CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>能量 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"6ea0d741-a942-4de8-9a18-7acdff955147","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"能量","wgTitle":"能量","wgCurRevisionId":84866141,"wgRevisionId":84866141,"wgArticleId":22852,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["自2020年8月需补充来源的条目","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","含有英語的條目","含有古希臘語的條目","含有希臘語的條目","含有拉丁語的條目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","能量","主要话题条目","自然","宇宙","純量 (物理學)"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"能量","wgRelevantArticleId":22852,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11379","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/1200px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="788"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/800px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="525"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/640px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="420"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="能量 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-能量 rootpage-能量 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-單位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>單位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他學科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他學科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>其他學科</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他學科-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他學科子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他學科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-在化學方面的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在化學方面的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>在化學方面的應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在化學方面的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在生物學方面的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在生物學方面的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>在生物學方面的應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在生物學方面的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在地球科學方面的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在地球科學方面的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>在地球科學方面的應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在地球科學方面的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在天文學方面的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在天文學方面的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>在天文學方面的應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-在天文學方面的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-和功率的差別" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#和功率的差別"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>和功率的差別</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-和功率的差別-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轉換" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉換"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>轉換</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-轉換-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关轉換子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-轉換-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-能量與質量轉換守恆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量與質量轉換守恆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>能量與質量轉換守恆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量與質量轉換守恆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可逆和不可逆的轉換" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可逆和不可逆的轉換"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>可逆和不可逆的轉換</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可逆和不可逆的轉換-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量轉換和宇宙的年齡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量轉換和宇宙的年齡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>能量轉換和宇宙的年齡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量轉換和宇宙的年齡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陽光之於能量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陽光之於能量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>陽光之於能量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陽光之於能量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量守恒" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量守恒"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>能量守恒</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量守恒-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-觀念的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#觀念的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>觀念的應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-觀念的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-傳輸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳輸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>傳輸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳輸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量和運動定理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量和運動定理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>能量和運動定理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-能量和運動定理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关能量和運動定理子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-能量和運動定理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-哈密頓等式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哈密頓等式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>哈密頓等式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哈密頓等式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉格朗日量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉格朗日量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>拉格朗日量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉格朗日量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-諾特定理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#諾特定理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>諾特定理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-諾特定理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量及熱力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量及熱力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>能量及熱力學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-能量及熱力學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关能量及熱力學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-能量及熱力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-內能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>內能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>熱力學定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱力學定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量均分定理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量均分定理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>能量均分定理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量均分定理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-功和虛功" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功和虛功"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>功和虛功</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功和虛功-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量子力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>量子力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相對論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相對論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>相對論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相對論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-測量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#測量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>測量</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-測量-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关測量子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-測量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-條件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#條件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>條件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-條件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能量密度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能量密度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>能量密度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能量密度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-備注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#備注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>備注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-備注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">能量</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。169种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nerji" title="Énerji – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Énerji" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%9D" title="አቅም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቅም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerch%C3%ADa" title="Enerchía – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Enerchía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="طاقة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܬܘܩܦܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܘܩܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="طاقة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طاقة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87" title="طاقه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طاقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="শক্তি – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa" title="Enerxía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enerxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji" title="Enerji – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Enerji" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="انرژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انرژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Energėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Energėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya" title="Enerhiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Enerhiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Энергія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Энэргія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Энэргія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Енергия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="শক্তি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiezh" title="Energiezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Energiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energija" title="Energija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Energija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Энерги – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Энерги" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya" title="Enerhiya – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Enerhiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%95" title="وزە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Энерги – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Энерги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egni_(gwyddonol)" title="Egni (gwyddonol) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Egni (gwyddonol)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Energi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinori" title="Tinori – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tinori" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ενέργεια – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Energy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energio" title="Energio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Energio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa" title="Energía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirg%C3%ADa" title="Nirgía – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nirgía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="انرژی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igu" title="Igu – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Igu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_(physique)" title="Énergie (physique) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie (physique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energii" title="Energii – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Energii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerzjy" title="Enerzjy – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Enerzjy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuinneamh" title="Fuinneamh – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuinneamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nerji" title="Énerji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Énerji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9th" title="Lùth – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lùth" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerx%C3%ADa" title="Enerxía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enerxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaretekue" title="Mbaretekue – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbaretekue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉર્જા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉર્જા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bree" title="Bree – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bree" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makamashi" title="Makamashi – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makamashi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8n-li%C3%B2ng" title="Nèn-liòng – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nèn-liòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנרגיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shakti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energija" title="Energija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Energija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A8ji" title="Enèji – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Enèji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էներգիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էներգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhia" title="Enerhia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Enerhia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хьинар – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хьинар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energio" title="Energio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Energio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orka" title="Orka – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="エネルギー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エネルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enaji" title="Enaji – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Enaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nergi" title="Ènergi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ènergi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენერგია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენერგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiya" title="Energiya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Energiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafasa" title="Tafasa – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafasa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಶಕ್ತಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಕ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wize" title="Wize – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wize" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerth" title="Nerth – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nerth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Energy" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molung%C3%A9" title="Molungé – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molungé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ພະລັງງານ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະລັງງານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energija" title="Energija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Energija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ener%C4%A3ija" title="Enerģija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Enerģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%B4vo" title="Angôvo – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angôvo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енергија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енергија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%82" title="ഊർജ്ജം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊർജ്ജം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Энерги – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энерги" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenaga" title="Tenaga – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einergie" title="Einergie – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Einergie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="စွမ်းအင် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွမ်းအင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Альме – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Альме" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="انرژی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انرژی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊर्जा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ऊर्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Energi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniisaa" title="Anniisaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Anniisaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ଶକ୍ତି – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶକ୍ତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਊਰਜਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਊਰਜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ACa" title="Energìa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Energìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="توانائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توانائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%8A" title="انرژي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انرژي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha" title="Micha – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Micha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie" title="Energie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Energie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енерґія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Енерґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enirg%C3%ACa" title="Enirgìa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Enirgìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Energy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="توانائي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="توانائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energija" title="Energija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Energija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%E1%B8%8Da%E1%B9%9Bt" title="Taẓḍaṛt – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓḍaṛt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ශක්තිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශක්තිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Energy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energija" title="Energija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Energija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia" title="Energia – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Energia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba" title="Simba – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Simba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar" title="Tamar – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tamar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energjia" title="Energjia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Energjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енергија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енергија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergi" title="Énergi – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énergi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi" title="Energi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Energi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishati" title="Nishati – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nishati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆற்றல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆற்றல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="శక్తి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శక్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="พลังงาน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลังงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi%C3%BDa" title="Energiýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Energiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya" title="Enerhiya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enerhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eneji" title="Eneji – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Eneji" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerji" title="Enerji – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matimba" title="Matimba – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Matimba" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Энергия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئېنېرگىيە – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېنېرگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енергія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Енергія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="توانائی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="توانائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energiya" title="Energiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Energiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerzia" title="Enerzia – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Enerzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energii" title="Energii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Energii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" title="Năng lượng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Năng lượng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4met" title="Nämet – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nämet" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enerhiya" title="Enerhiya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Enerhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0ttan" title="Kàttan – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kàttan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="能量" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენერგია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენერგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ענערגיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענערגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="能量" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAng-li%C5%8Dng" title="Lêng-liōng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lêng-liōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="能量" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidlakalasi" title="Isidlakalasi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isidlakalasi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&oldid=84866141" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&id=84866141&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2583%25BD%25E9%2587%258F"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2583%25BD%25E9%2587%258F"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" hreflang="zh"><span>维基新闻</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11379" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-7d36e5ce" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-7d36e5ce" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:戈特弗里德;zh-tw:哥特佛萊德;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:莱布尼茨;zh-hk:萊布尼茨;zh-tw:萊布尼茲;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年8月16日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">"能量"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/300px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/450px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg/600px-Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="閃電">閃電</a>是空氣中的電場強度達到或超過其電擊穿強度而引起的放電現象。當電荷移動一段距離即產生能量的轉移。大氣中的電位能便轉變成了其他能量形式，例如熱能、光、聲音等。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>能量</b>（英語：<span lang="en">energy</span>，詞源<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">ἐνέργεια</span>，<small>羅馬化：</small><span lang="grc-Latn" title="古希臘語羅馬化">energeia</span>，意为「活動、操作」<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>中是一個間接觀察到的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="物理量">物理量</a>。它往往被視為某一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a>對其他的物理系統做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>的能力。由於功被定義為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>作用一段<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="距離">距離</a>，因此能量總是等同於沿著一定的長度阻擋某作用力的能力。 </p><p>一個物體所含的總能量奠基於其<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>，能量如同質量一般，不會無中生有或無故消失。能量就像質量一樣，是一個純量。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a>（SI）中，能量的單位是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>，但是在有些領域中會習慣使用其他單位如「千瓦·小時」或簡稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%99%82" title="千瓦·時">千瓦·時</a>」（此即一度<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B7%AF%E9%87%8C" title="卡路里">千卡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">電子伏特</a>，這些也是功的單位。 </p><p>A系統可以藉由簡單的物質轉移將能量傳輸到B系統（因為物質的質量等效於能量）。然而，如果能量不是藉由物質轉移而傳輸能量，而是由其他方法轉移能量，將會使B系統產生變化，因為A系統對B系統作了功。這功表現的效果如同於一個力沿一定的距離作用在接收能量的系統裡。舉例來說，A系統可以藉由轉移（輻射）電磁能量到B系統，而這會在吸收輻射能量的粒子上產生力。同樣的，一個系統可能藉由碰撞轉移能量，而這種情況下被碰撞的物體會在一段距離內受力並獲得運動的能量，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱</a>可以藉由輻射能轉移，或者直接藉由系統間粒子的碰撞而以微觀粒子之動能的形式傳遞。 </p><p>能量可以不表現為物質、動能或是電磁能的方式儲存在一個系統中。當粒子在與其有交互作用的力場中受外力移動一段距離，此粒子移動到這個場的新位置所需的能量便如此的被儲存了。當然粒子必須藉由外力才能保持在新位置上，否則其所處在的場會藉由釋放儲存能量的方式，讓粒子回到原來的狀態。這種藉由粒子在力場中改變位置而儲存的能量就稱為位能。一個簡單的例子就是在重力場中往上提升一個物體到某一高度所需要做的功就是位能。 </p><p>任何形式的能量可以轉換成另一種形式。舉例來說，當物體在力場中，因力場作用而移動時，位能可以轉化成動能。當能量是屬於非熱能的形式時，它轉化成其他種類能量的效率可以很高甚至達百分之百，如沿光滑斜面下滑的物體，或者新物質粒子的產生。然而如果以熱能的形式存在，則在轉換成另一種型態時，就如同<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學第二定律">熱力學第二定律</a>所描述的，總會有轉換效率的限制。 </p><p>在所有能量轉換的過程中，總能量保持不變，原因在於總系統的能量是在各系統間做轉移，當某個系統損失能量，必定會有另一個系統得到這損失的能量，導致失去和獲得達成平衡，所以總能量不改變。這個<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="能量守恆">能量守恆</a>定律，是十九世紀初時提出，並應用於任何一個孤立系統。(其後雖有質能轉換方程式的發現，但根據該方程式，亦可以把質量視為能量的另一存在形式，所以此定律可說依舊成立)根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="諾特定理">諾特定理</a>，能量守恆是由於物理定律不會隨時間改變而得到的自然結果。 </p><p>雖然一個系統的總能量，不會隨著時間改變，但其能量的值，可能會因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="参考系">參考系</a>而有所不同。例如一個坐在飛機裡的乘客，相對於飛機其動能為零；但是相對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>來說，動能卻不為零。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56805754">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形式"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>形式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_metalwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/250px-Hot_metalwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/375px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/500px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption> 物體提高<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>，本身是增加<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>熱量（heat）熱是能量的一種形式，一部分屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="势能">勢能</a>（位能），一部分屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>。在物理科學的文章中，有數種形式的能量被定義。這些包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a>（thermal energy），在傳導過程中的熱能被稱為熱量（heat）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%83%BD" title="化學能">化學能</a>（chemical energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="電能">電能</a>（electrical energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射能">輻射能</a>（radiant energy），電磁輻射的能量</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核能</a>（nuclear binding energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD" title="彈性能">彈性能</a>（resilience）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E8%83%BD" title="声能">聲能</a>（sound energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="機械能">機械能</a>（mechanical energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="光能">光能</a>（light energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="势能">勢能/位能</a>（potential energy）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>（kinetic energy）</li></ul> <p>這些能量的形式可以概分為兩大類：動能和位能。其他類似的能量形式都是動能和位能的混合。 </p><p>能量可能在這幾種形式間轉換，有些能量的轉換效率可達100％，有些則不行。能把這些不同的能量互相轉換的機器稱為能量變換器（transducer）。 </p><p>以上幾種已知的能量形式不一定涵蓋所有自然界的能量。只要科學家發現某些違反能量守恆的現象，新的能量形式亦會隨之提出。如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a>（dark energy）——遍布全宇宙並加快宇宙擴張速度的假設能量。 </p><p>在古典力學中，位能和動能之間是有所區別的，位能為一物體所在位置的函數，而動能則與物體的位移速度有關。位置與位移都有其特定的參考坐標：這通常為地球表面上（即陸地上）的任意一點。科學家試圖用古典力學將所有的能量形式分類為動能和位能兩種。但這是錯誤的，也不是最簡化的分類。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">理查德·費曼</a>指出：這些動能和位能的概念都取決於尺度的大小。例如，宏觀尺度的動能和位能可以說是不包括熱能的。化學位能也是個宏觀概念，更仔細的檢驗顯示其為原子和亞原子的動能和位能的總和。相同的情況也適用於核位能和其他形式的能量。當我們考慮的問題只涉及一種尺度，那麼這個尺度的相依性並不會造成困擾；但是當問題涉及了不同尺度時，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩擦">摩擦</a>使巨觀的功轉換成微觀的熱能，在這樣的情形下就容易發生混淆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>能量的英文「energy」一字源於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">ἐνέργεια</span>（<span lang="el-Latn" title="希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">energeia</span>），該字可能首次出現在公元前四世紀<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德</a>的作品中。 </p><p>能量的概念出自於<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨</a>的生活力（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">vis viva</span>）想法，而它的定義是一個物體質量和其速度的平方。他相信總<span lang="la">vis viva</span>是守衡的。為了解釋因摩擦而令速度減緩的現象，萊布尼茲的理論認為熱能是由物體內的組成物質隨機運動所構成，而這種想法和<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">艾薩克·牛頓</a>一致，雖然這種觀念經過一個世紀才被普遍接受。在1807年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨">托馬斯·楊</a>可能是第一個使用能量這個字來取代<span lang="la">vis viva</span>的人。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95-%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="贾斯帕-古斯塔夫·科里奥利">賈斯帕-古斯塔夫·科里奧利</a>在1829年提出了「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="動能">動能</a>」；而在1853年，William Rankine提出了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="位能">位能</a>這個詞。對於能量是一種物質，還是像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="動量">動量</a>般只是一個物理量，這個問題爭論了幾年。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·湯姆森，第一代開爾文男爵">威廉·湯姆森，第一代開爾文男爵</a>將以上這些定律合併到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>的定律中，並促成了<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·克勞修斯">魯道夫·克勞修斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="约西亚·吉布斯">約西亞·吉布斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%BD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="瓦爾特·能斯特">瓦爾特·能斯特</a>三人在化學反應解釋上的快速發展。另外也導出了克勞修斯所提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>的數學公式，以及由Joef Stefan提出的輻射能的定律。 </p><p>1961年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">理查德·費曼</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="加州理工學院">加州理工學院</a>一個以大學生為對象的課程中，以如下的方式描述了能量的概念： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>有一個事實，那就是有一個到目前為止掌控了我們所知道的自然現象的定律，而這個定律在我們所知範圍內沒有任何的例外，而且據我們目前所知，它是準確的。這個定律被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86" class="mw-redirect" title="能量守恆">能量守恆</a>。它說明了有一個特定的物理量，我們稱之為「能量」。這量在自然狀態經歷了各種變化後，並不會改變。這是一個最抽象的概念，因為它是一個數學的原理：它說明了有一個數值量在一些事件發生時不會改變。它並不是任何物理過程或者具體事物的描述；它僅僅是一個奇怪的事實：我們可以先對系統計算一些數值，而當系統經歷了一些變化之後，我們同樣的再去計算那些數值，結果會發現數值和一開始的時候是相同的。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——<i><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="費曼物理學講義">費曼物理學講義</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>自1918年開始，人們知道能量守恆是能量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%BD%AD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="共轭物理量">共軛量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="時間">時間</a>的平移對稱所得到的數學上的自然結果。也就是說，能量之所以守恆是因為物理定律無法區別不同的時間瞬間所造成（見<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="諾特定理">諾特定理</a>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="單位"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E4.BD.8D"></span>單位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：單位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在整個科學的歷史裡，能量曾以許多不同的單位表示，例如ergs和calories。而今，測量能量的國際標準認證單位是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>。除了<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>，其他的能量單位有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E7%93%A6%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="千瓦時">千瓦時</a>（kWh）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="英國熱量單位">英國熱量單位</a>（Btu）。這兩個都是用來表達較大的能量單位。一千瓦時等同於三百六十萬焦耳，而一英國熱量單位等同於 1055 焦耳。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他學科"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.AD.B8.E7.A7.91"></span>其他學科</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：其他學科"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>能量的概念以及其轉移，對於解釋和預測大部分的自然現象是有用的。能量的轉移方向通常由<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>來描述。而由於熱力學定律的限制，使得能量不可能在宏觀的尺度上由低處往高處流，所以在統計上，能量或是物質不會自發的移動成為較高密度的形式，或者集中到較小的空間。 </p><p>能量的概念廣泛的存在於各學科之中： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在化學方面的應用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E9.9D.