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id="toc-Romani_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Military music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_influence_on_Western_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_influence_on_Western_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Turkish influence on Western classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_influence_on_Western_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Influence_on_Turkish_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Influence_on_Turkish_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Western Influence on Turkish classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Influence_on_Turkish_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Years_of_The_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Years_of_The_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Years of The Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Years_of_The_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Folk instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Folk literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arabesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religious music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_Recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Islamic Recitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alevi_influences:_The_Aşık_(Ashik)_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alevi_influences:_The_Aşık_(Ashik)_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Alevi influences: The Aşık (Ashik) traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alevi_influences:_The_Aşık_(Ashik)_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufi_influences:_The_Mevlevi_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_influences:_The_Mevlevi_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Sufi influences: The Mevlevi traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_influences:_The_Mevlevi_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_folk_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_folk_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Regional folk styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_folk_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aegean_and_Rumeli_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aegean_and_Rumeli_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Aegean and Rumeli regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aegean_and_Rumeli_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_and_Caspian_Sea_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_and_Caspian_Sea_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_and_Caspian_Sea_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeastern_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeastern_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Southeastern regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeastern_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanto_(Cantare_music)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanto_(Cantare_music)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kanto (Cantare music)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanto_(Cantare_music)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainstream_pop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_pop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mainstream pop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_pop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Turkish hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolian_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolian_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Anatolian rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolian_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_anasheed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_anasheed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Islamic anasheed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_anasheed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heavy_metal_and_industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_metal_and_industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Heavy metal and industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_metal_and_industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_black_metal_and_death_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_black_metal_and_death_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Underground black metal and death metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_black_metal_and_death_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Trance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Trance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Turkish Trance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Trance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pop-rock_and_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pop-rock_and_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Pop-rock and rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop-rock_and_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_and_club_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_and_club_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Underground and club music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_and_club_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_influence_of_Syrian_refugees_and_other_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_influence_of_Syrian_refugees_and_other_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Musical influence of Syrian refugees and other immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_influence_of_Syrian_refugees_and_other_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holidays and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Turkey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى تركية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى تركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_musiqisi" title="Türkiyə musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureck%C3%A1_hudba" title="Turecká hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecká hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_der_T%C3%BCrkei" title="Musik der Türkei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik der Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi_muusika" title="Türgi muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_de_Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Música de Turquía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música de Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="موسیقی ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_turque" title="Musique turque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique turque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="튀르키예의 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예의 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה טורקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה טורקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თურქეთის მუსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთის მუსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcijas_m%C5%ABzika" title="Turcijas mūzika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcijas mūzika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_zene" title="Török zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Török zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_Turki" title="Muzik Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="トルコ音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Музыка Турции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Турции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkisk_musik" title="Turkisk musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkisk musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Türk müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türk müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg/50px-Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg/75px-Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg/100px-Nuvola_Turkish_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music of ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Military bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Whirling Dervishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque music">Arabesque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music style</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical music">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_tango_music" title="Turkish tango music">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Military</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>Tenth Year March</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_imperial_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman imperial anthem">Ottoman marches</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Media and performance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music awards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Music_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey Music Awards">Turkey Music Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BC-Yap" title="Mü-Yap">Mü-Yap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Microphone" title="Golden Microphone">Golden Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Butterfly_Awards" title="Golden Butterfly Awards">Golden Butterfly Awards</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music charts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>Kral Top 20</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Top_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye Top 20">Turkey Top 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e_Top_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkçe Top 20">Turkish Top 20</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music festivals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Music_Festival" title="Istanbul International Music Festival">International Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_International_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul International Jazz Festival">International Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izmir_European_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmir European Jazz Festival">Izmir European Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspendos_International_Opera_and_Ballet_Festival" title="Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival">Aspendos festival</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Billboard Türkiye">Billboard Türkiye</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_TV_(Turkey)" title="Dream TV (Turkey)">Dream TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kral_TV" title="Kral TV">Kral TV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musiki_Mecmuas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musiki Mecmuası (page does not exist)">Musiki Mecmuası</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_1_TV" title="Number 1 TV">NR 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powert%C3%BCrk_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powertürk TV (page does not exist)">Powertürk TV</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Nationalistic and patriotic songs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> National anthem</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="İstiklâl Marşı">Independence March</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Cypriot Turkish music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Turkey" title="Template:Music of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Music of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture of Turkey</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/100px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/200px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey#History" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Turkey">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Republic of Turkey">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic history of Turkey">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of Turkey">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Turkey">LGBT history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Turkey">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Turkey">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkey" title="Public holidays in Turkey">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Turkey">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Turkey">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Turkey" title="Radio in Turkey">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">Oil wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_at_the_Olympics" title="Turkey at the Olympics">Olympic appearances</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Turkey" title="National symbols of Turkey">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_Turkey" title="Emblems of Turkey">Emblems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/16px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/24px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Turkey" title="Template:Culture of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Culture of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The roots of traditional music in Turkey span across centuries to a time when the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> migrated to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic influences. Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the emergence in the early 1930s drive for <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-lesartsturcs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesartsturcs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles. Despite this, however, western-style pop music lost popularity to arabesque in the late 1970s and 1980s, with even its greatest proponents, <a href="/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan" title="Ajda Pekkan">Ajda Pekkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sezen_Aksu" title="Sezen Aksu">Sezen Aksu</a>, falling in status. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. With the support of Aksu, the resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as <a href="/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)" title="Tarkan (singer)">Tarkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a>. The late 1990s also saw an emergence of underground music producing alternative <a href="/wiki/Turkish_rock_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish rock music">Turkish rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">hip-hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">rap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> in opposition to the mainstream corporate <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque music">arabesque</a> genres, which many believe have become too commercial.<sup id="cite_ref-musicscene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musicscene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2021-10_img08_Taksim_AKM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5690" data-file-height="4268" /></a><figcaption>Front façade of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Cultural_Center" title="Atatürk Cultural Center">Atatürk Cultural Center</a>. The main opera building in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish classical music">Turkish classical music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg" title="File:KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg">" Katibim (Üsküdar'a Gider iken)"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="202" data-mwtitle="KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/49/KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/4/49/KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg/KatibimUskudaraGiderIken-SafiyeAyla.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of Turkish classical music.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Ottoman court music has a large and varied system of modes or scales known as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">makams</a>, and other rules of composition. A number of notation systems were used for transcribing classical music, the most dominant being the <a href="/wiki/Hamparsum_Limonciyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamparsum Limonciyan">Hamparsum</a> notation in use until the gradual introduction of western notation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A specific sequence of classical Turkish musical forms becomes a <i>fasıl</i>, a suite consisting of an instrumental prelude (<i>peṣrev</i>), an instrumental postlude (<i>saz semaisi</i>), and in between, the main section of vocal compositions which begins with and is punctuated by instrumental improvisations <a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">taksim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ottomu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottomu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full fasıl concert would include four different instrumental forms and three vocal forms, including a light classical song, <i>şarkı</i>. A strictly classical fasıl (in the early 19th-century style) remains in the same <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">makam</a> throughout, from the introductory taksim and usually ending in a dance tune or <i>oyun havası</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However shorter <i>şarkı</i> compositions, precursors to modern day songs, are a part of this tradition, many of them extremely old, dating back to the 14th century; many are newer, with late 19th century songwriter <a href="/wiki/Haci_Arif_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Haci Arif Bey">Haci Arif Bey</a> being especially popular. </p> <dl><dt>Composers and Performers</dt></dl> <p>Other famous proponents of this genre include Sufi <a href="/wiki/Dede_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dede Efendi">Dede Efendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Prince Cantemir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamparsum_Limonciyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamparsum Limonciyan">Baba Hamparsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemani_Tatyos_Ekserciyan" title="Kemani Tatyos Ekserciyan">Kemani Tatyos Efendi</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman the Magnificent">Suleyman the Magnificent</a>. The most popular modern Turkish classical singer is <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnir_Nurettin_Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Münir Nurettin Selçuk">Münir Nurettin Selçuk</a>, who was the first to establish a lead singer position. Other performers include <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ersoy" title="Bülent Ersoy">Bülent Ersoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeki_M%C3%BCren" title="Zeki Müren">Zeki Müren</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCzeyyen_Senar" title="Müzeyyen Senar">Müzeyyen Senar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zekai_Tunca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zekai Tunca (page does not exist)">Zekai Tunca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional instruments in Turkish classical music today include <a href="/wiki/Tambur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambur">tambur</a> -generally use as <i>tanbur</i> - long-necked plucked lute, <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> end-blown flute, <a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">kemençe</a> bowed fiddle, <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> plucked short-necked unfretted lute, <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">kanun</a> plucked zither, violin, and in <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi">Mevlevi</a> music, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCd%C3%BCm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Küdüm (page does not exist)">küdüm</a> drum and a harp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_harem_music:_Belly_dance">Ottoman harem music: Belly dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman harem music: Belly dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_(1530).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG/220px-S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG/330px-S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG/440px-S%C3%BCleymanname_ottoman_ensemble_%281530%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surname_17b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Surname_17b.jpg/150px-Surname_17b.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Surname_17b.jpg/225px-Surname_17b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Surname_17b.jpg/300px-Surname_17b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Female musical players. Ottoman miniature painting, 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></div> <p>From the makams of the royal courts to the melodies of the royal <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harems</a>, a type of dance music emerged that was different from the <i>oyun havası</i> of fasıl music. In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the harem was that part of a house set apart for the women of the family. It was a place in which non-family males were not allowed. <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">Eunuchs</a> guarded the sultan's harems, which were quite large, including several hundred women who were wives and concubines. There, female dancers and musicians entertained the women living in the harem. <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a> was performed by women for women. This female dancer, known as a <i>rakkase</i>, which is the Arabic word for "female dancer", hardly ever appeared in public.<sup id="cite_ref-rakkas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rakkas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type of harem music was taken out of the sultan's private living quarters and to the public by male street entertainers and hired dancers of the Ottoman Empire, the male <i>rakkas</i>. These dancers performed publicly for wedding celebrations, feasts, festivals, and in the presence of the sultans.<sup id="cite_ref-rakkas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rakkas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern oriental dance in Turkey is derived from this tradition of the Ottoman rakkas. Some mistakenly believe that Turkish oriental dancing is known as <a href="/wiki/Chiftetelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiftetelli">Çiftetelli</a> due to the fact that this style of music has been incorporated into oriental dancing by <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, illustrated by the fact that the Greek belly dance is sometimes mistakenly called <a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87iftetelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Çiftetelli">Çiftetelli</a> is now a form of folk music, with names of songs that describe their local origins, whereas rakkas, as the name suggests, is from Arabic which means "male dancer".<sup id="cite_ref-rakkas_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rakkas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dancers are also known for their adept use of finger cymbals as instruments, also known as <a href="/wiki/Zill" title="Zill">zils</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_influences">Romani influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romani influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> are known throughout Turkey for their musicianship. Their urban music brought echoes of classical Turkish music to the public via the <i>meyhane</i> or taverna. This type of <i>fasıl</i> music (a style, not to be confused with the fasıl form of classical Turkish music) with food and alcoholic beverages is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a> of Turkish society, though it also can be found in more respectable establishments in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roma have also influenced the fasıl itself. Played in music halls, the dance music (<i>oyun havası</i>) required at the end of each fasıl has been incorporated with Ottoman <i>rakkas</i> or belly dancing motifs. The rhythmic ostinato accompanying the instrumental improvisation (<i>ritimli taksim</i>) for the bellydance parallels that of the classical <i>gazel</i>, a vocal improvisation in free rhythm with rhythmic accompaniment. Popular musical instruments in this kind of fasıl are the <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">kanun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darbuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbuka">darbuka</a>. Clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kand%C4%B1ral%C4%B1" title="Mustafa Kandıralı">Mustafa Kandıralı</a> is a well-known fasil musician. