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searchaux" style="display:none">Theory of time and consciousness posited by the French philosopher Henri Bergson</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg/150px-Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Henri Bergson in 1927.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Duration</b> (French: <i>la durée</i>) is a theory of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> posited by the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>. Bergson sought to improve upon inadequacies he perceived in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, due, he believed, to Spencer's lack of comprehension of <a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">mechanics</a>, which led Bergson to the conclusion that time eluded mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Creative_Mind_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Creative_Mind-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bergson became aware that the moment one attempted to measure a moment, it would be gone: one measures an immobile, complete line, whereas time is mobile and incomplete. For the individual, time may speed up or slow down, whereas, for science, it would remain the same. Hence Bergson decided to explore the inner life of man, which is a kind of duration, neither a unity nor a quantitative <a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(philosophy)" title="Multiplicity (philosophy)">multiplicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Creative_Mind_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Creative_Mind-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duration is ineffable and can only be shown indirectly through images that can never reveal a complete picture. It can only be grasped through a simple <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(Bergson)" title="Intuition (Bergson)">intuition</a> of the imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-Henri_Bergson_pages_165_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henri_Bergson_pages_165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergson first introduced his notion of duration in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Free_Will" title="Time and Free Will">Time and Free Will</a>: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness</i>. It is used as a defense of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> in a response to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, who believed free will was only possible outside time and space.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_Kant_and_Zeno">Responses to Kant and Zeno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Responses to Kant and Zeno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/150px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/225px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg/300px-Immanuel_Kant_portrait_c1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Immanuel Kant, who believed <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> was only a pragmatic belief.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a> believed reality was an uncreated and indestructible immobile whole.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formulated <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">four paradoxes</a> to present mobility as an impossibility. We can never, he said, move past a single point because each point is infinitely divisible, and it is impossible to cross an infinite space.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But to Bergson, the problem only arises when mobility and time, that is, duration, are mistaken for the spatial line that underlies them. Time and mobility are mistakenly treated as things, not progressions. They are treated retrospectively as a thing's spatial trajectory, which can be divided <i>ad infinitum</i>, whereas they are, in fact, an indivisible whole.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bergson's response to Kant is that free will is possible within a duration within which time resides. Free will is not really a problem but merely a common confusion among philosophers caused by the immobile time of science.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To measure duration (<i>durée</i>), it must be translated into the immobile, spatial time (<i>temps</i>) of science, a translation of the unextended into the extended. It is through this translation that the problem of free will arises. Since space is a homogeneous, quantitative <a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(philosophy)" title="Multiplicity (philosophy)">multiplicity</a>, as opposed to what Bergson calls a heterogenous, qualitative multiplicity,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> duration becomes juxtaposed and converted into a succession of distinct parts, one coming after the other and therefore "caused" by one another. Nothing within a duration can be the cause of anything else within it. Hence <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, the belief everything is determined by a prior cause, is an impossibility. One must accept time as it really is through placing oneself within duration where freedom can be identified and experienced as pure mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Images_of_duration">Images of duration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Images of duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first is of two spools, one unrolling to represent the continuous flow of ageing as one feels oneself moving toward the end of one's life-span, the other rolling up to represent the continuous growth of memory which, for Bergson, equals consciousness. No two successive moments are identical, for the one will always contain the memory left by the other. A person with no memory might experience two identical moments but, Bergson says, that person's consciousness would thus be in a constant state of death and rebirth, which he identifies with unconsciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative_Mind-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of two spools, however, is of a homogeneous and commensurable thread, whereas, according to Bergson, no two moments can be the same, hence duration is heterogeneous. </p><p>Bergson then presents the image of a spectrum of a thousand gradually changing shades with a line of feeling running through them, being both affected by and maintaining each of the shades. Yet even this image is inaccurate and incomplete, for it represents duration as a fixed and complete spectrum with all the shades spatially juxtaposed, whereas duration is incomplete and continuously growing, its states not beginning or ending but intermingling.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative_Mind-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Instead, let us imagine an infinitely small piece of elastic, contracted, if that were possible, to a mathematical point. Let us draw it out gradually in such a way as to bring out of the point a line which will grow progressively longer. Let us fix our attention not on the line as line, but on the action which traces it. Let us consider that this action, in spite of its duration, is indivisible if one supposes that it goes on without stopping; that, if we intercalate a stop in it, we make two actions of it instead of one and that each of these actions will then be the indivisible of which we speak; that it is not the moving act itself which is never indivisible, but the motionless line it lays down beneath it like a track in space. Let us take our mind off the space subtending the movement and concentrate solely on the movement itself, on the act of tension or extension, in short, on pure mobility. This time we shall have a more exact image of our development in duration.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, <i>The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics</i>, pages 164 to 165.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Even this image is incomplete, because the wealth of colouring is forgotten when it is invoked.