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>在化學方面的應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：在化學方面的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>方面，物質是由原子、分子或者許多分子聚集而構築的，因此能量是物質的一個特質。因為化學反應總是伴隨著組成結構上的變化，也就牽涉到能量的吸收與放出。由於這些能量是透過光或者熱在環境及反應物間轉移，因此，生成物的能量可能會大於或小於反應物的能量，而如果最終狀態的能量低於最原始狀態，便稱為放熱，反之則為吸熱。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>無法自行發生，除非克服稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD" title="活化能">活化能</a>（E）的能量障礙；根據波茲曼分布因子e<sup>−<i>E</i>/<i>kT</i></sup>（也就是分子在給定的溫度 T 下，能量大於或等於活化能的機率），化學反應速率與活化能是相關的。而反應速率對溫度的關係被稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿瑞尼斯方程式">阿瑞尼斯方程式</a> （最早由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a>家、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">诺贝尔奖</a>获得者<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%89%B9%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="范特霍夫">范特霍夫</a>在1884年根据实验结果归纳得出）。另外，化學反應所需的活化能可以以熱能的形式存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在生物學方面的應用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E9.9D.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>在生物學方面的應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：在生物學方面的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>方面，能量是任何<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>生存所必需的。在生物體中，能量驅動了下至每一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>上至所有多細胞<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="有機體">有機體</a>所表現的生命現象。並透過如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳水化合物">碳水化合物</a>（醣類等），<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="酯质">酯質</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>等分子，儲存在細胞中，並在呼吸<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>進而進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a>時，自化學鍵中釋放出來。以人類來說，人類的代謝當量（人體能量轉換）顯示，一定的能量消耗是被用來維持人類的新陳代謝。假設一個人類平均每天消耗12500kJ，而以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎代謝率">基礎代謝率</a>80瓦。舉例來說，假設我們身體以80瓦消耗（平均）在運行，此時一個100瓦的燈泡的運作，就相當於人類80瓦的1.25倍（100÷80）。對於一個為時數秒的艱難任務，人類可以產生千瓦的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="功率">功率</a>；假設任務持續幾分鐘，一個正常人或許可以產生1000瓦特，如果在維持一小時活動的前提下，輸出功率大概下降到300左右，至於一整天的活動，150瓦已經算相當大。人體的代謝當量，幫助我們了解能量在物理和生物系統間的變換，提供我們以具體化的指標。 </p><p>這顯示生命體明顯低效率（以物理觀點來看）地使用得到的能量。而大部份的機械則能夠更有效地使用。一生命體將能量轉換成熱，最主要的目的是為了讓有機體的組織有序排列。根據熱力學第二定律，任何系統均有趨向混亂失序的傾向：為了要將能量（或物質）集中在一特定地方，需釋放更多的能量（如熱）到外界。以在維持自身結構的狀態下使整體的亂度滿足定律要求。在食物鏈的第一個環節裡，大約有124.7Pg/a的碳用來進行光合作用，64.3Pg/a（52%）的碳作為綠色植物代謝用途，<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>即是轉換回二氧化碳和熱。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在地球科學方面的應用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.83.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E9.9D.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>在地球科學方面的應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：在地球科學方面的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E9%A3%84%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="大陸飄移">大陸飄移</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="山脈">山脈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>等自然現象，都可以根據能量在地球內部的轉換來解釋；而<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨">雨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪">雪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="閃電">閃電</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="龍捲風">龍捲風</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B6%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="颶風">颶風</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象">氣象</a>現象，是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽能">太陽能</a>作用在地球<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣">大氣</a>，所造成的能量轉換的結果。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="在天文學方面的應用"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E5.A4.A9.E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E9.9D.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>在天文學方面的應用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：在天文學方面的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙學</a>方面，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星">新星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="類星體">類星體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%9A%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="伽瑪射線暴">伽瑪射線暴</a>等現象，都是物質所轉換的輸出能量。所有恆星（包括太陽）都是以質能轉換為能量來源的。星際氣體因引力聚縮，產生足夠壓力後便啓動了核融合反應，反應中總質量虧損，釋放出能量。<br /> 而太陽的能量最終有一部份傳播到地球上，驅動了從<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环">水循環</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>等現象，間接供給了所有參與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a>的生命形式。<br /> </p><p>創造宇宙的大爆炸同時釋放出巨大的能量，產生第一批的物質和反物質，隨著宇宙擴張，溫度下降，容許了夸克之間，核子之間的結合，最後允許原子核捕捉游離的電子，第一批原子於焉誕生。原本游離的電子雲於是消散，容許了最初的光傳播於宇宙中。<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="和功率的差別"><span id=".E5.92.8C.E5.8A.9F.E7.8E.87.E7.9A.84.E5.B7.AE.E5.88.A5"></span>和功率的差別</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：和功率的差別"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>功率並非和能量完全相同，功率是指能量轉換時的速率，（或者可說是功在執行時的速率）。因此一個讓水壩上的水通過渦輪機的水力發電廠，會將水的位能轉換成動能，最後再轉換成電能。在這過程中每單位時間所產生的電能便稱之為電功率。相同的總能量在更短的時間內通過會造成更大的功率。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="轉換"><span id=".E8.BD.89.E6.8F.9B"></span>轉換</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：轉換"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同形式的能量間通常能透過工具的輔助而彼此轉換，例如電池能把化學能轉換成電能；水壩能把重力位能轉換成動能並最終透過發電機轉換成電能。相同的，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化反應">氧化反應</a>的例子裡，化學能轉換成動能和熱能（有時包括光能和聲能）。鐘擺也是一例。鐘擺在最高點的動能為零而重力位能為最大值，但是在最低點的動能為最大值而重力位能為最小。假設鐘擺機件間沒有任何摩擦力，則能量之間的轉換是完美的，所以鐘擺將永遠保持擺盪。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能量與質量轉換守恆"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E8.88.87.E8.B3.AA.E9.87.8F.E8.BD.89.E6.8F.9B.E5.AE.88.E6.81.86"></span>能量與質量轉換守恆</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：能量與質量轉換守恆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在一個動量為零（mv=0 表示v=0）的密閉系統中，能量（E=m<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4faa98a21ac8133ab466999288849492be28b3d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.182ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}}"></span>/2）會使質量增加。質能方程式可以描述質量與能量的關係。公式<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"></span>，是愛因斯坦用相對論的概念所推導出的，能量和質量之間的關係。在其他的理論中，類似的公式也被J. J. Thomson（1881）、Henri Poincare（1900）、Friedrich Hasenohrl（1904）等人推算出來。（詳情請見<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a>） </p><p>物質可被轉換成能量（反之亦然），但能量不會被破壞；能量在任何物質和能量的轉換中都不會消失（只會化為質量的形式存在）。而相對於日常所接觸到的能量尺度來說<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f3386a00382ce857fb0b3b04b9fa2bbe5cfae9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.061ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c^{2}}"></span> 是很大的，例如一公斤的物質全部轉換成能量（如熱，光或其他輻射）可以釋放極大量的能量（~<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>9</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3cf8f60072578a1ced892d8713988ea02726a895" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.204ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 9\times 10^{16}}"></span> 焦耳 = 21百萬噸的TNT），遠超過現行核反應器和核武器短時間內釋放的能量。相反的，一單位能量僅相等於極小的質量，因此大部份的反應裡很難利用重量來計算質量的流失，除非其反應所牽涉到的能量非常巨大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="可逆和不可逆的轉換"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E9.80.86.E5.92.8C.E4.B8.8D.E5.8F.AF.E9.80.86.E7.9A.84.E8.BD.89.E6.8F.9B"></span>可逆和不可逆的轉換</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：可逆和不可逆的轉換"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>將能量轉換成有用的功是熱力學的重要課題。在大自然界裡，能量的轉換可以分成兩類：可逆的與不可逆的。可逆的熱力學過程不會有能量的損耗。例如，不同位能形式之間的轉換是可逆的，例如前文所提到的鐘擺運動。而當一個過程中有熱產生的時候，一部分的能量將不能完全恢復成可利用的能量，此時便歸類不可逆。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能量轉換和宇宙的年齡"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E8.BD.89.E6.8F.9B.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.87.E5.AE.99.E7.9A.84.E5.B9.B4.E9.BD.A1"></span>能量轉換和宇宙的年齡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：能量轉換和宇宙的年齡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>隨著宇宙的演化，越來越多的能量被困在不可逆的狀態裡（如熱或其他無序的能量形式），這就是熱寂理論。熱寂理論是猜想宇宙最終命運的一種假說。根據熱力學第二定律，作為一個獨立系統，宇宙的熵會隨著時間的流逝而增加，由有序走向無序，當宇宙的熵達到最大值時，宇宙中的其他有效能量已經全數轉化為熱能，所有物質溫度達到熱平衡。這種狀態稱為熱寂。這樣的宇宙中再也沒有任何可以維持運動或是生命的能量存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="陽光之於能量"><span id=".E9.99.BD.E5.85.89.E4.B9.8B.E6.96.BC.E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F"></span>陽光之於能量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：陽光之於能量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>陽光驅動了許多天氣現象。其中一個說明太陽驅動天氣的例子就是颱風，颱風發生在大面積且不穩定的溫暖海洋，當太陽加熱海水，蒸發上升的水氣釋放熱能，而形成持續幾天的活躍天氣系統，也就是颱風。太陽光也會被植物所吸收利用，在光合作用中轉換為化學能(使二氧化碳和水轉換成高能量的化合物，如葡萄糖)。植物也會在光合作用的過程中釋放氧氣，而氧氣被生物所利用做為電子受體，用以釋放儲存在碳水化合物、脂類和蛋白質的能量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="能量守恒"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.AE.88.E6.81.92"></span>能量守恒</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：能量守恒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>能量必須遵守<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="能量守恆定律">能量守恆定律</a>。根據這個定律，能量只能从一种形式变为另一种形式而无法憑空產生或者是消滅。能量守恆是時間的平移對稱性得出的數學結論（參閱<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="諾特定理">諾特定理</a>） </p><p>根據能量守恆定律，流入的能量等於流出的能量加上內能變化。 </p><p>此定律是物理界中相當基本的準則。依照時間的平移對稱性，宇宙中絕大部分現象都可以獨立於時間變化之外，因此想將昨天、今天和明天發生的現象區分開來，事實上是不可能的。 </p><p>這是因為能量是時間的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%89%87%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正則共軛（页面不存在）">正則共軛</a>（canonical conjugate）量，數學上它們便存在了不確定性：要在有限的時間間隔裡定義精確的能量值是不可能的。但這種不確定性不應該和能量守恆搞混。更準確來說，它提供了原則上可以被定義和測量的能量的數學極限值。 </p><p>在量子力學中能量會以Hamiltonian<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="算符">算符</a>來表示。在任何時間範圍裡，能量中的不確定性會以 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3b265d159ccfc0708c879a3959861262fdf50f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.728ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>來計算。這跟海森堡的測不準原理非常類似，但並非真正數學上的相同，因為H 和t不論在古典或量子力學中皆不是共軛之變數.。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="觀念的應用"><span id=".E8.A7.80.E5.BF.B5.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>觀念的應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：觀念的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>能量必須遵守「守恆定律」，也就是說不論測量或計算一個粒子系統的能量，其粒子間的行為和時間無關，它的系統總能量永遠保持一定。 </p> <ul><li>一個系統的總能量可以被細分成不同類型，並以不同方法來歸類。比方說，有時候把位能從動能區中區分開來會比較方便。也有時建立重力位能、電能、熱能和其他形式的能量是相對方便的。這些分類定義可能會重疊，像是熱能就可以由部分動能和部分位能所組成。</li> <li>能量的轉換也有很多形式，常見的例子如：功、熱流和移流（advection），這部分會在下一個小節討論。</li></ul> <p>在古典物理中，能量被認為是一種純量，它和時間的導數有關。在狹義相對論中，能量亦是純量（雖然它不是勞倫茲純量（Lorentz scalar），但時間卻是四維動量中的組成份子之一）。換句話說，能量在空間的循環下是固定不變，但在不保證在時間和空間的循環下，依然是不變。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="傳輸"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E8.BC.B8"></span>傳輸</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：傳輸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因為能量必須守恆，且只要能被定義，連局部的能量也將守恆。因為能量在系統與相鄰區域中的能量傳輸就是功。常見的例子就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="機械功">機械功</a>，僅考慮簡單的情境，可以將方程式寫成： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83210933">.mw-parser-output table.numblk{border-collapse:collapse;background:none;border:none;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:middle;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2){width:99%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table{border-collapse:collapse;background:none;margin:0;border:none;width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:first-child,.