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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史事件</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史事件-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史事件子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基础研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基础研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>基础研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基础研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-精细结构研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#精细结构研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>精细结构研究</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-精细结构研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-合成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>合成</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-合成-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关合成子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-合成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-核糖体自组装" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核糖体自组装"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>核糖体自组装</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核糖体自组装-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-的聚合与解聚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-的聚合与解聚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>大小亚基的聚合与解聚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-的聚合与解聚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布及分布状态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布及分布状态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>分布及分布状态</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分布及分布状态-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分布及分布状态子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分布及分布状态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc--{游}-离核糖体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-{游}-离核糖体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>游离核糖体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--{游}-离核糖体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-状态转换" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#状态转换"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>状态转换</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-状态转换-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-膜结合核糖体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#膜结合核糖体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>膜结合核糖体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-膜结合核糖体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聚核糖体" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聚核糖体"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>聚核糖体</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聚核糖体-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-组成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#组成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>组成</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-组成-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关组成子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-组成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-相关组分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关组分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>相关组分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关组分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>结构</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-结构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关结构子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-核糖体大-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核糖体大-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>核糖体大亚基</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核糖体大-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核糖体小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核糖体小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>核糖体小亚基</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核糖体小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核糖体位点" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核糖体位点"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>核糖体位点</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核糖体位点-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-工作过程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工作过程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>工作过程</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-工作过程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关工作过程子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-工作过程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-翻译起始" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻译起始"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>翻译起始</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-翻译起始-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-肽链延伸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#肽链延伸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>肽链延伸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-肽链延伸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-进位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#进位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>进位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-进位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-转肽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#转肽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>转肽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-转肽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-移位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#移位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>移位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-移位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-翻译终止" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻译终止"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>翻译终止</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-翻译终止-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-联读翻译" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#联读翻译"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>联读翻译</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-联读翻译-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核糖体再循环" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核糖体再循环"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>核糖体再循环</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核糖体再循环-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-功能抑制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功能抑制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>功能抑制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功能抑制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">核糖体</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。92种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ribosoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ريبوسوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريبوسوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рыбасома – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыбасома" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибозома – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рибозома" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="রাইবোজোম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাইবোজোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕایبۆسۆم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕایبۆسۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ribozom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ριβόσωμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριβόσωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ribosome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomo" title="Ribosomo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ribosomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ribosoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erribosoma" title="Erribosoma – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erribosoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="ریبوزوم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریبوزوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomi" title="Ribosomi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ribosomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ribosome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ribosoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeas%C3%B3m" title="Ribeasóm – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ribeasóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbosoom" title="Ribbosoom – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ribbosoom" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ריבוזום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריבוזום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="राइबोसोम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राइबोसोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomi" title="Ribosomi – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ribosomi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboz%C3%B2m" title="Ribozòm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ribozòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosz%C3%B3ma" title="Riboszóma – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Riboszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Ռիբոսոմ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիբոսոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netkorn" title="Netkorn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Netkorn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="リボソーム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リボソーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რიბოსომა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიბოსომა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибосома – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рибосома" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ರೈಬೋಸೋಮ್‌ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೈಬೋಸೋಮ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EC%86%9C" title="리보솜 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리보솜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AEbozom" title="Rîbozom – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rîbozom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рибосомалар – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рибосомалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Рибозом – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рибозом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="റൈബോസോം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൈബോസോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Рибосом – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рибосом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoom" title="Ribosoom – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ribosoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribos%C3%B2ma" title="Ribosòma – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ribosòma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybosom" title="Rybosom – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rybosom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="رائبوسوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رائبوسوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="ریبوزوم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ریبوزوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribossoma" title="Ribossoma – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ribossoma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ribozom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибосома – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рибосома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рібозома – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рібозома" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ribosome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ribozom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8" title="රයිබොසෝම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රයිබොසෝම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ribosome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboz%C3%B3m" title="Ribozóm – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ribozóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozomi" title="Ribozomi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ribozomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Рибозом – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рибозом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ribosom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இரைபோசோம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரைபோசோம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రైబోసోము – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రైబోసోము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибосома – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рибосома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1" title="ไรโบโซม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไรโบโซม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozom" title="Ribozom – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ribozom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибосома – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рибосома" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рибосома – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рибосома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="رائبوسوم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رائبوسوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ribosoma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ribosome" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="核糖体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რიბოსომა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიბოსომა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%CC%8Dt-thn%CC%82g-th%C3%A9" title="Hu̍t-thn̂g-thé – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hu̍t-thn̂g-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94" title="核糖體 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核糖體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42244#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" 