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searchaux" style="display:none">Open-source framework for researchers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Collective Knowledge (CK)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Collective_Knowledge_and_cTuning_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Collective_Knowledge_and_cTuning_logo.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="34" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Fursin" title="Grigori Fursin">Grigori Fursin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CTuning_foundation" title="CTuning foundation">cTuning foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">2015<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.6.3 (discontinued for the new <a href="/wiki/Collective_Mind_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Mind (software)">Collective Mind framework</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) / November 30, 2022<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2022-11-30</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a>, <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a>, <a href="/wiki/MLOps" title="MLOps">MLOps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cTuning.org/ae">Artifact Evaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">Package management system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_workflow_system" title="Scientific workflow system">Scientific workflow system</a>, <a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">Continuous integration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">Reproducibility</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> for version 2.0 and <a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a> 3-clause for version 1.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ctuning/ck">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/ctuning<wbr />/ck</a></span>, <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cknow.io">cknow<wbr />.io</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Collective Knowledge</b> (<b>CK</b>) project is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">framework</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">repository</a> to enable collaborative, reproducible and sustainable research and development of complex computational systems.<sup id="cite_ref-pt2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CK is a small, portable, customizable and decentralized infrastructure helping researchers and practitioners: </p> <ul><li>share their code, data and models as reusable <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> components and automation actions<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with unified <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>, JSON meta information, and a <a href="/wiki/Unique_identifier" title="Unique identifier">UID</a> based on <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR principles</a><sup id="cite_ref-pt2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>assemble portable workflows from shared components (such as multi-objective autotuning and <a href="/wiki/Design_space_exploration" title="Design space exploration">Design space exploration</a><sup id="cite_ref-rpi2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpi2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>automate, <a href="/wiki/Crowdsource" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowdsource">crowdsource</a> and reproduce benchmarking of complex computational systems<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>unify <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a>, <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>, DNN)</li> <li>enable reproducible and interactive papers<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_usages">Notable usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_Knowledge_(software)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notable usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Holdings">ARM</a> uses CK to accelerate computer engineering<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM-sponsored</a> conferences use CK to automate the Artifact Evaluation process<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College (London)</a> uses CK to automate and <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsource</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> bug detection<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> used CK to help the community reproduce results of their publication in the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO'17) during Artifact Evaluation<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors (USA)</a> uses CK to crowd-benchmark <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">convolutional neural network</a> optimizations <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation" title="Raspberry Pi Foundation">Raspberry Pi Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CTuning_foundation" title="CTuning foundation">cTuning foundation</a> released a CK workflow with a reproducible "live" paper to enable collaborative research into multi-objective autotuning and machine learning techniques<sup id="cite_ref-rpi2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpi2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> uses CK to reproduce <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum results</a> from nature<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CK is used to automate MLPerf benchmark<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portable_package_manager_for_portable_workflows">Portable package manager for portable workflows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_Knowledge_(software)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Portable package manager for portable workflows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CK has an integrated cross-platform package manager with <a href="/wiki/Python_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Python (language)">Python</a> scripts, <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> API and <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> meta-description to automatically rebuild software environment on a user machine required to run a given research workflow.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproducibility_of_experiments">Reproducibility of experiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_Knowledge_(software)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproducibility of experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CK enables reproducibility of experimental results via community involvement similar to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. Whenever a new workflow with all components is shared via GitHub, anyone can try it on a different machine, with different environment and using slightly different choices (compilers, libraries, data sets). Whenever an unexpected or wrong behavior is encountered, the community explains it, fixes components and shares them back as described in.