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data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-基礎概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基礎概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 基礎概念 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-基礎概念-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去基礎概念細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-基礎概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-普世通則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#普世通則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 普世通則 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-普世通則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-領域分支" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#領域分支"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 領域分支 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-領域分支-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去領域分支細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-領域分支-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-按語言構造分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按語言構造分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 按語言構造分 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按語言構造分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語音學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語音學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 語音學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語音學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去語音學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-語音學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-講嘢嘅聲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#講嘢嘅聲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 講嘢嘅聲 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-講嘢嘅聲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言韻律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言韻律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 語言韻律 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言韻律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音系學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音系學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 音系學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音系學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去音系學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-音系學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 音素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韻律使用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韻律使用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 韻律使用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韻律使用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-構詞學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#構詞學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 構詞學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-構詞學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去構詞學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-構詞學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-字詞變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#字詞變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 字詞變化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-字詞變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 句法學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-句法學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去句法學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-句法學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-詞性分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞性分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 詞性分類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞性分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 句子 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分析樹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分析樹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 分析樹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分析樹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腦內句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腦內句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 腦內句法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腦內句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語義學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語義學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 語義學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語義學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去語義學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-語義學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-煲巴奇奇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#煲巴奇奇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 煲巴奇奇 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-煲巴奇奇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主題關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主題關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 主題關係 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主題關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語用學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語用學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 語用學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語用學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-心理語言學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#心理語言學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 心理語言學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-心理語言學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去心理語言學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-心理語言學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-語言習得" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言習得"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 語言習得 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言習得-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會語言學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會語言學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 社會語言學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會語言學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史語言學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史語言學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 歷史語言學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史語言學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 切換去歷史語言學細章節 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史語言學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-語言比較" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言比較"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 語言比較 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言比較-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言接觸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言接觸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 語言接觸 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言接觸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關領域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關領域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 相關領域 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關領域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 睇埋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 歐詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 攷 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 開/收內容一覽 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">語言學嘅大綱</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有2種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" > 2種語言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مخطط علم اللغويات – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط علم اللغويات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Outline of linguistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7112675#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c">文章</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t">討論</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >粵語 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1">閱</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e">改</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h">睇返紀錄</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >架撐 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1">閱</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e">改</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=history">睇返紀錄</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j">有乜連過嚟</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k">連結頁嘅更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u">上載檔案</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q">專門版</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&oldid=2205792" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址">固定連結</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料">此版明細</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&id=2205792&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊">引用呢篇文</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%2598%2585%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%25B6%25B1">攞短網址</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%2598%2585%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E7%25B6%25B1">下載QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=show-download-screen">下載PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p">印得嘅版本</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7112675" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g">維基數據項</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.4em 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/290px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/435px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style=";padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>系列</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguists" class="extiw" title="en:List of linguists">一覽</a>） · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">語言學嘅大綱</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言結構</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="語言聲學">語言聲學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="發聲語音學">發聲</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="聽覺語音學">聽覺</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學">句法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙語義學">詞彙語義學</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結構語義學 (無呢版)">結構語義學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="原型理論">原型語義學</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學領域</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範</a>語言學 · <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用</a>語言學 · <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音位學 (無呢版)">音位學</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞法學 (無呢版)">詞法學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="計量語言學">計量語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="社會語言學">社會語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>） · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生成語言學 (無呢版)">生成語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%99%82%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共時語言學 (無呢版)">共時語言學</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對照語言學 (無呢版)">對照語言學</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" title="文體學">文體學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%B8" title="語源學">語源學</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫語言學</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學應用</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙學">詞彙學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭典學">辭典學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="正字法">正字法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="語言教育">語言教育</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 拉雜相關</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E7%90%86" title="樂理">樂理</a>） · <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;"> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Linguistics (無呢版)">Portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:語言學">睇</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:語言學 (無呢版)">論</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit">改</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=history">歷</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Expert plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">呢篇文需要熟悉呢方面嘅人幫手寫。 詳情請去<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="Talk:語言學嘅大綱">討論頁</a>睇。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> 以下呢篇<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="階層式大綱">大綱</a>，旨在將<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>最基本嗰啲概念冚唪唥列嗮出嚟，作為對語言學呢門學問嘅入門簡介。 語言學（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵音</a>：jyu5 jin4 hok6；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：linguistics）係用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>嘅領域<a href="#cite_note-brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraintro-2">[2]</a>，通常會當係一門<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>，有陣時會當係一門<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>會建立<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>嚟嘗試解釋語言相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="社會現象">現象</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論語言學</a>），亦都會諗點樣解決啲實際嘅語言相關問題（<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用語言學</a>），例如研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">學語言嗰陣嘅心理過程</a>就被指係有助啲人剖析點樣<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="教語言">教語言</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基礎概念">基礎概念</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 基礎概念">編輯</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/300px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/450px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/600px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">語言嘅基礎—人同人之間用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/300px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/450px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/600px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="899" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>通常係嘗試用視覺化嘅方式將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="口語">口語</a>記低。上圖係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>，好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>等嘅多種<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲語言">歐洲語言</a>嘅文字，傳統上都係用羅馬字嚟寫嘅。</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>、<a href="/wiki/Exponent_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="Exponent (語言學)">exponent (語言學)</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜度">複雜度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a></div> 2022 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">不列顛百科全書</a>用咗一句咁簡短嘅句子，<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="界定">界定</a>語言學<a href="#cite_note-brit-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>： <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：語言學，（係）對<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學研究">科學研究</a>。 </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> 當中<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>係隻重要嘅關鍵詞—詳情可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>等嘅概念。而至於語言呢個概念要點<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>，有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學者">語言學者</a>噉講<a href="#cite_note-Kraintro-2">[2]</a>:p. 3<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>： <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">粵文翻譯：語言係<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88" title="集合">集合</a>。符號會結合一嚿 <a href="/wiki/Exponent_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="Exponent (語言學)">exponent</a>（一串<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9A%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="單隻字母">單隻字母</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>）掕住個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>係由基本啲（細啲散啲）嘅符號度產生（更複雜嘅）符號嘅方法... </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> 仲有學者進一步強調，語言學研究要區分清楚手上啲語言係咪<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[歐 1]</a>：自然語言包括啲响<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>當中「自然噉發展」出嚟、人响日常<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="寫嘢">寫嘢</a>嗰陣會用嘅語言—例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="客家話">客家話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭話">英格蘭話</a>等都屬於自然語言，呢啲語言有別於<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>—形式語言係指人整出嚟、每隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>都有固定<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">意思</a>嘅語言，包括係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="數學語言">數學語言</a>呀噉；相比之下，自然語言成日會有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a>（一隻字有多過一個可能意思）等嘅情況；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a>—人造語言可以望落似日常講嘢用嘅語言，但係由人特登創造出嚟嘅，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB" title="奇幻">奇幻</a>方面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家">作家</a>為自己<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="虛構世界">想像中嘅世界</a>作出嚟嘅語言；</li></ul> ... 