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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要認知功能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要認知功能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>主要認知功能</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要認知功能-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去主要認知功能細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-主要認知功能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-感知" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感知"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>感知</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感知-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注意力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注意力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>注意力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注意力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-記憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#記憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>記憶</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-記憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學習" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學習"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>學習</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學習-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意識" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意識"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>意識</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-意識-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去意識細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-意識-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metacognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metacognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Metacognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metacognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">認知</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有78種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisie" title="Kognisie – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kognisie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)" title="استعراف (علم النفس) – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعراف (علم النفس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognici%C3%B3n" title="Cognición – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cognición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koqnitivlik" title="Koqnitivlik – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koqnitivlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%82%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کوقنیتیولیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوقنیتیولیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пазнанне – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазнанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Познавателна способност – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Познавателна способност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সংজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoznaja" title="Spoznaja – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spoznaja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognici%C3%B3" title="Cognició – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cognició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ناسیاری – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسیاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozn%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Poznání – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пĕлейни – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕлейни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwybyddiaeth" title="Gwybyddiaeth – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwybyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognition" title="Kognition – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kognition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognition" title="Kognition – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kognition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Νόηση – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnisi%C3%B2un" title="Cugnisiòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cugnisiòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cognition" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogno" title="Kogno – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kogno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognici%C3%B3n" title="Cognición – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cognición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnetus_(ps%C3%BChholoogia)" title="Tunnetus (psühholoogia) – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunnetus (psühholoogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognizio" title="Kognizio – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kognizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="شناخت – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شناخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitio" title="Kognitio – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kognitio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cognition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogna%C3%ADocht" title="Cognaíocht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cognaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognici%C3%B3n" title="Cognición – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cognición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קוגניציה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוגניציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoznaja" title="Spoznaja – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spoznaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolkod%C3%A1s" title="Gondolkodás – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gondolkodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճանաչողություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճանաչողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisi" title="Kognisi – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kognisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizione" title="Cognizione – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cognizione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98" title="認識 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認識" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="შემეცნება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შემეცნება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Таным – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таным" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಅರಿವು – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಿವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9D" title="인식 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitio" title="Cognitio – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cognitio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%BEinimas" title="Pažinimas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pažinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Izzināšana – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izzināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Спознание – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спознание" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကမၠိုဟ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကမၠိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisi" title="Kognisi – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kognisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သိမြင်ခြင်း – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိမြင်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitie" title="Cognitie – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognitie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisjon" title="Kognisjon – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kognisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisjon" title="Kognisjon – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kognisjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੰਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesy_poznawcze" title="Procesy poznawcze – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Procesy poznawcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87)" title="ادراک (پوهېدنه) – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادراک (پوهېدنه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogni%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Cognição – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cognição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogni%C8%9Bie" title="Cogniție – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cogniție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Познание – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Познание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Познаня – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Познаня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saznanje" title="Saznanje – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saznanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cognition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznanie" title="Poznanie – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poznanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognicija" title="Kognicija – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kognicija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognicioni" title="Kognicioni – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kognicioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спознаја – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спознаја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognition" title="Kognition – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognition" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிதிறன் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிதிறன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82" title="Шинохт – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шинохт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประชาน – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisyon" title="Kognisyon – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kognisyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili%C5%9Fsellik" title="Bilişsellik – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilişsellik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BF-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D2%AF" title="Танып-белү – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Танып-белү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пізнання – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пізнання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ادراک – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrok" title="Idrok – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Idrok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADn_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nhận thức – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhận thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognisyon" title="Kognisyon – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kognisyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5" title="认知 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="认知" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="באנעם – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="認知" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2200417#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&oldid=2069711" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&id=2069711&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%258D%25E7%259F%25A5"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%258D%25E7%259F%25A5"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cognition" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2200417" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="認知能力">認知能力</a>跳轉過嚟)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p><b>認知</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/認知/#yue"><span>jing<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> zi<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>cognition</b></span>）係指一系列喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>－喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>以及第啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物">脊椎動物</a>當中主要係指緊個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>－入面發生嘅過程，呢啲過程幫個腦透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" class="mw-redirect" title="思考">思考</a>同經驗嚟處理由外界嗰度收到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>（可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a>），並且運用呢啲資訊加埋佢舊有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>，嚟令到個腦學到新嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>同適應環境上嘅改變。