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href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-1b37b4cc" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 300px; padding: 0; border-collapse:collapse; background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: rgba(0,0,0,0.1); padding: 5px; width: 290px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:125%; background-color: #0073CF; color: #FFF;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞"><span style="color: #FFF;">动物细胞</span></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/300px-Animal_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/450px-Animal_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Animal_Cell.svg/600px-Animal_Cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="811" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left; padding: 10px; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.02);">动物细胞的基本结构： <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="粗面内质网">粗面内质网</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="光面内质网">光面内质网</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液泡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E6%BA%B6%E8%83%B6" title="胞质溶胶">胞质溶胶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%BD%93" title="中心体">中心体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a></li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>核糖体</b>（ribosome），旧称“<b>核糖核蛋白体</b>”或“<b>核蛋白体</b>”，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>中的一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞器">细胞器</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，它也是一種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%86%9C%E7%8B%80%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非膜狀特殊構造（页面不存在）">非膜狀特殊構造</a>，由一大一小两个<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="核糖体亚基">亚基</a>结合形成<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，主要成分是相互缠绕的<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>（称为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體RNA">核糖体RNA</a>”，ribosomal RNA，简称“rRNA”）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>（称为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a>”，ribosomal protein，简称“RP”）。核糖体是细胞内<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>合成的场所，能读取<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="信使RNA">信使RNA</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>序列所包含的遗传信息，并使之转化为蛋白质中<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>的序列信息以<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质生物合成">合成蛋白质</a><sup id="cite_ref-翻译_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-翻译-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上的两种具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞结构</a>的主要<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生命形式（页面不存在）">生命形式</a>，前者可细分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真細菌">真细菌</a>两类）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>中都有核糖体存在。一般而言，原核细胞只有一种核糖体，而真核细胞具有两种核糖体（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>中的核糖体与细胞质核糖体不相同）。 </p><p>核糖体在细胞中负责完成“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中心法则">中心法则</a>”裡由RNA到蛋白质这一过程<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，此过程在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>中被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">翻译</a>”。在进行翻译前，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体小次單元</a>会先与从<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a>得到的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="信使RNA">信使RNA</a>（messenger RNA，简称“<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>”）结合，再结合<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体大次單元</a>构成完整的核糖体之后，便可以利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质基质">细胞质基质</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%81%8BRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="轉運RNA">转运RNA</a>（transfer RNA，简称“<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>”）运送的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>分子合成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多肽">多肽</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当核糖体完成对一条mRNA单链的翻译后，大小亚基会再次分离。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>中的“核糖体”（ribosome）一词是由“<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>”（“<i>ribo</i>”）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9" title="词根">词根</a>“<i>soma</i>”（意为“体”）组合而成的。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png/210px-Peptide_syn.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png/315px-Peptide_syn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png/420px-Peptide_syn.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>核糖體組裝蛋白質分子聚合物，其序列由信使RNA分子控制。這是所有活細胞和相關的病毒必需的。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真細菌">真细菌</a>的细胞质中以及真核细胞的细胞质基质、线粒体和叶绿体中都含有核糖体，但它们各自拥有的核糖体在大小、数量及组成等方面上都有所不同<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>大小</dt></dl> <p>核糖体的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E8%BD%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中轴线（页面不存在）">中轴线</a>比<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E5%BE%84" title="直径">直径</a>稍长。原核细胞中的70S核糖体直径约为20<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3" title="纳米">nm</a>（200<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83" class="mw-redirect" title="埃">Å</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="相对分子质量">相对分子质量</a>约为2.5<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%86" title="兆">M</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">Da</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；真核细胞细胞质基质中的80S核糖体直径则介于25nm至30nm之间（250-300Å），相对分子质量为3.9-4.5MDa，比70S核糖体大40%<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，真核细胞线粒体内的线粒体核糖体也比70S核糖体稍大一些<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>数量</dt></dl> <p>核糖体是原核细胞中唯一的一种细胞器，每个原核细胞中一般含有约15-18×10<sup>3</sup>个核糖体；每个真核细胞中一般有10<sup>6</sup>至10<sup>7</sup>个核糖体。蛋白质合成旺盛的细胞（如未成熟的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="蟾蜍">蟾蜍</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="卵细胞">卵细胞</a>）中核糖体往往比正常细胞多，其含量可达每个细胞约10<sup>12</sup>个<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>的成熟<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="红细胞">红细胞</a>不具有核糖体<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>组成</dt></dl> <p>核糖体都由rRNA及RP构成，是rRNA与RP的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="複合物">复合物</a>，属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a>（Ribonucleoprotein，简称“RNP”）。每个核糖体包含2-4条rRNA与60-90种RP<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。70S核糖体中，rRNA约占65%，核糖体蛋白质约占35%；80S核糖体中，rRNA与RP之比接近1:1；而线粒体核糖体中蛋白质所占比例是最高的，在这类核糖体中，rRNA约占25%，核糖体蛋白质约占75%。由于核糖体的核心成分是RNA（而非<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>），核糖体被部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="生物学家">生物学家</a>认为是“<a href="/wiki/RNA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA世界学说">RNA世界</a>”遗留至今的痕迹<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。（参见本条目<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#组成">组成</a>章节。） </p> <dl><dt>结构</dt></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribosome_shape.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ribosome_shape.png/250px-Ribosome_shape.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ribosome_shape.png/375px-Ribosome_shape.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ribosome_shape.png/500px-Ribosome_shape.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>核糖体大亚基（红色）和核糖体小亚基（蓝色）相互嵌合组成完整的核糖体。</figcaption></figure> <p>原核生物的核糖体与真核生物的核糖体十分相似<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，每个核糖体都由一大一小两个相互嵌合的亚基组成。根据改进自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二位点模型（页面不存在）">二位点模型</a>（two-site model）的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三位点模型（页面不存在）">三位点模型</a>（three-site model）<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，核糖体中含有A、P、E三个与tRNA结合的位点<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除以上三个tRNA位点之外，核糖体中还有结合mRNA及一些<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译因子（页面不存在）">翻译因子</a>的位点。（参见本条目<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#结构">结构</a>章节） </p> <dl><dt>功能</dt></dl> <p>核糖体可以与mRNA结合，在多种翻译因子的辅助下读取其中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传信息">遗传信息</a>，并按照特定的信息利用tRNA转运来的氨基酸合成具有特定<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%80%E7%B4%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="蛋白質一級結構">一级结构</a>的多肽。对该过程有重要作用的活性区域是由RNA构成的，所以核糖体也被归为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。（核糖体执行其功能的详细过程参见本条目<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#工作过程">工作过程</a>章节） </p> <dl><dt>分类</dt></dl> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">核糖体可按沉降系数、细胞中的存在位置及状态等分类。 </mark></p> <ul><li>根据沉降系数的大小分类：<a href="/wiki/55S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="55S核糖体">55S核糖体</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=70S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70S核糖体（页面不存在）">70S核糖体</a>及<a href="/wiki/80S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="80S核糖体">80S核糖体</a>等。</li> <li>根据在细胞中的位置分类：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞质核糖体（页面不存在）">细胞质核糖体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体核糖体">线粒体核糖体</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叶绿体核糖体（页面不存在）">叶绿体核糖体</a>等。</li> <li>根据在细胞中的分布分类：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游离核糖体（页面不存在）">游离核糖体</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%9C%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膜结合核糖体（页面不存在）">膜结合核糖体</a><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <dl><dt>单位</dt></dl> <p>研究核糖体及相关物质时常用代表单位离心力场下的沉降速度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%99%8D%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="沉降系数">沉降系数</a>（sedimentation coefficient）来描述<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。沉降系数的一般表达式为<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><center><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {1}{\omega ^{2}r}}{\frac {dx}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <msup> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {1}{\omega ^{2}r}}{\frac {dx}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f50340441344ac90e392153ab739eef50ae43378" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.955ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {1}{\omega ^{2}r}}{\frac {dx}{dt}}}"></span></center></dd></dl> <p>沉降系数以<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>表示，一般使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="斯维德伯格单位">斯维德伯格单位</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="符号">符号</a>为S。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史事件"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>历史事件</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基础研究"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E7.A1.80.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>基础研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：基础研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>核糖体是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚籍</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" title="喬治·埃米爾·帕拉德">乔治·埃米尔·帕拉德</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="电子显微镜">电子显微镜</a>于1955年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳类</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BD%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="禽类">禽类</a>动物细胞中首次发现直径20nm，富含RNA，能够制造酶，他将这种新细胞器描述为密集的微粒或颗粒<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一年之后，A. J. Hodge等人在多种<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="体细胞">体细胞</a>中也发现了核糖体，可是当时人们仍无法将<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="微粒體">微粒体</a>中的核糖体完全区分开来<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。后来，乔治·帕拉德以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔伯特·克劳德">阿尔伯特·克劳德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="克里斯汀·德·迪夫">克里斯汀·德·迪夫</a>因发现核糖体于1974年被授于<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">诺贝尔生理学或医学奖</a>。 </p><p>虽然核糖体作为一种细胞器在20世纪50年代初期已被发现，但对这种细胞器仍没有统一的命名。直到1958年，科学家理查德·<span lang="en">B</span>·罗伯茨（<span lang="en">Richard B. Roberts</span>）才推荐人们使用“核糖体”一词： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">在研讨会中出现了一个有关语义的问题：对于部分与会者，‘微粒体’意为受到其他蛋白质或脂质污染的微粒体碎片中的核糖核蛋白；而对于其他人，‘微粒体’这个概念则包含被其他粒子污染的蛋白质或脂质。‘微粒体粒子’这个词不能充分传达其意义，但‘微粒体碎片中的核糖核蛋白粒子’又显得太拗口。所以与会期间，‘核糖体’一词被举荐出来，这个词让大家都很满意，而且听起来也比较顺耳。如果‘核糖体’这个词可以用来表示大小介于35S至100S的核糖核蛋白颗粒，那么现在这类物质表述上的混乱便最终得以消除。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——理查德·B·罗伯茨，《微粒体颗粒与蛋白质合成》<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>从此，人们对几种细胞结构碎片概念上的理解逐渐清晰，核糖体这一细胞器本身也有了更明确的定义。这次统一命名为核糖体及相关方面的研究的发展奠定了良好的基础。 </p><p>在进入20世纪60年代后，随着人们对核糖体的探索的不断深入，许多学术成果也不断涌现。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大·谢尔盖耶维奇·斯皮林">亚历山大·谢尔盖维奇·斯皮林</a>经过长期研究，发现核糖体各组分实际上不需其他物质辅助即可发生自我组装<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。Warner JR等人在1963年发现众多核糖体共同翻译同一条mRNA的现象，并将他们发现的结构名命为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="多核糖体">多核糖体</a>”（polyribosome）<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而B. J. McCarthy和J. J. Holland则1965年发现被干扰的核糖体在无细胞系统中可直接利用DNA作为模板合成蛋白质，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="新霉素">新霉素</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a>可增强这种特殊的翻译<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在对不同类型的核糖体的研究方面，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B8%83%E8%B5%96%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汤姆·奥布赖恩（页面不存在）">汤姆·奥布赖恩</a>等人作出了较大贡献：1967年，奥布赖恩等人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大鼠">大鼠</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肝脏">肝脏</a>细胞的线粒体中发现核糖体<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1971年，奥布赖恩等证实之前在线粒体中发现的沉降系数约为55S的核糖体是与70S核糖体或80S核糖体都不相同的另一类核糖体<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同年，奥布赖恩等人又在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛">牛</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E" title="胚胎">胚胎</a>的肝脏细胞线粒体内发现原本以为只存在于细胞质基质中的80S核糖体，并证实这些80S核糖体仍具有合成蛋白质的活性<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>20世纪末各种显微技术的发展使人们对微观事物的研究上了一个台阶。