呀噉。呢啲語言同自然語言有明顯差異，所以唔可以就噉擺埋一齊分析。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="普世通則">普世通則</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 普世通則">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%80%9A%E5%89%87" title="普世語言通則">普世語言通則</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%80%9A%E5%89%87" title="普世語言通則">普世語言通則</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[歐 2]</a>係語言學上最基本嘅概念之一。一條普世語言通則係指一樣「世上嘅語言冚唪唥都有」嘅特徵<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a>，例如<a href="#cite_note-ander18-9">[7]</a>:4. 1.4； <ol><li>所有語言都有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[註 1]</a>。</li> <li>所有語言都會<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">演變</a>。</li> <li>啲人學一隻語言嗰陣，需要學大量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a>... 等等。</li></ol> 有好多語言學家都致力想將普世語言通則冚唪唥搵嗮出嚟，但呢樣嘢往往講就易做就難：事實表明，要睇嗮所有語言係好難嘅；廿一世紀初嘅世界有成幾千隻語言咁多，成日都有語言學家睇咗大量語言之後，搵到樣特性係嗰啲語言全部都有嘅，諗住自己搵到條普世語言通則... 但跟住佢就發現咗有隻語言係冇呢樣特性嘅。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="領域分支">領域分支</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 領域分支">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用語言學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[歐 3]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[歐 4]</a>語言學 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述語言學</a>係指純<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>噉描述「啲人點樣用語言」，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a>就會嘗試特登改變啲人用語言嘅方法或者有「語言要噉噉噉用先算係啱」嘅諗法<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a>。</li> <li>描述語言學例子：「2020 年嘅香港人講粵語嗰時啲音係噉噉噉，而同年嘅廣州人講粵語嗰時啲音係噉噉噉...」</li> <li>規範語言學例子：「而家嘅粵語群體將時間呢兩隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>讀做 si4 gaan3 係唔啱嘅！應該讀做 si4 gaan1 至啱！」</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[歐 5]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[歐 6]</a>語言學 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論語言學</a>係指睇重「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>」嘅語言學研究，好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>噉為咗滿足<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="好奇心">好奇心</a>而研究語言，會剖析語言本身，亦都會嘗試建立理論模型嚟<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B" title="解釋">解釋</a>實際觀察到嘅語言相關現象<a href="#cite_note-betti21-16">[9]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用語言學</a>就係指用語言學上嘅知識嚟解決一啲實用上嘅問題<a href="#cite_note-betti21-16">[9]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[歐 7]</a>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>過程嘅領域。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[歐 8]</a>語言學：研究語言背後嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>，例如係「人諗要講嘅嘢嗰陣，個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>入面做緊啲乜<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>」（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[歐 9]</a>）等嘅問題。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[歐 10]</a>語言學：研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>嘅歷史進程，仲可以包埋研究個別嘅語言同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="語族">語族</a>喺歷史上點樣變化過。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[歐 11]</a>語言學：透過比較唔同嘅語言嚟剖析佢哋之間乜關係，例如比較唔同語言嚟搞清楚「呢隻呢隻語言屬邊個語族」噉。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[歐 12]</a>：一隻語言嘅音系係指隻語言嗰套「組織佢哋啲聲」嘅方法。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[歐 13]</a>：按照唔同語言嘅結構特徵嚟將語言分類，例如對<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>嘅研究就成日畀人攞嚟講－語言類型學家發覺有啲語言砌句子（句法）嗰陣興<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>行先、跟住係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>、最後<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>擺尾，噉嘅語言就算係「跟 <a href="/wiki/SVO_%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="SVO 句法">SVO 句法</a>嘅語言」，例如英格蘭話就畀人分類做 SVO 型嘅語言。順帶一提，廣東話有樣嘢幾出名嘅係，廣東話一般畀人分類做 SVO 語言，但有陣時可以用 <a href="/wiki/VOS_%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="VOS 句法">VOS 句法</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="計量語言學">計量</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[歐 14]</a>語言學：專運用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="數學化">數學化</a>嘅方法（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>）嚟研究語言，會極力將語言相關嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>用數字表示出嚟，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%B3%E5%A4%AB%E7%B0%A1%E6%BD%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="揳夫簡潔定律">揳夫簡潔定律</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="協氏定律">協氏定律</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[歐 15]</a>語言學：用<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="運算">運算</a>方法（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a>）研究語言學。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>（NLP；教 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a> 處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>嘅技術）。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫</a>語言學：泛指靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[歐 16]</a>嚟搞語言學研究；語料庫係一啲大型而且整理好嗮嘅語言資源，當中「整理好嗮」係指唔淨只要儲住啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="語料">語料</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%84%E9%9F%B3" title="錄音">錄音</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>呀噉），仲要整到可以畀<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="用家">用家</a>輕易噉攞去用，即係例如用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a>等嘅技術將啲語料執到整整齊齊噉嘅款<a href="#cite_note-liu2006-27">[10]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[歐 17]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="普遍文法">普遍文法</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[歐 18]</a>：一套<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學理論">語言學理論</a>，主張<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>天生就有某啲特殊構造，令到佢哋有能力<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">學同用語言</a>；人腦嘅呢啲結構係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="普遍文法">普遍文法</a>嘅一部份，呢啲普遍文法會對人類產生語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>設低啲限制，因而主宰咗人類語言可以有啲咩特性<a href="#cite_note-chomskyetal19-30">[11]</a>:p. 230。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%B8" title="文字學">文字學</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[歐 19]</a>：專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>同埋文字系統嘅基本組成部份（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="文字素">文字素</a>）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="正字法">正字法</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[歐 20]</a>：是但攞一隻語言，隻語言嘅正字寫法係指講緊呢隻語言嘅人點樣寫隻語言；例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>係要寫<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>嘅口語，而原則上粵文可以用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>嚟寫（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96" title="粵文拉丁化">粵文拉丁化</a>），好似係以下嘅句子噉，就係用咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>嚟寫 <dl><dd>Ngo5 sik1 gong2 gwong2 dung1 waa2（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>：我識講廣東話）</dd></dl> <ul><li>但<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E4%BF%97" title="習俗">慣例</a>上，粵語人群寫親粵文，通常會用漢字加<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%AD%97" title="粵字">粵字</a>嚟寫，淨係間中會夾雜咗用羅馬字寫嘅拼音<a href="#cite_note-33">[註 2]</a>。正字法呢隻詞仲可以包埋語言學上「同一隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="文字系統">文字系統</a>未完成嘅語言，整返套文字系統嚟寫佢」噉嘅工作<a href="#cite_note-34">[12]</a>。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按語言構造分">按語言構造分</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 按語言構造分">編輯</a>]</div> 語言學分子領域嗰陣，成日會靠「研究語言嘅邊一部份」嚟分。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音學</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[歐 21]</a>：專門研究語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>－聲本質上係種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" title="波動">波動</a>，具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F" title="物理量">物理量</a>；語音學會剖析呢啲聲特性，亦會嘗試將呢啲聲特性<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念化</a>，研究人點樣產生同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>呢啲聲<a href="#cite_note-36">[13]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="語言聲學">語言聲學</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[歐 22]</a>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="語音">語音</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a>特性，會分析語音嘅（例如）頻率以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%B9%85" title="振幅">振幅</a>等嘅物理量<a href="#cite_note-johnnjohn04-38">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[15]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="發聲語音學">發聲</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[歐 23]</a>語音學：研究人類點樣發出語音，尤其係睇重分析<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>當中發生嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" title="空氣">空氣</a>流動點樣產生聲<a href="#cite_note-41">[16]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="聽覺語音學">聽覺</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[歐 24]</a>語音學：研究人點樣<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽</a>語言嘅聲。可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上講到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a><a href="#cite_note-johnnjohn04-38">[14]</a>。</li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:290px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:290px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv/256px--Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="256" height="256" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_(English).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="256" data-height="256" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AReal-time_MRI_-_Speaking_%28English%29.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>呢幅 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">MRI</a> 影像，顯示一個人講英格蘭話嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>嘅變化。</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:277px">呢幅 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="磁力共振造影">MRI</a> 影像，顯示一個人講英格蘭話嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>嘅變化。 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[歐 25]</a>：專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a><a href="#cite_note-zi6-44">[註 3]</a>，包括字嘅內部結構，亦會研究啲字可以點樣變化（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>）<a href="#cite_note-45">[17]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學">句法學</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[歐 26]</a>：專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a>點樣結合埋一齊，形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a><a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義學</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[歐 27]</a>：專門研究字等嘅語言結構點樣表達<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>，唔淨只會諗個別嘅字點樣掕到意思，仲會諗埋個別嘅字會點樣影響成句句子嘅意思<a href="#cite_note-49">[19]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙語義學">詞彙</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[歐 28]</a>語義學：專門研究個別字詞點樣表達語義<a href="#cite_note-51">[20]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用學</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[歐 29]</a>：研究人點樣用語言－人用語言嗰時會表達<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>，但事實表明，啲字詞表達嘅意思好多時都唔合符佢哋字面上嘅意思，語用學會研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>等嘅概念，剖析人點樣表達呢啲「字面上嘅意思」以外嘅意思<a href="#cite_note-53">[21]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語音學">語音學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 語音學">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocal_folds-201611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vocal_folds-201611.jpg/270px-Vocal_folds-201611.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vocal_folds-201611.jpg/405px-Vocal_folds-201611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vocal_folds-201611.jpg/540px-Vocal_folds-201611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>一個人條<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%B8%B6" title="聲帶">聲帶</a>開咗嘅樣</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Places_of_articulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Places_of_articulation.svg/270px-Places_of_articulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Places_of_articulation.svg/405px-Places_of_articulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Places_of_articulation.svg/540px-Places_of_articulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>呢幅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E7%8B%80%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="矢狀面">矢狀面圖</a>表示個人頭斬開由左邊睇嘅樣；啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="阿拉伯數字">阿拉伯數字</a>表示唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="調音部位">調音部位</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>一門，專研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>，會用到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a>）等嘅概念將<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>嘅各種特性表達做數值。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>：可以話係語言嘅起始<a href="#cite_note-54">[註 4]</a>；聲係一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" title="波動">波動</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>），再精確啲講係種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="機械波">機械波</a>，即係話聲喺物理上係反映緊<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B3%AA" title="介質">介質</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" title="空氣">空氣</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>呀噉）<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AA" title="振盪">振盪</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[註 5]</a>，冇咗介質粒子（例如喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空">真空</a>嘅環境下）聲波就傳遞唔到，人就唔會聽到任何嘅聲。喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>上，聲可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BD%A2" title="波形">波形圖</a>嚟表示，而一吓聲「有幾大」會用<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%A3%93" title="聲壓">聲壓</a>（單位係 <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%B2%9D" title="分貝">dB</a>）嚟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[22]</a>:p. 2。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E7%8B%80%E9%9D%A2%E5%9C%96" title="矢狀面圖">矢狀面圖</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[歐 30]</a>：語音學研究成日用到嘅一種圖解；一幅矢狀面圖望落會好似攞住個人頭，由左或者右邊睇個<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E6%AE%BC" title="頭殼">頭殼</a>入面啲結構噉；做語音學研究成日會用呢種圖，剖析人喺發出<a href="/wiki/Phone_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone (語言學)">講嘢嘅聲</a>嗰陣時<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>周圍啲結構有乜活動，從而理解呢啲聲係點發出嚟嘅<a href="#cite_note-essential2-2-58">[23]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[歐 31]</a>：語音學研究上成日用嘅一種工具，攞嚟精確噉將講嘢嘅聲寫低；喺現實世界，人往往會攞文字寫低自己講嘅嘢，但人平時生活用嘅文字同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a>一樣，或多或少噉有啲混沌<a href="#cite_note-essentialsIPA-60">[24]</a>，例如 <dl><dd>聲呢隻漢字喺廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>入面可以有兩個音－<ruby><rb>聲</rb><rt>sing1</rt></ruby> or <ruby><rb>聲</rb><rt>seng1</rt></ruby>；</dd> <dd>英格蘭話都有類似嘅情況，例如 cake（<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95" title="蛋糕">蛋糕</a>）同 century（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="世紀">世紀</a>）雖然頭嗰隻字母都係 c，但佢哋頭嗰個音查實幾唔同<a href="#cite_note-61">[註 6]</a>；</dd></dl> <ul><li>有見及此，語音學工作者就製定咗 IPA 呢套標準。IPA 最大特徵係夠嗮精確，有一拃符號可以用嚟寫低講嘢嘅聲（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" title="標音">標音</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[註 7]</a>），而且隻隻符號都淨係會對應一個音，同時每個音亦淨係得一個符號對應，仲會用 [] 嚟括住記嘅音（向睇嘅人強調返串符號係寫緊 IPA）。所以當研究語音學嘅人望住一串 IPA 符號嗰陣，唔會有「吖，呢個符號<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">有兩個可能嘅音</a>喎，到底寫嘢嗰個人想表達嘅係呢個音定嗰個音？」噉嘅問題<a href="#cite_note-essentialsIPA-60">[24]</a>。廣東話例子<a href="#cite_note-jp-63">[註 8]</a>： <dl><dd>原句（掕住粵拼嘅漢字）：<ruby><rb>叉燒包好食</rb><rt>caa1 siu1 baau1 hou2 sik6</rt></ruby>；</dd> <dd>唔標<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">調</a>嘅 IPA：[tsʰaː siːu̯ paːu̯ hou̯ sɪk]</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="變音符號">變音符號</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[歐 32]</a>：指一啲用嚟黐落<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="字母">字母</a>嘅符號，表示「呢隻字母同冇黐變音符號嘅同款字母發音唔同」，而「發音點唔同法」就視符號而定。