根據呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="心智">心智</a>過程都算係認知嘅一部份<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「Cognition」呢一個英文字係嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>「cognosco」，呢個字嘅意思係「了解」或者「認得」噉解，而呢個字本身又係受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>嘅動詞「γι(γ)νώσκω」（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字母">羅馬字母</a>：gi(g)nόsko）影響咗嘅，呢個希臘文詞語意思係「知」或者「明」噉解<sup id="cite_ref-stefano2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stefano2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－所以「cognition」譯做<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>可以譯做「認知」，「認」指辨認，「知」指知曉<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>事實係，喺一眾－深受拉丁文同希臘文影響嘅－<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲語言">歐洲語言</a>當中，有「cogni-」或者「gnost-」或者類似嘅音喺入面嘅詞意思上好多都同認知同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>有啦掕，例如英文當中嘅「a<b>gnost</b>icism」係指<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>（一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教哲學">宗教哲學</a>觀點，主張人類家陣仲未有方法可以知道<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>係咪真係存在），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>嘅「connaître」－「知道」噉解<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="意大利文">意大利文</a>嘅「conoscere」－「知道」或者「辨認」噉解<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要認知功能"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E8.AA.8D.E7.9F.A5.E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD"></span>主要認知功能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 主要認知功能"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div> <p>人類嘅心靈可以想像成一個受<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a>塑造成能夠解難嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="運算機械">運算機械</a>：喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>（natural selection）嘅過程當中，有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嘅嘢彼此之間會互相爭資源，爭到多資源嘅個體比較有機會生存到落嚟同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="繁殖">繁殖</a>下一代，所以隨住一個生物族群世代嘅變化，唔擅長生存同繁殖嘅個體會受淘汰，慢慢噉淨低有能力生存同繁殖嘅個體，而心靈都會受物競天擇嘅力量塑造－心靈會影響人類（同第啲具有心靈嘅動物）點樣做決策同理解佢哋周圍嘅環境，某啲心靈特徵會比較有助生存同繁殖，例如假設其他因素不變，能夠準確判斷一個環境係咪有危險理應有助生存同繁殖。於是隨住進化嘅過程，今日嘅人類嘅心靈做到基本上噉幫助佢哋處理由環境嚟嘅資訊，並且作出適當嘅決策<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tenenbaum2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tenenbaum2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>心靈會做嘅資訊處理過程好多樣化，以下嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上最多人研究嘅認知功能： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="感知"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E7.9F.A5"></span>感知</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 感知"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_(Hill).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/180px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/270px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg/360px-My_Wife_and_My_Mother-In-Law_%28Hill%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>幅圖入面嗰個係後生女人定係阿婆呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div> <p>一個資訊處理體要解難，就實要由外界嗰度吸收資訊，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>（perception）就係指透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>獲取外界嘅資訊並且處理呢啲資訊嘅能力－<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a>幫手接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>會接收外界嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>能夠幫手辨別周圍環境有乜嘢<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>... 等等，而喺感知系統為個人提供咗「外界有啲乜嘢喺度」嘅資訊之後，腦仲會對呢啲資訊做進一步嘅處理。人最依賴嘅係視覺同聽覺，但第啲動物會同人類有啲唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%97" title="狗">狗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="犬科動物">犬科動物</a>就比人更加依賴嗅覺<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>感知可以由刺激本身嘅物理性質主導，但又可以受到個人嘅認知系統本身嘅特質左右： </p> <ul><li>認知科學家會研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8B%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由下至上過程">由下至上</a>（bottom-up）嘅過程，觀察人由接收到光同聲等嘅刺激嗰陣，佢哋啲感官內部發生乜嘢事同埋資訊點樣傳上個腦嗰度；</li> <li>另一方面，佢哋又會研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="由上至下過程">由上至下</a>（top-down）嘅過程，睇一個個體嘅神經系統本身嘅特質會點樣影響個體嘅感知；由上至下嘅例子有多種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F" title="曖昧圖像">曖昧圖像</a>（ambiguous image），好似係幅附圖噉，幅圖可以睇成一個後生、頭髮黑嘅女人，又可以睇成一個頭髮白嗮嘅阿婆；想像有認知科學家搵班人返嚟做受試者，俾佢哋睇一啲曖昧圖像，要佢哋睇完一幅圖之後即刻答幅圖係乜嘢事物，並且對<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>做吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>，睇吓受試者嘅答案會受乜嘢因素影響；實驗顯示，（例如）某啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">類型</a>人零舍傾向將附圖睇成後生女，又或者係「如果個人臨睇幅圖之前睇過有老人家喺入面嘅相，會零舍容易將幅圖睇成阿婆」－噉即係表示受試者嘅感知並唔係純粹由收到嘅刺激嘅物理性質主宰嘅，展示咗由上至下嘅感知過程<sup id="cite_ref-mechelli2004_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mechelli2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注意力"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E6.84.8F.E5.8A.9B"></span>注意力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 注意力"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a>（attention）係一系列嘅認知過程，涉及一隻動物由接收到嘅外界資訊當中篩選一部份出嚟集中處理，並且忽略嗰啲唔係集中處理緊嘅資訊：一隻動物（包括人類）嘅腦無時無刻都喺度接收緊極大量嘅資訊，多到冇可能一吓過處理得嗮；好多時，為咗要有效噉解決佢生存所需要解決嘅問題，隻動物要集中處理同佢生存最有啦掕嗰啲資訊，同時又焗住要忽略嗰啲同佢生存冇咁有啦掕嘅資訊<sup id="cite_ref-howpsy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howpsy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺對注意力嘅研究上，認知科學家一般都興將注意力想像成一種有限嘅資源，由個腦嘅某啲系統決定要點樣分配落去唔同嘅資訊源嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而個腦當中塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89" title="額葉">額葉</a>同塊<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%91%89" title="頂葉">頂葉</a>之間嘅網絡（fronto-parietal network；睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%91%89" title="腦葉">腦葉</a>）同注意力零舍有關<sup id="cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據廿一世紀初嘅研究，人腦嘅注意力系統大致上可以分做三大子系統，而呢三個系統之間嘅互動就控制住<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="持續注意力">持續注意力</a>等嘅注意力相關功能<sup id="cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>負責令個人意識到周圍資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a>（alertness）系統；</li> <li>負責將注意力資源由一樣嘢移去第樣嘢嗰度嘅<b>導向</b>（orientation）系統；</li> <li>負責處理衝突（例如有兩個刺激同時要求注意力）嘅<b>執行控制</b>（executive control）系統。</li></ol> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/420px--Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="420" height="238" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-(Canis-Lupus)-pone.0016888.s002.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="272" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bf/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv/Development-of-Gaze-Following-Abilities-in-Wolves-%28Canis-Lupus%29-pone.0016888.s002.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%BC" title="狼">狼</a>用眼𥄫實佢有興趣嘅物件；定義上，注意力集中點係個心靈資訊處理能力嘅集中之處，一隻動物用眼－收集資訊嘅器官－望實一件物件表示，佢將自己嘅注意力集中喺嗰件物件上。