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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>例子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-实验方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#实验方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>实验方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-实验方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">分子马达</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。26种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محركات جزيئية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محركات جزيئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulski_motor" title="Molekulski motor – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molekulski motor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molecular" title="Motor molecular – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor molecular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_motor" title="Molecular motor – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molecular motor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molecular" title="Motor molecular – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="موتور مولکولی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور مولکولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Moteur moléculaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molecular" title="Motor molecular – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Motor molecular" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מנוע מולקולרי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע מולקולרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մոլեկուլային շարժիչ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլեկուլային շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molekuler" title="Motor molekuler – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motor molekuler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_molecolare" title="Motore molecolare – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore molecolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="分子モーター – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子モーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%ED%84%B0" title="분자 모터 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분자 모터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulinis_variklis" title="Molekulinis variklis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molekulinis variklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C4%81rie_motori" title="Molekulārie motori – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molekulārie motori" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Молекуларен мотор – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молекуларен мотор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculaire_motoren" title="Moleculaire motoren – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moleculaire motoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molekularny" title="Motor molekularny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motor molekularny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_molecular_natural" title="Motor molecular natural – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motor molecular natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Биологические моторы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологические моторы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulski_motor" title="Molekulski motor – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molekulski motor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulski_motor" title="Molekulski motor – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Molekulski motor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="มอเตอร์โมเลกุล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอเตอร์โมเลกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCler_motor" title="Moleküler motor – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moleküler motor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Молекулярний мотор – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекулярний мотор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q423905#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="分子馬達">分子馬達</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atp_synthase_(simplified_Chinese).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg/300px-Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg/450px-Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg/600px-Atp_synthase_%28simplified_Chinese%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>F<sub>O</sub>F<sub>1</sub><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="三磷酸腺苷合酶">三磷酸腺苷合酶</a>(ATP synthase / ATPase)分子模型</figcaption></figure> <p><b>分子马达</b>（molecular motor）是分布于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>内部或细胞表面，可将ATP<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水解能（页面不存在）">水解能</a>或跨膜电化学梯度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="自由能">自由能</a>转换为线性或旋转运动能量的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>或蛋白质复合物；其负责细胞内的一部分物质或者整个细胞的宏观运动。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>体内的各种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">组织</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>乃至整个个体的运动最终都归结为分子马达在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80" title="微觀">微观</a>尺度上的运动。分子马达將化学键中的能量耦合转化为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%83%BD" title="动能">动能</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a>中的能量最终来自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>膜内外的电化学梯度。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>中较为重要的分子马达<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="马达蛋白">细胞骨架马达蛋白</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>主要功能之一是使<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>收缩。在非肌肉组织中维持细胞的弹性，以及参与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a>分裂。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="驱动蛋白">驱动蛋白</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a>为轨道的动力蛋白，运动的极性由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三磷酸腺苷水解酶（页面不存在）">三磷酸腺苷水解酶</a>（ATP水解酶）活性域在蛋白一级结构中的位置决定。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="动力蛋白">动力蛋白</a>一般是以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超分子集成体（页面不存在）">超分子集成体</a>的形式存在，往<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a>的负极运动。</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚合马达蛋白（页面不存在）">聚合马达蛋白</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌动蛋白">肌动蛋白</a>聚合作用产生用于推进的力。该过程需要利用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">三磷酸腺苷</a>（ATP）<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>释放的能量。</li> <li>微管聚合作用需要利用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B8%9F%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸鸟苷">三磷酸鸟苷</a>（GTP）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="发角蛋白">发动蛋白</a>主要功能是从细胞膜中分离<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E6%A0%BC%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="网格蛋白">网格蛋白</a>芽。该过程需要利用GTP。</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%8A%A8%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转动马达蛋白（页面不存在）">转动马达蛋白</a>: <ul><li>F<sub>0</sub>F<sub>1</sub><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="三磷酸腺苷合成酶">三磷酸腺苷合成酶</a>(ATPase)位于细胞膜或线粒体膜上。利用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">电化学质子</a>的梯度合成ATP<sup id="cite_ref-ATPase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATPase-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>转动马达蛋白令<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>（<i>E. coli</i>）和其他一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a>像<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%A7%B3" title="螺旋槳">螺旋桨</a>一般转动，使它们完成游动、翻滚或转向的动作。这种蛋白质由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E8%86%9C%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨膜质子流（页面不存在）">跨膜质子流</a>驱动，运作机制可能与中利用到的F<sub>o</sub>马达相似。</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核酸马达蛋白（页面不存在）">核酸马达蛋白</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="DNA聚合酶">DNA聚合酶</a>以一条<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E9%93%BEDNA" title="单链DNA">单链DNA</a>为模板合成与之互补的<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>单链<sup id="cite_ref-DNApol_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNApol-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>(RNAP)以一条单链DNA为模版转录合成与之互补的<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>单链<sup id="cite_ref-RNApol_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNApol-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%97%8B%E9%85%B6" title="解旋酶">解旋酶</a>将双链的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>分解为在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="复制">复制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a>中需要利用到的单链。该过程需要利用ATP。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="拓扑异构酶">拓扑异构酶</a>降低细胞中DNA的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="超螺旋">超螺旋</a>数目。该过程需要利用ATP。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%87%8D%E5%A1%91%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="染色质结构重塑复合物（页面不存在）">RSC</a>和<a href="/wiki/SWI/SNF" title="SWI/SNF">SWI/SNF</a>复合物重塑<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="真核细胞">真核细胞</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色质</a>。该过程需要利用ATP。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="染色体结构维持蛋白（页面不存在）">染色体结构维持蛋白</a>被利用于真核细胞中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="染色体凝聚（页面不存在）">染色体凝聚</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>DNA的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%85%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="包装马达蛋白（页面不存在）">包装马达蛋白</a>在病毒的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复制周期（页面不存在）">复制周期</a>内将其DNA注入其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%A3%B3" title="衣壳">衣壳</a>中，使该DNA分子被衣壳蛋白紧密包裹起来<sup id="cite_ref-viralpacking_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralpacking-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%9D" title="微丝">微丝</a>聚合可产生推动力。</li> <li>人工合成的动力分子已被一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="化学家">化学家</a>制出。它们通过改变分子的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%80%A7" title="手性">手性</a>产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AD%E7%9F%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="扭矩">扭矩</a>，从而在宏观上产生转向力。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="实验方法"><span id=".E5.AE.9E.E9.AA.8C.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>实验方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：实验方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>高清晰度活体显微镜技术</li></ul> <ul><li>广视野显微镜与三维去卷积(decovolution)技术 <ul><li>共焦距显微镜(confocal microscopy)技术 <ul><li>扫描共焦距激光显微技术(laser-scanning microscopy)</li> <li>转碟共焦距显微镜技术(spinning-disc confocal microscopy)</li></ul></li> <li>全反射(Total Internal Reflection)与倾斜入射(Oblique illumination)激光显微镜技术</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>动力分子的主要研究方法还包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子物理学</a>中的一些技术： <ul><li>荧光共振能转技术(FRET)，以及荧光交互波谱分析(FCS)</li> <li>单分子电生理分析（Electrophysiology），用于测量单个离子通道(ion channel)的动力学</li> <li>单分子滑动化验法（single molecule gliding assay），用于测量动力分子的运动速度，弹簧常数，以及processivity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%91%B7" title="光鑷">光鑷</a>，用于测量动力分子的力学性质</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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