例子：用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>寫<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="越南話">越南話</a>嗰陣就會用變音符號表示<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>，每隻聲調都有個符號對應。</li></ul> －語音學可以話係語言學嘅基礎。語言學家攞住啲精確噉記錄低嘅語音，就要喺「假設啲標音完全冇問題」嘅前提下做進一步嘅分析。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="講嘢嘅聲">講嘢嘅聲</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 講嘢嘅聲">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/Phone_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone (語言學)">Phone (語言學)</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Phone_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone (語言學)">Phone</a>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">fung1</a>）係指任何語言入面用到嘅一吓聲；一吓 phone 唔一定有任何嘅意思。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="Feature (語言學)">特性</a>：指一啲可以攞嚟將<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a>分類嘅特性，可以用類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="向量">向量</a>噉嘅方式嚟表示<a href="#cite_note-essential4-3-65">[25]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[歐 33]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[歐 34]</a>：指一吓 phone「有冇涉及<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%B8%B6" title="聲帶">聲帶</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%8B%95" title="振動">振動</a>」；冇嘅話吓聲就算係清音，有嘅話吓聲就算係濁音；一吓聲係清音定濁音，可以簡單噉用手嚟感覺－個人將隻手擺喺自己<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E6%A0%B8" title="喉核">喉核</a>個位，佢發嗰個音係濁音嘅話，佢隻手會感受到自己<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="喉部">喉部</a>有振動；例如英格蘭話當中嘅 [s] 就係清音而 [z] 就係濁音<a href="#cite_note-68">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[27]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[歐 35]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音">輔音</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[歐 36]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF" title="固有音響">固有音響</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[歐 37]</a>：固有音響可以大致噉<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>做一吓聲「同音高或者長度等因素對等嘅聲比起嚟有幾響」，反映咗吓聲帶有幾多<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%83%BD" title="聲能">聲能</a>；例如 [a] 等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>就有高嘅固有音響，一個人發出 [a] 音嗰陣佢條聲道大開，令吓聲帶有大嘅聲能，而相比之下，好似 [t] 噉嘅音就係固有音響低，一個人發出 [t] 等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="輔音">輔音</a>嗰時佢聲道會局部或者完全閂埋，能夠通過聲道嘅空氣量就少咗<a href="#cite_note-essential2-5-73">[28]</a>。 <ul><li>調音<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="調音部位">部位</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[歐 38]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="調音方法">方法</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[歐 39]</a>：元音同輔音可以用好多方法分類，最常見嘅分類係按照「聲道嗰拃結構發出吓輔音嗰陣，聲道喺邊度閂埋阻斷空氣嘅流動」（調音部位），例如 [m] 同 [n] 就涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3" title="口">口部</a>封閉空氣通過個<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻">鼻</a>流出，廣東話入面都有啲噉嘅聲，例子可以睇吓 maa1（對應嘅漢字：媽、嗎）開頭嘅輔音噉<a href="#cite_note-76">[29]</a>。而喺空氣通過聲道再由口鼻噴出嘅中途，「條<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B7" title="脷">脷</a>嘅位置同郁動」等嘅多個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>（調音方法）都可以影響到嗰吓聲有乜特性<a href="#cite_note-77">[30]</a>。</li> <li>可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清濁音</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7" title="音長">音長</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%96" title="元音圖">元音圖</a></li> <li>輔音嘅分類：啲人要將輔音分類嗰陣時，正常嚟講都係按調音部位同調音方法嚟分嘅：用粵語入便有嘅音做例子嘅話，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">雙唇鼻音</a>（想像<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">maa1</a>）/m/ 同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">齒齦鼻音</a>（想像<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">naa1</a>）/n/ 兩者都係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻音 (輔音) (無呢版)">鼻音</a>，都涉及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟腭 (無呢版)">軟腭</a>下垂（相同調音方法），但係調音部位唔同—/m/ 用晒兩塊<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%B4%E5%94%87" class="mw-redirect" title="嘴唇">嘴唇</a>嚟發音，而 /n/ 就係用到脷尖；又或者可以想像吓 /m/ 同 /p/（想像<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">baa1</a>）之間嘅差異，兩者嘅調音部位相同，都係用兩塊嘴唇嚟發音嘅，但係調音方法就唔同—/p/ 涉及嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>空氣流動受阻。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[歐 40]</a>：一個定義係「畀固有音響冇咁高嘅聲包圍嘅固有音響頂峰」，可以大致上想像成「一吓元音，前面或者後面掕住啲輔音，亦可以係前後都掕或者前後都唔掕」。好似廣東話等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>多數時間都係一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a><a href="#cite_note-zi6-44">[註 3]</a>對應一橛音節嘅，而用英格蘭話做例子嘅話，英格蘭話 television（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="電視">電視</a>）一字有 4 橛音節；tel-e-vi-sion <a href="#cite_note-essential2-5-73">[28]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">唔同語言</a>喺音節特性上可以分別好大，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="日本話">日本話</a>同廣東話⸺日本話淨係得 <dl><dd>CV（例：ra－ら / ラ）、</dd> <dd>CCV（例：sha－しゃ / シャ）同埋</dd> <dd>CVn（例：nan－なん / ナン）噉嘅音節，即係話日本話嘅音節以開放居多；</dd></dl> <ul><li>而相比之下，廣東話可以有多種唔同嘅 CVC 音節（封閉音節種類多），例如廣東話可以有用輔音 -k 做尾嘅音節（例：bak1；對應漢字：北），但廿一世紀初嘅日本話就做唔到噉嘅嘢<a href="#cite_note-79">[31]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="開放音節">開放</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[歐 41]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="封閉音節">封閉</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[歐 42]</a>音節：開放音節係指以元音做結尾嘅音節，而封閉音節係指以輔音做結尾嘅音節<a href="#cite_note-82">[32]</a>，用廣東話做例子嘅話<a href="#cite_note-83">[33]</a>， <dl><dd>saa1（對應嘅漢字：沙、紗）係一段開放音節，而</dd> <dd>saam1（對應嘅漢字：三、衫）就係一段封閉音節。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="單元音">單元音</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[歐 43]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="雙元音">雙元音</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[歐 44]</a>：單元音係指一個元音發音由頭到尾都唔會點變，而雙元音就係指一橛音節包含兩個單一元音；例如廣東話裏面 <dl><dd>saa1（對應嘅漢字：沙、紗）就係一個單元音；而</dd> <dd>saai1（對應嘅漢字：嘥），隻字個元音（aai1）由兩截組成⸺aa1 同 i1，所以就算係一個雙元音<a href="#cite_note-86">[34]</a>。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" title="音節輔音">音節</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[歐 45]</a>輔音：係指一吓輔音自成一段音節，例子可以睇吓廣東話嘅 m4（對應嘅漢字：唔）<a href="#cite_note-88">[35]</a>或者英格蘭話嘅 rhythm（[ˈɹɪð.m̩]；<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%A5%8F" title="節奏">節奏</a>噉解）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="元音弱化">元音弱化</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[歐 46]</a>：指一個人講嘢嗰時將冇咁<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="重音 (語言學)">重</a>嗰啲音節嘅元音「弱化」，吓元音變到冇咁明顯。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5" title="語音省略">語音省略</a>（指一吓聲直頭索性省略咗）<a href="#cite_note-essential3-6-90">[36]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E8%AE%8A%E6%8F%9B" title="音位變換">音位變換</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[歐 47]</a>：指個人將要講嗰啲音嘅某啲部份對調咗，常見於細個嘅細路講嘢；舉例說明，英格蘭話嘅 hospital（指<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院">醫院</a>）正路發音會係 /hɔspɪtəl/，但一個以英格蘭話做母語嘅 4 歲細路時不時會將隻字發音做 /hɔstɪpəl/⸺個細路將最尾嗰兩個輔音掉轉咗<a href="#cite_note-essential3-6-90">[36]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[歐 48]</a>：指一吓聲發出嚟嗰時會帶有一吓空氣噴出，喺 IPA 寫做一個上標嘅細階 h（h）；觀察者可以擺隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8E%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="手掌">手掌</a>係自己個口前面，如果吓聲有送氣，佢可以感覺到有股空氣噴落佢隻手<a href="#cite_note-93">[37]</a>；用廣東話做例子： <dl><dd>有送氣嘅輔音：paa3（可以對應嘅漢字：怕）、taa1（可以對應嘅漢字：他）⸺呢兩隻字嘅音用 IPA 嚴式標音寫會係 pʰ 同 tʰ；</dd> <dd>冇送氣嘅輔音：baa1（可以對應嘅漢字：巴）、daa1（可以對應嘅漢字：打）。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%99%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="共同發音">共同發音</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[歐 49]</a>：指一吓講嘢嘅聲受打前或者打後嗰個聲影響而變咗樣，例如想像廣東話音 ki1 同埋 ku1 噉，兩吓聲嘅開頭輔音一樣，但想像有個人佢正打算發出吓聲，ki1 同埋 ku1 喺「臨發出吓聲之前聲道嘅形態」呢點上唔完全一致－當有個人正要講出 ki1 嗰陣時，佢聲道要為咗發出元音 i1 而做少少準備，因而個樣會同「想講出 ku1」嗰時有啲唔同咗<a href="#cite_note-essential3-5-95">[38]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="同化 (語言學)">同化</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[歐 50]</a>：指啲音因為共同發音而變得更加相似<a href="#cite_note-essential3-5-95">[38]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li>睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="口音">口音</a>嘅概念。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言韻律">語言韻律</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 語言韻律">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="韻律 (語言學)">韻律 (語言學)</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂理論">音樂理論</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%BE%8B_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="韻律 (語言學)">韻律</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[歐 51]</a>可以係指講嘢嘅聲當中一啲唔係元音同輔音、但可以影響「表達緊啲乜意思」嘅特性<a href="#cite_note-essential3-7-98">[39]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a>係語言韻律成日講嘅一個概念。用日常用語講，音高就係指一吓聲聽落「有幾高」，科學化啲噉講係指吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="聲波">聲波</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87" title="頻率">頻率</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音系學">音系學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 音系學">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音系學">音系學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="聲母">聲母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E6%AF%8D" title="韻母">韻母</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="音系類型">音系類型</a></div> 啲人比較唔同語言嗰時，可以比較好多嘢。佢哋其中一樣最先睇嘅會係「呢兩隻語言喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a>上有咩唔同」，而啲人<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">學語言</a>嗰陣，其中一樣最先要做嘅，就係要解答「想學嗰隻語言有啲咩元音同輔音？」以及「嗰隻語言嘅音系，同我已經識嘅語言有咩異同？」等嘅問題。 一隻語言可能會有某啲元音同輔音，係另外一啲語言冇嘅，例如比較吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話音系">廣東話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話音系">普通話</a>嘅音系，廣東話能夠有多款普通話冇嘅結尾輔音，包括<a href="#cite_note-99">[40]</a> <dl><dd>[t]，例子有 tit3（漢字：鐵）</dd> <dd>[k]，例子有 sik1（漢字：識、悉）</dd> <dd>[m]，例子有 sam1（漢字：心、深）</dd></dl> －就算一個完全唔識廣東話唔識<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a>嘅人聽呢兩種話，依然有可能聽得出「呢兩種話啲聲有分別」。除此之外，比較語言音系嘅例子仲有： <ul><li>日本話唔似得英格蘭話（或者普通話）噉會分 [l] 同 [r]；</li> <li>韓國話冇 /f/ 呢個音素，唔似得廣東話、日本話同英格蘭話；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="越南話">越南話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%A9%B1" title="上海話">上海話</a>有 [ɲ]，但廣東話就冇；</li></ul> 有關比較唔同語言嘅音系，亦可以睇返「日本話冇廣東話咁多封閉音節」或者「越南話同廣東話一樣有 6 個聲調（不過啲聲調嘅輪廓有明顯差異），而日本話並冇聲調呢家嘢」。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音素">音素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 音素">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%BB%89" class="mw-redirect" title="風廉">風廉</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[歐 52]</a>係指令用隻語言嘅人能夠分辨兩隻字嘅最細嘅聲單位。攞廣東話做例子，想像以下嘅音<a href="#cite_note-jp-63">[註 8]</a>－ <dl><dd>bou1（可以對應嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>：煲）、dou1（可以對應嘅漢字：都、刀）－聽嘅人正路聽得出兩個聲唔同；</dd> <dd>bo1（可以對應嘅漢字：波、玻）、lo1（可以對應嘅漢字：欏）－聽嘅人都係會聽得出兩個聲唔同；</dd></dl> －「改變最頭嗰吓輔音」呢個舉動，能夠令吓聲唔同咗，而且仲係能夠做到「令吓聲唔同咗」嘅最細可能改動，所以呢幾個開頭輔音就係廣東話嘅音素<a href="#cite_note-101">[41]</a>。 音素係一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>性質嘅概念：想像而家有兩個人，叫佢哋做明仔同勤仔，佢哋各自噉用廣東話講出 bou1 嘅音，而第三個人阿松負責聽佢哋嘅發音，三個人都精通廣東話；阿松發覺明仔讀起上嚟大聲過勤仔少少，但喺阿松腦海入面，兩吓聲都係表示緊相同嘅意思，即係話雖然兩吓聲物理上有差異，但聽嗰個人腦海入面當佢哋係同一款聲，所以呢兩吓聲喺廣東話入面音素相同<a href="#cite_note-essential4-1-102">[42]</a>。 音素相關嘅概念： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E7%B4%B0%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94" title="最細對立體">最細對立體</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[歐 53]</a>：如果話兩隻字（或者兩句<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>）成一對最細對立體，意思係指兩隻字淨係喺一嚿音素上有異<a href="#cite_note-essential4-1-102">[42]</a>；廣東話例子<a href="#cite_note-104">[43]</a>－ <dl><dd>gam1（可以對應嘅漢字：金、甘）同 gan1（可以對應嘅漢字：巾、根），而 [m] 同 [n] 就算係處於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%AF%94%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="對比分佈">對比</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[歐 54]</a>分佈。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[歐 55]</a>：如果有若干吓聲，佢哋响聲性質上有異但冚唪唥都屬同一款風廉，噉佢哋彼此之間就成同位異音嘅關係。有唔少語言學家都有興趣剖析「呢隻呢隻風廉嘅唔同款，分別傾向喺咩情況下出現？」噉嘅問題<a href="#cite_note-essential4-2-107">[44]</a>－ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="自由變異">自由變異</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[歐 56]</a>：指隻風廉嗰幾隻款嘅出現近乎<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="隨機">隨機</a>咁滯，冇話「邊隻款零舍大機會喺某啲情況下出現」。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A3%9C%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="互補分佈">互補</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[歐 57]</a>分佈：想像一隻風廉有兩隻款，款 A 硬係會喺某啲情況下出現（例如當隻風廉跟住 [p] 噉嘅聲嗰陣硬係會見到款 A），同時款 B 永遠唔會喺嗰啲情況下出現，而款 B 出現嗰啲情況下又永遠唔會見到款 A，噉 A 同 B 就算係處於互補分佈，可以算係同一隻風廉嘅同位異音<a href="#cite_note-110">[45]</a>。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E9%9B%86" title="差集">差集</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5" title="互斥">互斥</a>嘅概念。</li></ul></li> <li>唔同語言喺音素上可以好唔同：例如廿一世紀初嘅英格蘭話有分 [l]（例如 lice）同 [r]（例如 rice）呢兩種聲，而廿一世紀初嘅日本話就冇噉嘅區分，淨係得 [ɽ]（有少少似 [l] 又有少少似 [r]）噉嘅音素，搞到以日本話做母語嘅人學英格蘭話嗰陣成日都分唔清 [l] 同 [r] 呢兩隻聲<a href="#cite_note-essential5-1-111">[46]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韻律使用">韻律使用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 韻律使用">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a></div> 音高相關概念： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[歐 58]</a>：指一隻語言會用音高嚟分辨唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a>或者同隻字做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>；例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>就係一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="聲調語言">聲調語言</a>（會用聲調嘅語言），會用聲調嚟辨別唔同嘅字，好似係<a href="#cite_note-113">[47]</a> <dl><dd><ruby><rb>詩</rb><rt>si1</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>史</rb><rt>si2</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>試</rb><rt>si3</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>時</rb><rt>si4</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>市</rb><rt>si5</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>事</rb><rt>si6</rt></ruby></dd> <dd>－就係「聲調變咗，個音表示嘅字唔同咗」噉嘅情況。有啲聲調語言仲會用聲調做詞形變化，即係例如變聲調嚟表示隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>。廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>大多數都係聲調語言。</dd></dl> <ul><li>順帶一提，聲調並唔係漢語嘅專利，有唔少漢語以外嘅語言都有聲調，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="越南話">越南話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國話">泰國話</a>，或者廣泛分佈於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a>各地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E9%AD%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="優魯巴話">優魯巴話</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%93" title="聲調輪廓">聲調輪廓</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[歐 59]</a>：指一隻聲調語言入面啲聲調，可能會有「喺隻字或者段<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="音節">音節</a>中途<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高</a>改變」噉嘅情況；如果畫幅圖 <a href="/wiki/Y_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Y 軸">Y 軸</a>做音高 <a href="/wiki/X_%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="X 軸">X 軸</a>做時間，啲聲調會成唔平嘅線，描繪啲聲調嘅「輪廓」，例如下圖就係廣東話「詩史試時市事」嗰 6 個調嘅輪廓；廣東話啲聲調嘅輪廓相對簡單，一個聲調（大致上）一係平一係升一係跌，相比之下（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>嘅第三聲調就有「喺隻字途中，音高開頭嗰陣跌，跟住升」嘅情況；仲有研究報告指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B9%98%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="湖湘話">湖湘話</a>嘅某啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">變體</a>嘅聲調音高變化仲複雜啲<a href="#cite_note-115">[48]</a>。 <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_tones_canto.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cantonese_tones_canto.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="450" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <ul><li>而下圖就係越南話（北便音） 6 調嘅輪廓。留意越南話都係有 6 個調，但啲聲調嘅輪廓同廣東話嘅有顯著差異。</li></ul> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/450px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/675px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/900px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <ul><li>亦都有啲聲調語言係冇輪廓可言，即係啲聲調冚唪唥都係大致平嘅，唔同聲調嘅唯一分別係在於音高唔同（所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E5%B9%B3%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="純平聲調語言">純平聲調</a>）<a href="#cite_note-116">[49]</a>。</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%BF" title="語調">語調</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[歐 60]</a>：指一隻語言用音高嘅變化嚟表達講嘢嗰個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="態度">態度</a>，而唔係用嚟分辨唔同嘅意思；好似英格蘭話噉，英格蘭話唔係聲調語言，即係話同樣嘅音節用唔同音高發出，都唔會話變咗第隻字，不過英格蘭話依然有語調呢家嘢，例如佢哋問問題嗰陣會句嘢最尾嗰橛會有上升嘅音高<a href="#cite_note-essential3-7-98">[39]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a></li></ul> 可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="重音 (語言學)">重音</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%99%82" title="等時">等時</a>等嘅概念。