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:last-child{padding:0 0.4ex}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td:nth-child(2){width:100%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child{font-weight:unset}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before{content:"("}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:")"}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::before,.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-raw-n>tbody>tr>td:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:first-child>td{border:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output table.numblk.numblk-border>tbody>tr>td:nth-child(2)>table>tbody>tr:last-child>td{border-left:thin solid;border-right:thin solid;border-bottom:thin solid}.mw-parser-output table.numblk:target{background-color:#eaf3ff}</style><table class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16b893cb5af7bf1908f6e7fe254610817403345d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.245ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><cite id="math_1"><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand"><b><a href="#equation_1">1</a></b></span></cite></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>當沒有其它能量變化時，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>代表所有傳輸的能量總合，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span>則代表系統內所作的功。 </p><p>更普遍而言，能量傳輸可分為兩類： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83210933"><table class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9252ffa5a7e4371111bb26656bb80200354237b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.924ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><cite id="math_2"><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand"><b><a href="#equation_2">2</a></b></span></cite></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>代表系統增加的熱能。 </p><p>一個開放系統要得到或損失能量有許多方式，比如在一個化學系統中，可加入各種含有化學能的物質以增加能量；上緊時鐘的發條可以增加機械能，這些能都可以被增加到上述的方程式，它們都可被歸類在“能量增加項（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>）”（"energy addition term <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>"）中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span>表示穿過部分或系統的表面積的任何形式的能量。除了上述這些，還有許多例子，比方說增加粒子流的動能到系統中或是加入雷射光的能量到系統中，在此不討論加入的能量是作功還是熱能的形式。故可將方程式改寫成： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83210933"><table class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q+E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q+E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1e9a951c45891844aecd17a70f4e3aa063bbdc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.54ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {}E=W+Q+E}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><cite id="math_3"><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand"><b><a href="#equation_3">3</a></b></span></cite></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>其中E代表其他外加能量，不包含系統所做的功或是外加的熱。 </p><p>能量亦可從位能（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/74b041d193c6b8de0113f5a5e8d8e00d05afa339" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.774ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}}"></span>）轉成動能（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{k}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{k}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7587849b44d775263271e89499f4327eeac5dc81" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{k}}"></span>）再換回位能。這是因為力學能守恆。在這類型的封閉系統裡，能量不會增加或減少，因此初始的總能量和最終的總能量必定相同。它可被表示成： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83210933"><table class="numblk" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td class="nowrap"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{pi}+E_{ki}=E_{pF}+E_{kF}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{pi}+E_{ki}=E_{pF}+E_{kF}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8971697eb06979d8aed17dbf2954a4e280b6b0c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:23.533ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{pi}+E_{ki}=E_{pF}+E_{kF}}"></span></td> <td></td> <td class="nowrap"><cite id="math_4"><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand"><b><a href="#equation_4">4</a></b></span></cite></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>由於<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71be3ed0d4d97cf9428feafafc7b7f41b3326038" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.368ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}=mgh}"></span>（質量乘以重力加速度乘以高度）和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/83f03039a1f0b8aa7076737f5dccb36fb002995c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.123ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}"></span>（質量的一半乘以速率平方），能量總值可透過將二者加起來<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{total}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{total}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc52f0daaf1fd8ae5d459e0f117a70701de5d7b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.809ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{p}+E_{k}=E_{total}}"></span>求得。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="能量和運動定理"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.92.8C.E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E5.AE.9A.E7.90.86"></span>能量和運動定理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：能量和運動定理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古典力學中，因為能量是一守恆量，不論在概念或數學形式上它都是非常有用的特性。有些公式更是以能量為核心觀念而改進。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哈密頓等式"><span id=".E5.93.88.E5.AF.86.E9.A0.93.E7.AD.89.E5.BC.8F"></span>哈密頓等式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：哈密頓等式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有時候一個系統的總能量可以用“<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="哈密頓等式">哈密頓等式</a>”來表示。不論是複雜或是抽象的系統皆可以以此表示之，這些等式和非相對性的量子力學有明顯的相似處。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉格朗日量"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E6.A0.BC.E6.9C.97.E6.97.A5.E9.87.8F"></span>拉格朗日量</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：拉格朗日量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>另一和能量相關的觀念便是“<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8F" title="拉格朗日量">拉格朗日量</a>”。它甚至比哈密頓量更基本而且可用來導出運動方程式。這一詞是在古典力學中被發明，卻普遍使用於近代物理。“拉格朗日量”被定義成動能和位能的差。在非保守的系統中（像是有摩擦力的系統），拉格朗日量比哈密頓在使用上更方便。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="諾特定理"><span id=".E8.AB.BE.E7.89.B9.E5.AE.9A.E7.90.86"></span>諾特定理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：諾特定理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>諾特（第一）定理指出任何具有可微分的對稱性運動的物理系統都有一個相對應的守恆定理。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="諾特定理">諾特定理</a>是討論現代理論物理和變分法中相當重要且基本的工具。依照哈密頓等式和拉格朗日量所歸納出的方程式得知：諾特定理不適用於不遵守拉格朗日的系統。舉例來說，一個有連續對稱性但分散的系統是沒有相對應的守恆定律。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="能量及熱力學"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.8F.8A.E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>能量及熱力學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：能量及熱力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="內能"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E8.83.BD"></span>內能</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：內能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>內能是創造物體系統所必須的能量。它指的是系統中微觀能量的總和，而且和位能（比如說：分子結構、晶體結構及其他幾何結構）和微粒的運動產生的動能有關。熱力學主要在在討論內能的變化值，而非內能的絕對數值（絕對數值不可能單只靠熱力學即可決定）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="熱力學定律"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>熱力學定律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：熱力學定律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據熱力學第二定律，功可以完全轉換成熱，但反之不成立。這是由統計力學得出的結論。熱力學第一定律闡述能量是守恆的且熱算是能量的一種形式。常用來解釋熱力學第一定律的例子是壓力及熱的轉換。在這類系統中，能量的微小變化可以表示為： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01e4f87ae1402f6f7193ba9c08feaaf1edaa0fe9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.647ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=T\mathrm {d} S-P\mathrm {d} V\,}"></span>，</dd></dl> <p>右邊第一項代表轉換進入系統的熱能，為溫度（T）及熵（S）的函數（此系統在加熱過程中，熵會增加，且變化量dS是正值）；第二項則表示作用在系統的“功”（P是壓力；V是體積），冠以減號是因為功作用於壓縮系統時體積會改變，因此dV是負值。 </p><p>雖然這個式子常在熱力學被用作解釋能量守恆的範例，但它實際上可說是特例，因為所有熱以外的能量形式都必須忽略（比如說：化學能、電能和重力位能…等），而且等式中有一個變數和溫度有關。最普遍的第一定律敘述（即能量守恆）是不需要考慮溫度的。能量有時會這樣表示： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=\delta Q+\delta W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=\delta Q+\delta W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3193b93f1629c23792183555b5cd916d818d6a0a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.378ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E=\delta Q+\delta W}"></span>，</dd></dl> <p>但嚴格來說這是不符合規定的，因為右側的Q和W無法用於熱力學的正式敘述裡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能量均分定理"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.9D.87.E5.88.86.E5.AE.9A.E7.90.86"></span>能量均分定理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：能量均分定理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一個機械的簡諧振子所含有的能量在動能和位能間互相轉換而形成的簡諧振盪（例：彈簧系統）中,一個週期裡有會有兩個時間點是能量全部轉換成動能；兩個點全部轉換成位能。在一個或多個循環中，淨能會分布於動能與位能間。此稱為能量均分定理。一個有許多自由度的系統所含的能量會均分在所有有效的自由度中。 </p><p>這個定理對於了解“熵”有很大的幫助，“熵”是評估能量於各部分系統亂度的方法。當一個孤立系統被給予更多自由度時（例：給系統一個新的能階，這個能階和舊的能階完全一樣），總能量會平均分給“所有”可用的自由度，不會因為是“新”或“舊”而有差別，這結果被稱為熱力學第二定律。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="功和虛功"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E5.92.8C.E8.99.9B.E5.8A.9F"></span>功和虛功</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：功和虛功"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>功是力乘以位移，也是能量的其中一種形式。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W=\int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W=\int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/db88166e600c5c87817f25ce9a056bc12c30338b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.405ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W=\int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>以上公式表示功（W）等同於力沿曲線C 的線積分（詳情請見機械功的文章）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子力學"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>量子力學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：量子力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在量子力學中我們可以定義出能量運算子，而能量運算子跟波函數的時間微分有關係。薛丁格方程式中能量運算子等於粒子或是系統裡的所有能量，因此可將其定義成在量子力學中測量能量的方法。薛丁格方程式可以用來形容非相對論量子系統的波函數，此方程式在侷限系統中的解是不連續的，在這邊即可引入能階和量子的概念。對於振子和任何真空中的電磁波而言，薛丁格方程式的解所得到的能態與頻率有關，可由普朗克方程式E＝hν（h為普朗克常數，ν為頻率）將它們作一個連結。因此，對電磁波而言這些能態稱為光的能量量子化或是光子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相對論"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96"></span>相對論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：相對論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當計算相對論中的動能時（一物質從靜止加速到一定速率所做的功）——需利用勞侖茲轉換而非牛頓力學，愛因斯坦由這些計算裡發現一意想不到的結果，就是有一能量項即使在速率為零時也不會是零。他將該項能量命名為靜止能量——即使在靜止時，所有物質都具備的能量。能量的大小與物質質量成正比： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f73dbd37a0cac34406ee89057fa1b36a1e6a18e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.976ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=mc^{2}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 </p> <dl><dd>m為質量，</dd> <dd>c為真空時的光速，</dd> <dd>E為靜止能量，</dd></dl> <p>例如，研究電子與正子的湮滅時，兩個單一粒子的靜止質量被銷毀了，產生沒有質量的慣性光子，但在慣性系統中仍具有兩個粒子的質量，仍符合能量守恆（由於所有的能量與質量有關）。相反地，兩個（或更多）的光子消滅會成對的產生電性相反的粒子。然而，在這些反應中系統的質量和能量總和並不改變。 </p><p>在廣義相對論中，應力-能量張量（為描述能量與動量在時空中的密度與通量，其為牛頓物理中應力張量的推廣）為重力場的源，有點類似牛頓重力理論中質量是重力場源一般。 </p><p>我們常常可以聽到能量“相等於”質量。更準確地說，每個能量其實都擁有慣性和萬有引力的等價項，因為質量也是一種能量形式，所以質量也與慣性和萬有引力有關。 </p><p>从宏观角度看：能量是凭借质量而稳定存在的；从微观而言：任何可观测量的熵总是在不断增加。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="測量"><span id=".E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F"></span>測量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：測量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_microcalorimeter_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/X-ray_microcalorimeter_diagram.jpg/220px-X-ray_microcalorimeter_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/X-ray_microcalorimeter_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>熱量表的示意圖——科學家們用來測量能量的儀器。</figcaption></figure> <p>由於能量被定義為物體做功的能力，因此沒有儀器能夠測量能量的確切值。能量只能夠在一系統的狀態轉變時被測量出來，因此能量是在一相對情況下才能被測量的。量測的起始點一般而言是可以任意選定的，如此一來可以更方便的簡化量測問題。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="條件"><span id=".E6.A2.9D.E4.BB.B6"></span>條件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：條件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>測量能量的條件通常都是根據科學原理常用到的描述量，即質量、距離、輻射、溫度、時間、電荷和電流。 </p><p>一般測量熱能使用的技術是熱量測定——利用溫度計測量溫度或利用測輻射熱計測量輻射強度的熱力學技術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能量密度"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E5.AF.86.E5.BA.A6"></span>能量密度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：能量密度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="能量密度">能量密度</a></div> <p>能量密度是用來表示在特定的系統或空間每單位體積的所儲藏之有用的能量。對於燃料而言，每單位體積的能量是很有用的參數。在一些應用中，如比較氫氣燃料和汽油的效率，氫氣比汽油具有更高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%83%BD" title="比能">比能</a>（specific energy，單位質量的能量）。但即使是在液態形式，氫的能量密度亦較低。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:物理">物理主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能">内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="动量">动量</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="備注"><span id=".E5.82.99.E6.B3.A8"></span>備注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：備注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=energy">Energy</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-05-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011122441/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=energy">存档</a>于2007-10-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&rft.atitle=Energy&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Denergy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ito, Akihito; Oikawa, Takehisa (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/kawahata/pdf/343.pdf">Global Mapping of Terrestrial Primary Productivity and Light-Use Efficiency with a Process-Based Model.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191006134133/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/kawahata/pdf/343.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）" in Shiyomi, M. et al. (Eds.) <i>Global Environmental Change in the Ocean and on Land.</i> pp. 343–58.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/2cl/ch01/ch01.html">Conservation of Energy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100416062343/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/2cl/ch01/ch01.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyandlife.org">能量與生活</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180323052913/http://www.energyandlife.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/9233">What does energy really mean? 物理世界</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090210042044/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/9233">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="能源" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_source" title="Template:Energy source"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Energy_source&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Energy source（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Energy_source" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Energy source"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="能源" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量學（页面不存在）">能量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetics" class="extiw" title="en:Energetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能量</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能量單位" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Units of energy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量單位（页面不存在）">單位</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Units of energy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Units of energy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="能量守恒定律">能量守恒定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量">质量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E5%83%B9" title="質能等價">質能等價</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">熱力學定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="功率">功率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B" title="能量轉換">能量轉換</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="热力学自由能">热力学自由能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="熱力學狀態">熱力學狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E6%80%A7" title="不可逆性">不可逆性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%BA%AB" title="熱庫">熱庫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%83%AD" title="传热">传热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量">熱容量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱平衡">熱平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">热力学温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5%E5%8A%9B" title="熵力">熵力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%83%BD" title="动能">动能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能">内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E8%83%BD" title="机械能">力學能</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="磁位能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magnetic energy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁位能（页面不存在）">磁位能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_energy" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetic energy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magnetic energy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="引力势能">引力势能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" title="辐射能">辐射能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%83%BD" title="化學能">化學能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="电势能">电势能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E8%83%BD" title="机械能">机械能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%83%BD" title="电能">电能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="结合能">结合能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="引力结合能">引力结合能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="第五元素 (物理學)">第五元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="幻能量">幻能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E8%83%BD" title="表面能">表面能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="真空能量">真空能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E9%BB%9E%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="零點能量">零點能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" title="量子位能">量子位能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B6%A8%E8%90%BD" title="量子涨落">量子涨落</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源載體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy carrier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%BC%89%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源載體（页面不存在）">能源載體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_carrier" class="extiw" title="en:Energy carrier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy carrier</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="机械波">机械波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%88%E5%8A%9B%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彈力位能（页面不存在）">彈力位能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="电池">电池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" title="电容器">电容器</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="一次能源">原生能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%83%BD" title="化學能">化學能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="核燃料">核燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射能">輻射能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽能">太陽能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="生物能">生物能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="水力資源">水力資源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%83%BD" title="海洋能">海洋能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="地熱能">地熱能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源系統（页面不存在）">能源系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_system" class="extiw" title="en:Energy system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy system</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />組件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="能源工程">能源工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠">煉油廠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="火力發電廠">火力發電廠</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E9%9B%BB%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="汽電共生">汽電共生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="整体煤气化联合循环">整体煤气化联合循环</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="核电厂">核电厂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="放射性同位素熱電機">放射性同位素熱電機</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="太陽能發電">太陽能發電</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97" title="光伏陣列">光伏陣列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%85%89%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%83%AD%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" title="聚光太阳能热发电">聚光太陽能熱發電</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="太陽熱能">太陽熱能</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽能塔（页面不存在）">太陽能塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%99%B6%E7%82%89" title="电陶炉">太陽爐</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="風力發電">風力發電</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="風力發電廠">風力發電廠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E7%A9%BA%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高空風力發電（页面不存在）">高空風力發電</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力發電</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%B5%AA%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波浪能發電場（页面不存在）">波浪能發電場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="生物质">生物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="地熱發電">地熱發電</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">消耗<br />与利用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%A8%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="储能技术">储能技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E9%87%8F" title="世界能源消耗量">世界能源消耗量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="能源安全">能源安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%B4%84%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="節約能源">節約能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="能源效率">能源效率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可持續能源">可持續能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="能源政策">能源政策</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="能源開發">能源開發</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jevons%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Jevons悖論">Jevons悖論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="碳足跡">碳足跡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="经典力学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:經典力學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:經典力學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:經典力學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="经典力学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">表述形式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">矢量力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="分析力学">分析力学</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="拉格朗日力学">拉格朗日力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密頓力學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基础概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量">质量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E7%9F%A9" title="力矩">力矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E7%B3%BB" title="参考系">參考系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%81%B6" title="力偶">力偶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E9%87%8F" title="冲量">冲量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="动量">动量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E4%BD%93" title="刚体">刚体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="角动量">角动量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7" title="慣性">慣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95%E6%85%A3%E9%87%8F" title="轉動慣量">轉動慣量</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%83%BD" title="动能">动能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="势能">位能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E5%8A%9F" title="虛功">虛功</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F" title="作用量">作用量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8F" title="拉格朗日量">拉格朗日量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密頓量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="牛顿运动定律">牛顿运动定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="胡克定律">胡克定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="万有引力定律">牛顿万有引力定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E8%AB%A7%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="簡諧運動">簡諧運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%9C%97%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="達朗貝爾原理">達朗貝爾原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B_(%E5%88%9A%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8)" title="欧拉方程 (刚体运动)">歐拉方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="哈密頓原理">哈密頓原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="拉格朗日方程式">拉格朗日方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="最小作用量原理">最小作用量原理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">应用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0" title="简单机械">简单机械</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%9D%A2" title="斜面">斜面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A0%E6%9D%86" title="杠杆">杠杆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%BD%AE" title="滑轮">滑轮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B_(%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0)" title="螺旋 (簡單機械)">螺旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%AD%90" title="楔子">楔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%B8" title="輪軸">輪軸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科学史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#力学的发展史" title="物理学史">发展史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·开普勒">开普勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">牛頓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E6%98%82%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E6%8B%89" title="萊昂哈德·歐拉">歐拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E6%9C%97%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="让·勒朗·达朗贝尔">達朗貝爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·哈密頓">哈密頓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">赫茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5" title="约瑟夫·拉格朗日">拉格朗日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯">拉普拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%8F%AF%E6%AF%94" title="卡爾·雅可比">雅可比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E7%89%B9" title="埃米·诺特">諾特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="静力学">静力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="動力學">動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="运动学">运动学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="工程力学">工程力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="天體力學">天體力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E4%BB%8B%E8%B3%AA%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="連續介質力學">連續介質力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58896141">.mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="经典力学国际单位" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template:经典力学国际单位"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:经典力学国际单位（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:经典力学国际单位"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="经典力学国际单位" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0;"><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;line-height:0.9;border-collapse:collapse;margin:auto;border:none;background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">线性（平动）的量</th> <td rowspan="12" style="border:none;backgound:none;"></td> <th colspan="4">角度（转动）的量</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%;">量纲</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">L</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">L<sup>2</sup></th> <th style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%;">量纲</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T</th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">t</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%92" title="秒">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" title="位移积分">位移积分</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>A</b></span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="m s" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="meter second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M s（页面不存在）">m s</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meter_second" class="extiw" title="en:meter second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">meter second</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <td></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T</th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">t</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%92" title="秒">s</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB" title="距离">距离</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">d</span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="位置向量">位矢</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>r</b></span></span>, <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>s</b></span></span>, <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>x</b></span></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="位移">位移</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="米 (单位)">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF" title="面积">面积</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>A</i></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="平方米">m<sup>2</sup></a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">—</th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92" title="角">角度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">θ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E7%A7%BB" title="角移">角移</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>θ</b></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E5%BA%A6" title="弧度">rad</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%92" title="立體角">立體角</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">Ω</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2%E5%BA%A6" title="球面度">rad<sup>2</sup>, sr</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−1</sup></th> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">f</span></span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="每秒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="inverse second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="每秒（页面不存在）">s<sup>−1</sup></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inverse_second" class="extiw" title="en:inverse second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">inverse second</span></a></span>）</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="赫兹">Hz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87" title="速率">速率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">v</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>v</b></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m s<sup>−1</sup></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="黏度">面積速率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">ν</span></span><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre_squared_per_second" class="extiw" title="en:metre squared per second">m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup></a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−1</sup></th> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">f</span></span></span><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="每秒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="inverse second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="每秒（页面不存在）">s<sup>−1</sup></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inverse_second" class="extiw" title="en:inverse second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">inverse second</span></a></span>）</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="赫兹">Hz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="角速度">角速率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">ω</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="角速度">角速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>ω</b></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E5%BA%A6%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="弧度每秒">rad<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>s<sup>−1</sup></a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−2</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>a</b></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E7%A7%92" title="米每二次方秒">m s<sup>−2</sup></a></td> <td></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−2</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="角加速度">角加速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>α</b></span></span><br />rad<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>s<sup>−2</sup></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−3</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加加速度">加加速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>j</b></span></span><br />m s<sup>−3</sup></td> <td></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">T<sup>−3</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加加速度">角加加速度</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>ζ</b></span></span><br />rad<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>s<sup>−3</sup></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="padding-top:0;"></td> <td colspan="4" style="padding-top:0;"></td> </tr> <tr><th style="font-weight:normal;">M</th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量">质量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">m</span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">kg</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">ML<sup>2</sup></th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95%E6%85%A3%E9%87%8F" title="轉動慣量">轉動慣量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">I</span></span><br />kg<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>m<sup>2</sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">MT<sup>−1</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="动量">动量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>p</b></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E9%87%8F" title="冲量">冲量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>J</b></span></span><br />kg<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>m s<sup>−1</sup>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="N s" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="newton second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=N_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N s（页面不存在）">N s</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/newton_second" class="extiw" title="en:newton second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">newton second</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F" title="作用量">作用量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">𝒮</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Actergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Actergy">actergy</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">ℵ</span></span><br />kg<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="J s" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="joule-second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J s（页面不存在）">J s</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joule-second" class="extiw" title="en:joule-second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">joule-second</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>−1</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F" title="角动量">角动量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>L</b></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#導出的動力學物理量" title="經典力學方程列表">角衝量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>ι</b></span></span><br />kg<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F" title="作用量">作用量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">𝒮</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Actergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Actergy">actergy</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml">ℵ</span></span><br />kg<span style="letter-spacing:0.1em"> </span>m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="J s" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="joule-second"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J s（页面不存在）">J s</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joule-second" class="extiw" title="en:joule-second"><span lang="en" dir="auto">joule-second</span></a></span>）</span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">MT<sup>−2</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>F</b></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>F</b><sub>g</sub></span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg </span> m s<sup>−2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="牛頓 (單位)">N</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">E</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">W</span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">J</a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>−2</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E7%9F%A9" title="力矩">力矩</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>τ</b></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Moment (physics)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moment (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moment_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moment (physics)（页面不存在）">moment</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Moment (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moment (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>M</b></span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E7%B1%B3" title="牛頓米">N m</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能量</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">E</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">W</span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−2</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">J</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-weight:normal;">MT<sup>−3</sup></th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%9B" title="加力">加力</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>Y</b></span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m s<sup>−3</sup>, N s<sup>−1</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="功率">功率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">P</span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−3</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">W</a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal;">ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>−3</sup></th> <td></td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="rotatum" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="rotatum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotatum（页面不存在）">rotatum</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rotatum" class="extiw" title="en:rotatum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">rotatum</span></a></span>）</span></span>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><b>P</b></span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−3</sup>, N m s<sup>−1</sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="功率">功率</a>: <span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">P</span></span><br /><span style="margin-right:0.1em;">kg</span> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−3</sup>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">W</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然的组成" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Template:自然的组成"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Template talk:自然的组成"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%84%E6%88%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然的组成"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然的组成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>的组成</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="物质">物质</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">能量</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="地球歷史">地球歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86" title="地球的未來">地球的未來</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="地球構造">地球構造</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="板块构造论">板块构造论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="地球地质历史">地球地质历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋">大洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1" title="山">山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E4%BA%9E%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="蓋亞假說">蓋亞假說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气">天气</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="地球大气层">地球大气层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89" title="太阳光">太阳光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="风">风</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境">环境</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB" title="野火">野火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">生命演化史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="植物相">植物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="動物相">動物相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Category:自然">分類:自然</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科學主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Énergie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119314344">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Énergie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119314344">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014692-3">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561932">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="energie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114472&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300056007">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=能量&oldid=84866141">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=能量&oldid=84866141</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="Category:能量">能量</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:主要话题条目">主要话题条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Category:自然">自然</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="Category:宇宙">宇宙</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%B4%94%E9%87%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="Category:純量 (物理學)">純量 (物理學)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2020%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2020年8月需补充来源的条目">自2020年8月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古希臘語的條目">含有古希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有希臘語的條目">含有希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有拉丁語的條目">含有拉丁語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月6日 (星期三) 00:04。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-w4zdz","wgBackendResponseTime":1183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.730","walltime":"0.990","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3917,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":135282,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6951,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":60128,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 722.556 1 -total"," 23.57% 170.287 4 Template:Navbox"," 14.44% 104.331 1 Template:Footer_energy"," 14.15% 102.215 1 Template:Lang-en"," 12.29% 88.782 1 Template:Authority_control"," 9.46% 68.336 1 Template:Refimprove"," 8.56% 61.872 1 Template:Ambox"," 7.97% 57.554 1 Template:经典力学国际单位"," 6.93% 50.101 1 Template:NoteTA"," 6.06% 43.812 4 Template:NumBlk"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.355","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16146723,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-w4zdz","timestamp":"20241128081055","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u80fd\u91cf","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11379","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11379","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-19T20:57:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-06T00:04:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/23\/Lightning_over_Oradea_Romania_zoom.jpg","headline":"\u7269\u7406\u6982\u5ff5"}</script> </body> </html>