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_music">Military music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Ottoman military band</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_(fol._172a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_%28fol._172a%29.jpg/220px-Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_%28fol._172a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_%28fol._172a%29.jpg/330px-Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_%28fol._172a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Surname-%C4%B1_Vehbi_%28fol._172a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Surname-i Vebbi (fol. 172a), showing military band.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Janissary bands or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehter_Tak%C4%B1m%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehter Takımı (page does not exist)">Mehter Takımı</a></i> are considered to be the oldest type of military marching band in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-military_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-military-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual instrumentalists were mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Orhun_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Orhun inscriptions">Orhun inscriptions</a>, which are believed to be the oldest written sources of Turkish history, dating from the 8th century. However, they were not definitively mentioned as bands until the 13th century. The rest of Europe borrowed the notion of military marching bands from Turkey from the 16th century onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_influence_on_Western_classical_music">Turkish influence on Western classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Turkish influence on Western classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music (style)</a></div> <p>Musical relations between the Turks and the rest of Europe can be traced back many centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first type of musical Orientalism was the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish Style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">classical</a> composers in the 18th century were fascinated by Turkish music, particularly the strong role given to the <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> in <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> bands. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a> wrote his <i>Military Symphony</i> to include Turkish instruments, as well as some of his operas. Turkish instruments were included in <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Symphony Number 9</a></i>, and he composed a "Turkish March" for his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Athens" title="The Ruins of Athens">Incidental Music to The Ruins of Athens, Op. 113</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> wrote the "Ronda alla turca" in his <i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata,_K._331_(Mozart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano Sonata, K. 331 (Mozart)">Sonata in A major</a></i> and also used Turkish themes in his operas, such as the <i>Chorus of Janissaries</i> from his <a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a> (1782). This Turkish influence introduced the <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a> into the symphony orchestra, where they remain. <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a> wrote his "Blue Rondo á la Turk" as a tribute to Mozart and Turkish music. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Influence_on_Turkish_classical_music">Western Influence on Turkish classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Western Influence on Turkish classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/180px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/270px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg/360px-CSOAdaAnkaraExterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CSO_Ada_Ankara" title="CSO Ada Ankara">CSO Ada Ankara</a> serves as Presidential Symphony Orchestra Concert Hall in the capital</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> While the European military bands of the 18th century introduced the percussion instruments of the Ottoman janissary bands, a reciprocal influence emerged in the 19th century in the form of the Europeanisation of the Ottoman army band. In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Donizetti" title="Giuseppe Donizetti">Giuseppe Donizetti</a>, the elder brother of the renowned Italian opera composer <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>, was invited to become Master of Music to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successor of Donizetti was the German musician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lange_(musician)" title="Paul Lange (musician)">Paul Lange</a>, formerly music lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/American_College_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="American College for Girls">American College for Girls</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/German_High_School_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="German High School Istanbul">German High School</a>, who took over the position of Master of the Sultan's Music after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 and kept it until his death in 1920. A son of Paul Lange was the Istanbul-born American conductor <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lange_(conductor)" title="Hans Lange (conductor)">Hans Lange</a>. The Ottoman composer <a href="/wiki/Leyla_Saz" title="Leyla Saz">Leyla Saz</a> (1850–1936) provides an account of musical training in the Imperial Palace in her memoirs. As the daughter of the Palace surgeon, she grew up in the Imperial harem where girls were also given music lessons in both Turkish and Western styles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a> and the creation of a Turkish republic, the transfer of the former Imperial Orchestra or <i>Mızıka-ı Hümayun</i> from Istanbul to the new capital of the state <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, and renaming it as the Orchestra of the Presidency of the Republic, <i>Riyaset-i Cumhur Orkestrası</i>, signaled a Westernization of Turkish music. The name would later be changed to the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Presidential Symphony Orchestra">Presidential Symphony Orchestra</a> or <i>Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further inroads came with the founding of a new school for the training of Western-style music instructors in 1924, renaming the Istanbul Oriental Music School as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_Conservatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul Conservatory (page does not exist)">Istanbul Conservatory</a> in 1926, and sending talented young musicians abroad for further music education. These students include well-known Turkish composers such as <a href="/wiki/Cemal_Re%C5%9Fit_Rey" title="Cemal Reşit Rey">Cemal Reşit Rey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulvi_Cemal_Erkin" title="Ulvi Cemal Erkin">Ulvi Cemal Erkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Adnan_Saygun" title="Ahmet Adnan Saygun">Ahmet Adnan Saygun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necil_Kaz%C4%B1m_Akses" title="Necil Kazım Akses">Necil Kazım Akses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Ferit_Alnar" title="Hasan Ferit Alnar">Hasan Ferit Alnar</a>, who became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Turkish_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="The Turkish Five">the Turkish Five</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding of the Ankara State Conservatory with the aid of the German composer and music theorist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> in 1936 showed that Turkey in terms of music wanted to be like the West.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, on the order of the founder of the republic, <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, following his philosophy to take from the West but to remain Turkish in essence, a wide-scale classification and archiving of samples of Turkish folk music from around <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was launched in 1924 and continued until 1953 to collect around 10,000 folk songs. Hungarian composer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a> visited Ankara and south-eastern Turkey in 1936 within the context of these works.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1976, Turkish classical music had undergone a renaissance and a state musical conservatory in Istanbul was founded to give classical musicians the same support as folk musicians. Modern-day advocates of Western classical music in Turkey include <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_Say" title="Fazıl Say">Fazıl Say</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0dil_Biret" title="İdil Biret">İdil Biret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suna_Kan" title="Suna Kan">Suna Kan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96nder_Sisters" title="Önder Sisters">Önder Sisters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pekinel_sisters" title="Pekinel sisters">Pekinel sisters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Years_of_The_Republic">Early Years of The Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Years of The Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> ended in 1923, and the borders were drawn, there was a social and political revolution under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>. This revolution opted to Westernize the way of living in Turkey. By 1929, all public and commercial communications were made in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, completely taking the written <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish language</a> out of circulation. A new constitution was written, one that was modeled after the French. This new constitution was designed to make the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> into a secular, modern, nation-state. Every aspect of the revolution, from major policy changes to clothing reforms, was made in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Kemalist_Ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemalist Ideology">Kemalist Ideology</a>. All affairs were carried out followed by a chain of military command for the purpose of reaching the level of Western civilization. Both religious and Turkish classical music was impacted by this top to bottom revolution. </p><p>On November 1, 1934 <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a> made a speech in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alaturca" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaturca">Alaturca music</a> was banned on radios, public places as well as private properties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here is the excerpt from the speech, concerning Turkish music, "Folks, we all know how sensitive we, the Turkish, are towards the matters of our cultural legacy…. I am aware what kind of progress that my people want to see within fine arts delivered by the new generation of artists, and musicians. If you ask me, what would be most efficient and quick to tackle first within the fine arts is Turkish Music. The music we are made to listen to these days is far from being a point of pride for Turkish people. We must all know this. We must take our great nation's idioms, stories, experiences and compose them, but only complying to the general rules of music. I wish that the Ministry of Cultural Affairs take this matter seriously, and work alongside the law-makers of our country."