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creative_Mind-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as the three images illustrate, it can be stated that duration is qualitative, unextended, multiple yet a unity, mobile and continuously interpenetrating itself. Yet these concepts put side-by-side can never adequately represent duration itself; </p> <blockquote><p><i>The truth is we change without ceasing...there is no essential difference between passing from one state to another and persisting in the same state. If the state which "remains the same" is more varied than we think, [then] on the other hand the passing of one state to another resembles—more than we imagine—a single state being prolonged: the transition is continuous. Just because we close our eyes to the unceasing variation of every physical state, we are obliged when the change has become so formidable as to force itself on our attention, to speak as if a new state were placed alongside the previous one. Of this new state we assume that it remains unvarying in its turn and so on endlessly.</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Because a qualitative <a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(philosophy)" title="Multiplicity (philosophy)">multiplicity</a> is heterogeneous and yet interpenetrating, it cannot be adequately represented by a symbol; indeed, for Bergson, a qualitative multiplicity is inexpressible. Thus, to grasp duration, one must reverse habitual modes of thought and place oneself within duration by intuition.<sup id="cite_ref-Henri_Bergson_pages_165_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henri_Bergson_pages_165-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Gilles_Deleuze">Influence on Gilles Deleuze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence on Gilles Deleuze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> was profoundly influenced by Bergson's theory of duration, particularly in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Cinema_1:_The_Movement_Image" title="Cinema 1: The Movement Image">Cinema 1: The Movement Image</a></i> in which he described cinema as providing people with continuity of movement (duration) rather than still images strewn together.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics_and_Bergson's_ideas"><span id="Physics_and_Bergson.27s_ideas"></span>Physics and Bergson's ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physics and Bergson's ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg/220px-Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg/330px-Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg/440px-Albert_Einstein_1921_by_F_Schmutzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Bergson had a correspondence with physicist Albert Einstein in 1922 and a debate over Einstein's theory of relativity and its implications.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Bergson, the primary disagreement was over metaphysical and epistemological claims made by the theory of relativity, rather than a dispute about scientific evidence for or against the theory. Bergson famously stated of the theory that it is "a metaphysics grafted upon science, it is not science".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">Loop quantum gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_time" title="Problem of time">Problem of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specious_present" title="Specious present">Specious present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty principle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Creative_Mind-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Creative_Mind_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Creative_Mind_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics</i>, pages 11 to 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henri_Bergson_pages_165-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henri_Bergson_pages_165_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henri_Bergson_pages_165_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics</i>, pages 165 to 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> <i>Time and Free Will has to be seen as an attack on Kant, for whom freedom belongs to a realm outside of space and time.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmenides, <i>On Nature</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>Physics</i>, VI:9, 239b10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>Matter and Memory</i>, pages 191 to 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness</i>, Author's Preface.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBergson,_Henri2014" class="citation book cs1">Bergson, Henri (2014-06-03). <i>Time and Free Will</i>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315830254">10.4324/9781315830254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315830254" title="Special:BookSources/9781315830254"><bdi>9781315830254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Free+Will&rft.pages=122&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315830254&rft.isbn=9781315830254&rft.au=Bergson%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuration+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bergson/">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> <i>For Bergson — and perhaps this is his greatest insight — freedom is mobility.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creative_Mind-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creative_Mind_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics</i>, pages 164 to 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, <i>The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics</i>, page 163: <i>Strictly speaking they do not constitute multiple states until I have already got beyond them, and turn around to observe their trail. ... In reality, none of them begins or ends; they all dovetail into one another.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution (1911) tr. Arthur Mitchell, Henry Holt and Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleuze1989" class="citation book cs1">Deleuze, Gilles (1989). <i>Cinema 1: The Movement Image</i>. London and New York: The Athlone Press. pp. Page 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+1%3A+The+Movement+Image&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=Page+5&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuration+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanales,_Jimena2016" class="citation book cs1">Canales, Jimena (2016-10-04). <i>The physicist & the philosopher : Einstein, Bergson, and the debate that changed our understanding of time</i> (Fourth printing, first paperback ed.). Princeton, New Jersey. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17317-7"><bdi>978-0-691-17317-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942707420">942707420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physicist+%26+the+philosopher+%3A+Einstein%2C+Bergson%2C+and+the+debate+that+changed+our+understanding+of+time&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=Fourth+printing%2C+first+paperback&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942707420&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17317-7&rft.au=Canales%2C+Jimena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuration+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanales,_Jimena2016" class="citation book cs1">Canales, Jimena (2016-10-04). <i>The physicist & the philosopher : Einstein, Bergson, and the debate that changed our understanding of time</i> (Fourth printing, first paperback ed.). Princeton, New Jersey. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17317-7"><bdi>978-0-691-17317-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/942707420">942707420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physicist+%26+the+philosopher+%3A+Einstein%2C+Bergson%2C+and+the+debate+that+changed+our+understanding+of+time&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=Fourth+printing%2C+first+paperback&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F942707420&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17317-7&rft.au=Canales%2C+Jimena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuration+%28philosophy%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint 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href="https://archive.org/details/timeandfreewilla00berguoft">Multiple formats</a> at Internet Archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts in time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Eviternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_time_dimensions" title="Multiple time dimensions">Multiple time dimensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporality" title="Temporality">Temporality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories of time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Etiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&oldid=1181125577">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duration_(philosophy)&oldid=1181125577</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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