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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86)" title="أبدية (فلسفة الزمن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبدية (فلسفة الزمن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="শাশ্বতবাদ (সময়ের দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাশ্বতবাদ (সময়ের দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalisme" title="Eternalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eternalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockuniversum" title="Blockuniversum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blockuniversum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternism" title="Eternism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eternism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalismo" title="Eternalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eternalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ternalisme" title="Éternalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éternalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="영원주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영원주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil%C3%ADf%C3%B0arhyggja" title="Eilífðarhyggja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eilífðarhyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="നിതാന്തവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിതാന്തവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalisme" title="Eternalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eternalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalizm_(filozofia_czasu)" title="Eternalizm (filozofia czasu) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eternalizm (filozofia czasu)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternismo" title="Eternismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eternismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternismul_(filosofia_timpului)" title="Eternismul (filosofia timpului) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eternismul (filosofia timpului)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Этернализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этернализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="ھەمیشەێتی (فەلسەفەی کات) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەمیشەێتی (فەلسەفەی کات)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalismi" title="Eternalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eternalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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way of perceiving the passage of time</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_of_block_universe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustration_of_block_universe.svg/220px-Illustration_of_block_universe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustration_of_block_universe.svg/330px-Illustration_of_block_universe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustration_of_block_universe.svg/440px-Illustration_of_block_universe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the concept of eternalism, showing a man walking his dog. Time progresses through the series of snapshots from the bottom of the page to the top. In a common sense view of time, each of those four instants would exist one after another. According to eternalism, those four instants all equally exist.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">philosophy of space and time</a>, <b>eternalism</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an approach to the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> nature of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>, which takes the view that all existence in time is equally <i>real</i>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)">presentism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">growing block universe</a> theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some forms of eternalism give time a similar <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimension</a>, with different times being as real as different places, and <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> events are "already there" in the same sense other places are already there, and that there is no <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">objective</a> flow of time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is sometimes referred to as the "<b>block time</b>" or "<b>block universe</b>" theory due to its description of <a href="/wiki/Space-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-time">space-time</a> as an unchanging four-dimensional "block", as opposed to the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulated by the passage of time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_present">The present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In classical philosophy, time is divided into three distinct regions: the "<a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>", the "<a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>", and the "<a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>". Using that representational model, the past is generally seen as being immutably fixed, and the future as at least partly undefined. As time passes, the moment that was once the present becomes part of the past, and part of the future, in turn, becomes the new present. In this way time is said to pass, with a distinct present moment moving forward into the future and leaving the past behind. One view of this type, <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)">presentism</a>, argues that only the present exists. The present does not travel forward through an environment of time, moving from a real point in the past and toward a real point in the future. Instead, it merely changes. The past and future do not exist and are only concepts used to describe the real, isolated, and changing present. This conventional model presents a number of difficult philosophical problems and may be difficult to reconcile with currently accepted scientific theories such as the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP-time_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarAndRing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/180px-BarAndRing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/270px-BarAndRing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BarAndRing.svg/360px-BarAndRing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox#Bar_and_ring_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">bar and ring paradox</a> is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a>. Both ends of the bar pass through the ring simultaneously in the rest frame of the ring (left), but the ends of the bar pass one after the other in the rest frame of the bar (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>It can be argued that <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> eliminates the concept of absolute simultaneity and a universal present: according to the <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a>, observers in different <a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">frames of reference</a> can have different measurements of whether a given pair of events happened at the same time or at different times, with there being no physical basis for preferring one frame's judgments over those of another. However, there are events that may be non-simultaneous in all frames of reference: when one event is within the <a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">light cone</a> of another—its causal past or causal future—then observers in all frames of reference show that one event preceded the other. The causal past and causal future are consistent within all frames of reference, but any other time is "elsewhere", and within it there is no present, past, or future. There is no physical basis for a set of events that represents the present.