2000年，Poul Nissen等人测得核糖体大亚基中正在形成的肽键周围1.8nm范围内除了23S rRNA结构域Ⅴ的部分原子外，不存在任何核糖体蛋白质侧链原子，从而证明了核糖体是一种核酶<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>核糖体及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译系统（页面不存在）">翻译系统</a>中的相关分子（例如一种被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译装置（页面不存在）">翻译装置</a>（translational apparatus）的分子）的结构及功能是20世纪中期研究的热点。直到今天，该领域的研究仍十分活跃。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="精细结构研究"><span id=".E7.B2.BE.E7.BB.86.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>精细结构研究</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：精细结构研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:010_large_subunit-1FFK.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/010_large_subunit-1FFK.gif" decoding="async" width="320" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E7%9B%92%E8%8F%8C%E5%B1%9E" title="盐盒菌属">死海盐盒菌</a>（<i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>）的50S亚基的三维分子结构图。分子中的淡蓝色部分为蛋白质，淡橙色及黄色部分为RNA单链<sup id="cite_ref-Ban_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ban-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。分子核心的亮绿色部分为亚基的活性中心。</figcaption></figure> <p>早在20世纪70年代初期，人们已开始着手了解核糖体整体的分子结构。 </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">21世纪初，在人们有能力对亚显微结构进行高解析度的研究后，描述核糖体结构的精确度达到十分之一纳米</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2000年，最初几份关于核糖体原子级结构的论文连续发表：最先公布的是属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%90%E7%9B%92%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死海盐盒菌（页面不存在）">死海盐盒菌</a>（<i>Haloarcula marismortui</i>）核糖体50S亚基的结构图<sup id="cite_ref-Ban_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ban-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和属于细菌中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="抗輻射奇異球菌">抗輻射奇異球菌</a>（<i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i>）<sup id="cite_ref-Schluenzen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schluenzen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不久之后，属于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嗜热栖热菌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermus thermophilus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E7%83%AD%E6%A0%96%E7%83%AD%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜热栖热菌（页面不存在）">嗜热栖热菌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermus_thermophilus" class="extiw" title="en:Thermus thermophilus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermus thermophilus</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<i>Thermus thermophilus</i>）核糖体30S亚基的结构图也被公布<sup id="cite_ref-Venki_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venki-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。紧接着，又有一份更精细的结构图被公布<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。九年后，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="文卡特拉曼·拉马克里希南">文卡特拉曼·拉马克里希南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E8%8C%A8" title="托马斯·施泰茨">托马斯·施泰茨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BA%B3%E7%89%B9" title="阿达·约纳特">阿达·约纳特</a>因为确定这些核糖体的详细结构和机制而被授予2009年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。2001年5月，上述几份结构坐标被用于重现精确到5.5Å的嗜热栖热菌完整的70S核糖体分子结构<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif/200px-010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif/300px-010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E7%83%AD%E6%A0%96%E7%83%AD%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜热栖热菌（页面不存在）">嗜热栖热菌</a>（<i>Thermus thermophilus</i>）的30S亚基的三维分子结构图。分子中的淡蓝色部分为蛋白质，淡橙色部分为RNA单链<sup id="cite_ref-Schluenzen_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schluenzen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <p>两份关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="大肠杆菌">大肠杆菌</a>（<i>Escherichia coli</i>）的70S核糖体结构的论文则于2005年被发表。论文中描述了使用<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a>方面的技术获得分辨率高达3.5Å的中空核糖体（未结合mRNA或tRNA的核糖体）的结构<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在该篇论文发表两周后，一份基于冷<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="电子显微镜">电子显微镜</a>技术的结构图被公布<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，该图以11-15Å的分辨率描绘了核糖体中一条刚合成的肽链被输入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质输出通道（页面不存在）">蛋白质输出通道</a>（protein-conducting channel）的画面。一年之后，结合了mRNA和tRNA的核糖体的原子级结构图由两个研究小组分别以2.8Å的分辨率<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>及3.7Å的分辨率<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>独立绘出。这些结构图使人们最终看到嗜热栖热菌核糖体与在该核糖体经典区域中结合的mRNA、tRNA一起反应的细节。过了不久，核糖体与一些含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%A0-%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="夏因-达尔加诺序列">夏因-达尔加诺序列</a>的长链mRNA的反应也被在4.5-5.5Å的分辨率下可视化<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在2011年，第一个从酵母中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%BF%E9%85%92%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="酿酒酵母">酿酒酵母</a>菌（<span lang="en">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</span>）的真核生物80S核糖体的完整的原子结构由晶体衍射获得。<sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Shem_A,_Garreau_de_Loubresse_N,_Melnikov_S,_Jenner_L,_Yusupova_G,_Yusupov_M._45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Shem_A,_Garreau_de_Loubresse_N,_Melnikov_S,_Jenner_L,_Yusupova_G,_Yusupov_M.-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>该模型揭示了真核生物特有要素的结构以及它们与普遍保存内核的相互作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="合成"><span id=".E5.90.88.E6.88.90"></span>合成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：合成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核糖体自组装"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E8.87.AA.E7.BB.84.E8.A3.85"></span>核糖体自组装</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：核糖体自组装"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%87%AA%E7%BB%84%E8%A3%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体自组装（页面不存在）">核糖体自组装</a></div> <p>在细菌细胞中，核糖体是通过对多个<a href="/wiki/RDNA" class="mw-disambig" title="RDNA">rDNA</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="操縱組">操纵组</a>的转录在细胞质中合成的<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在真核细胞中，核糖体的合成主要发生在细胞核的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>中的一个区域）里。在该区域中，rDNA转录产生的<a href="/w/index.php?title=45S_rRNA%E5%89%8D%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="45S rRNA前体（页面不存在）">45S rRNA前体</a>（rRNA的前体分子）与从细胞质中运来的蛋白质结合形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=80S_rRNP%E5%89%8D%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="80S rRNP前体（页面不存在）">80S rRNP前体</a>，80S rRNP前体再经过加工（其中的45S rRNA前体被<a href="/wiki/RNA%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA酶">RNA酶</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="裂解">裂解</a>成<a href="/wiki/5.8S_rRNA" title="5.8S rRNA">5.8S rRNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/18S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="18S rRNA">18S rRNA</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=28Sr_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28Sr RNA（页面不存在）">28Sr RNA</a>的较小的rRNA片段），在5-10<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%92%9F" title="分钟">min</a>内剪切成<a href="/w/index.php?title=32S_rRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="32S rRNP（页面不存在）">32S rRNP</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=20S_rRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20S rRNP（页面不存在）">20S rRNP</a>。20S rRNP在5min内再经加工形成12S rRNP，率先装配成40S核糖体亚基。32S rRNP在经加工剪切为<a href="/w/index.php?title=28S_rRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28S rRNP（页面不存在）">28S rRNP</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=5.8S_rRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5.8S rRNP（页面不存在）">5.8S rRNP</a>后，需耗费约30min才能与在核仁外合成的<a href="/wiki/5S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="5S rRNA">5S rRNA</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=5S_rDNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5S rDNA（页面不存在）">5S rDNA</a>不定位在核仁组织区）共同装配成60S核糖体亚基。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大小亚基经<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94" title="核孔">核孔</a>排入细胞质后，装配成核糖体。 </p><p>核糖体一般的合成过程需要超过200种蛋白质的协同配合来完成聚合、加工核糖体内的4个rRNA，以及将rRNA和多种核糖体蛋白捆绑、组装在一起。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-的聚合与解聚"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E5.B0.8F-.7Bzh-tw:.E6.AC.A1.E5.96.AE.E5.85.83.3Bzh-cn:.E4.BA.9A.E5.9F.BA.7D-.E7.9A.84.E8.81.9A.E5.90.88.E4.B8.8E.E8.A7.A3.E8.81.9A"></span>大小亚基的聚合与解聚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：大小亚基的聚合与解聚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大小亚基在细胞质中可分离存在，但两者嵌合成完整核糖体后才具备翻译能力<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>当<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="镁离子">Mg<sup>2+</sup></a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6" title="浓度">浓度</a>为10<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB" title="毫">m</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="摩尔 (单位)">mol</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87" title="升">L</a>时，大小亚基聚合；Mg<sup>2+</sup>的浓度降至0.1mmol/L时，大小亚基则会发生解聚<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布及分布状态"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.B8.83.E5.8F.8A.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83.E7.8A.B6.E6.80.81"></span>分布及分布状态</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：分布及分布状态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在真核细胞中，细胞质核糖体以其分布状态分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游离核糖体（页面不存在）">游离核糖体</a>（free ribosome）与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%9C%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膜结合核糖体（页面不存在）">膜结合核糖体</a>（membrane-bound ribosome）两类。同一种生物的游离核糖体与膜结合核糖体在结构上是没有区别的，它们的不同只在于两者在细胞中分布位置上的差异。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="-{游}-离核糖体"><span id="-.7B.E6.B8.B8.7D-.E7.A6.BB.E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93"></span>游离核糖体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：游离核糖体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>约70%的细胞质核糖体处于游离状态<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这些悬浮在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质基质">细胞质基质</a>中的核糖体称为“游离核糖体”。游离核糖体几乎可以在细胞质基质中沿<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a>任意移动。在游离核糖体上合成的蛋白质会直接释放到细胞质基质中，这些蛋白质只能用于构成该细胞自身结构（称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内源性蛋白（页面不存在）">内源性蛋白</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌红蛋白">肌红蛋白</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌纤维蛋白（页面不存在）">肌纤维蛋白</a>等）。 </p><p>由于细胞质在整体上处于还原氛中且常含有高<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6" title="浓度">浓度</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E8%83%B1%E7%94%98%E8%82%BD" title="谷胱甘肽">谷胱甘肽</a>，所以具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%A1%AB%E9%8D%B5" title="雙硫鍵">二硫键</a>的蛋白质（二硫键由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%83%B1%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="半胱氨酸">半胱氨酸</a>残基形成）不能在游离核糖体中合成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="状态转换"><span id=".E7.8A.B6.E6.80.81.E8.BD.AC.E6.8D.A2"></span>状态转换</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：状态转换"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一个核糖体是处于游离态还是膜结合态仅仅取决于它们正在翻译的mRNA单链首端第一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E8%81%94%E4%BD%93%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三联体密码子（页面不存在）">三联体密码子</a>（AUG）之后是否有一段“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91%E9%9D%B6%E5%90%91%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内质网靶向信号序列（页面不存在）">内质网靶向信号序列</a>”（ER-targeting signal sequence，长度约为45-90nt），该序列经核糖体翻译，能得到长度约为16-26个氨基酸的多肽片段（称为“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%82%BD" title="信号肽">信号肽</a>”，signal peptide），这种合成了信号肽的核糖体在肽链延伸约80个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E6%AE%8B%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氨基酸残基（页面不存在）">氨基酸残基</a>后将进入膜结合态<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，附着在内质网上<sup id="cite_ref-信号假说_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-信号假说-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>核糖体翻译出的信号肽暴露在细胞质基质中，会被<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E9%A2%97%E7%B2%92" title="信号识别颗粒">信号识别颗粒</a>（Signal Recognition Particle，简称SRP）识别结合，SRP能以其类似tRNA分子的构型占据核糖体的A位点，使核糖体翻译暂时停止。SPR可识别糙面内质网膜上相应的<a href="/w/index.php?title=SRP%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRP受体（页面不存在）">SRP受体</a>（又称<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%9C%E6%B3%8A%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="停泊蛋白（页面不存在）">停泊蛋白</a>，docking proteins），而SRP受体又能使核糖体通过它与内质网上的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%93%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="易位子（页面不存在）">易位子</a>（translocon）相连<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当核糖体停止浮动后，SRP便与其受体分离，但核糖体将仍粘附在内置网膜上开始继续翻译，延伸的肽链则穿过易位子中的通道进入糙面内质网腔<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="膜结合核糖体"><span id=".E8.86.9C.E7.BB.93.E5.90.88.E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93"></span>膜结合核糖体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：膜结合核糖体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">另一些粘附在<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a>的膜上<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或核膜上的核糖体称为“膜结合核糖体”。当一个核糖体开始形成一些其他细胞器中需要利用到的蛋白质时，这类核糖体可以与相应细胞器的细胞器膜相结合，成为膜结合核糖体。在真核细胞中，这一过程发生在一类称为糙面内质网的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a>上。正在延伸中的肽链会不断地被膜结合核糖体透过内质网膜注入内质网腔中，再以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a>的形式通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分泌途径（页面不存在）">分泌途径</a>（<i>Secretory pathway</i>）输送到的其他部位。膜结合核糖体既可以合成在细胞内被利用的蛋白质，也可以合成需要通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%90%90" class="mw-redirect" title="胞吐">胞吐</a>排出细胞的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分泌蛋白（页面不存在）">分泌蛋白</a>（又称为“外输性蛋白质”，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="抗体">抗体</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%B1%BB%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质类激素（页面不存在）">蛋白质类激素</a>等）</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="聚核糖体"><span id=".E8.81.9A.E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93"></span>聚核糖体</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：聚核糖体"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="聚核糖体">聚核糖体</a></div> <p>常见多个核糖体排列成螺纹状或念珠状，一起沿着一条mRNA单链进行翻译。