<sup id="cite_ref-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right after this speech, on November 2, 1934, The Department of Publishing and Press banned Alaturca music, knowing what Mustafa Kemal meant when he said "… but only complying to the general rules of music…" was that the only acceptable type of music available to the public will be music following the principles of <a href="/wiki/Tonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal music">western tonal music</a>. The Turkish composers, who were educated abroad in the beginning of the century and came back to Turkey, were assigned to teach classical Turkish musicians the western way of writing and playing music. The Presidential Symphony Orchestra, established back in 1924 started giving weekly free performances in schools specifying in Music Education. New instruments like pianos, trumpets, and saxophones were bought for cultural centers in villages, not just in Istanbul, but in many places like <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum" title="Çorum">Çorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the radical ideology change, and the sudden application of these new ideas came an obvious tear in the fabric of the society. People who couldn't listen to Turkish music on Turkish Radio sought out the next best thing and started listening to the Arabic Radio. There are records of Turkish people calling into <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifan</a> radio stations requesting Turkish songs they were used to listening to, since The Middle East already consumed and re-created a lot of Turkish Music since the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the middle of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish people started listening to other nations' version of Turkish songs. This cleared the way for the <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque music">Arabesque music</a> to become hugely popular in the 70s. Today, there are still prolific and popular Arabesque musicians in Turkey. The ban in the early years of the Republic is exactly why Arabesque Music became a cultural phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish folk music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemenche0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kemenche0.jpg/170px-Kemenche0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kemenche0.jpg/255px-Kemenche0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kemenche0.jpg/340px-Kemenche0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">Kemençe</a> is a popular folk music instrument on Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Folk music or <i>Türkü</i> generally deals with subjects surrounding daily life in less grandiose terms than the love and emotion usually contained in its traditional counterpart, Ottoman court music.<sup id="cite_ref-ottomu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottomu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most songs recount stories of real-life events and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Turkish folklore</a>, or have developed through song contests between troubadour poets.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrels_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrels-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corresponding to their origins, folk songs are usually played at weddings, funerals and special festivals. </p><p>Regional folk music generally accompanies folk dances, which vary significantly across regions. For example, at marriage ceremonies in the Aegean guests will dance the <a href="/wiki/Zeybek_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeybek dance">Zeybek</a>, while in other <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumeli</a> regions the upbeat dance music <a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Çiftetelli</a> is usually played, and in the southeastern regions of Turkey the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish folklore dances">Halay</a> is the customary form of local wedding music and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> that have adopted çiftetelli music sometimes use it synonymously to mean <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Oriental dance</a>, which indicates a misunderstanding of its roots. Çiftetelli is a folk dance, differing from a solo performance dance of a hired entertainer. </p><p>The regional mood also affects the subject of the folk songs, e.g. folk songs from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> are lively in general and express the customs of the region. Songs about betrayal have an air of defiance about them instead of sadness, whereas the further south travelled in Turkey the more the melodies resemble a <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-folkmusic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folkmusic-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As this genre is viewed as a music of the people, musicians in socialist movements began to adapt folk music with contemporary sounds and arrangements in the form of <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest music</a>. </p><p>In the 70s and 80s, modern bards following the aşık tradition such as <a href="/wiki/Asik_Veysel" class="mw-redirect" title="Asik Veysel">Aşik Veysel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashik_Mahsuni_Sherif" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashik Mahsuni Sherif">Mahsuni Şerif</a> moved away from spiritual invocations to socio-politically active lyrics. </p><p>Other contemporary progenitors took their lead such as <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BClf%C3%BC_Livaneli" title="Zülfü Livaneli">Zülfü Livaneli</a>, known for his mid-80s innovation of combining poet <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Hikmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazım Hikmet">Nazım Hikmet</a>'s radical poems with folk music and rural melodies, and is well regarded by left-wing supporters in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times, saz orchestras, accompanied with many other traditional instruments and a merger with arabesque melodies have kept modern folk songs popular in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_instruments">Folk instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Folk instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg/200px-Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg/300px-Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg/400px-Baglama_turc_manche_long.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">Bağlama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Folk instruments range from string groups as <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">bağlama</a>, bow instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">kemençe</a> (a type of stave fiddle), and percussion and wind, including the <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a>. Regional variations place importance on different instruments, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Darbuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Darbuka">darbuka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Rumeli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">kemençe</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Eastern Black Sea</a> region. The folklore of Turkey is extremely diverse. Nevertheless, Turkish folk music is dominantly marked by a single musical instrument called <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">saz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">bağlama</a>, a type of long-necked <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>. Traditionally, saz is played solely by traveling musicians known as <i>ozan</i> or religious <a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a> troubadours called <i>aşık</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-alevi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alevi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the cultural crossbreeding prevalent during the Ottoman Empire, the bağlama has influenced various cultures in the Eastern Mediterranean, e.g. the Greek <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">baglamas</a>. In Turkish bağlamak means 'to tie' as a reference to the tied, movable frets of the instrument. Like many other plucked lutes, it can be played with a plectrum (i.e., pick), with a fingerpicking style, or strummed with the backs of fingernails. The <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davul" title="Davul">davul</a> duo is also popular in rural areas, and played at <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a> and other local celebrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_literature">Folk literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Folk literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_literature" title="Turkish folk literature">Turkish folk literature</a></div> <p>A large body of folk songs are derived from minstrels or bard-poets called <i>ozan</i> in Turkish. They have been developing Turkish folk literature since the beginning of 11th century. The musical instrument used by these bard-poets is the <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">saz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">bağlama</a>. They are often taught by other senior minstrels, learning expert idioms, procedures, and methods in the performance of the art.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrellit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrellit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lessons often take place at minstrel meetings and the <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouses</a> they frequent. Those bard-poets who become experts or <i>alaylı</i> then take apprentices for themselves and continue the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrellit_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrellit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minstrel's creative output usually takes two major forms. One, in musical rhyming contests with other bards, where the competition ends with the defeat of the minstrel who cannot find an appropriate quatrain to the rhyme and two, storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrels_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrels-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These folk stories are extracted from real life, folklore, dreams and legends.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrellit_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrellit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most well-known followings are those bards that put the title <i>aşık</i> in front of their names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabesque">Arabesque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arabesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque music">Arabesque music</a></div> <p>Arabic music had been banned in Turkey in 1948, but starting in the 1970s immigration from predominantly southeastern rural areas to big cities and particularly to Istanbul gave rise to a new cultural synthesis. This changed the musical makeup of Istanbul. The old tavernas and music halls of fasıl music were to shut down in place of a new type of music.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new urban residents brought their own taste of music, which due to their locality was largely middle eastern. Musicologists derogatively termed this genre as arabesque due to the high-pitched wailing that is synonymous with Arabic singing. </p><p>Its mainstream popularity rose so much in the 1980s that it even threatened the existence of Turkish pop, with rising stars such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCm_G%C3%BCrses" title="Müslüm Gürses">Müslüm Gürses</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Tatl%C4%B1ses" title="İbrahim Tatlıses">İbrahim Tatlıses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre has underbeat forms that include Ottoman forms of <a href="/wiki/Belly_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belly Dance">belly-dancing music</a> known as <i>fantazi</i> from singers like <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClben_Ergen" title="Gülben Ergen">Gülben Ergen</a> and with performers like <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Orta%C3%A7" title="Serdar Ortaç">Serdar Ortaç</a> who added Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> to arabesque music. </p><p>It is not really accurate to group Arabesk with folk music. It owes little to folk music, and would be more accurately described as form of popular music based on the makam scales found in Ottoman and Turkish classical music. Though Arabesk was accused of having been derived from Arabic music, the scales (makam) used identify it as music, that, though influenced by both Arabic and Western music, is much more Turkish in origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_music">Religious music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Recitation">Islamic Recitation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islamic Recitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Islamic Recitation," a term associated with mainstream religion in Turkey, includes the <i>azan</i> (call-to-prayer), <i>Kur'an-ı Kerim</i> (Koran recitation), <i>Mevlit</i> (Ascension Poem), and <i>ilahi</i> (hymns usually sung in a group, often outside a mosque). On musical grounds, mosque music in large urban areas often resembles classical Turkish music in its learned use of makam and poetry, e.g., a Mevlit sung at Sultan Ahmet mosque in Istanbul. Dervish/Sufi music is rarely associated with a mosque. <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ni_Karaca" title="Kâni Karaca">Kâni Karaca</a> was a leading performer of mosque music in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-mosque_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosque-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alevi_influences:_The_Aşık_(Ashik)_traditions"><span id="Alevi_influences:_The_A.C5.9F.C4.B1k_.28Ashik.29_traditions"></span>Alevi influences: The Aşık (Ashik) traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Alevi influences: The Aşık (Ashik) traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is suggested that about a fifth of the Turkish population are <i>Alevis</i>, whose folk music is performed by a type of travelling bard or <i>ozan</i> called <i>aşık</i>, who travels with the <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">saz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baglama" class="mw-redirect" title="Baglama">baglama</a>, an iconic image of Turkish folk music.