可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="記憶"><span id=".E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6"></span>記憶</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 記憶"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>（memory）係指個腦將啲資訊<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲起</a>、同埋喺有需要嗰陣<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（retrieve）出嚟用嘅能力：喺野外，一隻動物需要記住（例如）傾向有嘢食嘅地點、傾向有獵食者出現嘅地點、以及打前見過嘅同類當中「邊啲信得過邊啲出賣過自己」等等嘅資訊－記憶對於動物（包括人）嘅體驗嚟講至關重要，記憶功能令一隻動物曉由接收到嘅資訊當中揀一部份儲起，並且喺要用嗰陣將呢啲資訊提取返出嚟用<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺人當中，記憶仲係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="人際關係">人際關係</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學習">語言學習</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性">人格同一性</a>嘅根本<sup id="cite_ref-eysenck2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eysenck2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一個人類認知系統當中嘅記憶可以按「有冇得用口頭報告返出嚟」分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="外顯記憶">有意識</a>（explicit）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="內隱記憶">冇意識</a>（implicit）兩種，又有得按「會維持幾耐」分做<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="短期記憶">短期記憶</a>（short-term memory；頂櫳維持幾分鐘）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="長期記憶">長期記憶</a>（long-term memory；可以維持到成幾廿年）兩大種<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：記憶嘅開端係感官，啲感官嘅神經細胞會以電流同化合物訊號等嘅型式將啲感官收到嘅資訊傳去個腦嗰度，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（working memory）跟手會負責暫時儲住個腦用緊嘅資訊，呢啲資訊當中有一啲可能會俾個腦儲起做長期記憶，並且對隻動物嘅行為產生更加深遠嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-tk1996_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tk1996-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，工作記憶又會幫手提取一啲由打前儲起咗嘅長期記憶嗰度得到嘅資訊。長期記憶仲有可能會透過一啲冇意識嘅途徑產生<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 語言"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cgisf-tgg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cgisf-tgg.svg/300px-Cgisf-tgg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cgisf-tgg.svg/450px-Cgisf-tgg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cgisf-tgg.svg/600px-Cgisf-tgg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>一句句子可以分做多個組成部份，例如係呢句英文句子噉：<br /><a href="/wiki/Colorless_green_ideas_sleep_furiously" title="Colorless green ideas sleep furiously">Colorless green ideas sleep furiously</a>.<br />「冇顏色嘅（形容詞）綠色（形容詞）諗頭（名詞）好嬲噉（副詞）瞓覺（動詞）。」</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a></div> <p>感知、注意力、同記憶等嘅資訊處理過程喺好多人類以外嘅動物身上都觀察得到，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>（language）呢家嘢就近乎係人類獨有嘅<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。語言嘅定義大致如下：一隻「語言」係一套用嚟俾個體之間互相傳達資訊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>系統，喺一隻語言裏面，每個符號都具有某啲約定俗成嘅意思，而且多個符號有得按某啲規則（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>）組合埋一齊，並且表達更加複雜嘅意思（當中符號通常係講嘢嘅聲）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" title="閩南話">閩南話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>等嘅事物都符合呢個定義<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isac_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isac-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般人由幾歲大開始經已能夠使用語言，而且喺正常情況下，人類冚唪唥都能夠學識講至少一種語言。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（linguistics）呢個領域會研究語言嘅抽象特性同埋點解人類能夠學識使用語言，會問以下呢啲問題： </p> <ul><li>語言知識<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">有幾多係天生幾多係後生學嘅</a>？</li> <li>點解大人要學第二語言會難過<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%8A%E5%AD%B2%E4%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="臊孲仔">臊孲仔</a>學自己<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a>？</li> <li>人點解曉理解自己之前未見過嘅句子？</li></ul> <p>... 等等<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>傳統上，語言學不嬲俾人當做<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="人文學科">人文學科</a>嘅一部份，同<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史學">歷史學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術">藝術</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a>等嘅領域相近，但自從喺廿世紀中開始，愈嚟愈多嘅研究者開始攞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>研究人類對語言嘅使用同埋呢啲過程當中所涉及嘅認知功能，而為咗用科學方法研究語言，佢哋要制定一啲方法，將語言嘅相關變數作出精確量化嘅量度，例如係要有一套唔曖昧嘅基準，決定點樣將一句句子入面唔同嘅字分類做各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" title="詞性">詞性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>等），令到對語言嘅研究開始偏近認知科學嘅範疇－形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>（cognitive linguistics）呢個語言學子領域<sup id="cite_ref-isac_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isac-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="學習"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E7.BF.92"></span>學習</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 學習"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homework_(4015200817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/300px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/450px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg/600px-Homework_%284015200817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>一個細路讀緊書；傳統上，讀書係學嘢嘅主要途徑。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>（learning）喺心理學同相關領域上嘅定義係「一個個體按照自己嘅經歷改變自己嘅行為」嘅過程。學習係記憶嘅必然結果，涉及咗個認知系統獲取外界嘅資訊，將呢啲資訊至少局部噉儲喺記憶入面，並且喺將來嘅時間點俾呢啲儲起咗嘅資訊左右自己嘅行為－可以係學全新嘅行為，又可以係改變舊有嘅行為<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ormrod2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ormrod2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。學習唔淨只係人類識得做，動物以及某啲品種嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、甚至乎係專門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>都<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">曉學習</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，能夠學好多唔同嘅行為。動物絕大多數都曉學一啲簡單嘅「避開痛楚」動作，例如係一個人俾個煮食爐辣親一次之後，下次識唔好搵隻手去掂個爐，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>高嘅動物，包括人類同某啲人工智能，仲有能力學做一啲複雜嘅行為或者理解複雜嘅概念，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83" title="足球">足球</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E" title="芭蕾舞">芭蕾舞</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="運動">運動</a>當中都有極之高深嘅技巧，而學深奧嘅科學知識要求高度嘅理解能力<sup id="cite_ref-danieldanieldaniel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danieldanieldaniel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>「學習」呢個概念展現咗認知科學上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a>（nature versus nurture）爭論：一方面，人有好多行為都係天生嘅，多數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="人格">人格</a>特徵同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>等嘅個體差異都經已證實咗起碼局部係天生嘅<sup id="cite_ref-pinker2002_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinker2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；另一方面，人又好明顯具有學習嘅能力，曉按照自己經歷過嘅嘢改變自己嘅行為<sup id="cite_ref-ormrod2004_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ormrod2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如係根據研究，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA" title="五大性格特質">五大性格特質</a>（Big Five personality traits）當中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%90%91%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="外向度">外向度</a>（extraversion；定義上外向嘅人鍾意講嘢同交際）就有成 54% 係受遺傳因素影響嘅－簡單啲講，有啲人天生就外向，又有啲人係後天學到咁外向嘅，更多人身處呢兩個極端之間<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；先天定後天嘅爭論喺認知語言學當中詏得特別犀利：有學者主張，遺傳因子當中帶有某啲有關<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="普遍文法">普遍文法</a>（universal grammar）嘅資訊，而呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>會左右個腦嘅發育，令到人普遍傾向以某啲方式看待世界同埋組句子<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。