这种由一个mRNA串起来的多个核糖体的结构被称为“聚核糖体”或“多聚核糖体”，它可以提高mRNA的翻译效率<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="组成"><span id=".E7.BB.84.E6.88.90"></span>组成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：组成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>原核细胞拥有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%99%8D%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="沉降系数">沉降系数</a>为70S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=70S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70S核糖体（页面不存在）">70S核糖体</a>，它由沉降系数为30S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=30S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="30S核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">小次單元</a>的和沉降系数50S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=50S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="50S核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">大次單元</a>组成。70S核糖体包含3种沉降系数不同的<a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>和大约55种RP，其中小亚基由<a href="/wiki/16S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="16S rRNA">16S rRNA</a>（重约0.6MDa、长约1540nt<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）和21种RP构成，大亚基由<a href="/wiki/5S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="5S rRNA">5S rRNA</a>（重约40kDa，长约120nt<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）、<a href="/wiki/23S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="23S rRNA">23S rRNA</a>（重约1.2MDa，长约2900nt<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体相关信息1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）和34种RP构成。<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体相关信息2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体相关信息2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>真核细胞拥有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%99%8D%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="沉降系数">沉降系数</a>为80S的<a href="/wiki/80S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="80S核糖体">80S核糖体</a>，它由沉降系数为40S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=40S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="40S核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">小次單元</a>和沉降系数为60S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=60S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="60S核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">大次單元</a>组成。80S核糖体包含4种沉降系数不同的<a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>及逾80种RP。其中，小亚基由<a href="/wiki/18S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="18S rRNA">18S rRNA</a>（重约0.7MDa，长约1900nt）和约33种RP构成，而大亚基则由<a href="/wiki/5S_rRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="5S rRNA">5S rRNA</a>（性质与70S核糖体内的基本相同）、<a href="/wiki/5.8S_rRNA" title="5.8S rRNA">5.8S rRNA</a>（重约40kDa，长约160nt）、<a href="/wiki/28S_rRNA" title="28S rRNA">28S rRNA</a>（重约1.7MDa，长约4700nt）和约49种RP构成。<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体相关信息1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-核糖体相关信息2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体相关信息2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些真核生物的线粒体或叶绿体中也包含有一大一小两个以蛋白质相连的亚基的70S核糖体。根据“<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="内共生学说">内共生学说</a>”，真核细胞中的线粒体及叶绿体都是由被其他细胞吞噬的细菌演化而来的，所以这两种细胞器中存在的核糖体与细菌细胞中的相似<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体核糖体">線粒体核糖体</a>（mitoribosome），或<a href="/wiki/55S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="55S核糖体">55S核糖体</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E9%99%8D%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="沉降系数">沉降系数</a>为28S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=28S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28S核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">小次單元</a>和沉降系数为39S的<a href="/w/index.php?title=39S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="39S核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">大次單元</a>组成<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。线粒体核糖体中含有2-3种rRNA和60-80种RP，作为比较人类线粒体核糖体含有78种RP<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其中小亚基中含有长度约为950nt的<a href="/wiki/12S_MT-RNR1" class="mw-redirect" title="12S MT-RNR1">12S MT-RNR1</a>，而大亚基中则含有长度约为1560nt的<a href="/wiki/16S_MT-RNR2" class="mw-redirect" title="16S MT-RNR2">16S MT-RNR2</a><sup id="cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体相关信息1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="高等植物">高等植物</a>的线粒体中另外含有一种沉降系数也为5S，但与细胞质基质中的核糖体的5S rRNA不同的rRNA</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叶绿体核糖体（页面不存在）">叶绿体核糖体</a>在组成上与原核细胞中的70S核糖体基本相同</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相关组分"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E7.BB.84.E5.88.86"></span>相关组分</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：相关组分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">解离从细胞内分离得到的核糖体除了能得到其本身包含的多种较难脱离的、属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a>的分子（称为“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="真核糖体蛋白质">真核糖体蛋白质</a>”，real ribosomal proteins）外，还可以得到附着在核糖体上的其他蛋白质（称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体相关蛋白质（页面不存在）">核糖体相关蛋白质</a>”，proteins associated with ribosome，简称“<a href="/wiki/PAR" class="mw-redirect" title="PAR">PAR</a>”）。这些不是核糖体实际组分的分子主要为参与翻译过程但并非核糖体组成部分的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译因子（页面不存在）">翻译因子</a>，容易被洗脱</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="结构"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png/250px-50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png/375px-50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png/500px-50S-subunit_of_the_ribosome_3CC2.png 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>核糖体每个亚基都由具有三级结构的<a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>（褐色）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a>（蓝色）缠绕而成。红色部分为活性中心。</figcaption></figure> <p>核糖体都由一大一小两个亚基构成，这两个亚基中各具有为合成中的肽链、mRNA、tRNA及翻译因子等分子提供的特殊的结构。核糖体大亚基与小亚基之间存在称为“桥”的接触面，总共有12对桥将大、小亚基连接起来，它们还起到大、小亚基间传递信息的作用。70S核糖体的这些桥中，除了3对桥中包含了RP，其余的桥都由rRNA组成。rRNA桥主要由16S rRNA小沟与23S rRNA小沟之间的相互作用来建立。rRNA-RP桥则通过蛋白质识别RNA结构而实现<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核糖体大-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E5.A4.A7-.7Bzh-tw:.E6.AC.A1.E5.96.AE.E5.85.83.3Bzh-cn:.E4.BA.9A.E5.9F.BA.7D-"></span>核糖体大亚基</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：核糖体大亚基"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体大次單元</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体大次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体大次單元</a>外侧边缘有三个较明显的凸起，凸起之间有两处凹陷。大亚基内部有一条起源于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E9%85%B0%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽酰转移酶（页面不存在）">肽酰转移酶</a>中心附近，横贯大亚基的、为合成中的肽链提供的狭长通道（称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽链输出通道（页面不存在）">肽链输出通道</a>”），这条通道长约35<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">aa</a><sup id="cite_ref-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（约8.5nm）。各种原核生物50S大亚基肽链输出通道的孔径大小并不完全相同（孔径最大约2nm，最小约1nm），主要由23S rRNA构成，同时需要一些RP（如L4、L22、L39等）辅助成形<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有研究认为该通道具有动态的结构，不仅能与新生肽链中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E6%A8%A1%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="效应模体（页面不存在）">效应模体</a>相互作用调节翻译效率，而且能够调节通过通道的多肽链的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共翻译折叠（页面不存在）">共翻译折叠</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核糖体小-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E5.B0.8F-.7Bzh-tw:.E6.AC.A1.E5.96.AE.E5.85.83.3Bzh-cn:.E4.BA.9A.E5.9F.BA.7D-"></span>核糖体小亚基</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：核糖体小亚基"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体小次單元</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体小次單元（页面不存在）">核糖体小次單元</a>大致呈扁弧形，一面也有凹陷。在小亚基一端约三分之一处有一条为mRNA穿过提供的凹槽（也称为小亚基的“颈部”），该凹槽处的空间局限使得mRNA的解码区呈现U形转角构象<sup id="cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">在进行轉译前，两个游离的亚基结合在一起，协同翻译夹在两者之间的mRNA链</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核糖体位点"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E4.BD.8D.E7.82.B9"></span>核糖体位点</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：核糖体位点"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93A%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体A位点（页面不存在）">核糖体A位点</a>（amino acyl-tRNA site，简称“A位”），也称“受位”，是核糖体内接受新<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B0-tRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="氨酰-tRNA">氨酰-tRNA</a>的位点，主要部分位于大亚基中。在A位处5S rRNA有一段序列能与氨酰-tRNA的T29C环的保守序列互补，便于新氨酰-tRNA移入A位。起始用的tRNA没有该段序列，故它只能直接进入核糖体P位。<sup id="cite_ref-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93P%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体P位点（页面不存在）">核糖体P位点</a>（peptidyl-tRNA site，简称“P位”），也称“供位”，是核糖体内前一个<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>将其肽基或甲酰甲硫氨酰基转移至后一个tRNA上的位点。该位点在大亚基中的区域含有肽酰转移酶。在对核糖体<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="结晶学">结晶学</a>的研究中人们发现，核糖体该位点内的肽酰转移酶附近1.8nm的范围内并没有核糖体蛋白质<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（一般认为细胞中的主要<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="催化剂">催化剂</a>的化学本质是蛋白质）。该发现表明，核糖体中的蛋白质组份本身可能并不直接作为催化剂，而是充当rRNA依附的架构，并起到增强rRNA催化能力的作用（参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a>）。</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93E%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体E位点（页面不存在）">核糖体E位点</a>（exit site，简称“E位”），是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E8%BD%BDtRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空载tRNA（页面不存在）">空载tRNA</a>离开的核糖体的位点</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="工作过程"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E4.BD.9C.E8.BF.87.E7.A8.8B"></span>工作过程</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：工作过程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protein_translation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Protein_translation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>核糖体中肽链延长及蛋白质被分泌入内质网的过程的示意动画。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">翻译 (遗传学)</a></div> <p>原核细胞与真核细胞中进行的翻译过程并不完全相同，大致可分为被<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻译</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="真核翻译">真核翻译</a></b>与<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古菌翻译（页面不存在）">古菌翻译</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>三种类型。这三种类型翻译步骤基本相同，但这几种翻译中利用的核糖体、mRNA及tRNA等在结构上有一定差异，且各需要一套翻译因子系统的参与（其中真核翻译中涉及的生物大分子约有200种<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。 </p><p>由核糖体主导的翻译主要可分为起始、延伸、终止及再循环4个步骤<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>核糖体对mRNA的翻译过程是迅速且准确的。在37<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摄氏度">℃</a>时，细菌细胞内合成肽链的速度约为每秒连接15个氨基酸<sup id="cite_ref-翻译_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-翻译-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当其合成速度达到每秒连接1000个氨基酸时，错误率约为十万分之一<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="翻译起始"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AF.91.E8.B5.B7.E5.A7.8B"></span>翻译起始</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：翻译起始"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shine-Dalgarno_sequence_(zh-hant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence_%28zh-hant%29.png/300px-Shine-Dalgarno_sequence_%28zh-hant%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Shine-Dalgarno_sequence_%28zh-hant%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>这一系列图片是70S核糖体执行翻译功能过程的图解。（处于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="翻译">翻译</a>过程中的<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a>和<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>实际上是处于核糖体内部的。但为了让读者更好地了解mRNA、tRNA以及之后的图片中还将出现的一些翻译因子在核糖体中的位置和变化，作者将阻挡它们的核糖体区域隐去了。下同。）此图展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91#起始" title="原核翻译">原核翻译的起始过程</a>（结构2qnh与1vsp），图中的mRNA与tRNA正在依靠各自的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%A0-%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="夏因-达尔加诺序列">夏因-达尔加诺序列</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%A0-%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="反夏因-达尔加诺序列">反夏因-达尔加诺序列</a>相互识别并结合。</figcaption></figure> <p>原核翻译与翻译中的起始过程基本相同：都先由fmet-tRNA、待翻译mRNA和核糖体组成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译起始复合物（页面不存在）">翻译起始复合物</a>（translation initiation complex）<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。翻译的起始过程需要<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="起始因子">起始因子</a>参与，已发现的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="原核起始因子">原核起始因子</a>有3种，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古菌起始因子（页面不存在）">古菌起始因子</a>有4种，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="真核起始因子">真核起始因子</a>有12种。 </p> <ul><li>在原核翻译中，待翻译mRNA<a href="/wiki/5%27%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="5'端">5'端</a>上游的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%A0-%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="夏因-达尔加诺序列">夏因-达尔加诺序列</a>（S-D序列）可通与核糖体小亚基16S rRNA<a href="/wiki/3%27%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="3'端">3'端</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%8F%E5%9B%A0-%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="反夏因-达尔加诺序列">反夏因-达尔加诺序列</a>的互补而结合<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。紧接S-D序列的短核苷酸序列可被小亚基核糖体蛋白识别结合，mRNA在这两方面作用下小亚基上定位。在mRNA与小亚基结合后，fMet-tRNA<sub>f</sub><sup>Met</sup>结合于mRNA-小亚基复合体的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" title="起始密码子">起始密码子</a>上，形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=30S%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="30S翻译起始复合物（页面不存在）">30S翻译起始复合物</a>，大亚基再与该复合体结合，形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=70S%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70S翻译起始复合物（页面不存在）">70S翻译起始复合物</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。左图是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91#起始" title="原核翻译">原核翻译起始过程</a>的图解。</li></ul> <ul><li>在真核翻译中，已发现的起始方式有4种：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%BD%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E6%80%A7%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帽依赖性起始（页面不存在）">帽依赖性起始</a>（cap-dependent initiation）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重新起始（页面不存在）">重新起始</a>（reinitiation）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E6%94%AF%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖体支路">核糖体支路</a>（ribosome shunting）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内部起始（页面不存在）">内部起始</a>（interal initiation）<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其中，帽依赖性起始为主要的起始方式。