<sup id="cite_ref-alevi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alevi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These songs, which hail from the central northeastern area, are about mystical revelations, invocations to Alevi <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali</a>, whom they hold in high esteem. In Turkish aşık literally means 'in love'. Whoever follows this tradition has the <i>Aşık</i> assignation put before their names, because it is suggested that music becomes an essential facet of their being, for example as in <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Veysel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aşık Veysel">Aşık Veysel</a>. </p><p>Middle Anatolia is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bozlak" title="Bozlak">bozlak</a>, a type of declamatory, partially improvised music by the bards. <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%9Fet_Erta%C5%9F" title="Neşet Ertaş">Neşet Ertaş</a> has so far been the most prominent contemporary voice of Middle Anatolian music, singing songs of a large spectrum, including works of premodern <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkoman</a> aşıks like <a href="/wiki/Karacao%C4%9Flan" title="Karacaoğlan">Karacaoğlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadalo%C4%9Flu" title="Dadaloğlu">Dadaloğlu</a> and the modern aşıks like his father, the late <a href="/wiki/Muharrem_Erta%C5%9F" title="Muharrem Ertaş">Muharrem Ertaş</a>. Around the city of <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, aşık music has a more spiritual bent, afeaturing ritualized song contests, although modern bards have brought it into the political arena.<sup id="cite_ref-minstrels_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minstrels-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufi_influences:_The_Mevlevi_traditions">Sufi influences: The Mevlevi traditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sufi influences: The Mevlevi traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Followers of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi">Mevlevi</a> Order or <i>whirling dervishes</i> are a religious <i>sufi</i> sect unique to Turkey but well known outside of its boundaries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a> of the Mevlevi sect simply dance a <i>sema</i> by turning continuously to music that consists of long, complex compositions called <i>ayin</i>. These pieces are both preceded and followed by songs using lyrics by the founder and poet <a href="/wiki/Mevlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana">Mevlana Jelaleddin Rumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the musical instrument known as the <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> at the forefront of this music, internationally well-known musicians include Necdet Yasar, Niyazi Sayin, <a href="/wiki/Kudsi_Erguner" title="Kudsi Erguner">Kudsi Ergüner</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Faruk_Tekbilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ömer Faruk Tekbilek">Ömer Faruk Tekbilek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_folk_styles">Regional folk styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regional folk styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minorities and indigenous peoples have added and enhanced Turkish folk styles, while they have adopted Turkish folk traditions and instruments. Folk songs are identifiable and distinguished by regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aegean_and_Rumeli_regions">Aegean and Rumeli regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aegean and Rumeli regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Trakya</a></i>) refers to the region of Turkey which is part of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> (the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a>, the northern part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale Province</a> and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Province">Istanbul Province</a>). Folk songs from this region share similarities with Balkan, Albanian and Greek folk musics, especially from the ethnic minorities and natives of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Cypriot</a> folk music also shares folk tunes with this region, e.g. the Çiftetelli dance. These types of folk songs also share close similarities with Ottoman court music, suggesting that the distinction between court and folk music was not always so clear.<sup id="cite_ref-lesartsturcs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesartsturcs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ottomu_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottomu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, folk songs from Istanbul may have been closely influenced by its locality, which would include Ottoman rakkas and court music. </p><p>Cities like <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> share similar motifs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zeybek_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeybek dance">zeybek dance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Sea_and_Caspian_Sea_regions">Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Asian Turkic peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and areas have had a huge influence in the purest forms of Turkish folk music, most notably from the <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> or <i>Karadeniz</i> regions have their own distinct <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greek</a> style of folk music, motifs from which were used with great success by <a href="/wiki/Elena_Paparizou" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Paparizou">Helena Paparizou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pontic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diaspora of Greek speaking Pontic people from that region introduced Pontic music to Greece after 1924 population exchange between Turkey and Greece. The region's dance style uses unique techniques like odd shoulder tremors and knee bends. Folk dances include the gerasari, trygona, kots, <a href="/wiki/Omal" title="Omal">omal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serra_(dance)" title="Serra (dance)">serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotsari">kotsari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tik_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tik (dance)">tik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pontic_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pontic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeastern_regions">Southeastern regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Southeastern regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southeastern regions carry influences from <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaza people">Zaza motifs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian music">Armenian music</a>. These usually include epic laments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanto_(Cantare_music)"><span id="Kanto_.28Cantare_music.29"></span>Kanto (Cantare music)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kanto (Cantare music)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kanto_(music)" title="Kanto (music)">Kanto (music)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> theater and opera have had a profound effect on <a href="/wiki/Turkish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish culture">Turkish culture</a> in the past century. Like the terminology of seamanship, the terminology of music and theater is derived from Italian. In the argot of the improvisational theater of Istanbul the stage was called "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahano (page does not exist)">sahano</a>", the backstage was referred to as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Koyuntu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koyuntu (page does not exist)">koyuntu</a>", backdrops depicting countryside were "bosko", the applause was "furi" and the songs sung between the acts and plays were called "kanto". </p><p>The improvised pieces were stage adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Karagiozis" title="Karagiozis">Karagöz</a> (shadow puppet) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortaoyunu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortaoyunu (page does not exist)">Ortaoyunu</a> (traditional form of Turkish theatre performed in the open) traditions, although in a much more simplified form. The themes explored in these traditional theater arts as well as their stock characterizations and stereotypes were used as the framework for the new extemporaneous performances of the tuluat (improvised) theater. </p><p>As with their Italian counterparts, the Turkish troupes employed songs and music before the show and between the acts to pique people's interest and draw in customers. </p><p>Kanto: songs sung between the acts as solos or duets, based on traditional eastern makam (modes) but performed on western instruments. </p><p>Kanto: "first the introduction, then the lyrics, shake your shoulders to a violin, solo, cock your head and shimmy in oriental dance style, leap around like a partridge, then slowly disappear behind the curtain." </p><p>Kanto: the irreplaceable unifying feature of ali Turkish tuluat theater. We can divide kanto into two periods. The division, particularly in terms of musical structure, is very clear between the early kanto and the kanto of the Post-Republic period. It is further possible to identify two styles within the early period. Galata and Direklerarası (both neighbourhoods of Old Istanbul). </p><p>Kanto first took root in the musical theaters of Galata, a part of town frequented by sailors, rowdies and roustabouts. Ahmed Rasim Bey paints a vivid picture of the Galata theaters in his 1922 memoir entitled <i>Fuhş-i Atik</i> (<i>Prostitution in the Old Days</i>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Everyone thought Peruz was the most flirtatious, most skillful and the most provocative. The seats closest to the stage were always crammed full... They said of Peruz, 'she is a trollop who has ensnared the heart of many a young man and has made herself the enemy of many. 'Her songs would hardly be finished when chairs, flowers, bouquets and beribboned letters. Come flying from the boxseats. It seemed the building would be shaken to the ground.