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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Renewable_Energy_Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Other Renewable Energy Generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Renewable_Energy_Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of energy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_energy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of energy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Solar energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wind energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydropower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydropower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hydropower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydropower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Biomass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geothermal_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geothermal_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Geothermal energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geothermal_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy providers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Future research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darling_South_Africa_wind_turbines.jpg/330px-Darling_South_Africa_wind_turbines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darling_South_Africa_wind_turbines.jpg/440px-Darling_South_Africa_wind_turbines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Primary sources of renewable energy in South Africa are solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass. Pictured here are wind turbines in Darling, Cape Province.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Renewable energy in South Africa</b> is energy generated in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resources</a>, those that naturally replenish themselves—such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">sunlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainpower" title="Rainpower">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewable energy focuses on four core areas: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, air and <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a>/cooling, <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency in transportation">transportation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_power_system" title="Stand-alone power system">rural energy services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy sector in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> is an important component of <a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources" title="World energy resources">global energy regimes</a> due to the country's innovation and advances in renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is ranked as moderate and its per capita emission rate is higher than the global average. Energy demand within the country is expected to rise steadily and double by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <caption>Total renewable energy capacity, 2014-2023 (<b>MW</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#9acd32;"> <td>2014 </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2021 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,711 </td> <td>3,430 </td> <td>4,652 </td> <td>6,552 </td> <td>7,911 </td> <td>8,014 </td> <td>9,523 </td> <td>9,827 </td> <td>10,505 </td> <td>10,623 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of all South African renewable energy sources, solar holds the most potential.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the country's geographic location, it receives large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind energy is also a major potential source of renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high wind velocity on the coast of the country, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> has implemented multiple <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a>, which generate significant amounts of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewable energy systems in the long-term are comparable or cost slightly less than non-renewable sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Biomass is currently the largest renewable energy contributor in South Africa with 9-14% of the total <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewable energy systems are costly to implement in the beginning but provide high economic returns in the long-run.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two main barriers accompanying renewable energy in South Africa are: the energy innovation system, and the high cost of renewable energy technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Independent_Power_Producer_Procurement_Programme" title="Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme">Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme</a> (REI4P) suggests that the cost associated with renewable energy will equal the cost of non-renewable energy by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewable energy is becoming more efficient, inexpensive, and widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa has an abundance of renewable resources that can effectively supply the country's energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_&_regulations"><span id="Policies_.26_regulations"></span>Policies & regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Policies & regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a> (IRENA), an international organization that promotes renewable energy policies. The IRENA helps with tools to create policies and the transition of technology necessary for renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides an assessment of resources, finance management, policy and legal framework, and the capacity of the energy sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_Energy_Feed-In_Tariff_(2009-2011)"><span id="Renewable_Energy_Feed-In_Tariff_.282009-2011.29"></span>Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (2009-2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (2009-2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Regulator_of_South_Africa" title="National Energy Regulator of South Africa">National Energy Regulator of South Africa</a> (NERSA) implemented the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/southafrica/name-24547-en.php">Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff</a> (REFIT) in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The REFIT works to progressively reduce carbon-based power generation by moving in the direction of renewable energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NERSA employed the REFIT in an attempt to meet the target of producing 10TWh of electricity by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When first introduced, the feed-in tariffs applied only to wind energy, hydropower, and concentrated solar power (CSP).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six months after the introduction, the tariffs were expanded to include biomass and solar photovoltaics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization wants to achieve sustainability through the use of renewable resources while engaging stakeholders, lowering the cost of investment, and making the cost of electricity more affordable for all.