在帽依赖性起始中，mRNA<a href="/wiki/5%27%E7%AB%AF%E5%B8%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="5'端帽">5'端帽</a>上结合的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%BD%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帽结合蛋白（页面不存在）">帽结合蛋白</a>（cap-binding protein，CBP）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E6%BA%90%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异源二聚体（页面不存在）">异源二聚体</a>能促进mRNA分子在核糖体上的定位<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在这个过程中，如果检测到mRNA上提前出现<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无义终止密码子（页面不存在）">无义终止密码子</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E4%B9%89%E4%BB%8B%E5%AF%BC%E7%9A%84mRNA%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3" title="无义介导的mRNA降解">无义介导的mRNA降解机制</a>（nonsense-mediated mRNA decay，NMD）便会将错误的mRNA<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="降解">降解</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在真核翻译起始过程中，mRNA依靠<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="科扎克共有序列">科扎克共有序列</a>与核糖体小亚基识别结合<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="肽链延伸"><span id=".E8.82.BD.E9.93.BE.E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8"></span>肽链延伸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：肽链延伸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>翻译起始后，核糖体沿mRNA链由5'端朝3'端移动。从<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E5%A7%8B%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" title="起始密码子">起始密码子</a>处开始，核糖体利用具有与当前正在翻译的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="密码子">密码子</a>相对应的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="反密碼子">反密码子</a>的氨酰-tRNA携带的氨基酸合成肽链。核糖体每翻译一个三联体密码子就为延伸中的肽链的C端添加一分子氨基酸，其自身也同时顺着mRNA单股移动一段距离。 </p><p>肽链延伸阶段是一个不断循环进行的过程（直至核糖体到达<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%88%E6%AD%A2%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90" title="终止密码子">终止密码子</a>处）。该阶段可再细分为进位、成肽和移位三个步骤。真核及原核翻译延伸阶段的不同主要在于各自<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="延伸因子">延伸因子</a>体系的不同：已发现的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="原核延伸因子">原核延伸因子</a>有3种，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古菌延伸因子（页面不存在）">古菌延伸因子</a>有2种，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="真核延伸因子">真核延伸因子</a>有2种<sup id="cite_ref-真核延伸因子_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-真核延伸因子-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entering_(zh-hant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Entering_%28zh-hant%29.png/220px-Entering_%28zh-hant%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Entering_%28zh-hant%29.png/330px-Entering_%28zh-hant%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Entering_%28zh-hant%29.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>此圖展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻譯中的延伸過程</a>中的進位步驟（結構2wrn與2wro）。圖中左側紫色部分為攜帶了氨基醯-tRNA的EF-Tu，它通過EF-Ts水解GTP產生能量推動處於核糖體A位的tRNA進入P位。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="进位"><span id=".E8.BF.9B.E4.BD.8D"></span>进位</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：进位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据核糖体A位内mRNA部分密码子的引导，具有对应反密码子的氨基酰-tRNA进入A位的步骤，称为“进位”。 </p> <ul><li>原核翻译中，结合了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B8%9F%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸鸟苷">GTP</a>的延伸因子<a href="/wiki/EF-Tu" title="EF-Tu">EF-Tu</a>（EF-Tu·GTP）与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B0-tRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氨基酰-tRNA（页面不存在）">氨基酰-tRNA</a>形成氨基酰-tRNA·EF-Tu·GTP三元复合物并进入核糖体A位。<a href="/wiki/EF-Ts" title="EF-Ts">EF-Ts</a>催化<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>复合物携带的GTP产生<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>完成进位。之后，EF-Tu·GDP脱离核糖体，EF-Tu则释放出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B8%9F%E8%8B%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双磷酸鸟苷（页面不存在）">GDP</a>并与EF-Ts重新复合形成EF-T，以待再次被利用。</li></ul> <ul><li>真核翻译中，氨基酰-tRNA由<a href="/wiki/EEF-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EEF-1">eEF-1</a>以复合成氨基酰-tRNA·eEF-1·GTP三元复合物的形式带入核糖体的A位<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。GTP水解后，eEF-1·GDP离开核糖体。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>细胞中，延伸步骤还需要第三种真核延伸因子（<a href="/w/index.php?title=EEF-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EEF-3（页面不存在）">eEF-3</a>）参加，其作用是维持翻译的准确性<sup id="cite_ref-真核延伸因子_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-真核延伸因子-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peptide_transfer_(zh-hant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peptide_transfer_%28zh-hant%29.png/220px-Peptide_transfer_%28zh-hant%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peptide_transfer_%28zh-hant%29.png/330px-Peptide_transfer_%28zh-hant%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Peptide_transfer_%28zh-hant%29.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>此圖展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻譯的延伸過程</a>中的轉肽步驟（結構2wdk與2wdl），圖中標出了核糖體內A、P、E三個位點。在該步中，肽醯轉移酶催化核糖體P位的tRNA運載的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="基团">基團</a>轉移到A位內tRNA轉運的氨基酸上，E位內的是卸載後準備排出核糖體的tRNA。亮綠色部分為tRNA上運載的肽鏈或氨基酸。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="转肽"><span id=".E8.BD.AC.E8.82.BD"></span>转肽</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：转肽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>核糖体的肽酰转移酶催化位于核糖体P位的tRNA上运载的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B0%E7%94%B2%E7%A1%AB%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲酰甲硫氨酸（页面不存在）">甲酰甲硫氨酰基</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E9%85%B0%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽酰基（页面不存在）">肽酰基</a>转移到A位内刚进入核糖体的新氨基酰-tRNA转运的氨基酸上，使前者的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>与后者的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="氨基">氨基</a>之间<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%B4%E7%BC%A9%E5%90%88" title="脱水缩合">脱水缩合</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>。此步骤称为“转肽”（transpeptidation）。 </p><p>转肽步骤完全由核糖体大亚基内的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a>催化完成<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在转肽这一步骤中生成的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BD%E9%85%B0-tRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肽酰-tRNA（页面不存在）">肽酰-tRNA</a>将占据核糖体A位，而P位中刚卸载甲酰甲硫氨酰基或肽酰基的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E8%BD%BDtRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空载tRNA（页面不存在）">空载tRNA</a>则将进入核糖体的E位。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Translocation_(zh-hant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Translocation_%28zh-hant%29.png/220px-Translocation_%28zh-hant%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Translocation_%28zh-hant%29.png/330px-Translocation_%28zh-hant%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Translocation_%28zh-hant%29.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>此圖展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻譯的移位過程</a>中的移位步驟（結構2wri與2wrj）。左側紫色部分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="原核延伸因子">原核延伸因子</a>中的EF-G，能促使核糖體內的tRNA發生位點間的移動。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="移位"><span id=".E7.A7.BB.E4.BD.8D"></span>移位</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：移位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/EF-G" title="EF-G">EF-G</a>将位于核糖体A位的tRNA推入P位的步骤称为“移位”。 </p><p>EF-G具有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E4%BD%8D%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转位酶（页面不存在）">转位酶</a>活性，能催化GTP水解提供能量，推动处于核糖体A位的肽酰-tRNA<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，使之进入P位（同时使P位中的tRNA进入E位、并使E位的tRNA排出核糖体），核糖体也沿mRNA移动一个密码子。核糖体移位后，其A位将再次空出，为新氨基酰-tRNA进位提供空间。 </p><p>在肽链延伸的过程中，上述三个步骤是重复循环的。循环每完成一次，肽链的C端便加入一个氨基酸分子，直至翻译进入终止阶段。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="翻译终止"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AF.91.E7.BB.88.E6.AD.A2"></span>翻译终止</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：翻译终止"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termination_(zh-hant).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Termination_%28zh-hant%29.png/220px-Termination_%28zh-hant%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Termination_%28zh-hant%29.png/330px-Termination_%28zh-hant%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Termination_%28zh-hant%29.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>此圖展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻譯中的終止過程</a>（結構2b64與2b66）。左側紫色部分是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="原核释放因子">原核釋放因子</a>RF-1，它能識別某些終止密碼子使翻譯停止。由於圖中mRNA末端和終止因數的解析度較低，所以只能看到大致的樣子，而不能觀察到它們的精細結構。</figcaption></figure> <p>在核糖体读取至终止密码子<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>时，翻译进入终止阶段。翻译的终止需要<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="释放因子">释放因子</a>的参与<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。已发现的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="原核释放因子">原核释放因子</a>有3种，而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真核释放因子（页面不存在）">真核释放因子</a>有2种<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>注 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>原核翻译中，终止密码子由Ⅰ类释放因子能识别<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=RF-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RF-1（页面不存在）">RF-1</a>能识别终止密码子UAA、UAG；而<a href="/w/index.php?title=RF-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RF-2（页面不存在）">RF-2</a>能识别UAA、UGA<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">RF-1或RF-2进入核糖体A位与终止密码子互补配对后使翻译停止。<a href="/w/index.php?title=RF-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RF-3（页面不存在）">RF-3</a>可使核糖体内部的肽酰转移酶改变构象，从而发挥<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF%E9%85%B6" title="酯酶">酯酶</a>活性水解多肽与tRNA之间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a>。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=RR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RR（页面不存在）">RR</a>作用下，空载tRNA、mRNA和RF都与核糖体分离，核糖体的大、小亚基也发生解聚</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <ul><li>在真核翻译中，三种终止密码子都由eRF-1识别<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。真核翻译的终止过程与原核翻译的也大体相同<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="联读翻译"><span id=".E8.81.94.E8.AF.BB.E7.BF.BB.E8.AF.91"></span>联读翻译</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：联读翻译"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E8%AF%BB%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联读翻译（页面不存在）">联读翻译</a></div> <p>翻译终止失败可能导致核糖体越过终止密码子，朝mRNA的3'端继续翻译，这种现象称为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E8%AF%BB%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联读翻译（页面不存在）">联读翻译</a>”（read-through translation）。已发现多种mRNA联读翻译的产物达到可检测的水平。许多具有重要生理意义的蛋白质就是通过这种方式合成的。<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核糖体再循环"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.B3.96.E4.BD.93.E5.86.8D.E5.BE.AA.E7.8E.AF"></span>核糖体再循环</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：核糖体再循环"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>核糖体再循环是核糖体参与的翻译中的最后一个过程。在该过程中，核糖体复合物发生解体，以便投入下一次使用。该过程是在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%86%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体再循环因子（页面不存在）">核糖体再循环因子</a>（RRF）和参与蛋白质合成过程中转位的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E4%BC%B8%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="延伸因子">延伸因子</a>（EF-G）的协同作用下完成的。核糖体在其再循环过程中由RRF的结构域Ⅰ识别结合核糖体的功能。RRF的结构域Ⅱ则具有将核糖体解离为大、小<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次單元（页面不存在）">次單元</a>的能力。<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="功能抑制"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD.E6.8A.91.E5.88.B6"></span>功能抑制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：功能抑制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%8D%AF%E5%89%82%E5%B8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学药剂师（页面不存在）">化学药剂师</a>如今已可以利用细菌与真核生物（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>）细胞中核糖体结构的差异来提取或合成能抵抗细菌<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a>而不损伤受感染者自身细胞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="氨基糖苷类抗生素">氨基糖苷类抗生素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%8E%AF%E7%B4%A0%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="四环素类抗生素">四环素类抗生素</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素">蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素</a>），这类抗生素能抑制感染<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85" title="患者">患者</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" title="病原体">病原体</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>的细胞内的蛋白质合成。基于70S核糖体与80S核糖体结构上的不同，细菌细胞中的70S核糖体较容易受到某些抗生素的损害而真核细胞中的80S核糖体却可以不受影响<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。虽然一些真核生物的线粒体中也含有类似细菌核糖体的70S核糖体，但线粒体拥有具有一定选择透过性、使这些抗生素不能随意透过的双层<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E5%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%86%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷脂双分子膜（页面不存在）">磷脂双分子膜</a>，所以这些细胞器也可以避免该类抗生素对其中核糖体的影响<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="914" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體RNA">核糖体RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%87%AA%E7%BB%84%E8%A3%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体自组装（页面不存在）">核糖体自组装</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体失活（页面不存在）">核糖体失活</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%B1%E6%B4%BB%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核糖体失活蛋白（页面不存在）">核糖体失活蛋白</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E5%88%86%E5%9E%8B" title="核糖體分型">核糖体分型</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=70S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70S核糖体（页面不存在）">70S核糖体</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/30S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="30S核糖体亚基">30S核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="50S核糖体亚基">50S核糖体亚基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="80S核糖体">80S核糖体</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/40S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="40S核糖体亚基">40S核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="60S核糖体亚基">60S核糖体亚基</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体核糖体">线粒体核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叶绿体核糖体（页面不存在）">叶绿体核糖体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="基因表達">基因表达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中心法则">中心法则</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古菌翻译（页面不存在）">古菌翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="真核翻译">真核翻译</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B9%E7%AA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="穹窿体">穹窿体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核孔复合物（页面不存在）">核孔复合物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA三级结构（页面不存在）">RNA三级结构</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E9%85%8D%E5%AF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不稳定配对（页面不存在）">不稳定配对</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素">蛋白质合成抑制剂类抗生素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="氨基糖苷类抗生素">氨基糖苷类抗生素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%AF%E5%86%85%E9%85%AF%E7%B1%BB%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="大环内酯类抗生素">大环内酯类抗生素</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">因为在某些场合“<i>细胞器</i>”一词也会被用于专指具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82%E5%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%82" title="磷脂双分子层">磷脂双分子层</a>膜结构的亚细胞结构，而核糖体虽然已是一种公认的细胞器，却是没有被膜包裹、完全裸露的大分子，所以核糖体有时会被严格地定义为“<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E8%86%9C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无膜细胞器（页面不存在）">无膜细胞器</a></i>”（<i>non-membranous organelles</i>）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">70S核糖体、80S核糖体或线粒体核糖体各自拥有的rRNA与RP的数量是相对固定的，但三者组分之间的数量差异较大。