regulation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="磷酸化">可逆的</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E8%A7%A3" title="蛋白酶解">不可逆的</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">该领域名人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%E6%9F%8F" title="方斯華·賈克柏">方斯華·賈克柏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%AB%BE" title="賈克·莫諾">賈克·莫諾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template talk:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">遗传学索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达">基因表达</a></li> <li>DNA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="Template:DNA复制">复制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:细胞周期蛋白质">周期蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" title="Template:基因重组">基因重组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" title="Template:DNA修复">修复</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="Template:转录">转录</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="Template:转录因子与细胞内受体">转录因子与细胞内受体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_coregulators" title="Template:Transcription coregulators">辅调节因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:RNA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:RNA类型">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="Template:重复序列">重复序列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template:遗传学/翻译">翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Template:核糖体亚基">核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Sorting nexin" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Sorting nexin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sorting_nexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sorting nexin（页面不存在）">分拣蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sorting_nexin" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Sorting nexin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Sorting nexin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">DNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:RNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:RNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">RNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:RNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>蛋白质 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_domains" title="Template:Protein domains">结构域</a></li> <li>结构 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质一级结构">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质二级结构">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质超二级结构">2<sup>+</sup>°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质三级结构">3°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质四级结构">4°</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder（页面不存在）">Replication and repair</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies（页面不存在）">Transcription factor</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification（页面不存在）">转录相关疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_translation_and_posttranslational_modification" title="Template:Disorders of translation and posttranslational modification">轉譯相關疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="蛋白质：关键研究方法" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Template:蛋白质方法"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Template talk:蛋白质方法"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质方法"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="蛋白质：关键研究方法" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a>：关键研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="蛋白质方法">方法</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="实验">实验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BA%AF%E5%8C%96" title="蛋白质纯化">蛋白质纯化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="绿色荧光蛋白">绿色荧光蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%A2%A8%E9%BB%9E%E6%B3%95" title="西方墨點法">蛋白质印迹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" title="免疫染色">蛋白质免疫染色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%B5%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="蛋白质测序">蛋白质测序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%86%A0%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%B3" title="凝膠電泳">凝膠電泳</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质电泳">蛋白质电泳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%B2%89%E6%BE%B1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫沉澱法">蛋白质免疫沉淀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肽质量指纹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peptide mass fingerprinting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E7%BA%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽质量指纹（页面不存在）">肽质量指纹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_mass_fingerprinting" class="extiw" title="en:Peptide mass fingerprinting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peptide mass fingerprinting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双偏振干涉测量术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dual-polarization interferometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双偏振干涉测量术（页面不存在）">双偏振干涉测量术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-polarization_interferometry" class="extiw" title="en:Dual-polarization interferometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dual-polarization interferometry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微尺度热泳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microscale thermophoresis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E7%83%AD%E6%B3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微尺度热泳（页面不存在）">微尺度热泳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscale_thermophoresis" class="extiw" title="en:Microscale thermophoresis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microscale thermophoresis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80" title="染色质免疫沉淀">染色质免疫沉淀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="表面等离子共振">表面等离子共振</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B" title="蛋白质结构预测">蛋白质结构预测</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%8E%A5" title="分子对接">蛋白质与蛋白质对接</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Structural alignment" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="结构比对"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_alignment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural alignment（页面不存在）">蛋白质结构比对</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%AF%94%E5%AF%B9" class="extiw" title="en:结构比对"><span lang="en" dir="auto">结构比对</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93" title="基因本体">蛋白本体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质交互作用预测" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein–protein interaction prediction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质交互作用预测（页面不存在）">蛋白质交互作用预测</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein_interaction_prediction" class="extiw" title="en:Protein–protein interaction prediction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein–protein interaction prediction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化验（页面不存在）">化验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="酶活性测定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Enzyme assay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%B6%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%8B%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酶活性测定（页面不存在）">酶活性测定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_assay" class="extiw" title="en:Enzyme assay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Enzyme assay</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%A6%8F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95" title="布拉德福蛋白質定量法">蛋白質定量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretion_assay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretion assay（页面不存在）">Secretion assay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">展示技术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細菌展示" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bacterial display"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細菌展示（页面不存在）">細菌展示</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_display" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterial display"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bacterial display</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="信使RNA展示技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mRNA