<sup id="cite_ref-Savitt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savitt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many philosophers have argued that relativity implies eternalism.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher of science Dean Rickles says that, "the consensus among philosophers seems to be that special and general relativity are incompatible with presentism."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Wüthrich argues that supporters of presentism can salvage absolute simultaneity only if they reject either <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> or relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wuthrich2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wuthrich2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a> and others argue for <a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">a single privileged frame</a> whose judgments about length, time, and simultaneity are the <i>true</i> ones, even if there is no empirical way to distinguish this frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_flow_of_time">The flow of time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The flow of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arguments for and against an independent flow of time have been raised since antiquity, represented by <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>: Classical fatalism argues that every <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> about the future exists, and it is either true or false, hence there is a set of every true proposition about the future, which means these propositions describe the future exactly as it is, and this future is true and unavoidable. Fatalism is challenged by positing that there are propositions that are neither true nor false, for example they may be indeterminate. Reductionism questions whether time can exist independently of the relation between events, and Platonism argues that time is absolute, and it exists independently of the events that occupy it.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP-time_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier, pre-Socratic Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> of Elea had posited that existence is timeless and change is impossible (an idea popularized by his disciple <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">his paradoxes about motion</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_ages">Middle ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosopher Katherin A. Rogers argued that <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> took an eternalist view of time,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Brian_Leftow" title="Brian Leftow">Brian Leftow</a> argued against this interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that Anselm instead advocated a type of presentism. Rogers responded to this paper, defending her original interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rogers also discusses this issue in her book <i>Anselm on Freedom</i>, using the term "four-dimensionalism" rather than "eternalism" for the view that "the present moment is not ontologically privileged", and commenting that "<a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> and Augustine do sometimes sound rather four-dimensionalist, but Anselm is apparently the first consistently and explicitly to embrace the position."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taneli Kukkonen argues in the <i>Oxford Handbook of Medieval Philosophy</i> that "what Augustine's and Anselm's mix of eternalist and presentist, tenseless and tensed language tells is that medieval philosophers saw no need to choose sides" the way modern philosophers do.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">outside of time</a>—that time exists only within the created universe. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> took the same view, and many theologians agree. On this view, God would perceive something like a block universe, while time might appear differently to the finite beings contained within it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most famous arguments about the nature of time in modern philosophy is presented in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It argues that time is an illusion. McTaggart argued that the description of events as existing in absolute time is self-contradictory, because the events have to have properties about being in the past and in the future, which are incompatible with each other. McTaggart viewed this as a contradiction in the concept of time itself, and concluded that reality is non-temporal. He called this concept the <a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP-time_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dirck Vorenkamp, a professor of religious studies, argued in his paper "B-Series Temporal Order in Dogen's Theory of Time"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Buddhist teacher <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> presented views on time that contained all the main elements of McTaggart's B-series view of time (which denies any objective present), although he noted that some of Dōgen's reasoning also contained A-Series notions, which Vorenkamp argued may indicate some inconsistency in Dōgen's thinking. </p><p>Eternalism also encapsulates the theory of world lines, and the concept of linear reality that is - the individual perception of linear time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_physics">Quantum physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quantum physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some philosophers appeal to a specific theory that is "timeless" in a more radical sense than the rest of physics, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>. This theory is used, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Julian_Barbour" title="Julian Barbour">Julian Barbour</a>'s theory of timelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, George Ellis argues that time is absent in cosmological theories because of the details they leave out.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, Hrvoje Nikolić has argued that a block time model solves the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox" title="Black hole information paradox">black hole information paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objections">Objections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Lucas_(philosopher)" title="John Lucas (philosopher)">John Lucas</a> argue that "The Block universe gives a deeply inadequate view of time. It fails to account for the passage of time, the pre-eminence of the present, the directedness of time and the difference between the future and the past."