<sup id="cite_ref-rpi2018_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpi2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_Knowledge_(software)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.org/project/ck"><i>CK package at PYPI</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CK+package+at+PYPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypi.org%2Fproject%2Fck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pt2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pt2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pt2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFursin2021" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Fursin" title="Grigori Fursin">Fursin, Grigori</a> (29 March 2021). <i>Collective Knowledge: organizing research projects as a database of reusable components and portable workflows with common APIs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01149">2011.01149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2020.0211">10.1098/rsta.2020.0211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Collective+Knowledge%3A+organizing+research+projects+as+a+database+of+reusable+components+and+portable+workflows+with+common+APIs&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2011.01149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2020.0211&rft.aulast=Fursin&rft.aufirst=Grigori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cKnowledge.io/actions">Reusable CK components and actions to automate common research tasks</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpi2018-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpi2018_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpi2018_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpi2018_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cknowledge.io/report/rpi3-crowd-tuning-2017-interactive"><i>Live paper with reproducible experiments to enable collaborative research into multi-objective autotuning and machine learning techniques</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Live+paper+with+reproducible+experiments+to+enable+collaborative+research+into+multi-objective+autotuning+and+machine+learning+techniques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcknowledge.io%2Freport%2Frpi3-crowd-tuning-2017-interactive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cKnowledge.io"><i>Online repository with reproduced results</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Online+repository+with+reproduced+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FcKnowledge.io&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cKnowledge.io/reproduced-papers"><i>Index of reproduced papers</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+of+reproduced+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FcKnowledge.io%2Freproduced-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_PlowmanGrigori_Fursin" class="citation cs2">Ed Plowman; Grigori Fursin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ctuning/ck/wiki/Demo-ARM-TechCon'16"><i>ARM TechCon'16 presentation "Know Your Workloads: Design more efficient systems!"</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARM+TechCon%2716+presentation+%22Know+Your+Workloads%3A+Design+more+efficient+systems%21%22&rft.au=Ed+Plowman&rft.au=Grigori+Fursin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fctuning%2Fck%2Fwiki%2FDemo-ARM-TechCon%2716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cTuning.org/ae"><i>Artifact Evaluation for systems and machine learning conferences</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifact+Evaluation+for+systems+and+machine+learning+conferences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FcTuning.org%2Fae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learning.acm.org/techtalks/reproducibility"><i>ACM TechTalk about reproducing 150 research papers and testing them in the real world</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ACM+TechTalk+about+reproducing+150+research+papers+and+testing+them+in+the+real+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearning.acm.org%2Ftechtalks%2Freproducibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305003204/http://es.iet.unipi.it/tetracom/content/uploads/Posters/TTP35.pdf"><i>EU TETRACOM project to combine CK and CLSmith</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.iet.unipi.it/tetracom/content/uploads/Posters/TTP35.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+TETRACOM+project+to+combine+CK+and+CLSmith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.iet.unipi.it%2Ftetracom%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2FPosters%2FTTP35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/SamAinsworth/reproduce-cgo2017-paper"><i>Artifact Evaluation Reproduction for "Software Prefetching for Indirect Memory Accesses", CGO 2017, using CK</i></a>, 16 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifact+Evaluation+Reproduction+for+%22Software+Prefetching+for+Indirect+Memory+Accesses%22%2C+CGO+2017%2C+using+CK&rft.date=2022-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FSamAinsworth%2Freproduce-cgo2017-paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dividiti/ck-caffe"><i>GitHub development website for CK-powered Caffe</i></a>, 11 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GitHub+development+website+for+CK-powered+Caffe&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fdividiti%2Fck-caffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cknowledge.org/android-apps.html"><i>Open-source Android application to let the community participate in collaborative benchmarking and optimization of various DNN libraries and models</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open-source+Android+application+to+let+the+community+participate+in+collaborative+benchmarking+and+optimization+of+various+DNN+libraries+and+models&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcknowledge.org%2Fandroid-apps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reproducing-quantum-results-from-nature-how-hard-could-lickorish"><i>Reproducing quantum results from nature – how hard could it be?</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproducing+quantum+results+from+nature+%E2%80%93+how+hard+could+it+be%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Freproducing-quantum-results-from-nature-how-hard-could-lickorish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cknowledge.io/c/solution/demo-obj-detection-coco-tf-cpu-benchmark-linux-portable-workflows"><i>MLPerf crowd-benchmarking</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLPerf+crowd-benchmarking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcknowledge.io%2Fc%2Fsolution%2Fdemo-obj-detection-coco-tf-cpu-benchmark-linux-portable-workflows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mlcommons/ck/tree/master/ck/docs/mlperf-automation"><i>MLPerf inference benchmark automation guide</i></a>, 17 October 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLPerf+inference+benchmark+automation+guide&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmlcommons%2Fck%2Ftree%2Fmaster%2Fck%2Fdocs%2Fmlperf-automation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cKnowledge.io/packages"><i>List of shared CK packages</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+of+shared+CK+packages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FcKnowledge.io%2Fpackages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+Knowledge+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_Knowledge_(software)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Development site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/ctuning/ck">[1]</a></li> <li>Documentation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cKnowledge.io/docs">[2]</a></li> <li>Public repository with crowdsourced experiments: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cknowledge.io/results">[3]</a></li> <li>International Workshop on Adaptive Self-tuning Computing System (ADAPT) uses CK to enable public reviewing of publications and artifacts via <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://adapt-workshop.org/motivation2016.html">[4]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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