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decentralized investment opportunity provides South Africa with the resources to overcome its current energy crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> REFIT is the first successful greenhouse gas mitigating projects used in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The REFIT program was superseded by the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme in May 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_Energy_Independent_Power_Producers_Procurement_Programme_(Since_2011)"><span id="Renewable_Energy_Independent_Power_Producers_Procurement_Programme_.28Since_2011.29"></span>Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (Since 2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (Since 2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Independent_Power_Producer_Procurement_Programme" title="Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme">Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme</a></div> <p>South Africa first introduced the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme (REI4P) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program includes an initiative to install 17.8GW of renewable energy in South Africa before 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the REI4P is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while minimizing the country's reliance on non-renewable energy sources such as nuclear and coal.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> REI4P also works to promote local manufacturing of materials used in the renewable energy sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_Incentive_(Since_2016)"><span id="Tax_Incentive_.28Since_2016.29"></span>Tax Incentive (Since 2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tax Incentive (Since 2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To incentivize the further rollout of renewable energy generation by the private sector, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">South African Revenue Service</a> has of 1 January 2016 amended the Income <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Tax Act No. 58 of 1962</a> to include <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_depreciation" title="Accelerated depreciation">accelerated depreciation</a> for renewable energy assets commissioned by a tax paying entity. This tax incentive is not limited to new renewable generation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photovoltaic_Solar_Energy_Generation">Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government plans make a special provision for <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">photovoltaic systems</a> that are smaller or equal to 1 MW<sub>p</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Megawatt-peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt-peak">Megawatt peak</a>) in section 12 B of the Tax Act. Owners can depreciate the investment 100% in the first year. </p><p>Depreciating the photovoltaic solar system 100% in the first year grants the taxpayer a <a href="/wiki/Tax_shield" title="Tax shield">tax shield</a> due to saved income tax. This provides, in effect, a 28% discount on the photovoltaic solar system. The tax shield applies even if the photovoltaic solar system is installed mid-year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By partially financing the photovoltaic solar system through debt, systems can achieve a repayment time of 1 year. Systems subsequently achieve ongoing electricity savings for each year of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Renewable_Energy_Generation">Other Renewable Energy Generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other Renewable Energy Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> (CSP), <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, photovoltaic systems exceeding 1 MW<sub>p</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> not exceeding 30 MW as well as biomass systems are also incentivized through an accelerated depreciation with the following schedule: </p> <ul><li>Year 1: 50% depreciation</li> <li>Year 2: 30% depreciation</li> <li>Year 3: 20% depreciation</li> <li>Year 4: 10% depreciation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_energy">Types of energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png/206px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png" decoding="async" width="206" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png/309px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png/412px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-Africa-en.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>South Africa receives large amounts of solar radiation each year.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_energy">Solar energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solar energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Africa" title="Solar power in South Africa">Solar power in South Africa</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a> is light and heat that is radiated from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is then transformed into electricity through <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> (PV) or <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power (CSP)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar energy in South Africa is primarily based in PV and CSP.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The levelized cost of solar electricity is relative to the quality and quantity of solar radiation in South Africa. The same plant can produce up to 20% more electricity for the same capital investment in South Africa compared to countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The furthest area in the west of the country receives the highest levels of solar radiation, ranging from 2100 kWh/m2 to more than 2300 kWh/m2.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar power production in South Africa is supposed to reach 8400 MW by the year 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa implemented a solar park in the Northern Cape region that is set to deliver 180,000 MWh of annual solar energy to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that only 3000 km^2 of land used for solar electricity is required to meet South Africa's demand.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Solar energy capacity 2014–2023 (MW)<sup id="cite_ref-:222_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 21">: 21 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#ffffe0;"> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td><b>2022</b> </td> <td><b>2023</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,164 </td> <td>1,353 </td> <td>2,176 </td> <td>3,451 </td> <td>4,805 </td> <td>4,908 </td> <td>5,994 </td> <td>6,316 </td> <td>6,326 </td> <td>6,164 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Solar energy is a low-cost source of energy compared to traditional non-renewable energy resources in South Africa. The introduction of solar power plants has stimulated the economy and created jobs within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa's land cover receives an average of 2,500 hours of sunshine per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar energy systems have a high initial cost, but typically return the investment within 5 to 8 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of solar energy in South Africa is driving the use of other renewable energy sources including wind, hydroelectric, and biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG/220px-Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG/330px-Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG/440px-Jeffreys_Bay_Windfarm-001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffreysbaywindfarm.co.za">Jeffrey's Bay Wind Farm</a> is located on the Eastern cape and has a production output of 100MW. It is the second largest wind farm in South Africa. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_energy">Wind energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wind energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> to produce electric power. Wind levels vary depending on factors such as terrain, bodies of water and vegetative cover.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbines convert the wind into <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> and mechanical power.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wind turns 50-metre-long blades attached to 80 metre-high shafts that generate the electric energy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbine farms can range between 10MW to over 100 MW and produce energy when the wind is between 13–90 km/h.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbines farms can be onshore or offshore. Offshore have stronger winds and less visual impact.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Wind energy capacity 2014–2023 (MW)<sup id="cite_ref-:222_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#87ceeb;"> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td><b>2022</b> </td> <td><b>2023</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>569 </td> <td>1,079 </td> <td>1,473 </td> <td>2,094 </td> <td>2,094 </td> <td>2,094 </td> <td>2,516 </td> <td>2,495 </td> <td>3,163 </td> <td>3,442 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2014 the first major wind farm became operational with approximately 10 either operational or in construction today. South Africa's extensive coastline and geographical terrain including lowlands and high veld escarpment, provide wind energy that can be extracted and generated into off-the-shelf technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently 19 wind energy developments in South Africa with more than 600 wind turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the international scale, South Africa ranks as having fair to reasonable wind resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind power is a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a>, widely distributed and clean form of energy. The production of wind energy does not produce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and is an alternative to burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GariepDam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GariepDam.jpg/220px-GariepDam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GariepDam.jpg/330px-GariepDam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/GariepDam.jpg/440px-GariepDam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gariep_Dam" title="Gariep Dam">Gariep Dam</a>, located in Eastern Cape, is a large-scale hydroelectric site with the primary purposes of power generation, irrigation, domestic and industrial use.</figcaption></figure> <p>South Africa's installed wind capacity reaches 3,442 MW in 2022, with 668 MW installed in 2021 and no new installations in 2022. South Africa remains the leading African country ahead of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a> (1,788 MW) and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Egypt</a> (1,702 MW).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydropower">Hydropower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hydropower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a>, or hydroelectric power, is energy that is captured from flowing water and turned into electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common forms of hydropower use <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric Dams">hydroelectric dams</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>. Water released from the reservoir flows through a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> that generates electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa currently has seven hydroelectric power stations across the country, all owned by <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's hydroelectricity potential is limited due to the low annual rainfall rate of 500mm.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa experiences seasonal flows and frequent droughts, which pose obstacles to the hydropower success.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">The Eastern Cape</a> province is the most hydro-potential in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hydropower capacity 2014–2023 (MW)<sup id="cite_ref-:222_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#6495ed;"> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td><b>2022</b> </td> <td><b>2023</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,133 </td> <td>2,148 </td> <td>3,147 </td> <td>3,480 </td> <td>3,480 </td> <td>3,480 </td> <td>3,480 </td> <td>3,484 </td> <td>3,484 </td> <td>3,484 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hydroelectric dams in South Africa can be associated with other water uses, such as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and flood control, to increase economic development within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current installed capacity within the country is 668MW.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale (>10MW) hydroelectric generation systems have the potential to contribute up to 5091MW of energy, but can have negative implications on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large amount of flowing water can damage <a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">river ecology</a>, and the facilities take up a significant amount of land space.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small-scale (<10MW) hydroelectric generation systems can contribute up to 69MW of energy and do not have any major environmental implications.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg/145px-Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg/218px-Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg/291px-Forest_canopy_South_African_indigenous_Curtisia_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Biomass is the largest renewable energy contributor in South Africa, holding 9-14% of the energy mix.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass">Biomass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biomass is physical biological material that comes from living or recently living organisms. It comes from plants or materials derived from plants (<a href="/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomass" title="Lignocellulosic biomass">lignocellulosic biomass</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomass has the capacity to produce electricity, heat, or liquid fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomass can be used as a direct energy source as heating or cooking fuel, or can be burned to generate electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used indirectly by using its biological processes and producing <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, and fuel that can be used in transportation and cooking processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood is currently the largest producer of biomass fuel—including tree stumps, forest residue, dead trees, and wood chips. Animal matter and plant matter can also be converted into forms of biofuel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bioenergy capacity 2014–2023 (MW)<sup id="cite_ref-:222_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:222-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#20b2aa;"> <td><b>2014</b> </td> <td><b>2015</b> </td> <td><b>2016</b> </td> <td><b>2017</b> </td> <td><b>2018</b> </td> <td><b>2019</b> </td> <td><b>2020</b> </td> <td><b>2021</b> </td> <td><b>2022</b> </td> <td><b>2023</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>246 </td> <td>251 </td> <td>256 </td> <td>260 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>265 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>South Africa currently has several biodiesel production facilities in production.