display"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信使RNA展示技术（页面不存在）">信使RNA展示技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mRNA_display" class="extiw" title="en:mRNA display"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mRNA display</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="噬菌体展示技术">噬菌体展示</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核糖體展示" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ribosome display"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖體展示（页面不存在）">核糖體展示</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_display" class="extiw" title="en:Ribosome display"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ribosome display</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="酵母展示" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yeast display"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酵母展示（页面不存在）">酵母展示</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_display" class="extiw" title="en:Yeast display"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yeast display</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">超分辨率<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="显微镜">显微镜</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光激活定位显微镜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Photoactivated localization microscopy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光激活定位显微镜（页面不存在）">光激活定位显微镜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoactivated_localization_microscopy" class="extiw" title="en:Photoactivated localization microscopy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Photoactivated localization microscopy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E9%A1%AF%E5%83%8FSMI" title="垂直顯像SMI">垂直顯像SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="食品化学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:食品化学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:食品化学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:食品化学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="食品化学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%89%82" title="食品添加剂">添加剂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="食用色素">食用色素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="必需脂肪酸">必需脂肪酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%91%B3%E6%96%99" title="调味料">调味料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E9%A1%9E" title="脂類">脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">膳食矿物质</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="代谢（分解代谢和合成代谢）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:代谢（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:代谢"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="代谢（分解代谢和合成代谢）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="异化作用">分解代谢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="同化作用">合成代谢</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">主要概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%80%94%E5%BE%91" title="代謝途徑">代謝途徑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="代谢网络">代谢网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">基本營養類型</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="生物能量学">產能代謝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E7%BE%A7" title="丙酮酸脱羧">丙酮酸脱羧</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="氧化磷酸化">氧化磷酸化</a>（<small><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E%E9%8F%88" title="電子傳遞鏈">電子傳遞鏈</a> + <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="三磷酸腺苷合酶">三磷酸腺苷合酶</a></small>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="缺氧呼吸">無氧呼吸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>非氧电子受体</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">發酵作用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="底物水平磷酸化">底物水平磷酸化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE-%E4%B8%81%E9%86%87-%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵（页面不存在）">丙酮-丁醇-乙醇发酵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone%E2%80%93butanol%E2%80%93ethanol_fermentation" class="extiw" title="en:Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E7%99%BC%E9%85%B5" title="酒精發酵">酒精發酵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">乳酸發酵</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">特殊途径</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="蛋白质代谢">蛋白质代谢</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛋白质分解代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protein catabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质分解代谢（页面不存在）">蛋白质分解代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_catabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Protein catabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protein catabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醣代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carbohydrate metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醣代谢（页面不存在）">醣代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Carbohydrate metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carbohydrate metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醣分解代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carbohydrate catabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%A3%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醣分解代谢（页面不存在）">醣分解代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_catabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Carbohydrate catabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carbohydrate catabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="同化作用">糖合成代谢</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">人类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖异生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3" title="糖原分解">糖原分解</a> ⇄ <a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" title="糖原生成">糖原生成</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="磷酸戊糖途径">磷酸戊糖途径</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="果糖分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fructolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="果糖分解（页面不存在）">果糖分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Fructolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fructolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半乳糖分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Galactolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半乳糖分解（页面不存在）">半乳糖分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Galactolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Galactolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leloir%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="Leloir途径">Leloir途径</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="醣基化">醣基化</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="N-连接糖基化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="N-linked glycosylation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-连接糖基化（页面不存在）">N-连接糖基化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-linked_glycosylation" class="extiw" title="en:N-linked glycosylation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">N-linked glycosylation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="O-连接糖基化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="O-linked glycosylation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=O-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O-连接糖基化（页面不存在）">O-连接糖基化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-linked_glycosylation" class="extiw" title="en:O-linked glycosylation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">O-linked glycosylation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">非人類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%94%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="不產氧光合作用">不產氧光合作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化能合成">化能合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="碳固定">碳固定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%B0%AE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="固氮作用">固氮作用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="木糖代谢">木糖代谢</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放射性真菌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radiotrophic fungus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射性真菌（页面不存在）">辐射营养</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" class="extiw" title="en:Radiotrophic fungus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radiotrophic fungus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipid metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类代谢（页面不存在）">脂类代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Lipid metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipid metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <br />（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipolysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类分解（页面不存在）">脂类分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Lipolysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipolysis</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂类合成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lipogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂类合成（页面不存在）">脂类合成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Lipogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lipogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="脂肪酸代謝">脂肪酸代謝</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="脂肪酸合成">脂肪酸合成</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="脂肪酸降解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fatty acid degradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脂肪酸降解（页面不存在）">脂肪酸降解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_degradation" class="extiw" title="en:Fatty acid degradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fatty acid degradation</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="Α-氧化">α-氧化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="Β-氧化">β-氧化</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93" title="甾体">甾體代謝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="鞘脂">鞘脂类代谢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8" title="类花生酸">類花生酸代謝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%97%87" title="酮症">酮症</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胆固醇逆转运" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reverse cholesterol transport"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胆固醇逆转运（页面不存在）">胆固醇逆转运</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_cholesterol_transport" class="extiw" title="en:Reverse cholesterol transport"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reverse cholesterol transport</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="氨基酸合成">氨基酸合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="尿素循环">尿素循环</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核酸代謝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nucleic acid metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核酸代謝（页面不存在）">核酸代謝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Nucleic acid metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nucleic acid metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="嘌呤代谢">嘌呤代谢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E6%95%91%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="补救途径">补救途径</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嘧啶代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pyrimidine metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="嘧啶代謝">嘧啶代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Pyrimidine metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pyrimidine metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物无机化学">金属代谢</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%90%B5%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="人類鐵代謝">铁代谢</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乙醇代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethanol metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙醇代谢（页面不存在）">乙醇代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Ethanol metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethanol metabolism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:医学导航">医学导航</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7" title="遗传性代谢缺陷">遗传代谢缺陷</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:white;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">代谢</a>、<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%A0%E9%80%92%E9%93%BE" title="Template:三羧酸循环酶类与电子传递链">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖酵解酶类">c</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖原代谢酶类">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">r</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:戊糖磷酸途径酶类">p</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%A3%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:醣蛋白代謝酶">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:蛋白聚糖代謝酶">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂代谢酶类">f</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="Template:磷脂代謝">h</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%86%BD%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E8%88%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:膽固醇與類固醇代謝酶">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:脂蛋白代谢">l</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%84%82%E8%88%87%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:糖脂與鞘脂代謝酶">o</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A1%9E%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E9%85%B6" title="Template:類花生酸代謝酶">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:氨基酸代谢酶类">a</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:尿素循环酶类">u</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:核苷酸代谢酶类">n</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%9F%E5%95%89%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:卟啉代谢酶类">m</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:silver;;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_TCA_and_ETC" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Disorders of TCA and ETC">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7" title="Template:先天性糖类代谢缺陷">cgrp</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Glycoprotein_disorders" title="Template:Glycoprotein disorders">y</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Proteoglycan_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Proteoglycan disorders（页面不存在）">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Fatty-acid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Fatty-acid metabolism disorders">f</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Phospholipid_metabolism_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Phospholipid metabolism disorders（页面不存在）">h</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Defects_of_cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Defects of cholesterol and steroid metabolism（页面不存在）">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Lipid metabolism disorders">l</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Lipid_storage_disorders" title="Template:Lipid storage disorders">o</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:Eicosanoid_metabolism_disorders" title="Template:Eicosanoid metabolism disorders">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolic_pathology" title="Template:Amino acid metabolic pathology">au</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Inborn_errors_of_purine-pyrimidine_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Inborn errors of purine-pyrimidine metabolism（页面不存在）">n</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Heme_metabolism_disorders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Heme metabolism disorders（页面不存在）">m</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_endocrinology,_nutrition,_and_metabolism" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism">人名体征</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;background:#efefef; font-size:100%;;;text-align:center;background:#ccf;;width:10em;"><div> <p>药物(<a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(A16)" title="ATC代码 (A16)">A16</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E8%84%82%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82%E5%89%82" title="Template:血脂调节剂">C10</a>)、中间产物(<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="Template:三羧酸循環">k</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="Template:糖酵解">c</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:糖原生成与糖原分解代谢中间产物">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96%E4%B8%8E%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:果糖与半乳糖代谢中间产物">r</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:戊糖磷酸途径中间产物">p</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%83%BA%E8%81%9A%E7%B3%96" title="Template:糖胺聚糖">i</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">f</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">h</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">s</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">o</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eicosanoids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eicosanoids（页面不存在）">e</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">a</a>/<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="Template:尿素循环">u</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">n</a>,<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">m</a>) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="编码胺基酸" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:氨基酸"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template talk:氨基酸"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:氨基酸"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="编码胺基酸" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="蛋白胺基酸">编码胺基酸</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">一般主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛋白质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD" title="肽">肽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L-amino_acid_any.