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="構詞學">構詞學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 構詞學">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/300px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/450px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg/600px-Happy_Valentines_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>I love you 呢句英文句子有 3 隻字。啲人用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="字母">字母</a>寫語言嗰時，字詞之間通常會用空位隔開。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴">詞綴</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a></div> 有語言學專家將「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>」<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>做「<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞方式</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>嘅總和」，一隻語言嘅文法決定佢哋砌<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>嗰陣要跟啲咩法則<a href="#cite_note-bhamgloss-118">[50]</a>: "G"。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[歐 61]</a>係指可以有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>嘅最細可能單位，唔一定能夠自成一隻字詞；攞<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭話">英格蘭話</a>做例子，想像以下呢啲字詞<a href="#cite_note-120">[51]</a> <dl><dd>Redo（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>再做過噉解）</dd> <dd>Reappear（動詞再出現噉解）</dd></dl> －當中嘅 re- 本身唔能夠自成一隻字詞，但帶有再... 噉嘅意思，同時 re- 再斬細件啲就唔會再有咩意思可言。所以 re- 係英格蘭話入面嘅一嚿形態素<a href="#cite_note-121">[註 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[52]</a>。 <ul><li>好似廣東話同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>，出嗮名傾向<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立語">一隻字一嚿形態素</a>，好少可會好似英格蘭話噉將幾嚿形態素砌埋做一隻字。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%B6%B4" title="詞綴">詞綴</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[歐 62]</a>：包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E9%A0%AD" title="詞頭">詞頭</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B0%BE" title="詞尾">詞尾</a>；英格蘭話入面嗰啲詞綴屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="規範形態素">唔可以單獨存在</a>嘅形態素。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B6%B4" title="中綴">中綴</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[歐 63]</a>：有部份嘅語言仲有所謂嘅中綴，即係加喺隻字中間嘅詞綴；例如廿一世紀初喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>嗰頭流通嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%A5%BF%E8%A9%B1" title="他加祿話">他加祿話</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[歐 64]</a>就有啲噉嘅嘢<a href="#cite_note-essential6-1-126">[53]</a>－ <dl><dd>[takbuh]（跑，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" title="現在式">現在式</a>）、[tumakbuh]（跑，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>）</dd> <dd>[lakad]（行，現在式）、[lumakad]（行，過去式）</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" title="形態素變體">形態素變體</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[歐 65]</a>：指一嚿形態素可以以幾個唔同嘅語音形態出現，不過意思唔變。 <ul><li>英格蘭話例子：a、an 兩者都係同一意思，冠詞指「一個」噉解，後者係喺「跟住嗰隻字以元音開頭」嗰陣用嘅，所以兩隻字就係彼此嘅形態素變體<a href="#cite_note-essential6-2-128">[54]</a>。</li> <li>亦可以睇睇廣東話嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" title="形態素變調">形態素變調</a>現象<a href="#cite_note-129">[55]</a>。</li></ul></li></ul> 形態素可以帶出<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="字">字</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[歐 66]</a>呢個概念：字呢個概念喺語言學上要點樣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>，查實係有些少爭議性；字嘅一個常見定義係指「包含起碼一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a>、可以單獨噉存在嘅語言單位」，例如上面提到嘅 re- 就係一個形態素但唔係一隻字，因為佢喺正常講嘢當中唔可以單獨噉存在<a href="#cite_note-131">[註 10]</a>；正路嚟講，一隻字會有以下呢啲特徵<a href="#cite_note-essential6-1-126">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[56]</a>－ <ol><li>係對答嗰陣嘅最短可能答覆；例如 <dl><dd>「你飲緊阿嫲煲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%83%E8%8C%84%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E6%B9%AF" title="蕃茄薯仔湯">蕃茄薯仔湯</a>？<ruby><rb>正</rb><rt>zeng3</rt></ruby>唔正？」「正。」</dd> <dd>「我都𢳂返碗嚟飲吓得唔得？」「得。」</dd></dl></li> <li>係「要再變長啲有難度」嘅單位當中最大嘅<a href="#cite_note-133">[註 11]</a>；</li> <li>如果一句句子要變，一隻字係「能夠郁動，同時郁咗又唔會搞到句句子唔啱<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>」嘅最細單位... 呀噉。</li></ol> 亦都要留意，語言學上嘅字（指講嘢或者寫嘢嗰陣一隻隻由形態素組成嘅物體）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>（攞嚟寫嘢嘅系統）係兩個好唔同嘅概念，不過兩者喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>入面個名好似，啲人成日撈亂。 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同音詞 (無呢版)">同音詞</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[歐 67]</a>：指發音一樣但意思唔同嘅字詞；喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>上，啲人處理同音詞嘅方法通常係（如果係會用漢字寫嘅語言）用唔同漢字寫，或者（如果傳統上純用字母寫嘅語言）用唔同嘅字母<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E5%AD%97" title="串字">串法</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E8%A9%9E" title="合成詞">合成詞</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="字詞變化">字詞變化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 字詞變化">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F" title="構詞衍生">構詞衍生</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E5%BC%8F%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="黏着式構詞">黏着式構詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E8%AA%9E" title="綜合語">綜合語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立語">孤立語</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[歐 68]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[歐 69]</a>係兩個緊密相關嘅概念。一種文法範疇係指一隻語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>入面物件可以有嘅特徵；每個範疇都有若干個可能數值，如果一隻字要由其中一個數值傳去第個數值，好多時就要做詞形變化－隻字變樣嚟表達佢屬個文法範疇嘅邊個數值<a href="#cite_note-hayes10morpheme-137">[57]</a>；廣東話比較少詞形變化呢家嘢，但英格蘭話等嘅多種<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲語言">歐洲語言</a>就有豐富嘅詞形變化<a href="#cite_note-essential6-3-138">[58]</a>， <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E6%85%8B" title="時態">時態</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[歐 70]</a>：時態係一種文法範疇，一隻字喺時態上有「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>」同「<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%BC%8F" title="現在式">現在式</a>」等嘅幾個可能值；喺英格蘭話裏面，如果一隻字要變時態，通常都要做詞形變化，隻字要變樣嚟表達時態，例如 run（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="跑">跑</a>）呢隻字做過去式嗰陣要變成 ran，表示嗰樣動作係喺過去發生嘅<a href="#cite_note-140">[59]</a>。包括粵語在內嘅大多數<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>都冇時態詞形變化呢家嘢<a href="#cite_note-jp-63">[註 8]</a>－ <dl><dd>佢今日去游水，用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>寫係 keoi5 gam1 jat6 heoi3 jau4 seoi2；</dd> <dd>佢尋日去游水，用粵拼寫係 keoi5 cam4 jat6 heoi3 jau4 seoi2－當中 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B0%B4" title="游水">jau4 seoi2</a>（漢字：游水）無論指嗰樣動作係而家發生定過去發生，隻字個樣都唔會變。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1" title="人稱">人稱</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[歐 71]</a>：指隻字按「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>係邊個」起變化，例如英格蘭話嘅 (to) be， <dl><dd>如果主語係講嘢嗰個人要變成 am（I am... = 我係...），</dd> <dd>如果主語係聽嘢嗰個人就要變成 are（You are... = 你係...）... 呀噉。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E9%87%8F_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="數量 (文法)">文法數量</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[歐 72]</a>：又用英格蘭話做例子，喺英格蘭話入面，數量係一種文法範疇，一隻字喺數量上有「單數」同「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="眾數 (文法)">眾數</a>」等嘅幾個可能值；喺英格蘭話裏面，如果一隻字要由單數變成眾數，通常（但唔一定）會喺隻字後面加個 s，例如 <dl><dd>cat 係指一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>，而 cats 就係指多過一隻貓。某啲語言對文法數量仲會有更加複雜嘅變化，唔淨只分單數眾數咁簡單<a href="#cite_note-143">[60]</a>。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="字幹">字幹</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[歐 73]</a>：一隻字嘅意思最「核心」嗰部份，無論隻字點做詞形變化，字幹嗰橛都唔會變樣，例如英文字 <dl><dd>wait（等待噉解）可以變成 waits（現在式，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1" title="人稱">第三人稱</a>）、waited（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>）... 呀噉，</dd> <dd>－當中 wait 呢橛係無論進行啲乜詞形變化都唔會走樣嘅，所以就係隻字嘅字幹。</dd></dl></li> <li>亦可以睇吓英格蘭話冇、但好多歐洲語言都有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="性別 (文法)">文法性別</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[註 12]</a>－包括廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="法國話">法國話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利話">意大利話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="德國話">德國話</a>嗰種「<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B3" title="凳">凳</a>」或者「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%AF" title="檯">檯</a>」都可以分男女嘅情境。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="變格">變格</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[歐 74]</a>：指<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副詞</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" title="冠詞">冠詞</a>為咗扮演特定文法功能而做詞形變化。</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F" title="構詞衍生">構詞衍生</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[歐 75]</a>：指用隻語言嘅構詞方法造新字；同廣東話比起嚟，英格蘭話有頗為豐富嘅構詞衍生<a href="#cite_note-essential6-4-148">[61]</a>－ <dl><dd>Teach（動詞，指教導） + -er（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B0%BE" title="詞尾">詞尾</a>，跟動詞，意思變成做... 嘅人或者物） = Teacher（專教導人嘅人，即係指<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="老師">老師</a>）</dd> <dd>Dance（動詞，指<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E8%88%9E" title="跳舞">跳舞</a>） + -er = Dancer（專跳舞人嘅人，即係指<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E5%93%A1" title="舞蹈員">舞蹈員</a>）</dd> <dd>Simple（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>，指<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE" title="簡單">簡單</a>） + -ify（詞尾，跟形容詞，意思變成令... 變到有個形容詞描述嘅特徵） = Simplify（簡化噉解）... 呀噉。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="句法學">句法學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 句法學">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學">句法學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E5%9C%96" title="樹狀圖">樹狀圖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="樹狀數據">樹狀數據</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a></div> 一隻語言嘅句法一般會畀人視為隻語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>嘅一環。 句法學專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="結構">結構</a>，基本概念包括以下呢啲： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞性分類">詞性分類</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 詞性分類">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a></div> 一隻字嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[歐 76]</a>大致上係指佢喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>上做乜功能，即係話屬同一隻詞性嘅字冚唪唥都喺「負責做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>邊部份」呢點—<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">句法分佈</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[歐 77]</a>—上一樣或者大致一樣，而且喺有顯著<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%A2%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="詞形變化">詞形變化</a>嘅語言當中，唔同詞性嘅字詞能夠有嘅詞形變化都唔同—<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">構詞分佈</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[歐 78]</a>，例如英文入面「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%95%B8_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="眾數 (文法)">眾數</a>嘅字要加 -s」呢家嘢淨係某啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>至做得嘅<a href="#cite_note-essential7-1-152">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[63]</a>。 要注意返嘅係，語言學家將啲字分做唔同詞性嗰陣，正路係按隻字詞嘅句法分佈同構詞分佈嚟分，而<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1919394">.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}</style>唔係按<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>嚟分嘅—例如啲人日常生活討論語言嗰陣，成日會講「名詞都係指緊物件，動詞係指行動」噉嘅諗法，但睇吓以下嘅例句： <dl><dd>「誠懇係做人嘅一種重要素質。」</dd> <dd>「郁手打人係唔啱嘅。」</dd></dl> —誠懇係一種特性，郁手打人係一種行動，兩者都唔係睇得到摸得到嘅物件，但兩隻詞都做緊名詞嘅角色。呢啲噉嘅句子反映，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>難以攞嚟清楚<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>一隻字係乜嘢詞性。而正如上一段提到，包括英文在內嘅好多語言都有顯著嘅詞形變化，噉就表示（例如）以英文做母語嘅人，可以對唔識嘅英文字有「隻字加咗 -s 表示眾數所以似係名詞」或者「隻字係 -ish 尾所以似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>」等嘅判斷—更加反映咗唔靠語義都可以理解詞性<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 2。 比較簡單常見嘅詞性包括咗<a href="#cite_note-154">[64]</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[歐 79]</a>：能夠做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>，可以畀<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>形容，通常（但唔一定）係指緊一件或者多件物件；廣東話入面嘅<ruby><rb><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6" title="蝴蝶">蝴蝶</a></rb><rt>wu6 dip2</rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳<ruby><rb>門</rb><rt>mun2</rt></ruby></a>（地方）等嘅字詞都係名詞<a href="#cite_note-156">[65]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[歐 80]</a>：一隻動詞能夠由名詞做出，或者做喺名詞身上，好多時都係指一樣樣嘅動作；粵文入面<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗</a>（諗可以由生物做，可以作用喺概念身上）等嘅字詞都係動詞。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞">助動詞</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[歐 81]</a>：會掕住另外一隻動詞，用嚟幫手提供一啲有關嗰隻動詞嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E6%85%8B" title="時態">時態</a>等嘅文法資訊<a href="#cite_note-essential7-4-159">[66]</a>。 <ul><li>廣東話助動詞：<ruby><rb>會</rb><rt>wui3</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>識</rb><rt>sik1</rt></ruby>、<ruby><rb>可以</rb><rt>ho2 ji5</rt></ruby><a href="#cite_note-160">[67]</a> <dl><dd>例句－我會煮飯、我識講客家話、你可以坐的士；</dd></dl></li> <li>英文助動詞：will（大致對應廣東話<ruby><rb>會</rb><rt>wui3</rt></ruby>）、can（能夠... 噉解）、may（可能... 噉解） <dl><dd>例句－The guests will arrive at 7 pm.（粵譯：啲客人會喺 7 點鐘嚟到。）</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%A9%9E" title="冠詞">冠詞</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[歐 82]</a>：一個冠詞會掕住名詞，表示嗰個名詞指嘅嘢係咪「可以指定得到」，例如英文入面嘅 the（指定嗰個 xx）同埋 a（一個 xx）噉；順帶一提，廣東話係少數有類似冠詞嘅嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[68]</a>，有好似隻蝴蝶（指定嗰隻蝴蝶）同埋啲人（指定嗰班人）噉嘅字眼<a href="#cite_note-163">[69]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[歐 83]</a>：最基本上，一個形容詞會跟住個名詞，用嚟形容嗰個名詞嘅特性；例如粵文「好得意嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E8%B2%93" class="mw-redirect" title="貓貓">貓貓</a>」入面好得意嘅就係形容詞，形容佢掕住嗰個名詞（貓貓）嘅特性。</li> <li>主流語言往往都會喺詞性上有啲彈性。例如英文成日有種情況，就係將隻名詞攞嚟當動詞噉用，表示扮演隻名詞表示嘅角色噉嘅意思，例如英文 mother 呢隻字一般係做名詞指母親，但做動詞嗰陣可以指好似母親噉照料... 嘅意思<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 2</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1972763">.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss tr,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .sentence{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td[colspan]{text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td[colspan]+td[colspan]{border-left:1px dotted currentColor}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss td.empty[colspan]{background:unset}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .part-of-speech,.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss{font-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss td:not(.empty):not(.annotation):before{content:"｢";margin-left:-0.25em;margin-right:0.0625em}.mw-parser-output table.sentence-gloss .gloss td:not(.empty):not(.annotation):after{content:"｣";margin-left:-0.125em}</style> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sentence-gloss"> <tbody><tr class="sentence"> <td>Wendy </td> <td>mothers </td> <td>her </td> <td>boyfriend. </td></tr> <tr class="part-of-speech"> <td>名詞 </td> <td>動詞 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E" title="決定詞">決定詞</a> </td> <td>名詞 </td></tr> <tr class="gloss"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A3%9B%E4%BF%A0%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%AB%E8%92%82" title="小飛俠同溫蒂">溫蒂</a> </td> <td>好似阿媽噉照料 </td> <td>佢（女性）嘅 </td> <td>男朋友 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E8%A9%9E" title="連接詞">連接詞</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[歐 84]</a>：一般嚟講，只有同詞性嘅字詞先可以用連接詞連埋一齊。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%AD%97%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="開放字類">開放字類</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[歐 85]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E5%AD%97%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="封閉字類">封閉字類</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[歐 86]</a>：開放詞性係指容易有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A9%9E" title="新詞">新字</a>嘅詞性，而封閉詞性就係指唔易有新字嘅詞性，例如名詞、動詞同形容詞就係開放詞性，成日都有新字詞，而相比之下冠詞同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>就被指係封閉詞性，難有新字出現<a href="#cite_note-essential7-1-152">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-essential7-3-168">[70]</a>。 <ul><li>唔同語言喺「邊啲詞性係開放，邊啲詞性係封閉」呢點上可以有差異。</li></ul></li></ul> 呀噉。順帶一提，有研究用咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a>研究英文，發現<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>對唔同詞性嘅字詞會有唔同嘅反應<a href="#cite_note-essential7-5-169">[71]</a>。 