到咗廿一世紀，主流科學界都認同行為係同時受到先天同後天因素影響嘅，但仲係會對「呢個行為係先天因素多定後天因素多」有所爭論<sup id="cite_ref-pinker2002_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinker2002-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="意識"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E8.AD.98"></span>意識</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 意識"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a></div> <p>喺是但一個時間點，一個人會喺度諗緊一啲嘢，而呢啲嘢係口頭報告得到出嚟嘅，但佢同時又會無意識噉做一啲唔使諗都曉做嘅嘢，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="行路">行路</a>噉，一個正常嘅大人行起路上嚟唔使特登思考「應該邊隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3" title="腳">腳</a>踩出去先」等嘅問題，就能夠自動噉行路；而好多時，人會突然發覺自己喺冇思考過嘅情況下，就自動做咗一啲行為－即係話喺個腦處理緊嘅資訊當中，有一啲係<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="有意識">有意識</a>（conscious）嘅，有一啲係<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="無意識">無意識</a>（unconscious）嘅，前者能夠口頭報告返出嚟，而後者就唔得。喺認知科學當中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>（consciousness）定義大致上就係指一個知自己諗緊乜做緊乜嘅狀態<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>認知科學上嘅研究顯示，人嘅行為會受到無意識嘅資訊處理影響。舉個例說明，有啲實驗就試過用類似噉嘅做法：研究者要求一班受試者各自噉望實自己前面個熒光幕，再俾個掣佢哋，叫佢哋一見到有個藍色四方形喺個熒光幕閃過，就要有咁快得咁快撳個掣；喺一部份嘅「藍色四方形出現」事件當中，個熒光幕會喺個藍色四方形出現前 0.5 秒嗰一刻有粒極之快消失嘅星星閃過（快到受試者冇能力意識到粒星星嘅存在）－粒星星係一個訊號，會話俾睇到佢嘅人知，藍色四方形將會喺 0.5 秒後出現；實驗顯示，事後問返啲受試者，佢哋冚唪唥都唔知道有星星閃過，但統計分析嘅結果就反映，粒星星能夠令受試者反應變快（有星星出現嘅「藍色四方形出現」事件當中嘅受試者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a>快啲）－即係話受試者雖然意識唔到粒星星嘅存在，但粒星星依然影響得到佢哋嘅認知過程同行為<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metacognition">Metacognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: Metacognition"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/Metacognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metacognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacognition">Metacognition</a>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/認知/#yue"><span>met<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> taa<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> kok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> nit<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> seon<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>，意思係「喺認知之上」噉解）係指一個認知系統監察自己嘅狀態嘅能力，甚至運用呢樣能力嚟幫助自己學習，簡單嘅例子有一個人諗要點樣組織啲資訊自己會比較容易記住，然後用呢樣知識幫手加強自己嘅記憶<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。人類當中嘅 metacognition 相當容易研究：由日常觀察都可以得知，人曉觀察自己嘅認知過程；好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E8%A1%93" title="記憶術">記憶術</a>（mnemonic）就係人類 metacognition 嘅一個常見例子，指一個人自創同運用一啲幫助記嘢嘅技巧嚟增強自己嘅記憶（用記憶術表示嗰個人一定要了解到自己有記憶呢種認知功能），簡單嘅例子有喺腦海入面將一段<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E8%99%9F%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="電話號碼">電話號碼</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A1%8A" title="分塊">喺腦海入面斬開做幾橛</a>，等成段號碼容易記啲<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a>嘅研究上，metacognition 嘅能力有可能用以下嘅測試觀察<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>搵隻受試者，俾佢哋睇一個佢哋需要將佢分類嘅刺激，而佢哋有權唔俾反應，俾啱反應會有大獎，唔俾反應會有細獎，俾錯反應會冇獎；</li> <li>例：搵一隻<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B6%E9%BC%A0" title="大家鼠">大家鼠</a>入個籠嗰度，籠有兩個掣同一盞燈，盞燈會定時定候閃，閃紅燈佢要撳左面個掣，閃黃燈佢要撳右面個掣，撳啱有大嚿嘅嘢食，撳錯冇嘢食，唔撳有細嚿嘅嘢食（佢要喺腦海裏面將盞燈嘅色水分類）；</li> <li>理論上，喺呢啲測試當中，如果個個體選擇唔俾反應，可以表示佢對個選擇作出咗「我<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">唔肯定</a>我諗緊嘅嘢啱唔啱」嘅判斷；</li></ul> <p>根據呢種實驗方法，有好多動物都具有 metacognition 嘅能力，包括某啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E9%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="雀鳥">雀鳥</a>物種<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A" title="海豚">海豚</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及包括人在內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%95%B7%E7%9B%AE" title="靈長目">靈長目</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Month_-_Knuckles_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/450px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/675px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg/900px-Month_-_Knuckles_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>一種用嚟記每個月有幾多日嘅記憶術；兩個拳頭上面每一點表示一個月份，凸嘅表示係長月，凹嘅表示係短月。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有少量物種能夠以一啲類似人類語言嘅方式同同伴溝通，例如可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82%E8%88%9E" title="蜜蜂舞">蜜蜂舞</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">有唔少<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="認知科學家">認知科學家</a>都認為呢個測試唔可以 100% 表示 metacognition 嘅存在，所以主張呢個測試頂櫳只可以做輔助。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="認知風格">認知風格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="知識理論">知識理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經底質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E5%A5%87" title="好奇">好奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="人類處理器模型">人類處理器模型</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; column-count:3"> <ul><li>Ardila, Alfredo (2018). <i>Historical Development of Human Cognition. A Cultural-Historical Neuropsychological Perspective</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9789811068867" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-9811068867</a>.</li> <li>Coren, Stanley; Lawrence M. Ward; & James T. Enns (1999). <i>Sensation and Perception</i>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0470002263" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-470-00226-3</a>.</li> <li>Lycan, W. G. (ed.). (1999). <i>Mind and Cognition: An Anthology, 2nd Edition</i>. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers, Inc.</li> <li>Stanovich, Keith (2009). <i>What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought</i>. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780300123852" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-12385-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition">cognition - definition of cognition in English from the Oxford dictionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107001241/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cognition">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年11月7號，.". www.oxforddictionaries.