</p></blockquote> <p>Direklerarası was a little off the beaten track and in comparison to Galata was a more refined center of entertainment. Direklerarası was said to be quite lively at night during the month of Ramadan (Ramazan in Turkish) and certainly once its attraction was its family atmosphere. It was here that the troupes of Kel Hasan and Abdi Efendi and later that of Neshid enjoyed a great popularity. It was under the influence of these masters that kanto experienced its golden years. </p><p>The troupes orchestra would be made up of such instruments as the <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">trap drum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>. The orchestra would start to play popular songs of the day and marches in front of the theatre about an hour before the show to drum up interest. This intermission or Antrak music ended up with the well-known Izmir March, a sign that the show time was approaching. The play began as the musicians went in and took their places at the side of the stage. </p><p>The kanto singers of the period were also composers. Set to extraordinarily simple melodies which were the fashion of the day, the lyrics relied heavily of tensions between men and women as well as reflecting topical events. The compositions were in such fundamental <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">makams</a> as Rast, Hüzzam, Hicaz, Hüseyni and Nihavent. Kanto songs are remembered both by the names of their interpreters and by their creators, artists such as Peruz, Shamran, Kamelya, Eleni. Küçük and Büyük Amelya, Mari Ferha and Virjin. That kanto brought an erotic element to the stage performance was an important aspect and one that should not be overlooked or separated out. </p><p>Art and cultural life gained new dimensions with the changes brought about by the 1923 formation of the Turkish Republic. It was a period of rapid transformation and its effects were widespread. Turkish women had finally won the freedom to appear on the stage, breaking the monopoly previously held by <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a> (Istanbul Greek) and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> women who performed in musical and non-musical theatre. Institutions like <a href="/wiki/Darulbedayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Darulbedayi">Darulbedayi</a> (Istanbul City Theatre) and <a href="/wiki/Darulelhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Darulelhan">Darulelhan</a> (Istanbul Conservatory of Music) had long been turning out trained artists. </p><p>Western lifestyles and Western-style art put pressure on the traditional Turkish formats and these were swept off to the side. The operetta, the tango, then later the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot" title="Foxtrot">foxtrot</a> overshadowed kanto. Kanto's popularity began to fade, the city's centers of entertainment shifted, and the theaters of Galata and Direklerarası were closed down. Turkish female artists were unreceptive to kanto's inherent ribairy and chose to keep their distance from it. </p><p>Around 1935, there was a revival of interest in the kanto form. Although rather far from its fundamental principles, a new type of kanto was once again popular. </p><p>It is important to point out that kanto had now moved from the stage to the recording studio. While the subjects dealt with in the lyrics were still the same old quarrels between men and women, mixed in with satirical takes on fashion and current events, the songs were being written with the <a href="/wiki/78_rpm" class="mw-redirect" title="78 rpm">78 rpm</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> in mind. So much so that every record label hired their own kanto composers—and rather famous ones at that. With Columbia at the fore, record labels commissioned kanto from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaptanzade_Ali_R%C4%B1za_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaptanzade Ali Rıza Bey (page does not exist)">Kaptanzade Ali Rıza Bey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refik_Fersan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refik Fersan (page does not exist)">Refik Fersan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramal%C4%B1_Hasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dramalı Hasan (page does not exist)">Dramalı Hasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadettin_Kaynak" title="Sadettin Kaynak">Sadettin Kaynak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F_Mehmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cümbüş Mehmet (page does not exist)">Cümbüş Mehmet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mildan_Niyazi_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mildan Niyazi Bey (page does not exist)">Mildan Niyazi Bey</a>. The makams were the same but the instrumentation had changed. Kanto were now accompanied by cümbüş (a fretlees banjo like instrument) the ud (a fretless) lute, and calpara (castenets). <a href="/wiki/Foxtrot" title="Foxtrot">Foxtrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhumba" title="Rhumba">rumba</a> rhythms dominated. The tunes were being written and sung more tor listening than tor dancing. Female soloists include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makbule_Enver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makbule Enver (page does not exist)">Makbule Enver</a>, Mahmure, and Neriman; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1_Kemal_Senman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beşiktaşlı Kemal Senman (page does not exist)">Beşiktaşlı Kemal Senman</a> was the most sought after male singer for duets. </p><p>Among the topics explored by the new kantocu (singer or composer of kanto) perhaps the most frequent subject of satire was the new role of women brought about by the formation of the Republic. Songs like Sarhoş Kızlar (Drunken Girls) or Şoför Kadınlar (Women Drivers) were sung seemingly in revenge for all the suffering they had endured at the hands of men in the past. Other topical songs include Daktilo (The Typewriter) which brought to mind the newly formed Secretaires 7 Society. Songs such as Bereli Kız (The Girl with the Beret) and Kadın Asker Olursa (If Women Were Soldiers) were full of mockery and ridicule. </p><p>The early period kanto were largely nourished by Istanbul culture. It was much the same in the Post-Republican period. The city's large and diverse population provided both the characters and the events that were the mainstay of kanto. Kanto was heavily influenced by musical theatre. Roman (gypsy) music and culture, which was itself the subject of satire, left its mark on kanto form. Another major influence was <a href="/wiki/Rum_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum music">Rum music</a>. The importance of the Istanbul Rum, who were so fond of entertainment and of singing and playing, must not be underestimated. It is a natural and inevitable result of cultural exchange. As it was, almost all the kanto singers were either <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Rum</a> or Armenian, artists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepron (page does not exist)">Pepron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakas_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakas (musician) (page does not exist)">Karakas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haim_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haim (musician) (page does not exist)">Haim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samran (page does not exist)">Samran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruz" title="Peruz">Peruz</a> who performed during the period following 1903. </p><p>Eventually kanto became more of a definition, a generalized genre than a musical term. Any tune that was outside of the day's musical conventions, anything light that appealed to current trends and tastes, was labeled kanto. Any music played with different instruments that was free rhythmic or somehow novel was labeled kanto; it was the product of the middie-class, urban culture of Istanbul. </p><p>Kanto has been viewed as a forerunner of today's pop culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EG3ehoEMbfo">Turkish ice cream man song</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Popular music is distinguished from the traditional genres as those styles that entered the Turkish musicality after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, either due to attempts of national modernization from 1924 onwards, the opening of the republic to Western musical influences or modern fusions and innovations from artists themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_pop">Mainstream pop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mainstream pop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG/170px-Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG/255px-Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG/340px-Tarkan_Vienna2006_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)" title="Tarkan (singer)">Tarkan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> with fans from <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">tango</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. As more styles emerged, they were also adopted, such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. </p><p>The self-named "superstar" of the "arrangement" (aranjman) era of the 70s was <a href="/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan" title="Ajda Pekkan">Ajda Pekkan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aydzhan_Bekir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aydzhan Bekir (page does not exist)">Aydzhan Bekir</a> who also debuted, along with <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Macias" title="Enrico Macias">Enrico Macias</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Olympia">Olympia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, while <a href="/wiki/MF%C3%96" title="MFÖ">MFÖ</a> (Mazhar, Fuat, Özkan) was the celebrated group of the pop scene with an outstanding dexterity in their use of Turkish prosody and their success of amalgamating Western and Turkish cultural ingredients and perspectives. Also one of the most renowned Turkish pop stars of the last decades is probably <a href="/wiki/Sezen_Aksu" title="Sezen Aksu">Sezen Aksu</a>. She contributed considerably to the unique Turkish pop sound of this period, allowing it gain ground from its humble beginnings in the early 50s and 60s to the popular genre it is today. She was also one of the strongest advocates for Turkey to enter the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>. Her one-time vocalist and later protégé <a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a> won the contest in 2003. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mfo_jolly_konser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mfo_jolly_konser.png/220px-Mfo_jolly_konser.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mfo_jolly_konser.png/330px-Mfo_jolly_konser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mfo_jolly_konser.png/440px-Mfo_jolly_konser.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MF%C3%96" title="MFÖ">MFÖ</a> (Mazhar, Fuat, Özkan)</figcaption></figure> <p>The biggest male pop stars in Turkey are arguably <a href="/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)" title="Tarkan (singer)">Tarkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal" title="Mustafa Sandal">Mustafa Sandal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu" title="Kenan Doğulu">Kenan Doğulu</a>. Tarkan achieved chart success in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> with his single "<a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1mar%C4%B1k" title="Şımarık">Şımarık</a>", also composed by Sezen Aksu, which has been covered by numerous artists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mustafa Sandal has also enjoyed chart success in Europe with his 2005 single "<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0syankar" title="İsyankar">İsyankar</a>", which peaked at number 4 and went <a href="/wiki/Gold_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold disc">gold</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_hip_hop">Turkish hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Turkish hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish hip hop</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish hip hop</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental">oriental</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></i> is a creation of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant worker</a> community in Germany, which some suggest was a suitable outlet for a young generation disillusioned with Germany's treatment of its migrant class.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the Turkish-German community produced a major <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> crew named <a href="/wiki/Cartel_(hip_hop_crew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartel (hip hop crew)">Cartel</a> which caused controversy in Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> for its revolutionary lyrics. Hip hop now enjoys wide popularity among the younger generation in Turkey. <a href="/wiki/Ceza" title="Ceza">Ceza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr.Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr.Fuchs (page does not exist)">Dr.Fuchs</a> (formerly "Nefret") and <a href="/wiki/Sagopa_Kajmer" title="Sagopa Kajmer">Sagopa Kajmer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sansar_Salvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sansar Salvo (page does not exist)">Sansar Salvo</a>, Pit10, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehin%C5%9Fah" title="Şehinşah">Şehinşah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayki" title="Hayki">Hayki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saian_(rapper)" title="Saian (rapper)">Saian</a>, <a href="/wiki/All%C3%A2me" title="Allâme">Allâme</a> are popular figures of contemporary rap music in Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolian_rock">Anatolian rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anatolian rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></div> <p>The Turkish rock scene began in the mid- to late 1960s, when popular <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> bands became well-known. Soon, a distinctively Turkish fusion of rock and folk emerged; this was called Anatolian rock, a term which nowadays may be generically ascribed to most of Turkish rock.