可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>當中講到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%99%E6%B3%A8" title="詞性標注">詞性標注</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句子">句子</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 句子">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>：對於「句子呢個概念要點定義」，喺語言學上有些少爭拗；簡化噉講，句子可以界定做「有最少一隻字、能夠表達一個完整嘅諗法」嘅語言單位<a href="#cite_note-170">[72]</a>，會描述一件事件<a href="#cite_note-essential9-2-171">[73]</a>。 <ul><li>有一種諗法係，句子同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a>最大嘅分別在於，一句句子嘅意思可以由組成佢嘅部份（形態素）嚟估計，但係形態素就唔得<a href="#cite_note-172">[註 13]</a>—假設一個人未聽過粵語 faa1 呢隻形態素，佢冇得由 f 同 aa 等嘅語音度估計隻形態素嘅意思。</li> <li>是但攞一隻主流語言，隻語言都可以有無限咁多句可能（啱文法）嘅句子：喺現實世界，一隻語言嘅形態素數量實係有限嘅，例如根據廿一世紀初估計，一個以英文做 L1 嘅人到咗 20 歲嗰陣會識大約 40,000 隻英文生字；但係一隻語言嘅可能句子數量就有無限咁多—自然語言呢家嘢可以有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="遞歸">遞歸</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[歐 87]</a>，砌出無限咁長嘅句子，例如想像 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>：貓（一隻單獨名詞）、阿明養嘅貓（名詞短語）、同阿松打過交嗰個阿明養嘅貓（名詞短語，繼續駁落去）...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副詞</a>：佢行緊路、佢悠閒噉行緊路（駁隻副詞）、佢又開心又悠閒噉行緊路（繼續駁副詞）、佢又笑住又開心又悠閒噉行緊路（繼續駁副詞）... <dl><dd>—長得滯嘅字句往往會變到好難理解，但原則上，呢啲長嘅字句依然可以係啱文法嘅。</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[歐 88]</a>：指多過一隻字砌埋一齊，形成一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>單位<a href="#cite_note-bhamgloss-118">[50]</a>: "P"；例如喺廣東話入邊，三個盒、搽咗牛油嘅麵包或者好大隻嘅松鼠呢啲噉嘅短語由好幾隻字組成，但可以當係單一一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>噉嚟用（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="名詞短語">名詞短語</a>），就算將佢換咗做一隻名詞或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>，或者將佢移去第個「名詞可以霸」嘅位，句嘢仲會啱文法<a href="#cite_note-175">[74]</a>－ <dl><dd>「檯上面有三個盒。」</dd> <dd>「我食緊塊搽咗牛油嘅包。」</dd> <dd>「樖樹上高有隻好大隻嘅松鼠。」</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="短語中心">中心</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[歐 89]</a>：指一句短語當中「決定句短語句法功能係乜（可以當咩詞性噉嚟用）」嗰一橛成份，例如 <dl><dd>三個盒－中心：盒（盒係名詞，決定咗句短語係<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="名詞短語">名詞短語</a>）；</dd> <dd>Boiling water（名詞短語；滾水噉解）－中心：water（名詞，決定咗句短語係名詞短語）；</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E8%AA%9E" title="補語">補語</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[歐 90]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="修飾語">修飾語</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[歐 91]</a>：會掕住嚿中心，同嚿中心補充啲額外嘅資訊，文法上必要嘅就算係補語，而文法上唔必要（冇咗都仲啱文法）嘅就算係修飾語，例如滾咗嘅水入面滾咗嘅就係修飾語，同中心（水）補充咗額外資訊得嚟又係文法上唔必要嘅。</li> <li>有啲中心（尤其係動詞）比較「揀擇」，例如動詞就有分<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="及物性">及物同唔及物</a>，及物動詞可以（甚至實要）有個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>接受嗰樣動作，而唔及物動詞就冇得掕賓語，英文例子<a href="#cite_note-essential8-6-179">[75]</a>－ <dl><dd>及物：like（鍾意噉解）</dd> <dd>I like Cantonese opera（意思：我鍾意<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B2" title="大戲">大戲</a>）－like 掕住隻賓語（Cantonese opera），隻賓語表示接受 like 嗰一樣事物；</dd> <dd>唔及物：sneeze（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E4%B9%9E%E5%9A%8F" title="打乞嚏">打乞嚏</a>噉解）</dd> <dd>He sneezes（佢打乞嚏），He sneezes her（一句錯文法嘅句子）</dd></dl></li> <li>有啲動詞仲係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="雙及物動詞">雙及物</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[歐 92]</a>，即係可以有兩個賓語，例子<a href="#cite_note-essential8-6-179">[75]</a>－ <dl><dd>廣東話：佢畀本書我。－畀後面掕住兩嚿賓語，本書同我<a href="#cite_note-181">[76]</a>；</dd> <dd>英文：He handed Sarah the book.（佢遞本書畀莎拉）－hand 做動詞通常係指遞... 畀... 噉嘅意思，後面掕兩個名詞，第一個名詞表示收件物品嘅人，而第二個名詞表示件物品係乜。</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="動詞短語">動詞短語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="介詞短語">介詞短語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="子句">子句</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[歐 93]</a>：一嚿文法單位，包含<a href="#cite_note-183">[77]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>，或者暗示咗存在嘅主語；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[歐 94]</a>，簡化講係指講一啲關於嚿主語嘅資訊嘅字詞；</li></ol> <ul><li>例如明仔上廣州可以做一句子句，當中明仔係主語，而上廣州係謂語。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="關係子句">關係子句</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[歐 95]</a>係指用嚟修飾名詞或者名詞短語嘅子句。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="Adjunct (文法)">Adjunct</a>：一段 adjunct 係指一句句子或者短語當中「就算甩咗出嚟，句句子或者短語都仲會啱文法」嘅一橛，例子<a href="#cite_note-essential8-8-186">[78]</a>－ <dl><dd>佢喺茶樓度撞到阿明。</dd></dl> <ul><li>當中喺茶樓度係一段 adjunct，將呢段 adjunct 攞走咗句嘢意思會變，但句嘢依然會係啱文法嘅。Adjunct 一大特性係，佢哋可以一定程度噉郁，同時唔改變意思或者文法上嘅正確度，例如</li></ul> <dl><dd>我今朝同阿爺去<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E8%8C%B6" title="飲茶">飲茶</a>。</dd> <dd>今朝我同阿爺去飲茶。</dd> <dd>我同阿爺去飲茶今朝。（錯文法）</dd></dl> <ul><li>當中今朝係一段 adjunct，可以一定程度上移位，而且郁咗都唔會搞到句嘢意思走樣或者文法錯。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="分析樹">分析樹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 分析樹">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg/270px-Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg/405px-Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg/540px-Basic_english_syntax_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>英文<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a> The dog ate the bone（隻狗食嚿骨；<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="過去式">過去式</a>）用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a>嚟表達嘅樣，圖入面隻隻字都標明咗係乜<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>，例如 dog 係<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>（<code>N</code>）。 一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="短語中心">短語中心</a>會同佢啲<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="修飾語">修飾語</a>並排。可以睇睇<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="修飾語">修飾原則</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[歐 96]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[80]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">分析樹</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[歐 97]</a>係一種句法分析上成日用嘅圖（亦係一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="樹狀數據">樹狀數據</a>），將一句句子切做一橛橛短語，幅圖仲會將每橛短語拆開做一隻隻個別嘅字或者次短語<a href="#cite_note-191">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[註 14]</a>。 <ul><li>一樖分析樹會有若干條<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">枝節</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[歐 98]</a>組成，枝節會連接住啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">節點</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[歐 99]</a><a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:4.1。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="句法成份">成份</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[歐 100]</a>：分析樹當中一個單位（一句短語或者次短語）入面一隻個別嘅字或者次單位就算係一嚿「成份」；如果將一嚿成份換做一隻屬相同詞性嘅字，意思可能會變，但句句子依然會啱文法<a href="#cite_note-essential8-3-196">[82]</a>。喺一隻典型嘅主流語言當中，都會有啲文法規則講「乜嘢成份可以換做第啲比較簡單嘅成份」，簡單嘅可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>嘅使用<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:6.0。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">支配</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[歐 101]</a>：如果話「節點 A 支配節點 B」，即係話 A 喺樖分析樹上嘅位置高啲，而且睇樖樹嘅人如果要由 A 畫條線去 B，淨係可以向下郁<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 4。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-%E7%B5%B1%E5%BE%A1" title="C-統御">C-統御</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[歐 102]</a>：如果話「節點 A C-統御節點 B」，即係指<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 4 <ol><li>每粒支配 A 嘅節點，都係支配住 B 嘅。</li> <li>A 唔支配 B 而 B 唔支配 A。</li></ol> <ul><li>一個節點會 C-統御佢嘅「姐妹」同埋佢啲姐妹節點嘅所有「枝葉」。不過 C-統御呢種關係可以係唔對稱嘅。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%A8%B9" title="分析樹">統治</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[歐 103]</a>：如果話「節點 A 統治節點 B」，即係指<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 4 <ol><li>A <a href="/wiki/C-%E7%B5%B1%E5%BE%A1" title="C-統御">C-統御</a> B。</li> <li>冇任何一個節點係畀 A C-統御，同時又唔對稱噉 C-統御 B 嘅。</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="文法關係">文法關係</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[歐 104]</a>：指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="句法成份">句法成份</a>之間喺一句<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5" title="子句">子句</a>入面嘅結構關係，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>等，呢啲關係好多時都係靠分析樹嘅結構嚟定義嘅<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:Ch. 4。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87%E7%B6%81%E5%AF%A6" title="回指綁實">回指綁實</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[歐 105]</a>：如果話 A 回指綁實 B，<a href="/wiki/If_and_only_if" class="mw-redirect" title="If and only if">若且唯若</a> A <a href="/wiki/C-%E7%B5%B1%E5%BE%A1" title="C-統御">C-統御</a> B <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E8%88%87" title="邏輯與">而且</a>指緊同一嚿物件<a href="#cite_note-carni06-47">[18]</a>:p 145；簡單啲講，可以想像成<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指">回指</a>關係裏面如果一隻字詞嘅意思要嚟自第隻字詞，提供意思嗰隻字喺樖分析樹當中唔可以「埋得太深」<a href="#cite_note-202">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[84]</a>。</li> <li>想像<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>都係噉樣將一句句子<ruby><rb>𢱕</rb><rt>dap6</rt></ruby>散做唔同部份嘅。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腦內句法">腦內句法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 腦內句法">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/X-bar" title="X-bar">X-bar</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%8F%A5%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="深層句構">深層句構</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E5%B1%A4%E5%8F%A5%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="淺層句構">淺層句構</a>同<a href="/wiki/P600" title="P600">P600</a></div> <a href="/wiki/X-bar" title="X-bar">X-bar</a>：由語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>响1970年提出嘅一套諗法，主張無論係咩語言，一切嘅短語喺人腦入面都具有同樣嘅核心組織；簡化啲講，即係話好似分析樹嗰種「將句子拆做一截截短語，每句短語都有中心同補語」噉嘅做法，可以用喺任何語言身上<a href="#cite_note-204">[85]</a>。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈科學">心靈科學</a>上嘅觀點，一個人喺腦入面組句子嘅過程，可以想像成<a href="#cite_note-essential8-4-205">[86]</a> <ol><li>由佢識嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a>度搵出佢想要用嗰啲字同形態素；</li> <li>再將啲字同形態素，按照佢用緊嗰隻語言嘅法則，組合埋一齊成 X-bar 噉嘅樣；</li> <li>最後將步驟 2 得出嘅句子講或者寫出嚟。</li></ol> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%8F%A5%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="深層句構">深層句構</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%BA%E5%B1%A4%E5%8F%A5%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="淺層句構">淺層句構</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[歐 106]</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a>上用到嘅兩個概念；簡單噉講，認知科學上有將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>睇做一嚿曉做<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="資訊處理">資訊處理</a>嘅物體，會喺腦入面將<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">諗緊嘅嘢</a>組織做句子，然後再將句嘢講出嚟，例句<a href="#cite_note-essential8-4-205">[86]</a> <dl><dd>阿明一拳打爆阿蟲塊面。</dd> <dd>阿蟲塊面畀阿明一拳打爆。</dd></dl> <ul><li>兩句嘢講出嚟（語音同句法）嗰陣好唔同，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>一樣咁滯。一句嘢實際上講出嚟嗰陣嘅樣係句嘢嘅淺層句構，而句嘢喺腦入面嘅語義表示就反映句嘢嘅深層句構，即係話上面兩句例句淺層句構唔同，但深層句構一樣（或者差唔多一樣）。</li></ul></li> <li>又有語言學家主張，句子可以定義做「一句 T-短語」，即係話一句句子<a href="#cite_note-essential8-4-205">[86]</a> <ol><li>會有一個 T-中心掕住一句<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="動詞短語">動詞短語</a>；</li> <li>T-中心會係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a></li> <li>會有一個「<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E6%85%8B" title="時態">時態</a>」，有啲語言唔會同啲動詞做時態詞形變化（例如廣東話噉），但講嘢寫嘢嗰個人<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%8F%A5%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="深層句構">腦裏面</a>會記住句句子嘅時態資訊。</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>：有證據指，一個人腦响聽人講嘢或者睇文字嗰陣，會<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">自動</a>噉對「句法啱唔啱文法」做判斷，例如啲語言學家做過研究，用 <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">EEG</a> 監察住班受試者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="腦電活動">腦電活動</a>；佢哋發現啲人喺聽或者睇到一隻「搞到句嘢文法唔啱」嘅字詞（好似下面句嘢噉），個腦會有 <a href="/wiki/P600" title="P600">P600</a>（簡單講就係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="事件相關電位">一種腦電活動</a>）出現<a href="#cite_note-essential9-5-207">[87]</a>。 <dl><dd>The cha siu bao was...（以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="英文文法">英文文法</a>講，跟住隻字可以係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="被動語態">被動式</a>嘅動詞）</dd> <dd>... beautifully.（好靚噉；<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副詞</a>）</dd></dl> <ul><li>因為最後聽或者見到嗰隻字係副詞，句嘢唔啱文法，聽或者睇嗰個人（假設佢好熟英文）個腦好有可能會出現 P600 嘅活動。P600 喺語言學研究上幾有用，例如啲研究睇人點樣<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">學第二語言</a>，發現啱啱開始學一隻語言（L）嘅人，聽或者見到唔啱文法嘅 L 句子嗰陣個腦唔曉畀 P600 嘅反應，但隨住佢哋用一隻語言用到愈嚟愈熟，佢哋個腦開始會識得畀噉嘅反應<a href="#cite_note-essential9-5-207">[87]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%A4%E6%96%B7%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" title="可接受度判斷作業">可接受度判斷作業</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[歐 107]</a>：實證嘅句法學研究成日用嘅一種研究方法；根據呢套諗頭，一個人嘅腦入面會有一套對於自己 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">L1</a>「啲文法應該係點」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a>，所以如果想得知一隻語言嘅文法，最好就係攞一拃唔同嘅句子，問吓一啲以嗰隻語言做 L1 嘅人，問佢哋覺得啲句子「係咪可以接受」，而可接受度判斷作業簡單講就係做呢樣嘢嘅工序。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="充分層次">充分層次</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[歐 108]</a>：指一套文法「有幾能夠充分噉描述隻語言」；如果話一套文法係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="充分層次">觀察上充分</a>，意思係話套文法做到準確噉描述手上有（例如睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a>）嘅字句；而如果話一套文法係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="充分層次">描述上充分</a>，意思係話套文法仲做到合乎母語使用者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%A4%E6%96%B7%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" title="可接受度判斷作業">直覺判斷</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[88]</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語義學">語義學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 語義學">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7" title="詞義消歧">詞義消歧</a>、<a href="/wiki/N400" title="N400">N400</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈話">心靈話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%AD%AF" title="不可譯">不可譯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a></div> 語言本質上就係<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>，例如廣東話入面 faa1（漢字：花）呢隻字同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1" title="花">花</a>冇咩相似嘅地方，但識廣東話嘅人一聽到 faa1 呢吓聲，或者一見到花呢隻<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>就會諗起花呢種事物－即係話啲人用一樣同物品 A 冇乜直接相似性嘅嘢嚟表示物品 A，而「表示同自己冇乜直接相似性嘅事物」正正就係符號嘅功能。 要正確噉表達<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>，就要結合語音、構詞、詞彙同句法先得，當中句法好重要。想像噉嘅句子： <ol><li>我將粒荔枝食落肚。</li> <li>粒荔枝將我食落肚。</li></ol> －兩句嘢用咗嘅字詞一樣，但一般認為句 2 應該唔會係講嘢嗰個人想表達嘅意思，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">除非</a>（例如）個人寫緊粵文<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="恐怖小說">恐怖小說</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%AF%80" title="情節">情節</a>講到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%92" title="主角">主角</a>撞到一粒會食人嘅恐怖荔枝。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="複合原理">複合原理</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[歐 109]</a>最基本上就係講緊以下噉嘅諗法<a href="#cite_note-212">[89]</a>： <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">一句嘢嘅意思取決於兩樣嘢－個別元件嘅意思，以及『啲元件以咩次序砌埋一齊』。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> 語義學嘅基本概念包括以下呢啲： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously" title="Colorless green ideas sleep furiously">Colorless green ideas sleep furiously</a>：由語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>寫嘅出名英格蘭話句子，粵譯係「啲冇顏色嘅綠色諗頭好嬲噉瞓覺」；杭士基寫呢句句子嘅用意係想展示，一句句子可以喺文法上正確，但喺語義上一劈嘢噉，完全<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%84%A1%E5%80%AB%E6%AC%A1" title="語無倫次">冇任何連貫嘅意思</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[註 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[90]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9" title="詞義">詞義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[歐 110]</a>：指一件語言物體（字詞或者句子）有多過一個可能嘅意思，通常會搞到聽或者睇句嘢嗰個人唔知點理解好<a href="#cite_note-essential9-1-216">[91]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="句法歧義">句法歧義</a>：指一場歧義情境之所以會產生歧義，係因為句法嘅問題（而唔係啲字本身有多過一個可能意思），例如以下噉嘅名詞短語<a href="#cite_note-essential9-1-216">[91]</a>： <dl><dd>英國歷史老師</dd> <dd>問題：嗰位老師係「嚟自英國嘅歷史老師」，定係「專教英國歷史（但佢本人未必係英國人）嘅老師」呢？</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="被動語態">被動語態</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[歐 111]</a>：正常嚟講，一句嘢嘅主語會係「做出動作嘅嘢」（施事或者成因）而賓語會係「接受嗰樣動作嘅嘢」，但有好多語言（包括廣東話同英格蘭話）都有機制，畀講嘢嘅人將施事或者成因擺去賓語個位，同時句嘢意思唔變，例子有<a href="#cite_note-essential9-3-218">[92]</a> <dl><dd>勤仔攞咗件西餅嚟食。</dd> <dd>細佬打爛咗個花樽。</dd> <dd>The company fired the lawyer.（意思：間公司炒咗嗰位律師）</dd></dl> <ul><li>呢幾句嘢都可以轉做被動語態－</li></ul> <dl><dd>件西餅畀勤仔攞咗嚟食。</dd> <dd>個花樽畀細佬打爛咗。</dd> <dd>The lawyer was fired by the company.