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa's 42 million hectares of natural woodlands and 1.35 million hectares of plantation provide a large potential for biomass production.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South African government has a <i>Working for Energy Programme</i> that aims to process biomass energy for various applications.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geothermal-energy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geothermal-energy.png/220px-Geothermal-energy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geothermal-energy.png/330px-Geothermal-energy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geothermal-energy.png/440px-Geothermal-energy.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Geothermal energy is produced by extracting heat from the Earth's crust and converting it to electricity.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geothermal_energy">Geothermal energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geothermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a> energy is generated from heat that is stored in the Earth. The geothermal energy that is generated from the Earth's crust is the original formation of the planet and from <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> of material.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geothermal heat pumps tap into the ground to use this resource as a source of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable form of energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are currently no geothermal energy practices in South Africa but there are projects underway to implement them.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geothermal measurements have been made throughout South Africa, demonstrating that there is high geothermal potential and that the relevant temperatures rank from medium to high on the global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_providers">Energy providers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South African energy sector is dominated by the company <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>. Eskom currently produces 95% of South Africa's electricity. Due to their large presence in the <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-renewable energy">non-renewable energy</a> sector, there are <a href="/wiki/Independent_Power_Producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Power Producer">independent power producers</a> (IPP) who are capable of providing renewable energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reach the 10,000 GWh renewable energy target, the government has joined agencies and implemented policies that promote independent renewable energy producers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biothermenergy.com/">BioTherm Energy</a> is the leading IPP because of their three wind and solar projects that are involved in REI4P.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mulilo.com">Mulilo</a> is a South African company who provides clean energy such as wind and solar to the national grid. Mulilo is a member of the South African REI4P and has won 420MW worth of projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They currently have 30MW of solar PV operational and have another 185MW scheduled. By the end of 2017, Mulilo was to contribute 240 megawatts of wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juwi.co.za">juwi South Africa</a> is a renewable energy company who is also one of the world's leading renewable energy companies. juwi South Africa's main focus is on the production of solar energy on a utility and commercial scale, as well as onshore wind energy. juwi South Africa has built five utility-scale solar plants under the REI4P and they are also a member of the IPPs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/WiSolar" title="WiSolar">WiSolar</a> is an on-demand prepaid solar utility company in South Africa, which provides affordable solar energy options to South Africans while addressing climate change. It Solar panels releases electrons when struck by sunlight, to supply immediate energy consumption and stores any excess.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_research">Future research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Future research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa is one of the most popular countries for investment in renewable energy. In 2014, the country received US$5.5 billion towards renewable energy projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewable energy in South Africa has the potential to increase access to electricity in rural areas because of its suitability for off-grid and small-scale solutions. The barriers of renewable energy in the country include lack of political stability and capacity, marginalization, corruption, poverty, and environmental degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government introduces both short-to-medium and long-term targets to help set the pace of renewable energy production. </p><p>A financial barrier exists in the renewable energy sector in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investors choose to invest in large-scale non-renewable resource companies, such as Eskom, rather than Independent Power Producers such as BioTherm, Mulilo, and juwi South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high initial capital required to employ renewable energy is a large constraint the sector experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renewable energy topics by country">Renewable energy by country</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altgen.com">AltGen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_in_South_Africa" title="Template:Power in South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Power_in_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Power in South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Power_in_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Power in South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Power in South Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in South Africa">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Africa" title="Solar power in South Africa">Solar power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Nuclear_Energy_Corporation" title="South African Nuclear Energy Corporation">South African Nuclear Energy Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Regulator_of_South_Africa" title="National Energy Regulator of South Africa">National Energy Regulator of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_Energy_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic Energy Corporation (page does not exist)">Atomic Energy Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Gas_Works" title="Johannesburg Gas Works">Johannesburg Gas Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of power stations in South Africa">Active<br />power stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Eskom Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnot_Power_Station" title="Arnot Power Station">Arnot Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloemfontein_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloemfontein Power Station (page does not exist)">Bloemfontein Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Power_Station" title="Camden Power Station">Camden Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvha_Power_Station" title="Duvha Power Station">Duvha Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grootvlei_Power_Station" title="Grootvlei Power Station">Grootvlei Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrina_Power_Station" title="Hendrina Power Station">Hendrina Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Power_Station" title="Kelvin Power Station">Kelvin Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendal_Power_Station" title="Kendal Power Station">Kendal Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komati_Power_Station" title="Komati Power Station">Komati Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriel_Power_Station" title="Kriel Power Station">Kriel Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusile_Power_Station" title="Kusile Power Station">Kusile Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethabo_Power_Station" title="Lethabo Power Station">Lethabo Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuba_Power_Station" title="Majuba Power Station">Majuba Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matimba_Power_Station" title="Matimba Power Station">Matimba Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matla_Power_Station" title="Matla Power Station">Matla Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medupi_Power_Station" title="Medupi Power Station">Medupi Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretoria_West_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretoria West Power Station (page does not exist)">Pretoria West Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuka_Power_Station" title="Tutuka Power Station">Tutuka Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Metro Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Power_Station" title="Kelvin Power Station">Kelvin Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooiwal_Power_Station" title="Rooiwal Power Station">Rooiwal Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Hydro-electric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg_Pumped_Storage_Scheme" title="Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme">Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariep_Dam" title="Gariep Dam">Gariep Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingula_Pumped_Storage_Scheme" title="Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme">Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouga_Dam_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouga Dam Power Station">Kouga Dam Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ncora_Dam" title="Ncora Dam">Ncora Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiet_Pumped_Storage_Scheme" title="Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme">Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steenbras_Dam" title="Steenbras Dam">Steenbras Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderkloof_Dam" title="Vanderkloof Dam">Vanderkloof Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Koeberg Nuclear Power Station">Koeberg Nuclear Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Oil and gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acacia_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acacia Power Station (page does not exist)">Acacia Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankerlig_Power_Station" title="Ankerlig Power Station">Ankerlig Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gourikwa_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gourikwa Power Station (page does not exist)">Gourikwa Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newcastle_Cogeneration_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (page does not exist)">Newcastle Cogeneration Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Rex_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port Rex Power Station (page does not exist)">Port Rex Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Solar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokpoort_CSP" title="Bokpoort CSP">Bokpoort CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Aar_Solar_Power" title="De Aar Solar Power">De Aar Solar Power</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Droogfontein_Solar_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Droogfontein Solar Power (page does not exist)">Droogfontein Solar Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Solar_Energy_Project" title="Jasper Solar Energy Project">Jasper Solar Energy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkbult&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkbult (page does not exist)">Kalkbult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_Solar_Park" title="Kathu Solar Park">Kathu Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaXu_Solar_One" title="KaXu Solar One">KaXu Solar One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khi_Solar_One" title="Khi Solar One">Khi Solar One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesedi_Solar_Park" title="Lesedi Solar Park">Lesedi Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letsatsi_Solar_Park" title="Letsatsi Solar Park">Letsatsi Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prieska%E2%80%93Total_Solar_Power_Station" title="Prieska–Total Solar Power Station">Mulilo Sonnedix Prieska PV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Solar_Thermal_Power" title="Redstone Solar Thermal Power">Redstone Solar Thermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SlimSun_Swartland_Solar_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SlimSun Swartland Solar Park (page does not exist)">SlimSun Swartland Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touwsrivier_CPV_Solar_Project" title="Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project">Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wind farms in South Africa">Wind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amakhala_Emoyeni_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Amakhala Emoyeni Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurora_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurora Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Aurora Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandvallei_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandvallei Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Brandvallei Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Wind_Farm" title="Castle Wind Farm">Castle Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaba_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaba Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Chaba Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coega_Wind_Farm" title="Coega Wind Farm">Coega Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coleskop_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coleskop Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Coleskop Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cookhouse_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cookhouse Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Cookhouse Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copperton_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copperton Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Copperton Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dassiesklip_Wind_Energy_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility (page does not exist)">Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_Wind_Farm" title="Darling