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Man%C3%A7o" title="Barış Manço">Barış Manço</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cem_Karaca" title="Cem Karaca">Cem Karaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erkin_Koray" title="Erkin Koray">Erkin Koray</a> are the best known performers; <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%9Follar" title="Moğollar">Moğollar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurtalan_Ekspres" title="Kurtalan Ekspres">Kurtalan Ekspres</a> are the best known groups of older classical Anatolian rock music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_anasheed">Islamic anasheed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Islamic anasheed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> anasheed are also very popular among some of the Turkish people. The most popular artist in Turkey is the British Azeri, <a href="/wiki/Sami_Yusuf" title="Sami Yusuf">Sami Yusuf</a>, a concert in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> drew an audience of over 200,000, his biggest concert so far around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the most notable singers of anasheed, and can speak in many different languages, which includes <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To date he has performed at sell out concerts in over 30 countries across the world from Istanbul to Casablanca, United States to Germany. Some albums selling more than a million copies in comparison to western music. In Jan 2009 Sami travelled to Turkey where he was invited by Emine Erdoğan, wife of the Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>, to attend a rally in support of peace in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular Turkish singer is Feridun Özdemir, who mainly sings of God and true faith. His records are most successful in the anasheed genre.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_metal_and_industrial">Heavy metal and industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Heavy metal and industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heavy metal and industrial groups from Turkey include Pentagram (known as <a href="/wiki/Mezarkabul" title="Mezarkabul">Mezarkabul</a> outside Turkey) and Almora.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual musicians in these genres include Ogün Sanlısoy and <a href="/wiki/Hayko_Cepkin" title="Hayko Cepkin">Hayko Cepkin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_black_metal_and_death_metal">Underground black metal and death metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Underground black metal and death metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Underground black metal and death metal bands known from Turkey are <a href="/wiki/Witchtrap" title="Witchtrap">Witchtrap</a>, Ehrimen, Satanized, Godslaying Hellblast, Burial Invocation, <a href="/wiki/Deggial" title="Deggial">Deggial</a>, Decaying Purity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_Trance">Turkish Trance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Turkish Trance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance Music">Trance Music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">Trance</a> is a rare musical genre in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> but it also has specific listeners. This genre gained when the first Turkish trance music composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murtaza_Khojami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murtaza Khojami (page does not exist)">Murtaza Khojami</a> and the song named for <i>Yalnızlık Düşünceler</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with mixed criticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop-rock_and_rock">Pop-rock and rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pop-rock and rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a singular phenomenon amidst popular currents since the mid-1970s, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Orta%C3%A7gil" title="Bülent Ortaçgil">Bülent Ortaçgil</a> appeared as an urban songwriter/musician with a distinct musical quality, and became a role model for aspiring young musicians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was the only Turkish musician for whom a tribute album was compiled that included several prominent performers from a wide gamut of different genres. </p><p>Other recent rock bands with a more Western sound who have enjoyed mainstream success include <a href="/wiki/MaNga_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="MaNga (band)">maNga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duman_(band)" title="Duman (band)">Duman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mor_ve_%C3%96tesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mor ve Ötesi">Mor ve Ötesi</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebnem_Ferah" title="Şebnem Ferah">Şebnem Ferah</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_Tekin" title="Özlem Tekin">Özlem Tekin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teoman_(singer)" title="Teoman (singer)">Teoman</a> are examples of individual rock artists with substantial fan bases. Turkey also boasts numerous large-scale <a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festivals</a> and events. Annual rock festivals in Turkey include Barışarock, H2000 Music Festival, <a href="/wiki/Rock%27n_Coke" title="Rock'n Coke">Rock'n Coke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RockIstanbul" title="RockIstanbul">RockIstanbul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_and_club_music">Underground and club music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Underground and club music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many clubs across Turkey, especially across its Aegean region. The alternative music scene however is derived mostly from Istanbul's thriving underground club scene that sees <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> merging the past with the present, using traditional motifs with new age sounds and electronic music. <a href="/wiki/Mercan_Dede" title="Mercan Dede">Mercan Dede</a> is one of Turkey's most successful DJs, mixing trance with historical and mystic <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> songs. Another worldwide recognized name from the underground music scene of Turkey is <a href="/wiki/Mert_Y%C3%BCcel" title="Mert Yücel">Mert Yücel</a>. Yücel was responsible for the first <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> album to be released in Turkey. He also had worldwide acclaimed and respected releases on US and UK dance labels.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the key names defining the underground house sound emerging from Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_influence_of_Syrian_refugees_and_other_immigrants">Musical influence of Syrian refugees and other immigrants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Musical influence of Syrian refugees and other immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influx of immigrants and refugees from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African countries</a> has affected the Turkish musical landscape, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands such as Country for Syria, and Saktat explicitly blend the music of different refugee communities in Istanbul to create a mix of Turkish, Arab, Greek, Persian, and Western influences.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Busking</a> has played an important role in the development of this style.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_industry">Music industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div> <p>The Turkish music industry includes a number of fields, ranging from record companies to radio stations and community and state orchestras. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Major_label" class="mw-redirect" title="Major label">major record companies</a> are based in Istanbul's region of <i>Unkapanı</i> and they are represented by the <i>Turkish Phonographic Industry Society</i> (MÜ-YAP).<sup id="cite_ref-muyap_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muyap-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major record companies produce material by artists that have signed to one of their <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record labels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brand_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand name">brand name</a> often associated with a particular genre or <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a>. Record companies may also promote and market their artists, through advertising, public performances and concerts, and television appearances. </p><p>In recent years, the music industry has been embroiled in turmoil over the rise of the Internet downloading of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> music and general piracy; many musicians and MÜ-YAP have sought to punish fans who illegally download copyrighted music.<sup id="cite_ref-muyap_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muyap-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 June 2006 it was reported that MÜ-YAP and The Orchard, the world's leading distributor and marketer of independent music, had reached an agreement on digital global distribution, representing approximately 80% of the Turkish music market.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is not a substantial singles market in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is album orientated, although popular singers such as <a href="/wiki/Yonca_Evcimik" title="Yonca Evcimik">Yonca Evcimik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarkan_(singer)" title="Tarkan (singer)">Tarkan</a> have released singles with success.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most music charts not related to album sales, measure popularity by music video feedback and radio airplay.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish radio stations often broadcast popular music. Each music station has a <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">format</a>, or a category of songs to be played; these are generally similar to but not the same as ordinary generic classification. With the introduction of commercial radio and television in the early 1990s ending the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">Turkish Radio and Television Corporation</a> (TRT), a multitude of radio and TV stations were opened by <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> media moguls.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These media chains sponsor award ceremonies such as the <i>Kral TV</i> awards for music, but most accredited music awards are based on sales given out by industry societies such as MÜ-YAP and the Magazine Journalists Society (MJS).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though major record companies dominate the Turkish industry, an <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">independent music industry</a> (<i>indie music</i>) does exist. Indie music is mostly based around local record labels with limited, if any, retail distribution outside a small region. Artists sometimes record for an indie label and gain enough acclaim to be signed to a major label; others choose to remain at an indie label for their entire careers. Indie music may be in styles generally similar to mainstream music, but is often inaccessible, unusual or otherwise unappealing to many people. Indie musicians often release some or all of their songs over the Internet for fans and others to download and listen to.