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adapted from Miller, George A (2003). "The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective". <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stefano2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stefano2011_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="yue" dir="ltr">引用錯誤無效嘅<code><ref></code>標籤；無文字提供畀叫做<code>stefano2011</code>嘅參照</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5">認知词语解释</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/conna%C3%AEtre">connaître</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105065528/https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/conna%25C3%25AEtre">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年11月5號，.” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conoscere#Italian">conoscere</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Povinelli, D. J. (1993). Reconstructing the evolution of mind. <i>American Psychologist</i>, 48(5), 493.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tenenbaum2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tenenbaum2011_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenenbaum, J. B., Kemp, C., Griffiths, T. L., & Goodman, N. D. (2011). How to grow a mind: Statistics, structure, and abstraction. <i>Science</i>, 331(6022), 1279-1285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mechelli2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechelli2004_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mechelli2004_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechelli, A., Price, C. J., Friston, K. J., & Ishai, A. (2004). Where bottom-up meets top-down: neuronal interactions during perception and imagery. <i>Cerebral cortex</i>, 14(11), 1256-1265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkkonen, L.; Andersson, J.; Hämäläinen, M.; Hari, R. (2008). "Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene". <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. 105 (51): 20500–20504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howpsy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-howpsy_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attention-2795009">How Psychologists Define Attention</a>. <i>Verywell Mind</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavajay, P.; Rogoff, B. (1999). "Cultural Variation in Management of Attention by Children and Their Caregivers". <i>Developmental Psychology</i>. 35 (4): 1079–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, John R. (2004). <i>Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications (6th ed.)</i>. Worth Publishers. p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-posnerpetersen1990-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-posnerpetersen1990_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Posner, M. I.; Petersen, S. E. (1990). "The attention system of the human brain". <i>Annual Review of Neuroscience</i>. 13(1): 25–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbetta, M. (1998). Frontoparietal cortical networks for directing attention and the eye to visual locations: Identical, independent, or overlapping neural systems?. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 95(3), 831-838.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauralee Sherwood (1 January 2015). <i>Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 157–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarzel. M. & Mulluer. U., "Dynamic Memory Networks", <i>Cellular and Molecular Life Science</i>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eysenck2012-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eysenck2012_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eysenck, M.W. (2012). <i>Fundamentals of cognition</i>. New York: Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tk1996-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tk1996_19-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tk1996_19-1">19.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, R. F., & Kim, J. J. (1996). Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory. <i>Proceedings of the national academy of sciences</i>, 93(24), 13438-13444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chun, M. M., & Jiang, Y. (2003). Implicit, long-term spatial contextual memory. <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition</i>, 29(2), 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Saussure, F. (1986). <i>Course in general linguistics</i> (3rd ed.). (R. Harris, Trans.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company. (Original work published 1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isac-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-isac_23-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-isac_23-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). <i>I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science, 2nd edition</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinet, André (1960). <i>Elements of General Linguistics. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i</i>. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, V., & Green, M. (2018). <i>Cognitive linguistics: An introduction</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gross, <i>Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour</i>. 6E, Hachette UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ormrod2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ormrod2004_27-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ormrod2004_27-1">26.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ormrod, J. E., & Davis, K. M. (2004). <i>Human learning</i>. London: Merrill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karban, R. (2015). Plant Learning and Memory. In: <i>Plant Sensing and Communication</i>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 31–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastiani, F. (2002). Machine learning in automated text categorization. <i>ACM computing surveys</i> (CSUR), 34(1), 1-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-danieldanieldaniel-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-danieldanieldaniel_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel L. Schacter; Daniel T. Gilbert; Daniel M. Wegner (2011) [2009]. <i>Psychology</i>, 2nd edition. Worth Publishers. p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mery, Frederic; Kawecki, Tadeusz J. (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/4149/files/1_kawecki_ocl.pdf">An operating cost of learning in Drosophila melanogaster</a>" (PDF). <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. 