（意思：嗰位律師畀間公司炒咗）</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Denotation">字面意思</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[歐 112]</a>同<a href="/wiki/Connotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Connotation">聯想意思</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[歐 113]</a>：一隻字詞可以有字面意思，但同時用嗰隻語言嘅人用起呢隻字詞嗰陣時又有可能有啲聯想意思－聯想意思指一啲「唔係隻字明文直接噉指、但啲人聽或者睇到隻字嗰時會聯想起」嘅嘢<a href="#cite_note-essential10-1-221">[93]</a>。舉例說明，想像而家有個叫 Martha（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">maa1 faa4</a>）嘅女仔，佢跳<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E" title="芭蕾舞">芭蕾舞</a>好叻，勁到做埋職業<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E5%93%A1" title="芭蕾舞蹈員">芭蕾舞蹈員</a>，然後佢有個親戚用以下呢句嘢嚟描述 Martha 做咩工<a href="#cite_note-222">[94]</a> <dl><dd>「Martha 佢係一個舞女。」</dd> <dd>Martha 聽到呢句嘢，好大機會會一句更正：</dd> <dd>「唔係呀，我係跳芭蕾舞嗰啲 den1 saa4。」</dd></dl> <ul><li>－原則上，舞女呢隻字就噉字面睇（字面意思）可以純粹係指「跳舞嘅女性」，但喺廿一世紀初嘅廣東話當中，舞女成日畀人攞嚟指「跳<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B7%E8%88%9E" title="艷舞">艷舞</a>嘅女性」，呢個「令人聯想起嘅意思」就係隻字詞嘅聯想意思。有關「聯想」呢個概念要點量度，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%99%BC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="促發效應">促發效應</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="原型理論">原型理論</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[歐 114]</a>：可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E6%80%9D%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="快思邏輯">快思邏輯</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a><a href="#cite_note-context-224">[歐 115]</a>：有證據指，人腦聽人講嘢或者睇文字嗰陣，會<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>噉喺度「跟住落嚟應該會出現啲咩意思嘅字」有嘅預期，而呢種預期會受打前聽或者睇到嘅字（語境）所影響，例如啲語言學家做過研究，用 <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB%E5%9C%96" title="腦電圖">EEG</a> 睇實啲人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腦電">腦電</a>活動，發現啲人聽或者睇到一隻「估唔到佢會出現」嘅字嗰時（例如下面噉嘅句子），個腦會有 <a href="/wiki/N400" title="N400">N400</a>（簡單講就係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="事件相關電位">一種腦電活動</a>）出現<a href="#cite_note-essential9-4-225">[95]</a>。 <dl><dd>我將啲雪糕擺咗喺...（啲人會預期跟住落嚟嘅係雪櫃等嘅字詞。）</dd> <dd>... <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星">海王星</a>表面（一隻語義上同雪糕<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語義距離">爭好遠</a>嘅字詞，大機會引起 N400）</dd></dl> <ul><li>有關呢方面嘅研究，可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="語義網絡">語義網絡</a>（可以用嚟表示啲字詞之間有乜語義關係）同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語義距離">語義距離</a>（郁手量度兩隻字之間喺語義上爭幾遠）嘅概念。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%8C%87" title="回指">回指</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[歐 116]</a>：指一隻字詞嘅意思取決於句子內或者句子外嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>；例如<a href="#cite_note-227">[96]</a> <dl><dd>阿蓮玩刺繡，唔小心拮親佢自己。—當中佢自己意思係指邊個人（指緊阿蓮），取決於句子內嘅其他字。</dd> <dd>阿明話佢有踢開足球。—當中佢固然可以係指阿明，但又可以係講緊之前嗰句句子提起咗嘅另一個人。</dd></dl> <ul><li>可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="代名詞">代名詞</a>嘅概念，代名詞本質上就有回指特性。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="煲巴奇奇">煲巴奇奇</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 煲巴奇奇">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%B2%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%87%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="煲巴奇奇現象">煲巴奇奇現象</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%B2%E5%B7%B4%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%87%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="煲巴奇奇現象">煲巴奇奇現象</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[歐 117]</a>：首先，思考一條問題—「點解一隻語言嘅某啲語音，會對應佢哋嘅意思？」；响廿世紀嗰陣，語言學界一度認為語音同意思之間嘅連繫係完全任意<a href="#cite_note-229">[歐 118]</a>嘅— <dl><dd>「點解粵語 maau1 呢個語音會對應<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93" title="貓">貓</a>呢個意思？」</dd> <dd>「冇得解。語言使用者選擇用咩語音對應咩意思嗰時，係任意嘅。」</dd></dl> <ul><li>但响廿一世紀初，呢種睇法開始受到挑戰。噉係因為語言學家發現咗煲巴奇奇現象：有語言學研究者做咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗</a>，畀一班受試者睇以下嘅形狀</li></ul> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Booba-Kiki.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Booba-Kiki.svg/500px-Booba-Kiki.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Booba-Kiki.svg/750px-Booba-Kiki.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Booba-Kiki.svg/1000px-Booba-Kiki.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <ul><li>然後佢哋就同受試者講，話呢兩個形狀一個叫 bouba（煲巴）一個叫 kiki（奇奇）<a href="#cite_note-230">[註 16]</a>，再叫受試者估邊個叫煲巴邊個叫奇奇；如果語音同意思之間嘅聯繫係任意嘅，噉理應會見到種狀況，係班受試者有 50% 估左邊嗰個形狀叫煲巴 50% 估左邊嗰個形狀叫奇奇，但事實並唔係噉—實驗嘅結果係，啲受試者多數都估左邊嗰個形狀（三尖八角噉）叫奇奇，同時多數會估右邊嗰個形狀（冇乜尖角噉）叫煲巴<a href="#cite_note-231">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[98]</a>。於是有唔少語言學家都開始研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E4%BC%BC" title="象似">象似</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[歐 119]</a>呢個概念，主張一款語音可以因為同某啲概念或者影像喺某啲方面上相似，所以啲人梗係傾向會將呢款語音同嗰啲概念或者影像聯想埋一齊<a href="#cite_note-cwiek22-234">[99]</a>。</li> <li>呢種現象响唔同語言以及唔同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>嘅群體當中都可以觀察得到。廿一世紀初已經<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">有多份研究顯示</a>，傳統上唔係講<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語言">印歐語言</a>嘅人群或者唔係用<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>寫嘢嘅人群，都會出現煲巴奇奇現象所講嘅傾向<a href="#cite_note-cwiek22-234">[99]</a>。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主題關係">主題關係</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 主題關係">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題關係</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="主題關係">主題關係</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[歐 120]</a>：大致上係指一句名詞短語同佢附近嘅動詞短語之間成乜嘢關係，可以喺動詞描述嗰啲動作當中扮演咩角色。主題關係分好多種<a href="#cite_note-essential9-2-171">[73]</a>。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E4%BA%8B" title="施事">施事</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[歐 121]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BA%8B" title="受事">受事</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[歐 122]</a>：一種成日畀人攞嚟討論嘅主題關係，如果話 XX 係施事而 YY 係受事，即係指 XX 係（可能有意圖噉）做出隻動詞指嗰樣行動嘅主體，而 YY 就係嗰樣行動嘅受體，例句有 <dl><dd>我食咗件蛋糕。（施事：我；受事：蛋糕）</dd> <dd>家姐飲咗杯咖啡。（施事：家姐；受事：咖啡）</dd> <dd>→ 亦可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%8F%A5%E9%85%8D%E5%88%97" title="詞句配列">詞句配列</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%9A%E7%84%A1%E7%94%9F" title="有生定無生">有生定無生</a>等嘅概念。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="因果">成因</a>：亦係一種常見嘅主題關係： <dl><dd>套戲嚇親班細路。（成因：套戲）</dd> <dd>啲糖水幫到我消暑。（成因：啲糖水）</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語用學">語用學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 語用學">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg/270px-%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg/405px-%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg/540px-%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99m_doing_fine_I_promise%E2%80%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>「係，係，你好勁。你好叻。」 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="反話">反話</a>呢樣嘢展示咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a>幾咁重要－上面句嘢就噉字面解係讚緊對方勁，但講嗰個人講嘢嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="表情">表情</a>令人覺得佢只係講緊反話。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E7%BE%A9%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7" title="詞義消歧">詞義消歧</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9E%E8%BF%B4%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="遞迴神經網絡">遞迴神經網絡</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%A2%83" title="語境">語境</a><a href="#cite_note-context-224">[歐 115]</a>：呢個概念嘅定義有些少爭議性；一個比較寬鬆嘅定義係，語境可以泛指任何「唔係集中睇緊嗰隻字詞或者句子，但對隻字詞或者句子嘅意思有影響」嘅嘢<a href="#cite_note-238">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[101]</a>，例如「打前嗰啲句子」（唔係集中睇緊嘅嘢）會影響而家嗰句句子啲字詞嘅意思：想像 <dl><dd>「我同佢一齊跳。」</dd></dl> <ul><li>呢句廣東話句子；句嘢入面嗰個<ruby><rb>跳</rb><rt>tiu3</rt></ruby>字可以有多個可能嘅解讀，如果打前嗰句句子係「我邀請佢同我一齊<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%B3%E8%88%9E" title="跳舞">跳舞</a>。」嘅話，噉嗰隻「跳」字就比較有可能會係指緊跳舞噉嘅意思。</li> <li>除咗「打前嘅句子」之外，（例如）講嘢嗰個人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="表情">表情</a>（唔係集中睇緊嘅嘢）都會影響佢講嘅句子同字詞嘅意思。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用學</a>成日都會研究語境。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="心理語言學">心理語言學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 心理語言學">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temporal_lobe_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Temporal_lobe_animation.gif/270px-Temporal_lobe_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Temporal_lobe_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>顯示人<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="左腦">左腦</a>嘅 <a href="/wiki/3D_%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="3D 模型">3D 模型</a>；圖裏面紅色嗰笪係<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B3%E8%91%89" title="顳葉">顳葉</a>，顳葉同一個人處理語言嘅能力好有啦掕。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%97%87" title="失語症">失語症</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="語言相對論">語言相對論</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[歐 123]</a>：可以泛指<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅各種過程，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>呀噉。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>有對認知呢樣嘢進行詳細嘅研究。心理語言學成日會由認知心理學借啲概念同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="研究方法">研究方法</a>嚟用。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F" title="言語產生">言語產生</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[歐 124]</a>：指一個人將「<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="思緒">諗住</a>想講嘅嘢」變做「實際<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講到出嚟嘅嘢</a>」嘅過程，起碼包括個人喺腦海將啲思緒轉換成相應嘅字，要將啲字組合成想講嘅句子，而且佢個腦仲要命令佢<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%81%93" title="聲道">聲道</a>相關結構嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>做出必要嘅郁動。言語產生涉及咗複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知過程">認知過程</a>，有好多腦相關嘅病都可以搞到個人言語產生有問題，例子可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B3%E8%91%89" title="顳葉">顳葉</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="病變">病變</a>引起嘅障礙<a href="#cite_note-242">[102]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD" title="詞庫決定作業">詞庫決定作業</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[歐 125]</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>嘅一種出名<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗方法</a>，（簡化講）涉及研究者畀受試者接二連三噉睇一大拃真嘅字同「望落似真、但查實乜意思都冇」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%AD%97" title="偽字">偽字</a>，再暗中量度啲受試者對啲字<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應有幾快</a>；而事實表明，噉做能夠得到好多對語言學研究有用嘅資訊<a href="#cite_note-244">[103]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%99%BC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="促發效應">促發</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[歐 126]</a>：由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>噉諗，當一個人見到一隻字詞嗰陣，佢會諗起啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">語義</a>上相似嘅字，即係例如一個人聽或者睇到隻貓字，佢好有可能會聯想式噉諗起埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B5" title="喵">喵</a>等嘅相關字詞；呢樣嘢可以用促發實驗嚟觀察得到，簡化講即係話一個人睇到某隻字之後，佢對同嗰隻字語義上相似嘅字<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%BF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="反應快">反應會快</a>咗<a href="#cite_note-246">[104]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="語言能力">能力</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="語言表現">表現</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[歐 127]</a>：兩個緊密相關嘅概念；語言能力係指一個人對某隻語言嘅內隱知識有幾深厚，而語言表現就係指一個人實際用隻語言嗰陣嘅表現有幾好（講得有幾流暢或者有冇錯文法呀噉）；表現會反映能力，但能力高嘅人有時都有可能會因為精神唔好等嘅原因，搞到到表現惡劣。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言習得">語言習得</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 語言習得">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAKURAKO._(3710281438).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg/300px-SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg/450px-SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg/600px-SAKURAKO._%283710281438%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>2009 年影到有個 <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%9D%A6%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇蝦仔">BB</a> 喺度聽佢<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AB%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="太嫲">太嫲</a>講嘢；事實表明，細路喺生命頭嗰幾年聽住身邊啲大人講嘢，聽聽吓就會學識佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="第一語言習得">第一語言習得</a>）。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">第二語言習得</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="神經可塑">神經可塑</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[歐 128]</a>指一個人由「完全唔識一隻語言」變到「能夠純熟噉運用一隻語言」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>過程<a href="#cite_note-249">[105]</a>。 <ul><li>是但攞隻語言嚟睇，如果語言學家想由「完全唔知嗰隻語言嘅嘢」去到「詳盡噉<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">明文</a>紀錄低嗮隻語言啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>等嘅語言特性」閒閒哋要用成十幾年嘅時間，而且就算做嗮呢啲工作，都唔等如佢哋能夠純熟噉用隻語言講嘢同寫嘢；</li> <li>不過事實又表明，一個細路可以喺生命嘅頭嗰幾年之內學識純熟噉運用自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>，表示佢個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>實係成功噉响相對短嘅時間內學咗極大量嘅知識，而且因為佢唔使有意識諗都可以運用隻語言，即係話佢吸收咗嘅知識應該係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱知識</a><a href="#cite_note-hayes10-250">[106]</a>:Ch. 1。</li></ul> 語言習得相關嘅概念： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[歐 129]</a>：語言學研究成日會攞大人或者 <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%9D%A6%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇蝦仔">BB</a> 做研究對象，想探究「以呢隻語言做母語、屬呢個年齡層嘅人，能唔能夠聽得出兩吓聲有分別？」噉嘅問題；問題係 BB 未識講嘢，所以唔似得大人噉曉話俾研究者知佢哋感知到嘅嘢；但已知<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a>呢種現象，習慣化係指多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>（包括人類）如果重複噉經歷到某樣刺激，而樣刺激係無關痛癢嘅，佢哋會慢慢變到對呢樣刺激冇嗮反應；例如一位研究者想知 4 個月大嘅 BB 曉唔曉分辨 [l] 同 [r] 呢兩種聲，佢可以一路監察住個 BB，再一路俾佢聽一系列 [l] 音，等個 BB 對呢隻聲習慣化，然後去到咁上下，研究者會畀 BB 聽 [r] 嘅音－如果個 BB 識分兩種聲，噉佢理應會對 [r] 有反應，而唔係對吓聲有「習慣咗」噉嘅無反應<a href="#cite_note-252">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[108]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE" title="語言習得裝置">語言習得裝置</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[歐 130]</a>：由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>喺 1960 年代提出嘅一個概念；事實表明，BB 唔使大人特登教佢哋文法等嘅概念，都可以學識用語言，於是杭士基就主張每一個 BB 腦入面都有 LAD，即係佢個腦入面有一套天生嘅認知能力，令佢能夠學識語言。呢個概念幾有爭議性，唔少語言學家都反對呢個概念<a href="#cite_note-shatz07-255">[109]</a>。睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%80%9A%E5%89%87" title="普世語言通則">普世語言通則</a>。</li> <li>BB 嘅可塑性（睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="神經可塑">神經可塑</a>嘅概念）：有研究試過搵咗啲 BB 返嚟，睇吓佢哋分辨唔同聲嘅能力。研究指直至大約 10 個月大為止，BB 一路都能夠分辨唔同嘅聲，但一到咗 11 至 12 個月大左右，啲 BB 分辨聲嘅能力就開始「專化」到迎合自己嘅母語－即係例如以日本話做母語、一路聽住屋企人講日本話嘅 BB，會喺呢個時期變到唔識分 [l] 同 [r]，似乎將呢啲實際上唔同嘅聲當咗係屬同一款<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0" title="音素">音素</a>噉<a href="#cite_note-essential5-1-111">[46]</a>。</li> <li>有語言學家由上述呢啲對音素嘅研究，剖析啲人點樣<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">學第二語言</a>：想像家陣有個人，佢母語叫 L1，想學一隻叫 L2 嘅語言；如果 L2 有兩隻音素係對應（或者大致對應）L1 度嘅某一對音素，個人能夠容易掌握到 L2 嘅嗰兩隻音素；如果 L2 有對音素係完全唔存在喺 L1 度嘅，個人都會覺得嗰對音素相對易學；真正最難學嘅，係一啲「L2 會當做唔同音素、但 L1 當佢哋係同一隻音素」嘅聲<a href="#cite_note-essential5-2-256">[110]</a>。</li> <li>有關呢方面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經</a>相關研究，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E8%B2%A0%E5%90%91%E6%B3%A2" title="不匹配負向波">不匹配負向波</a>（MMN）嘅概念。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2" title="認知發育">認知發育</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[歐 131]</a>：語言習得同認知發育關係密切。亦可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE" title="語言習得裝置">語言習得裝置</a>（LAD）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>嘅概念（智能定義上就係指普遍嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="認知能力">認知能力</a>）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[歐 132]</a>：語言習得研究上嘅一種常見諗法係，啲人學語言嗰時查實就係一路重複噉做歸納，由已經聽過睇過嘅字句嗰度搵出呢啲字句有咩共通點，並且按呢啲共通點嚟理解隻語言嘅構詞同句法規則<a href="#cite_note-259">[註 17]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E5%98%85%E8%B2%A7%E4%B9%8F" title="刺激嘅貧乏">刺激嘅貧乏</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[歐 133]</a>：語言習得研究上一種時不時有人提嘅睇法；主張呢種觀點嘅人會用某啲方法提供證據，講「細路學語言嗰陣，接觸到嘅數據（聽到嘅字句）數量根本唔夠，唔足以畀佢哋齋靠呢啲後天刺激嚟學識用語言」，而如果呢點成立，就表示應該有一部份語言知識係天生就存在喺人腦裏面嘅<a href="#cite_note-shatz07-255">[109]</a>。可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>嘅概念。