Wind Farm">Darling Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Aar_Wind_Farm" title="De Aar Wind Farm">De Aar Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorper_Wind_Farm" title="Dorper Wind Farm">Dorper Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Wind_Farm" title="Excelsior Wind Farm">Excelsior Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garob_Wind_Power_Station" title="Garob Wind Power Station">Garob Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gibson_Bay_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gibson Bay Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Gibson Bay Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Valley_Wind_Energy_Facility" title="Golden Valley Wind Energy Facility">Golden Valley Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouda_Wind_Facility" title="Gouda Wind Facility">Gouda Wind Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grassridge_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grassridge Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Grassridge Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hopefield_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hopefield Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Hopefield Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impofu_Wind_Power_Farms_Complex" title="Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex">Impofu Wind Power Farms Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffreys_Bay_Wind_Farm" title="Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm">Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangnas_Wind_Power_Station" title="Kangnas Wind Power Station">Kangans Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karusa_Wind_Power_Station" title="Karusa Wind Power Station">Karusa Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klipheuwel_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klipheuwel Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Klipheuwel Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobab_Wind_Farm" title="Khobab Wind Farm">Khobab Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouga_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouga Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Kouga Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loeriesfontein_Wind_Farm" title="Loeriesfontein Wind Farm">Loeriesfontein Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrowind_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrowind Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Metrowind Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noblesfontein_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noblesfontein Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Noblesfontein Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nojoli_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nojoli Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Nojoli Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noupoort_Wind_Farm" title="Noupoort Wind Farm">Noupoort Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nxuba_Wind_Power_Station" title="Nxuba Wind Power Station">Nxuba Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_Wind_Power_Station" title="Oyster Bay Wind Power Station">Oyster Bay Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdekraal_Wind_Farm" title="Perdekraal Wind Farm">Perdekraal Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phezukomoya_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phezukomoya Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Phezukomoya Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Cap_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Cap Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Red Cap Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rietkloof_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rietkloof Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Rietkloof Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roggeveld_Wind_Farm" title="Roggeveld Wind Farm">Roggeveld Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Kraal_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Kraal Wind Farm (page does not exist)">San Kraal Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere_Wind_Farm" title="Sere Wind Farm">Sere Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriti_Wind_Power_Station" title="Seriti Wind Power Station">Seriti Wind Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soetwater_Wind_Power_Station" title="Soetwater Wind Power Station">Soetwater Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsitsikamma_Community_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Tsitsikamma Community Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umoya_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umoya Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Umoya Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stadens_Wind_Farm" title="Van Stadens Wind Farm">Van Stadens Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waainek_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waainek Wind Farm (page does not exist)">Waainek Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_1_Wind_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Coast 1 Wind Farm (page does not exist)">West Coast 1 Wind Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley-Ciskei_Wind_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station">Wesley-Ciskei Wind Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witberg_Wind_farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witberg Wind farm (page does not exist)">Witberg Wind farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wind_Farm" title="Wolf Wind Farm">Wolf Wind Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannesburg_Landfill_Gas_to_Electricity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity (page does not exist)">Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decommissioned_power_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of decommissioned power stations in South Africa">Decommissioned<br />power stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coal" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colenso_Power_Station" title="Colenso Power Station">Colenso Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Driehoek_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Driehoek Power Station (page does not exist)">Driehoek Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graaff_Electric_Lighting_Works" title="Graaff Electric Lighting Works">Graaff Electric Lighting Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingagane_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingagane Power Station (page does not exist)">Ingagane Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kroonstad_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kroonstad Power Station (page does not exist)">Kroonstad Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Road_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Road Power Station (page does not exist)">Mount Road Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Power_Station" title="Orlando Power Station">Orlando Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swartkops_Power_Station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swartkops Power Station (page does not exist)">Swartkops Power Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Energy (South Africa)">Department of Energy (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_energy_crisis" title="South African energy crisis">South African energy crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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