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/182px-L-amino_acid_any.png" decoding="async" width="182" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/273px-L-amino_acid_any.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/L-amino_acid_any.png/364px-L-amino_acid_any.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">以性质分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E6%97%8F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="脂肪族化合物">脂肪族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="支链氨基酸">支鏈氨基酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="缬氨酸">纈氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="異亮氨酸">異亮氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="亮氨酸">亮氨酸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="甲硫氨酸">甲硫氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="丙氨酸">丙氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AF%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="脯氨酸">脯氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="甘氨酸">甘氨酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="芳香族氨基酸">芳香族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="苯丙氨酸">苯丙氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="酪氨酸">酪氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="色氨酸">色氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="組氨酸">組氨酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">极性不带电</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%A8%E5%86%AC%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="天门冬酰胺">天门冬酰胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA" title="谷氨酰胺">谷氨酰胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="絲氨酸">絲氨酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="蘇氨酸">蘇氨酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">带正电（pK<sub>a</sub>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E8%83%BA%E9%85%B8" title="離胺酸">赖氨酸</a>（≈10.8）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="精氨酸">精氨酸</a>（≈12.5）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="組氨酸">組氨酸</a>（≈6.1）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">带负电（pK<sub>a</sub>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%A8%E5%86%AC%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="天门冬氨酸">天门冬氨酸</a>（≈3.9）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="谷氨酸">谷氨酸</a>（≈4.1）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="半胱氨酸">半胱氨酸</a>（≈8.3）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="酪氨酸">酪氨酸</a>（≈10.1）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他分类方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E9%9C%80%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="必需氨基酸">必需胺基酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%85%AE%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="生酮氨基酸">生酮胺基酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%B3%96%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="生糖氨基酸">生糖胺基酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="非蛋白胺基酸">非蛋白胺基酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物化學物質種類索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學物質</a><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">種類</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类">糖类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%87" title="Template:醇">醇類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="Template:多元醇">糖醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">醣蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="Template:糖苷">苷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂类">酯質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:类花生酸类">类花生酸类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycerides" title="Template:Glycerides">甘油酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">磷脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">鞘脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">胆固醇与甾体中间产物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸">核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="Template:碱基、核苷和核苷酸">成分</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:氨基酸">胺基酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF" title="Template:四吡咯">四吡咯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8054#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protéines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936447p">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protéines"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936447p">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Proteine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076388-2">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541252605171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="proteins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107666">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572676">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bílkoviny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119082&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300206575">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=40745">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蛋白质&oldid=84811457">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蛋白质&oldid=84811457</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:营养学">营养学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Category:蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目">自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8PMID%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用PMID魔术链接的页面">使用PMID魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%93%9D%E9%93%BE%E5%8D%B4%E6%9C%AA%E7%A7%BB%E9%99%A4%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面">有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABEMU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目">包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月1日 (星期五) 14:27。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qr4c8","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.171","walltime":"1.737","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6901,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":529286,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10259,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":80,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":117043,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":6,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1205.161 1 -total"," 41.97% 505.861 18 Template:Navbox"," 21.24% 255.976 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.54% 199.345 1 Template:Databox"," 11.29% 136.057 1 Template:蛋白质"," 8.28% 99.773 1 Template:Lang-en"," 6.46% 77.864 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.33% 76.344 7 Template:Cite_web"," 6.20% 74.668 19 Template:Cite_journal_en"," 5.74% 69.202 30 Template:Link-en"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.586","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20954975,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-78fc6dc798-mgnd4","timestamp":"20241121074157","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u86cb\u767d\u8d28","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8054","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8054","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-31T01:47:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T14:27:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Protein_mosaic.jpg","headline":"\u7531\u6c28\u57fa\u9178\u6b98\u57fa\u93c8\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5b50"}</script> </body> </html>