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會語言學">社會語言學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 社會語言學">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="社會語言學">社會語言學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="傳理學">傳理學</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%A2%BC%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B" title="語碼轉換">語碼轉換</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[歐 134]</a>：指一個人<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嗰陣用多過一種語言或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="變體 (語言學)">語言變體</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[111]</a>，例如廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="香港人">香港人</a>就出嗮名興講嘢嗰時<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">粵</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭話">英</a>夾雜<a href="#cite_note-263">[112]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiolect">Idiolect</a>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">i1 di4 ou4 lek4</a>）：指一個人用語言嘅獨特方式；想像<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="香港人">香港人</a>講<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>，原則上，香港人個體之間喺廣東話講嘢方式上都有微細差異，例如有個人，叫佢做明仔，明仔有句口頭禪，硬係會將句嘢掛喺口邊，成日都會重複噉講嗰句嘢；明仔用廣東話嘅獨特方式就係佢嘅 idiolect <a href="#cite_note-264">[113]</a>。 <ul><li>喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="語料庫">語料庫</a>相關嘅工作當中，「點樣處理啲語料入面嘅 idiolect 先至得」係一個大課題。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%9F%B3" title="口音">口音</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[歐 135]</a>：指某個國家、地區或者個人講某隻語言嗰陣會有嘅獨特<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%80%E6%B3%95" title="讀法">讀法</a>；例如就噉靠日常觀察都可以得知，一個母語係廣東話嘅人，就算佢熟嗮英格蘭話啲發音、用詞同文法，佢講英格蘭話嗰時啲音，仲係會同一個以英格蘭話做母語嘅人有啲微妙嘅分別；口音可以源自母語嘅影響或者地區嘅差異，例如攞一個母語係廣東話嘅人同一個母語係日本話嘅人，佢哋兩個都熟嗮英格蘭話，佢哋講英格蘭話嗰時都會有口音<a href="#cite_note-266">[註 18]</a>，而且佢哋嘅口音都會唔同，以英格蘭話做母語嘅人有可能聽得出「佢哋母語唔係英格蘭話，而且兩個人母語唔同」<a href="#cite_note-267">[114]</a>；除此之外，（例如）攞一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="香港人">香港人</a>同一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="廣州人">廣州人</a>，就算兩者嘅母語都係廣東話，佢哋嘅口音都會有異<a href="#cite_note-268">[115]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%9B" title="語言威望">威望</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[歐 136]</a>：指一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>同第啲變體比起嚟「幾有威望」；舉例說明，喺廿世紀<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英式英文">英式英文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="美式英文">美式英文</a>畀好多人覺得係比較「正統」嘅英文，所以啲人會覺得佢哋「高檔」啲，而同時非英式非美式嗰啲英文成日畀人話佢哋低俗難登大雅之堂。喺呢種情況下，英式英文同美式英文就算係威望比較高<a href="#cite_note-270">[116]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%B1%A4%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="雙層語言">雙層語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8C%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="重振語言">重振語言</a></li> <li>可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8" title="語言接觸">語言接觸</a>嗰啲概念。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 歷史語言學">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="聚類分析">聚類分析</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言比較">語言比較</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 語言比較">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語言距離">語言距離</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="語系">語系</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="語言距離">語言距離</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[歐 137]</a>：指兩隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>之間「爭幾遠」；一般認為，兩隻語言變體要相距有返咁上下遠，先可以算係各自成一隻語言。詳情可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">互通程度</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">互通程度</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[歐 138]</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>之間可以有嘅一種關係，成日畀人攞嚟界定兩隻語言變體「係各自成一隻語言定<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>」；想像家陣想剖析兩隻語言變體 A 同 B，語言學家搵若干個識講同聽 A 但未試過學 B 嘅人返嚟，跟住又搵若干個識講同聽 B 但未試過學 A 嘅人返嚟，然後再叫兩組嘗試用 A 同 B 溝通，再睇吓佢哋能唔能夠明對方噏乜－如果佢哋明對方噏乜，A 同 B 就算係同一種語言嘅方言，而如果佢哋聽唔明對方噏乜，A 同 B 就算係各自成一隻語言<a href="#cite_note-273">[117]</a>。 <ul><li>例如英文同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>都屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="日耳曼語言">日耳曼語言</a>但頗此之間唔互通，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英式英文">英式英文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="美式英文">美式英文</a>雖然有明顯差異，但能夠互通。</li> <li>現實世界嘅語言，有時未必係「一係互通一係唔互通」咁簡單，可能會例如 50% 互通噉。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E9%AB%94" title="方言連續體">方言連續體</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[歐 139]</a>：指一拃喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">互通程度</a>上「連續」嘅語言變體；想像有一拃語言變體分佈喺一笪地區，佢哋彼此之間喺正對方隔離嘅變體有高嘅互通度，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>上相距愈遠嘅變體互通度就愈低，而且有啲變體彼此之間仲要互通度係 0% 咁滯<a href="#cite_note-hamm08-275">[118]</a>:p. 2。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="語系">語系</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[歐 140]</a>，又有叫「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="語族">語族</a>」：想像家陣有一個群體嘅人，佢哋喺語言上好均一，成個群體是但攞兩個人嚟睇，佢哋嘅母語都係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">互通</a>嘅；而家佢哋因為戰亂等嘅原因，其中一部份嘅個體遷徙咗去第度，變咗做兩個群體；因為語言演變嘅關係，過咗幾個世紀之後兩者講嘅話變到好唔同，變到唔再互通，但兩隻話仲係會有好多相似嘅地方；如果有若干隻語言，佢哋係好似上述個例子噉由同一隻語言變出嚟嘅，佢哋就算係屬同一個語系<a href="#cite_note-277">[119]</a>。 <ul><li>下圖係<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[歐 141]</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="語言樹">分類樹狀圖</a>，圖入面包括咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭話">英格蘭話</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[歐 142]</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="德國話">德國話</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[歐 143]</a>等。</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_language_tree_(root_Germanic).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dutch_language_tree_%28root_Germanic%29.png/540px-Dutch_language_tree_%28root_Germanic%29.png" decoding="async" width="540" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Dutch_language_tree_%28root_Germanic%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>亦可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>講到，唔同語言之間喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%BB%89" class="mw-redirect" title="風廉">風廉</a>上嘅差異。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言接觸">語言接觸</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 語言接觸">編輯</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8" title="語言接觸">語言接觸</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8" title="語言接觸">語言接觸</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[歐 144]</a>泛指兩隻或者以上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>彼此互動同埋互相影響。 <ul><li>可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">借詞</a>嘅概念。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="層次 (語言學)">層次</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[歐 145]</a>：想像而家有兩隻語言 A 同 B 接觸，如果 A 嘅地位（睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%9B" title="語言威望">語言威望</a>）低過 B，噉 A 就算係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="層次 (語言學)">底層</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[歐 146]</a>而 B 就算係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="層次 (語言學)">頂層</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[歐 147]</a>；喺語言接觸當中，底層同頂層都會對對方造成影響，但影響嘅方式唔同<a href="#cite_note-285">[120]</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="語言合流">合流</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[歐 148]</a>：指兩隻或者以上嘅語言，隨住<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8" title="語言接觸">接觸</a>而慢慢變到似對方；好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%9B" title="語言威望">語言威望</a>，就被指係合流嘅重要原因－想像有笪地方，啲人係以一隻叫 L1 嘅語言做<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>嘅，佢哋接觸到嚟自另外一笪地方嘅人，後者講嘅語言叫 L2，講 L2 班人地位高啲有錢啲，所以 L2 威望高過 L1，自然講 L1 嗰班人有唔少都會走去學 L2，然後嗰啲母語係 L1 但對 L2 有返咁上下認識嘅人，有可能會例如由 L2 <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">攞啲字詞去</a> L1 度用，甚至用 L2 嘅文法加埋 L1 嘅 <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> 砌句子，令 L1 開始變得比較似 L2 <a href="#cite_note-287">[121]</a>。 <ul><li>可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港">英屬香港</a>嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="港式廣東話">港式廣東話</a>（L1）由英格蘭話（L2；一隻威望高嘅語言）度勁攞借詞，令到港式廣東話（最少响<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a>上）有啲似咗英格蘭話。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E6%B6%87%E6%B5%9C" title="洋涇浜">洋涇浜</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[歐 149]</a>：想像家陣有笪地方，有若干個群體，每個群體都自己講一隻語言，而且拃語言之間冇得<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">互通</a>；如果佢哋有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0" title="誘因">誘因</a>進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>（例如係要做<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="貿易">貿易</a>），佢哋就焗住要搵啲方法嚟整隻「大家都用到嘅語言出嚟」－洋涇浜就係指呢種環境下產生嘅簡單語言，會由區內各語言嘅詞庫同文法攞啲嘢嚟用。洋涇浜唔會係任何人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[123]</a>。 <ul><li>19 世紀期間<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭人">英格蘭人</a>周圍去<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="殖民">殖民</a>嗰陣，畀佢哋殖民嘅人成日要學講英格蘭話，而且呢啲人好多時教育水平唔高，所以就倉卒噉學咗啲簡單英文字，仲會用自己語言啲文法砌句子。例如廿一世紀英格蘭話仲有人用嘅 long time no see－好耐冇見噉解－就畀人話係嚟自粵人用廣東話文法加簡單英文字砌出嚟嘅產物<a href="#cite_note-291">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[註 19]</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="語言聯盟">語言聯盟</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[歐 150]</a>：指一拃語言因為歷史上距離近有過密切嘅接觸而產生好多相似性，但呢拃語言並唔係歷史比較語言學意義上嚟自同一個共同祖先嘅（即唔係/未得歸做同一<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="語系">語系</a>），比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F" title="東南亞大陸語言區域">東南亞大陸語言區域</a>。另外好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾泰語系">阿爾泰</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[歐 151]</a>「語系」噉，就被指係一個語言聯盟<a href="#cite_note-295">[125]</a>－ <ul><li>呢個「語系」包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="日本話">日本話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國話">韓國話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其話">土耳其話</a>等多隻嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">歐亞大陸</a>中北部嘅語言，呢啲語言之間有頗高嘅相似性，例如日本話同韓國話之間<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>嗰陣成日可以做到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AD%AF" title="直譯">一對一直譯</a>（呢點反映兩隻語言响<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="句法">句法</a>上好相似，唔淨只係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a>似咁簡單；睇下面嘅例子），令到有唔少語言學家提倡佢哋係同一個語系－出咗「阿爾泰語系」呢個諗頭；</li> <li>不過廿一世紀初嘅研究表明，呢幾隻語言早期歷史上出現過「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81" title="語言合流">變到愈嚟愈似對方</a>」嘅情形，而唔係好似一般嘅語系噉「隨時間變到愈嚟愈唔似對方」<a href="#cite_note-296">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[127]</a>，所以畀主流語言學家話佢哋似係語言聯盟多啲。</li></ul></li></ul> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> 日本話同韓國話嘅相似之處： 語言學界主流認為，日本話同韓國話唔同源，但兩者的確有好多相似之處，當中啲句法相似到有時可以做到一對一直譯，即係完全唔使掉換句子入面啲字嘅位置，淨係將源頭語言啲字換做目標語言入面嘅對應就得。例如兩隻語言都係跟 <a href="/wiki/SOV_%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV 句法">SOV 句法</a>嘅<a href="#cite_note-298">[128]</a>： <dl><dd>粵文：ngo5 hai6 hok6 saang1（漢字加粵字：我係學生）</dd> <dd>日本話：watashi wa gakusei desu（<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="假名">假名</a>加漢字：私は学生です）</dd> <dd>韓國話：na neun hagsaeng-ida（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a>：나는 학생이다）</dd></dl> 粵文係跟 <a href="/wiki/SVO_%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="SVO 句法">SVO 句法</a>嘅，句句子係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>（S；我）行先，然後係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>（V；係），<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>（O；學生）擺尾。相比之下，日本話同韓國話都係跟 SOV 嘅， <dl><dd>日本話：watashi（我）wa（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98" title="主題標記">主題標記</a>）gakusei（學生） desu（係）</dd> <dd>韓國話：na（我）neun（主題標記）hagsaeng（學生）-ida（係）</dd></dl> 啲人攞住句日本話句子，可以將句句子每件元件轉換做韓國話入面嘅對應，途中唔使更改啲元件嘅次序，最後出到嗰句嘢會完全似自然嘅韓國話。 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關領域">相關領域</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 相關領域">編輯</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/300px-Latin_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/450px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/600px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>2005 年一本<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="字典">字典</a>；字典想做嘅嘢，就係要列出嗮一隻語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BA%AB" title="詞庫">詞庫</a>入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="字詞">字詞</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh-yue/thumb/0/02/%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png/300px-%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh-yue/thumb/0/02/%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png/450px-%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh-yue/0/02/%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%85%B8" title="粵典">粵典</a>》嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%88%E7%A8%BF" title="撈稿">撈稿</a>；《粵典》係一本<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>嘅廣東話網絡字典，以廣東話同英格蘭話雙語解釋廣東話嘅字詞。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙學">詞彙學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭典學">辭典學</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙學">詞彙學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="語言模型">語言模型</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[歐 152]</a>：一種「模擬」語言嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>；一個語言模型通常會源自畀電腦讀取大量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="語料">語料</a>，形成一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88" title="概率分佈">概率分佈</a>；數學化啲噉講，即係話一個語言模型能夠畀到 <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e309954c97d7730e7af048880d6f2e51073b236d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m})}">（一句句子啲字係 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26ab954b405d0aaa342c0053fc6e67dbb78dcf66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.236ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m}}"> 嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機率">機率</a>）</dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{5}|w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">Pr</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{5}|w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0da05177d63aed924810d62b573c6891d7810ee7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.284ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pr(w_{5}|w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4})}">（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87" title="條件概率">已知</a>句句子啲字係 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b76d8f340df8d782a490a600377f8650ff0314a4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.615ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1},\ldots ,w_{4}}">，下一隻字係 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{5}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{5}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22f89a5cc4774df548f8c598dab81aa7e6fb8e2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.718ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{5}}"> 嘅機率）</dd> <dd>... 等嘅數值，當中啲機率數值好多時係靠<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" title="人工神經網絡">人工神經網絡</a>計出嚟嘅<a href="#cite_note-300">[129]</a>。例如 <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> 就係一個語言模型。亦可以睇吓 <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">N-gram</a> 嘅概念<a href="#cite_note-301">[130]</a>。</dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋">睇埋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 睇埋">編輯</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="集合論">集合論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="統計">統計</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="不確定">不確定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="人工智能詞彙">人工智能詞彙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="深度神經網絡">深度神經網絡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="認知革命">認知革命</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻">文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 文獻">編輯</a>]</div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:1"> <ul><li>Anderson, C. (2018). Essentials of linguistics. McMaster University，呢本書係一本幾多人用嘅語言學入門書。</li> <li>Hayes, B. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/20/Text/HayesIntroductoryLinguistics2021.pdf">Introductory linguistics</a> (PDF). Unpublish textbook.</li> <li>Pinker, S. (2004). Clarifying the logical problem of language acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 31(4), 949-953.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋">註釋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 註釋">編輯</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> 不過一隻語言嘅文法「有冇畀人記錄落<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>嗰度」就係另一條問題－世上有好多語言都因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%9B" title="語言威望">地位唔夠高</a>等嘅原因而冇<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>，甚至根本冇畀人攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>寫低佢哋啲特性。 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> 尤其係如果有隻口語字搵唔到對應嘅漢字，或者有對應漢字但個人唔識寫。 </li> <li id="cite_note-zi6-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zi6_44-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zi6_44-1">3.1</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>講緊嘅「字」唔係指寫嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>，而係指緊「由最少一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="形態素">形態素</a>組成、可以獨立存在嘅語言單位」。 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> 語言同<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>係兩樣嘢。正常嚟講，文字做嘅係用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>嘅方法表達語言講嘅嘢。喺廿一世紀初，仲有好多語言係冇自己嘅文字嘅。 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> 振盪即係表示粒粒子喺兩個位置之間<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="週期性">週期性</a>噉來回郁。 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> 事實上，英格蘭話出嗮名興由第啲語言攞<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">借詞</a>，成日攞第啲語言嘅口語字，同時寫隻借詞嘅時候又攞埋嗰隻語言對嗰隻字嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>串法，搞到啲「語音-文字串法」對應好混亂。 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> 標音查實都好有學問。想像「而家依個人講廣東話啲聲好似比標準<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%9F%B3" title="高音">高音</a>咗啲，依樣係咪佢<a href="/wiki/Idiolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiolect">個人特性</a>？有冇必要記低？」睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="嚴式標音">嚴式</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9B%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="寛式標音">寛式</a>標音。 </li> <li id="cite_note-jp-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-jp_63-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jp_63-1">8.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jp_63-2">8.2</a> 如果唔識睇呢度啲拼音，可以去參考吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> 順帶一提，呢啲「唔可以單獨存在嘅形態素」就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="規範形態素">規範形態素</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a> 順帶一提，「可以單獨存在嘅形態素」（字）又叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="自由形態素">自由形態素</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> 呢點喺漢語當中未必適用。 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> 或者可以睇吓將文法性別<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E5%8C%96" title="廣義化">廣義化</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%A5" title="名詞類別">名詞類別</a>概念。 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a> 講緊語音上嘅字詞，唔好諗文字住。 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a> 呢種分析方法適用於好似英文或者粵語等<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>有返咁上下固定嘅語言，但就比較難處理<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="自由語序">自由語序</a>嘅語言。 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a> 至少以當時嘅英文嚟講，句嘢係完全語無倫次嘅。可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A" title="語言演變">語言演變</a>嘅概念。 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">↑</a> 呢兩隻字詞係<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E8%A9%9E" title="臨時詞">臨時詞</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">↑</a> 有語言學家提出質問：事實表明，細路往往能夠判定一啲極長但啱文法嘅句子「係就係噚咗啲，但的確啱文法嘅」；呢啲句子出現嘅頻率非常低，點解細路有能力判定呢啲句子啱文法呢？ </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">↑</a> 假設佢哋冇接受過訓練<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91" title="口音減少">教佢哋隱藏自己口音</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">↑</a> <cite class="note">爾個講法喺美國其實有爭議，因為好多人認為爾句本來唔係中文，而係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美國原住民</a>嘅某種話。見 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gandhi, Lakshmi (2014年3月9號). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/09/288300303/who-first-said-long-time-no-see-and-in-which-language">"Who First Said 'Long Time, No See' And In Which Language?"</a> (美國英文). NPR. 喺2022年12月28號搵到.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+First+Said+%27Long+Time%2C+No+See%27+And+In+Which+Language%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Lakshmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F03%2F09%2F288300303%2Fwho-first-said-long-time-no-see-and-in-which-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" class="Z3988"></cite> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歐詞">歐詞</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 歐詞">編輯</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> natural language </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> linguistic universal </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> descriptive </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> prescriptive </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> theoretical </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> applied </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> psycholinguistics </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> cognitive </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> neurolinguistics </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> historical </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> comparative </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> phonology </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> linguistic typology </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> quantitative </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> computational </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> text corpus </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> generative grammar，GG </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> universal grammar，UG </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> graphemics </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> orthography </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> phonetics </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> acoustic phonetics </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> articulatory </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> auditory </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> morphology </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> syntax </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> semantics </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> lexical </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> pragmatics </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> sagittal section </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> International Phonetic Alphabet，IPA，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">aai1 pi1 ei1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> diacritics </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> voiceless </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> voiced </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> vowel，V </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> consonant，C </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> sonority </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> place </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> manner </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> syllable </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> open </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> closed </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> monophthong </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> diphthong </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> syllabic </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> vowel reduction </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> metathesis </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> aspiration </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> coarticulation </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> assimilation </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> prosody </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> phoneme，可以做風<ruby><rb>廉</rb><rt>nim4</rt></ruby> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> minimal pair </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> contrastive </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> allophone；<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">aa1 lou4 fung4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> free variation </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> complementary </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> tone </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> tone contour </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> intonation </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> morpheme，可以做<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">mo1 fim4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a> affix </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> infix </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> Tagalog </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> allomorph </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> word </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> homophones </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">↑</a> inflection </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a> grammatical category </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> tense，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">ten1 si2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a> person </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> number </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> stem </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> declension </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a> morphological derivation </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a> part-of-speech，POS </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a> syntactic distribution </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a> morphological distribution </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a> noun </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">↑</a> verb </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> auxiliary verb </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">↑</a> article </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">↑</a> adjective </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">↑</a> conjunction </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a> open class </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a> closed class </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a> recursion </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">↑</a> phrase </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a> head，可作<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學嘅大綱/#yue">het1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">↑</a> complement </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a> modifier </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a> ditransitive </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">↑</a> clause，句法分析上用 TP 表示。 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a> predicate </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a> relative clause </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a> Principle of modification </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a> parse tree </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a> branch </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a> node </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a> constituent </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a> dominate </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a> C-command </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a> govern </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a> grammatical relations </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a> binding </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a> deep structure and surface structure </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a> acceptability judgment task </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a> level of adequacy </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a> principle of compositionality </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a> ambiguity </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a> passive voice </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a> denotation </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a> connotation </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">↑</a> prototype theory </li> <li id="cite_note-context-224">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-context_224-0">115.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-context_224-1">115.1</a> context </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">↑</a> anaphora </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">↑</a> Bouba/kiki effect </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">↑</a> arbitrary </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">↑</a> iconicity </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">↑</a> thematic relation </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">↑</a> agent </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">↑</a> patient </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">↑</a> cognition </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">↑</a> speech production </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">↑</a> lexical decision task </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">↑</a> priming </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">↑</a> competence versus performance </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">↑</a> language acquisition </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">↑</a> habituation </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">↑</a> language acquisition device，LAD </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">↑</a> cognitive development </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">↑</a> induction </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">↑</a> poverty of the stimulus </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">↑</a> code-switching </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">↑</a> accent </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">↑</a> prestige </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">↑</a> linguistic distance </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">↑</a> mutual intelligibility </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">↑</a> dialect continuum </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">↑</a> language family </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">↑</a> Germanic languages </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">↑</a> English </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">↑</a> German </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">↑</a> language contact </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：stratum </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">↑</a> substratum </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">↑</a> superstratum </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">↑</a> convergence </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">↑</a> pidgin </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>：Sprachbund </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">↑</a> Altaic </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">↑</a> language model </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷">攷</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 攷">編輯</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1">1.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics">linguistics</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraintro-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraintro_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraintro_2-1">2.1</a> Kracht, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Kracht/courses/ling20-fall07/ling-intro.pdf">Introduction to Linguistics</a> (PDF). Department of Linguistics, UCLA. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> 原版英文嗰句嘢："linguistics, the scientific study of language." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> 原版英文嗰句嘢："Languages are sets of signs. Signs combine an exponent (a sequence of letters or sounds) with a meaning. Grammars are ways to generate signs from more basic signs..." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Lyons, John (1991). Natural Language and Universal Grammar. 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