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> argued in his discussion with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> against determinism and eternalism from a common-sense standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Popper2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popper2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A flow-of-time theory with a strictly <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministic</a> future, which nonetheless does not exist in the same sense as the present, would not satisfy common-sense intuitions about time. Some have argued that common-sense flow-of-time theories can be compatible with eternalism, for example <a href="/wiki/John_G._Cramer" title="John G. Cramer">John G. Cramer</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Transactional_interpretation" title="Transactional interpretation">transactional interpretation</a>. Kastner (2010) "proposed that in order to preserve the elegance and economy of the interpretation, it may be necessary to consider offer and confirmation waves as propagating in a “higher space” of possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kastner2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kastner2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Reborn" title="Time Reborn">Time Reborn</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Smolin" title="Lee Smolin">Lee Smolin</a> argues that time is physically fundamental, in contrast to Einstein's view that time is an illusion. Smolin hypothesizes that the laws of physics are not fixed, but rather evolve over time via a form of cosmological natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i>, co-authored with philosopher <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Roberto Mangabeira Unger</a>, Smolin goes into more detail on his views on the physical passage of time. In contrast to the orthodox block universe view, Smolin argues that what instead exists is a "thick present"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which two events in the present can be causally related to each other. Marina Cortês and Lee Smolin also argue that certain classes of discrete dynamical systems demonstrate time asymmetry and irreversibility, which is inconsistent with the block universe interpretation of time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Avshalom_Elitzur" title="Avshalom Elitzur">Avshalom Elitzur</a> vehemently rejects the block universe interpretation of time. At the Time in Cosmology conference, held at the <a href="/wiki/Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics">Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in 2016, Elitzur said: "I’m sick and tired of this block universe, ... I don’t think that next Thursday has the same footing as this Thursday. The future does not exist. It does not! Ontologically, it’s not there."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elitzur and Shahar Dolev argue that quantum mechanical experiments such as the Quantum Liar<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the evaporation of black holes<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> challenge the mainstream block universe model, and support the existence of an objective passage of time. Elitzur and Dolev believe that an objective passage of time and relativity can be reconciled, and that it would resolve many of the issues with the block universe and the conflict between relativity and quantum mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Elitzur and Dolev believe that certain quantum mechanical experiments provide evidence of apparently inconsistent histories, and that spacetime itself may therefore be subject to change affecting entire histories.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centered_world" title="Centered world">Centered world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity_of_the_world" title="Eternity of the world">Eternity of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_time" title="Imaginary time">Imaginary time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Philosophical presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_time" title="Problem of time">Problem of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">Steady state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_model" title="Steady-state model">Steady-state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">Strata-cut animation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLe_Bihan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Le Bihan, Baptiste (2020). 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North Holland. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51548-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51548-3"><bdi>978-0-444-51548-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+Focal+Issues&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=North+Holland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-444-51548-3&rft.aulast=Kuipers&rft.aufirst=Theo+A.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUMuFaXjNjEC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Maudlin2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Maudlin" title="Tim Maudlin">Tim Maudlin</a> (2010), "On the Passing of Time", <i>The Metaphysics Within Physics</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199575374" title="Special:BookSources/9780199575374"><bdi>9780199575374</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Passing+of+Time&rft.btitle=The+Metaphysics+Within+Physics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199575374&rft.au=Tim+Maudlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-time-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP-time_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP-time_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP-time_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ned_Markosian" title="Ned Markosian">Markosian, Ned</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/time/">"Time"</a>, in Edward N. 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"No Presentism in Quantum Gravity". In Vesselin Petkov (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/5363/"><i>Space, Time, and Spacetime: Physical and Philosophical Implications of Minkowski's Unification of Space and Time</i></a>. Fundamental Theories of Physics. 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Rogers (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/ROGAEA">"Anselmian Eternalism"</a>. Faith and Philosophy 24 (1):3-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Leftow (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/LEFAP-2">"Anselmian Presentism. Faith and Philosophy"</a> 26 (3):297-319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherin Rogers (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philpapers.org/rec/ROGBTE">"Back to Eternalism"</a>. Faith and Philosophy 26 (3):320-338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2008" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Katherin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lg-swy7JcEAC&pg=PA159"><i>Anselm on Freedom</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199231676" title="Special:BookSources/9780199231676"><bdi>9780199231676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+on+Freedom&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199231676&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Katherin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlg-swy7JcEAC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Kukkonen's chapter on "Eternity" in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Philosophy</i> edited by John Marenbon (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TbPp5I6nL8C&pg=PA529">p. 529</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Polkinghorne (2011). <i>Science and Religion in Quest of Truth</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdeUz0_WXP8C&pg=PA64">p. 64</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McT-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McT_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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"Black Hole Evaporation Entails an Objective Passage of Time". <i>Foundations of Physics Letters</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 309–323. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0012081">quant-ph/0012081</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999FoPhL..12..309E">1999FoPhL..12..309E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1021644319368">10.1023/A:1021644319368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15532826">15532826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Black+Hole+Evaporation+Entails+an+Objective+Passage+of+Time&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-323&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0012081&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15532826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021644319368&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999FoPhL..12..309E&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=Avshalom+C.