文中给出的范围是指不同类核糖体所含rRNA与RP的数量的范围，而不是某单独一类核糖体各组分的范围。参见本条目<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#组成">组成</a>一节。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">需注意的是，沉降系数代表的并不是物质的大小或数量，所以核糖体各组分名称中的数字相加并不等于原核糖体名称中的数字。例如，70S核糖体实际上由30S核糖体亚基及50S核糖体亚基组成，而30+50≠70。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">其中，ω代表离心转子的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="角速度">角速度</a>（单位为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E5%BA%A6" title="弧度">rad</a>/s），r代表物质到旋转中心的距离（单位为m），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5cd8f4577337ea1e3aa08b83b86f156fc04aff2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.382ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}}"></span>代表沉降<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>（单位为m/s）。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">蛋白质、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>及核糖核蛋白等生物大分子的沉降系数往往在10<sup>-13</sup>s左右，为方便起见，沉降系数中10<sup>-13</sup>s可换算为一个斯维德伯格单位，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%B2" title="量纲">量纲</a>为秒。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文： <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">During the course of the symposium a semantic difficulty became apparent. To some of the participants, 'microsomes' mean the ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction contaminated by other protein and lipid material; to others, the microsomes consist of protein and lipid contaminated by particles. The phrase 'microsomal particles' does not seem adequate, and 'ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction' is much too awkward. During the meeting, the word 'ribosome' was suggested, which has a very satisfactory name and a pleasant sound. The present confusion would be eliminated if 'ribosome' were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S. </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;"><cite>——Roberts, R. B，<i>Microsomal Particles and Protein Synthesis</i></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">翻译时未在mRNA上读取到上述信号序列的核糖体则仍将保持游离状态。核糖体转变为膜结合态只是为了合成能导入内质网腔并分泌到细胞外的蛋白质，合成非分泌蛋白的游离态核糖体不需要转换至膜结合态。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">易位子是一种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%81%B6%E8%81%94%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质偶联通道（页面不存在）">蛋白质偶联通道</a>，糙面内质网膜中存在能与SRP受体结合的易位子，故核糖体可以粘附在糙面内质网上。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">粘附了核糖体的内质网被称为“粗面内质网”（或“糙面内质网”），这种内质网因其表面附有核糖体所以比光面内质网显得更粗糙而得名。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">终止密码子有三种，分别为UAA（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赭石密码子（页面不存在）">赭石密码子</a>）、UAG（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="琥珀密码子（页面不存在）">琥珀密码子</a>）和UGA（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%B3%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白石密码子（页面不存在）">蛋白石密码子</a>）。三种终止密码子都不对应任何氨基酰-tRNA，所以不能被任何氨基酰-tRNA识别。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原核释放因子分为RF、RR两类，其中RF可再细分为RF1与RF2（Ⅰ类）及RF3（Ⅱ类）。真核释放因子仅有RF，也可细分为两类：eRF1（Ⅰ类）与eRF3（Ⅱ类）。</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">朱正威、赵占良等. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep.com.cn">生物1分子与细胞</a>. 北京市海淀区中关村南大街17号院1号楼: 人民教育出版社. 2007年: 44–46 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2011年]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-107-17670-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-107-17670-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-107-17670-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613074807/http://www.pep.com.cn/">存档</a>于2017-06-13） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E6%AD%A3%E5%A8%81%E3%80%81%E8%B5%B5%E5%8D%A0%E8%89%AF%E7%AD%89&rft.btitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A91%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-107-17670-8&rft.pages=44-46&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%B7%E6%B7%80%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B3%E6%9D%91%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9717%E5%8F%B7%E9%99%A21%E5%8F%B7%E6%A5%BC&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pep.com.cn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Masatoshi Kondo, Gudmundur Eggerston, Jerome Eisenstadt & Peter Liengyel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v220/n5165/pdf/220368a0.pdf">Ribosome Formation from Subunits: Dependence on Formylmethionyl-transfer RNA in Extracts from E. coli.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976-08-25, <b>251</b> (16): 4891–4900 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-09</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/956167"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 956167</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151015/https://www.jbc.org/content/251/16/4891.short">存档</a>于2020-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=Freeribosomes+in+physiologically+nondividing+cells.+Human+peripheral+lymphocytes.&rft.au=Cooper+HL%2C+Bergerand+SL%2C+Braverman+R&rft.date=1976-08-25&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=16&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.pages=4891-4900&rft.volume=251&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F251%2F16%2F4891.short&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F956167&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-信号假说-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-信号假说_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">吴光耀等. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787801503060_2">精英教案基础生物学教程</a>. 北京安定门外黄寺大街乙一号: 军事谊文出版社. 2005: 1033–1035 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2011]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-80150-306-6" title="Special:网络书源/7-80150-306-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-80150-306-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.au=%E5%90%B4%E5%85%89%E8%80%80%E7%AD%89&rft.btitle=%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%95%99%E6%A1%88+%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-80150-306-6&rft.pages=1033-1035&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%96%E9%BB%84%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%97%E4%B9%99%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%B7&rft.pub=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E8%B0%8A%E6%96%87%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9787801503060_2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">陳建民、卓忠隆. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084545/http://www.idealversion.com/bi/archives/09v2n1/bm-09-08rp.pdf">從酵母菌的醣化作用到哺乳細胞的寡醣轉移酶</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 生物醫學. 2009, <b>2</b> (1): 76–89. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idealversion.com/bi/archives/09v2n1/bm-09-08rp.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-05-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（繁體）网页">（中文（繁體））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=%E5%BE%9E%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E8%8F%8C%E7%9A%84%E9%86%A3%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%88%B0%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A1%E9%86%A3%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E5%BB%BA%E6%B0%91%E3%80%81%E5%8D%93%E5%BF%A0%E9%9A%86&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&rft.pages=76-89&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idealversion.com%2Fbi%2Farchives%2F09v2n1%2Fbm-09-08rp.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harvey Lodish; et al. 4.5. 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New York: Scientific American Books. 1999 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7167-3136-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-7167-3136-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7167-3136-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913115920/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21653/#914">存档</a>于2019-09-13） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=4.5.+Stepwise+Formation+of+Proteins+on+Ribosomes+.&rft.au=Harvey+Lodish&rft.btitle=Molecular+cell+biology&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7167-3136-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dmcb.section.901%23914&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J Brosius, M L Palmer, P J Kennedy, and H F Noller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/75/10/4801.full.pdf">Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Acta Biochim. 2001, (48): 191–198 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-10</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440169"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 11440169</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410131732/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11440169">存档</a>于2020-04-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=Structure+and+functions+of+5S+rRNA.&rft.au=Barciszewska+MZ%2C+Szyma%C5%84ski+M%2C+Erdmann+VA%2C+Barciszewski+J&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=48&rft.jtitle=Acta+Biochim&rft.pages=191-198&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F11440169&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11440169&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-核糖体相关信息1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体相关信息1_59-2"><sup><b>50.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111093755/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Ribosomes.html">核糖体相关信息1</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Ribosomes.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011年1月11日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fjkimball.ma.ultranet%2FBiologyPages%2FR%2FRibosomes.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-核糖体相关信息2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体相关信息2_60-0"><sup><b>51.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体相关信息2_60-1"><sup><b>51.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724064016/http://www.bioon.com/biology/molecular/53328.shtml">核糖体相关信息2</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-02-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioon.com/biology/molecular/53328.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF2&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioon.com%2Fbiology%2Fmolecular%2F53328.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成_61-0"><sup><b>52.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-生物化学第三版-核糖体组成_61-1"><sup><b>52.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王镜岩、朱圣庚、徐长法. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shengwuhuaxue0000unse_f0h4">生物化学第三版</a>. 北京市西城区德外大街4号: 高等教育出版社. 2002年: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shengwuhuaxue0000unse_f0h4/page/474">474</a> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2011年2月9日]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-04-011088-1" title="Special:网络书源/7-04-011088-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-04-011088-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E9%95%9C%E5%B2%A9%E3%80%81%E6%9C%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%BA%9A%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E9%95%BF%E6%B3%95&rft.btitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-04-011088-1&rft.pages=474&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%974%E5%8F%B7&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshengwuhuaxue0000unse_f0h4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bruce Alberts; 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Garland Science. 2002: 808. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8153-3218-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8153-3218-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8153-3218-1</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.au=Bruce+Alberts&rft.btitle=The+Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%2C+fourth+edition.&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft.pages=808&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">O'Brien, T.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/246/10/3409.full.pdf">The General Occurrence of 55S Ribosomes in Mammalian Liver Mitochondria.</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. J. Biol. Chem. 1971-05-25, <b>245</b> (10): 3409–3417 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-07</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4930061"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 4930061</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151052/https://www.jbc.org/content/246/10/3409.full.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=The+General+Occurrence+of+55S+Ribosomes+in+Mammalian+Liver+Mitochondria.