68 (3): 589–598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pinker2002-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pinker2002_32-0">31.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pinker2002_32-1">31.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinker, Steven (September 30, 2002) <i>The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature</i>. Viking; 1st edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bouchard T.J., McGue M. (January 2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". <i>Journal of Neurobiology</i>. 54 (1): 4–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinker S., Bloom P. (1990). "Natural language and natural selection". <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. 13 (4): 707–784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen A.P., Rapport N. (1995). <i>Questions of Consciousness</i>. London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaud Destrebecqz; Philippe Peigneux (2006). "Methods for studying unconscious learning". In Steven Laureys (ed.). <i>The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology</i>. Elsevier. pp. 69–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ansorge, U., Heumann, M., and Scharlau, I. (2002). Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task. <i>Conscious. Cogn</i>. 11, 528–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharlau, I., and Ansorge, U. (2003). Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: evidence from perceptual latency priming. <i>Vision Res</i>. 43, 1351–1363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. D. (2009). The Study of Animal Metacognition, <i>Trends in Cognitive Science</i>, 13(9): 389-396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlosky, J. & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.). <i>Handbook of Metamemory and Memory</i>. Psychology Press: New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fujita, Kazuo, Noriyuki Nakamura, Sumie Iwasaki and Sota Watanabe, (2012), Are Birds Metacognitive? in Beran et al., <i>Foundations of Metacognition</i>, 2012: 50-61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. David, Jonathan Schull, Jared Strote, Kelli McGee, Roian Egnor, and Linda Erb, (1995), The Uncertain Response in the Bottlenosed Dolphin (Terciops Truncatus), <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>, 124(4): 391-408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, Wendy E., J. David Smith, and David A. Washburn, 1997, Uncertain Responses by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) in a psychophysical same-different task, <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General</i>, 126(2): 147-164.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="維基辭典">維基辭典</a>有呢個詞嘅解釋：<br /><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/認知">認知</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505626/description#description">Cognition</a>（英文），一本專係登有關認知嘅科研論文嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="期刊">期刊</a>。</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="認知" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template:認知"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Template talk:認知"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="認知" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">認知</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="研究認知嘅科學領域就係認知心理學">研究認知嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>領域就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="認知地圖">認知地圖</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" title="認知複雜度">認知複雜度</a><span 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/225px-Flaticonbrain.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flaticonbrain.png/300px-Flaticonbrain.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">心理實驗</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="反應時間">反應時間</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="眼動追蹤">眼動追蹤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%AC%8E%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" title="解謎遊戲">解謎遊戲</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="認知模型">認知模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯結主義">聯結主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B" title="認知架構">認知架構</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">認　<br />知　<br />功　<br />能　</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="視覺">視覺</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%8B" title="錯見">錯見</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%89%B2%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA" title="彩色視覺">彩色視覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B7%B1%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="景深感知">景深感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="形態感知">形態感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B" title="周邊視力">周邊視力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%83%8F" title="心像">心像</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89" title="心理旋轉">心理旋轉</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA" title="聽覺">聽覺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98" title="音高">音高感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="語音感知">語音感知</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A6%BA" title="嗅覺">嗅覺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E8%A6%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="味覺">味覺</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A6%BA" title="時覺">時覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%BA" title="錯覺">錯覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA" title="感官提示">感官提示</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8" title="專注">專注</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="注意力長度">長度</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%BF%83" title="分心">分心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="人類多作業處理">多作業處理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91" title="注意力導向">注意力導向</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E8%A6%BA" title="警覺">警覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E8%AB%96" title="特徵整合論">特徵整合論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%85%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="記憶入碼">入碼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%84%B2%E8%97%8F" title="記憶儲藏">儲藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%96" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶提取">提取</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%83%B3" title="回想">回想</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A8%E8%AD%98" title="辨識">辨識</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="工作記憶">工作記憶</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%B2%A0%E8%8D%B7" title="認知負荷">認知負荷</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%BA" title="時間統覺">時間統覺</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思考</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" title="決策">決策</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="訊號探測理論">訊號探測</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="計劃">計劃</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA" title="直覺">直覺</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E6%80%9D%E6%B3%95" title="捷思法">捷思法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" title="洞察">洞察</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%8C%96" title="抽象化">抽象化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6" title="專家">專家知識</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">心靈模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">拉雜功能</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">語言認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="後設認知">後設認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="社會認知">社會認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="心靈理論">心靈理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%8E%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" title="管控功能">管控功能</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人類智能">人類智能</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="一般智能因素">一般智能因素</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E5%84%AA" title="資優">資優</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D" title="天才">天才</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="動物認知">動物認知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="植物智能">植物智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E9%AB%94" title="智能體">智能體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">相關領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="心腦領域" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">腦</a>領域</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運算神經科學">運算神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資訊理論">資訊理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="機械人學">機械人學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%AB%96" title="決策論">決策論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="人因工程">人因工程</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A9%9F%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="人機互動">人機互動</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="Category:認知">認知類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="心理學（saai6_ko1）各領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:心理學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:心理學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="心理學（saai6_ko1）各領域" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<span>saai<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> ko<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>）各領域</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="對人類嘅行為（人類行為）、認知同情感嘅科學研究">對<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="人類行為">人類行為</a>）、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F" title="情感">情感</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學研究">科學研究</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="動物試驗">動物試驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="神經造影">神經造影</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行為表觀遺傳學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Behavioral epigenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為表觀遺傳學 (無呢版)">行為表觀遺傳學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral epigenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Behavioral epigenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="人類研究">人類研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="心理測量學">心理測量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會統計調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面試研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="心理干預">干預</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量研究</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性研究</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/100px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/150px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg/200px-Mental_Health_-_The_Noun_Project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="理論心理學">理論領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗心理學">實驗心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="計量心理學">計量心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數理心理學">數理心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="行為科學">行為科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="行為遺傳學">行為遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會認知神經科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Social cognitive neuroscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會認知神經科學 (無呢版)">社會認知神經科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Social cognitive neuroscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social cognitive neuroscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理物理學">心理物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%BD%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="完形心理學">完形心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="認知主義">認知主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="進化心理學">進化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理生理學">心理生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">神經心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發育心理學">發育心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒科學">情緒科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="情緒神經科學">情緒神經科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="社科">社科</a>偏向</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社會心理學">社會心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="性格心理學">性格心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="文化心理學">文化心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="道德心理學">道德心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人本主義心理學">人本主義心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%91%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正向心理學">正向心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="應用心理學">應用領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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