&rft.au=Dolev%2C+Shahar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitzurDolev2005" class="citation book cs1">Elitzur, Avshalom C.; Dolev, Shahar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228343669">"Becoming as a bridge between quantum mechanics and relativity"</a>. <i>Endophysics, Time, Quantum and the Subjective</i>. pp. 589–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812701596_0031">10.1142/9789812701596_0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-256-509-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-256-509-9"><bdi>978-981-256-509-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Becoming+as+a+bridge+between+quantum+mechanics+and+relativity&rft.btitle=Endophysics%2C+Time%2C+Quantum+and+the+Subjective&rft.pages=589-606&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812701596_0031&rft.isbn=978-981-256-509-9&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=Avshalom+C.&rft.au=Dolev%2C+Shahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228343669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElitzurDolev2003" class="citation book cs1">Elitzur, A. C.; Dolev, S. (2003). "Is there more to T". <i>The Nature of Time: Geometry, Physics and Perception</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 297–306. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0207029">quant-ph/0207029</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+there+more+to+T&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Time%3A+Geometry%2C+Physics+and+Perception&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=297-306&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0207029&rft.aulast=Elitzur&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Dolev%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smart, Jack. "River of Time". In Anthony Kenny. Essays in Conceptual Analysis. pp. 214–215.</li> <li>van Inwagen, Peter (2008). "Metaphysics." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswasShawModak1999" class="citation journal cs1">Biswas; Shaw; Modak (1999). "Time in Quantum Gravity". <i>International Journal of Modern Physics D</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 595–606. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9906010">gr-qc/9906010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IJMPD..10..595B">2001IJMPD..10..595B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0218271801001384">10.1142/S0218271801001384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119472003">119472003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+D&rft.atitle=Time+in+Quantum+Gravity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=595-606&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F9906010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119472003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0218271801001384&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001IJMPD..10..595B&rft.au=Biswas&rft.au=Shaw&rft.au=Modak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2002" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Paul (September 2002). "That Mysterious Flow". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>287</b> (3): 40–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SciAm.287c..40D">2002SciAm.287c..40D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0902-40">10.1038/scientificamerican0902-40</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12197100">12197100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=That+Mysterious+Flow&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-45&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12197100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0902-40&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SciAm.287c..40D&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkosian2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Markosian, Ned (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time/#3D4Con">"Time: 8. The 3D/4D Controversy"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time%3A+8.+The+3D%2F4D+Controversy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Markosian&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftime%2F%233D4Con&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolic" class="citation web cs1">Nikolic, Hrvoje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fqxi.org/data/essay-contest-files/Nikolic_FQXi_time.pdf">"Block time: Why many physicists still don't accept it?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Block+time%3A+Why+many+physicists+still+don%27t+accept+it%3F&rft.aulast=Nikolic&rft.aufirst=Hrvoje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffqxi.org%2Fdata%2Fessay-contest-files%2FNikolic_FQXi_time.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1999" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Julian (1999). <i>The End of Time</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195145925" title="Special:BookSources/0195145925"><bdi>0195145925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Time&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0195145925&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEternalism+%28philosophy+of+time%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Slavov, Matias (2024) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/eternalism/">Eternalism</a>" <i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. ISSN 2161-0002.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_travel" title="Template:Time travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_travel" title="Template talk:Time travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_travel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">Chronology protection conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">Closed timelike curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novikov_self-consistency_principle" title="Novikov self-consistency principle">Novikov self-consistency principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy#Causal_loop" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Fictional" title="List of timelines">Timelines in fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">in science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_loop" title="Time loop">Time loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">in film</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Temporal paradoxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox#Grandfather_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Grandfather paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">Causal loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions" title="Time travel in fiction">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> that<br /> can contain <a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">closed timelike curves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misner_space" title="Misner space">Misner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_cylinder" title="Tipler cylinder">Tipler cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">Traversable wormholes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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title="Temporality">Temporality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories of time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-theory_of_time" class="mw-redirect" title="A-theory of time">A-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">Four-dimensionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_block_universe" title="Growing block universe">Growing block universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Etiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Singular_Universe_and_the_Reality_of_Time" title="The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time">The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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