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+T.W.&rft.date=1971-05-25&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&rft.pages=3409-3417&rft.volume=245&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F246%2F10%2F3409.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4930061&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">杨斌、郝飞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYYA200507000.htm">线粒体核糖体蛋白与线粒体疾病</a>. 中国优生与遗传杂志. 2005, (7) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-02-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151103/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYYA200507000.htm">存档</a>于2020-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E6%96%8C%E3%80%81%E9%83%9D%E9%A3%9E&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%98%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-ZYYA200507000.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}--65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-核糖体-{zh-tw:次單元;zh-cn:亚基}-_65-2"><sup><b>56.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shengwu.com.cn/swrw/HTML/14867.html">核糖体亚基结构</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-14</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.btitle=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93-%7Bzh-tw%3A%E6%AC%A1%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%3Bzh-cn%3A%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA%7D-%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shengwu.com.cn%2Fswrw%2FHTML%2F14867.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点_66-0"><sup><b>57.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-生物化学简明教程-核糖体位点_66-1"><sup><b>57.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">聂剑出、吴国利、张翼伸、杨绍钟、刘鸿铭. 生物化学简明教程. 北京市东城区沙滩后街55号: 高等教育出版社. 2002年: 275–276. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-04-007259-9" title="Special:网络书源/7-04-007259-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-04-007259-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.au=%E8%81%82%E5%89%91%E5%87%BA%E3%80%81%E5%90%B4%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%A9%E3%80%81%E5%BC%A0%E7%BF%BC%E4%BC%B8%E3%80%81%E6%9D%A8%E7%BB%8D%E9%92%9F%E3%80%81%E5%88%98%E9%B8%BF%E9%93%AD&rft.btitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-04-007259-9&rft.pages=275-276&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%9C%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E6%B2%99%E6%BB%A9%E5%90%8E%E8%A1%9755%E5%8F%B7&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">陈初光. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GWWX200206010.htm">核糖体肽链输出通道对基因表达的调控作用</a>. 国外医学·分子生物学分册. 2002, (6) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-02-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151109/http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GWWX200206010.htm">存档</a>于2020-07-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%BD%E9%93%BE%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93%E5%AF%B9%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%88%9D%E5%85%89&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%C2%B7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E5%86%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTOTAL-GWWX200206010.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Denis L.J. 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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 2001, <b>2</b> (7): 514–520 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-02-25</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11433365"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 11433365</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35080045"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/35080045</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707170513/http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v2/n7/abs/nrm0701_514a.html">存档</a>于2017-07-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=The+function+and+synthesis+of+ribosomes&rft.au=Denis+L.J.+Lafontaine+%26+David+Tollervey&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Molecular+Cell+Biology&rft.pages=514-520&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrm%2Fjournal%2Fv2%2Fn7%2Fabs%2Fnrm0701_514a.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35080045&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11433365&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gabriela Ring, Paola Londei & Jerry Eichler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17286573">Protein biogenesis in Archaea: addressing translation initiation using an invitro protein synthesis system for Haloferaxvolcanii</a>. 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cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（简体）网页">（中文（简体））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9F%9F%E9%97%B4%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%AF%BC%E8%87%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%82%A0%E6%9D%86%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%86%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%28RRF%29%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%8E%BB%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%B9%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E7%AB%8B%E5%BC%BA%E3%80%81%E9%83%AD%E9%B9%8F%E3%80%81%E5%BC%A0%E6%B4%AA%E6%9D%B0%E3%80%81%E9%9D%99%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%A0&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpfd.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCPFDTOTAL-ZGWI200605001009.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Recht MI, Douthwaite S, Puglisi JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357824">Basis for prokaryotic specificity of action of aminoglycoside antibiotics.</a>. EMBO J. 1999-01-01, <b>18</b> (11): 3133–3138 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-17</span>]</span>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171394"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 1171394</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357824"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 10357824</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.11.3133"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/emboj/18.11.3133</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416151253/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10357824">存档</a>于2020-04-16） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=Basis+for+prokaryotic+specificity+of+action+of+aminoglycoside+antibiotics.&rft.au=Recht+MI%2C+Douthwaite+S%2C+Puglisi+JD&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=EMBO+J&rft.pages=3133-3138&rft.volume=18&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1171394&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F10357824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.11.3133&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10357824&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Denslow ND, O'Brien TW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4597411">Susceptibility of 55S mitochondrial ribosomes to antibiotics inhibitory to prokaryotic ribosomes, lincomycin, chloramphenicol and PA114A.</a>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974-03-15, <b>57</b> (1): 9–16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-03-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4597411"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 4597411</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410132049/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4597411">存档</a>于2020-04-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=Susceptibility+of+55S+mitochondrial+ribosomes+to+antibiotics+inhibitory+to+prokaryotic+ribosomes%2C+lincomycin%2C+chloramphenicol+and+PA114A.&rft.au=Denslow+ND%2C+O%27Brien+TW&rft.date=1974-03-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Biophys+Res+Commun.&rft.pages=9-16&rft.volume=57&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F4597411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4597411&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ribosomes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ribosomes"><span style="font-weight:bold;">核糖体</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010727191758/http://www.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/BiochemMols/ribosome/70S.htm">70S核糖体翻译动态演示</a>. 需要安装<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320002451/http://www.mdl.com/products/framework/chime/">此处</a>的插件观看（需要注册）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206002936/http://news.com.com/Lab+computer+simulates+ribosome+in+motion/2100-11395_3-5907401.html">实验室计算机模拟运动中的核糖体</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027104335/http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/ribosome.htm">核糖体在细胞中扮演的角色</a>，Gwen V. Childs，复制于<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024162617/http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/ribosome.htm">此</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org">蛋白百科（<i>Proteopedia</i>）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090107032056/http://www.proteopedia.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）中的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Ribosome">Ribosome</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210123114523/http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Ribosome">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）——关于蛋白质及其他分子的自由的、合作性的3D百科全书</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/lists?ribosomp.txt">ExPASy上的核糖体蛋白质家族</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110430181946/http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/lists?ribosomp.txt">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/index.html">本月分子</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091027143923/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Findex.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205000027/http://home.rcsb.org/">© RCSB 蛋白质数据库</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb10_1.html">核糖体</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101114002238/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Fpdb10_1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/pdb81_1.html">延伸因子</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110316083658/http://www.pdb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Fpdb81_1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/79/George-Palade.html">乔治·帕拉德生平</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200806183011/http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/79/George-Palade.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="细胞结构和細胞器" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" title="細胞器">細胞器</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="组织学术语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terminologia Histologica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E" title="組織學術語">TH H1.00.01</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" class="extiw" title="en:Terminologia Histologica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terminologia Histologica</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="內膜系統" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%86%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="內膜系統">內膜系統</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="膜蛋白">膜蛋白</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="离子通道">离子通道</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖體核糖核酸">核糖體RNA</a>、<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93DNA" title="核糖体DNA">核糖体DNA</a>、</span><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="核糖体蛋白质">核糖体蛋白质</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核基质（页面不存在）">核基质</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%E9%AB%94" title="卡哈爾體">卡哈爾體</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色质</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%94" title="核小體">核小体</a>：<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>）、</span><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="組織蛋白">组蛋白</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BA%A4%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核纤层">核纤层</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%BA%A4%E8%82%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核纤肽（页面不存在）">核纤肽</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94" title="核孔">核孔</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核孔复合体（页面不存在）">核孔复合体</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">内核膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%91%A8%E9%9A%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核周隙（页面不存在）">核周隙</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%86%9C" title="核膜">外核膜</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">核糖体</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" title="内质网">内质网</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="粗面内质网">粗面内质网</a>（<a class="mw-selflink selflink">核糖体</a>） · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9D%A2%E5%86%85%E8%B4%A8%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="光面内质网">光面内质网</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B3%8C%E9%AB%94" title="外泌體">外吐小體</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="溶酶体">溶酶體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%85%A7%E9%AB%94" title="胞內體">核內體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%99%AC%E4%BD%93" title="吞噬体">吞噬體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E8%83%9E" title="液胞">液胞</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胞漿顆粒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Granule (cell biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9E%E6%BC%BF%E9%A1%86%E7%B2%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胞漿顆粒（页面不存在）">胞漿顆粒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Granule (cell biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Granule (cell biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="黑色素体">黑色素體</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="微粒體">微粒體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="过氧化物酶体">過氧化物酶體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%9B%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E4%BD%93" title="乙醛酸循环体">乙醛酸循環體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="怀布尔-帕拉德小体">怀布尔-帕拉德小体</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="高尔基体">高尔基体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E5%AD%94%E8%A6%86%E5%A2%8A" title="桶孔覆墊">桶孔覆墊</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%99%AC%E4%BD%93" title="自噬体">自噬体</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="细胞骨架" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="细胞骨架">细胞骨架</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%9D" title="微丝">微丝</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="中间纤维">中间纤维</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1" title="微管">微管</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6" title="原核细胞骨架">原核细胞骨架</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="微管组织中心">微管组织中心</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%BD%93" title="中心体">中心体</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%B2%92" title="中心粒">中心粒</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93" title="基体">基体</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纺锤体极体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spindle pole body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%BD%93%E6%9E%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纺锤体极体（页面不存在）">纺锤体极体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_pole_body" class="extiw" title="en:Spindle pole body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spindle pole body</span></a></span>）</span></span>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%BD%93" title="纺锤体">纺锤体</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E9%94%A4%E4%B8%9D" title="纺锤丝">纺锤丝</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肌原纤维" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Myofibril"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E5%8E%9F%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌原纤维（页面不存在）">肌原纤维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibril" class="extiw" title="en:Myofibril"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Myofibril</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="内共生体" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="内共生体">内共生体</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" title="线粒体基质">线粒体基质</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%86%85%E8%86%9C" title="线粒体内膜">线粒体内膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E8%86%9C%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%99" title="线粒体膜间隙">线粒体膜间隙</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E8%86%9C" title="线粒体外膜">线粒体外膜</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E9%AB%94" title="色素體">質粒體</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%8C%96%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94" title="黃化葉綠體">黃化葉綠體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="白色體">白色體</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B1%E7%B2%89%E9%AB%94" title="澱粉體">澱粉體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94" title="蛋白質體">蛋白質體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="油粒體">油粒體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AF%A7%E9%AB%94" title="單寧體">單寧體</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="有色體">有色體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原質粒體（页面不存在）">原質粒體</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="其他内部结构" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其他内部结构</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8%E6%BA%B6%E8%83%B6" title="胞质溶胶">胞质溶胶</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白复合体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">核糖体</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5%E9%AB%94" title="剪接體">剪接體</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B9%E7%AA%BF%E4%BD%93" title="穹窿体">穹窿体</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92%E9%85%B6" title="端粒酶">端粒酶</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8FRNP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核小RNP（页面不存在）">核小RNP</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶體</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="外部结构" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">外部结构</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波动足" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Undulipodium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E8%B6%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波动足（页面不存在）">波动足</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undulipodium" class="extiw" title="en:Undulipodium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Undulipodium</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E6%AF%9B" title="纖毛">纖毛</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B" title="鞭毛">鞭毛</a> · <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%B4%E4%B8%9D" title="轴丝">轴丝</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放射辐条" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radial spoke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%BE%90%E6%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放射辐条（页面不存在）">放射辐条</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_spoke" class="extiw" title="en:Radial spoke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radial spoke</span></a></span>）</span></span>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A4%96%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8" title="细胞外基质">细胞外基质</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" title="細胞壁">細胞壁</a>) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%9A%E8%86%9C" title="荚膜">荚膜</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E4%BD%93" class="mw-disambig" title="顶体">顶体</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="Template:細胞結構">结构</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Peroxisomal_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Peroxisomal proteins（页面不存在）">过氧化物酶体</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%AA%A8%E6%9E%B6%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:细胞骨架蛋白">骨架</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:Centrosome" title="Template:Centrosome">中心体</a>），<a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:上皮组织蛋白质">上皮</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:Ciliary_proteins" title="Template:Ciliary proteins">纤毛</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:线粒体蛋白质">线粒体</a>，<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="Template:细胞核">细胞核</a>（<a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:染色体遗传学">染色体</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="核糖体亚基/核糖体RNA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Template:核糖体亚基"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:核糖体亚基（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:核糖体亚基"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="核糖体亚基/核糖体RNA" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">核糖体</a>亚基/<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖體核糖核酸">核糖体RNA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核细胞</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=70S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70S核糖体（页面不存在）">70S核糖体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体大亚基">大亚基</a>：<a href="/wiki/50S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="50S核糖体亚基">50S亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/5S_%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93RNA" title="5S 核糖体RNA">5S rRNA</a>及<a href="/wiki/23S_%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93RNA" title="23S 核糖体RNA">23S rRNA</a>） <br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体小亚基">小亚基</a>：<a href="/wiki/30S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="30S核糖体亚基">30S亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/16S_%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93RNA" title="16S 核糖体RNA">16S rRNA</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古菌细胞（页面不存在）">古菌细胞</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体大亚基">大亚基</a>：？ <br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体小亚基">小亚基</a>：？</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核细胞</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">细胞质核糖体<br /><a href="/wiki/80S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="80S核糖体">80S核糖体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">大亚基：<a href="/wiki/60S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="60S核糖体亚基">60S亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/5S_%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93RNA" title="5S 核糖体RNA">5S rRNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/5.8S_rRNA" title="5.8S rRNA">5.8S rRNA</a>及<a href="/wiki/28S_rRNA" title="28S rRNA">28S rRNA</a>） <br />小亚基：<a href="/wiki/40S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="40S核糖体亚基">40S亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/18S_%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93RNA" title="18S 核糖体RNA">18S rRNA</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="线粒体核糖体">线粒体核糖体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=39S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="39S核糖体亚基（页面不存在）">39S大亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%9316S_rRNA" title="线粒体16S rRNA">16S MT-RNR2</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="MT-TV (线粒体)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="MT-TV (mitochondrial)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MT-TV_(%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MT-TV (线粒体)（页面不存在）">MT-tRNA<sup>Val</sup></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TV_(mitochondrial)" class="extiw" title="en:MT-TV (mitochondrial)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">MT-TV (mitochondrial)</span></a></span>）</span></span>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=28S%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="28S核糖体亚基（页面不存在）">28S小亚基</a>（包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%9312S_rRNA" title="线粒体12S rRNA">12S MT-RNR1</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-disambig" title="質體">质体</a>核糖体</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体大亚基">大亚基</a>：？<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="核糖体小亚基">小亚基</a>：？</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template talk:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">遗传学索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达">基因表达</a></li> <li>DNA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="Template:DNA复制">复制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:细胞周期蛋白质">周期蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" title="Template:基因重组">基因重组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" title="Template:DNA修复">修复</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="Template:转录">转录</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="Template:转录因子与细胞内受体">转录因子与细胞内受体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_coregulators" title="Template:Transcription coregulators">辅调节因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:RNA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:RNA类型">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="Template:重复序列">重复序列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template:遗传学/翻译">翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Template:核糖体亚基">核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Sorting nexin" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Sorting nexin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sorting_nexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sorting nexin（页面不存在）">分拣蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sorting_nexin" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Sorting nexin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Sorting nexin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">DNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:RNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:RNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">RNA结合蛋白</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:RNA-binding proteins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:RNA-binding proteins</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>蛋白质 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_domains" title="Template:Protein domains">结构域</a></li> <li>结构 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质一级结构">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质二级结构">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质超二级结构">2<sup>+</sup>°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质三级结构">3°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质四级结构">4°</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder（页面不存在）">Replication and repair</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies（页面不存在）">Transcription factor</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification（页面不存在）">转录相关疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_translation_and_posttranslational_modification" title="Template:Disorders of translation and posttranslational modification">轉譯相關疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a>：各地 <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42244#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ribosomes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254742n">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ribosomes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254742n">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127731-4">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536325205171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ribosomes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113856">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000302141&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569445">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="ribozomy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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