<sup id="cite_ref-musicscene_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musicscene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most successful Turkish name associated with indie music outside of Turkey is <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun" title="Ahmet Ertegun">Ahmet Ertegun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a>. His promotion of some of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> and soul artists in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and his contribution to the American <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a> has earned a place in <a href="/wiki/Rock_N%27_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock N' Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a>, together with his brother <a href="/wiki/Nesuhi_Ertegun" title="Nesuhi Ertegun">Nesuhi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_education">Music education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></div> <p>Music has a place in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">education in Turkey</a>, and is a part of most or all school systems in the country. High schools generally offer classes in singing, mostly choral, and instrumentation in the form of a large <a href="/wiki/School_band" title="School band">school band</a> or social clubs and communities for Turkish classical or folk music, known as <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">cemiyets</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music may also be a part of theatrical productions put on by a school's drama department. Many public and private schools have sponsored music clubs and groups, most commonly including the <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a> that performs <i>Mehter</i> marches at school festivals. However, class time given to music in schools is restricted, and a large proportion of Turkish children and adults seem to have limited musical ability, e.g. they are unable to join a melody singing at the same pitch. </p><p>Higher education in the field of music in Turkey is mostly based around large <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, connected to state music <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a>. A conservatory is usually a department of a university, not a separate institution. While many students join conservatories at the usual university entrance age, some conservatories also include a 'Lise' (Lycee), in effect a specialist music school for children aged 14 to 18 years. Conservatories often have a <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a> department, and do research on many styles of music especially the Turkish traditional genres, while also keeping a database of sounds in their sound libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Holidays and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg/355px-Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="355" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg/533px-Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg/710px-Children%27s_folklore_ensemble_from_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Children's folklore ensemble from Turkey during a festival.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Republic of Turkey">Festivals in Republic of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Turkey">Holidays in Turkey</a></div> <p>Music is an important part of several Turkish holidays and festivals, especially playing a major part in the springtime celebration of <a href="/wiki/Newroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Newroz">Newroz</a> and religious festivities such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New year is a traditional time for the belly dancer and weddings are celebrated with upbeat tunes, while funerals are mourned with musical laments. Patriotic songs like the national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="İstiklâl Marşı">The Independence March</a>", are a major part of public holiday celebrations such as <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Turkey">National Independence & International Children's Day</a> celebrations on 23 April and 30 August Victory Day celebrations, a holiday that marks <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music also plays a role at many regional festivals that aren't celebrated nationwide, for example a music and dance parade and festival in <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>. </p><p>Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> are also home to numerous <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a> which showcase styles ranging from the blues and jazz to indie rock and heavy metal. Some music festivals are strictly local in scope, including few or no performers with a national reputation, and are generally operated by local promoters. Recently large soft drink companies have operated their own music festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock%27n_Coke" title="Rock'n Coke">Rock'n Coke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanta" title="Fanta">Fanta</a> parties, which draw huge crowds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emre_Araci" class="mw-redirect" title="Emre Araci">Emre Araci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Bobowski" title="Wojciech Bobowski">Wojciech Bobowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercan_Dede" title="Mercan Dede">Mercan Dede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun" title="Ahmet Ertegun">Ahmet Ertegun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesuhi_Ertegun" title="Nesuhi Ertegun">Nesuhi Ertegun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_G%C3%BCven%C3%A7" title="Oruç Güvenç">Oruç Güvenç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%A7in_Yahya_Ka%C3%A7ar" title="Gülçin Yahya Kaçar">Gülçin Yahya Kaçar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Mardin" title="Arif Mardin">Arif Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkan_O%C4%9Fur" title="Erkan Oğur">Erkan Oğur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cem_Tuncer" title="Cem Tuncer">Cem Tuncer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Zula" title="Baba Zula">Baba Zula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_in_Turkey" title="Jazz in Turkey">Jazz in Turkey</a></i>, 2013 documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_composers" title="List of Turkish composers">List of Turkish composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_musicians" title="List of Turkish musicians">List of Turkish musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals in Republic of Turkey">List of music festivals in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turks">List of Turks in world culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest">Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkvizyon_Song_Contest_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013">Türkvizyon Song Contest 2013</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-soundsofanatolia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soundsofanatolia_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_Martin2000" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Martin (2000). <i>Sounds of Anatolia</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0"><bdi>1-85828-636-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sounds+of+Anatolia&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85828-636-0&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>, pp 396-410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesartsturcs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lesartsturcs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lesartsturcs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesartsturcs.com/">"History of music in Turkey"</a>. <i>Les Arts Turcs</i>. May 1, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Arts+Turcs&rft.atitle=History+of+music+in+Turkey&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesartsturcs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musicscene-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musicscene_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musicscene_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarkandeluxe.blogspot.com/2006/02/istanbul-music-scene.html">"Istanbul Music Scene"</a>. <i>Yildirim, Ali. Tarkan DeLuxe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yildirim%2C+Ali.+Tarkan+DeLuxe&rft.atitle=Istanbul+Music+Scene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarkandeluxe.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F02%2Fistanbul-music-scene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabaşoğlu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karabaşoğlu, Cemal (2015-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.01.1121">"Tradition of Notation in the History of Turkish Music"</a>. <i>Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. International Conference on New Horizons in Education, INTE 2014, 25–27 June 2014, Paris, France. <b>174</b>: 3832–3837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.01.1121">10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1121</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tradition+of+Notation+in+the+History+of+Turkish+Music&rft.volume=174&rft.pages=3832-3837&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2015.01.1121&rft.aulast=Karaba%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2015.01.1121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ottomu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ottomu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ottomu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ottomu_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061215165158/http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm">"The Ottoman Music"</a>. <i>Tanrıkorur, Cinuçen (Abridged and translated by Savaş Ş. Barkçin)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkmusikisi.com/osmanli_musikisi/the_ottoman_music.htm">the original</a> on December 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tanr%C4%B1korur%2C+Cinu%C3%A7en+%28Abridged+and+translated+by+Sava%C5%9F+%C5%9E.+Bark%C3%A7in%29&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkmusikisi.com%2Fosmanli_musikisi%2Fthe_ottoman_music.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87inu%C3%A7en_Tanr%C4%B1korur" class="mw-redirect" title="Çinuçen Tanrıkorur">Tanrıkorur</a> argues that the perceived differences between the traditional music genres stemmed from the cultural clash between the East and the West that emerged during the Tanzîmat Era (1839-1908).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottomansouvenir.com/Music/Ottoman_and_Anatolian_Folk_Songs.htm">"The Fasil"</a>. <i>Ottoman Souvenir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ottoman+Souvenir&rft.atitle=The+Fasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottomansouvenir.com%2FMusic%2FOttoman_and_Anatolian_Folk_Songs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rakkas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rakkas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rakkas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rakkas_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasminjahal.com/articles/02_02_male_belly_d.html">"Male belly dance in Turkey"</a>. <i>Jahal, Jasmin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2002</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jahal%2C+Jasmin&rft.atitle=Male+belly+dance+in+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasminjahal.com%2Farticles%2F02_02_male_belly_d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-military-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-military_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030222130546/http://www.militarymusic.com/200302.htm#anchor5">"Ottoman Military Music"</a>. <i>MilitaryMusic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymusic.com/200302.htm#anchor5">the original</a> on February 22, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MilitaryMusic.com&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Military+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymusic.com%2F200302.htm%23anchor5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051220163724/http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0203/arac.html">"A Levantine life: Giuseppe Donizetti at the Ottoman court"</a>. <i>Araci, Emre. The Musical Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicaltimes.co.uk/archive/0203/arac.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2002</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Araci%2C+Emre.+The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=A+Levantine+life%3A+Giuseppe+Donizetti+at+the+Ottoman+court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicaltimes.co.uk%2Farchive%2F0203%2Farac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> Famous opera composer Gaetano <a href="/wiki/Donizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s brother, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Donizetti" title="Giuseppe Donizetti">Giuseppe Donizetti</a>, was invited to become Master of Music to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> in 1827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellman,_Jonathan1993" class="citation book cs1">Bellman, Jonathan (1993). <i>The Style Hongrois in the Music of Western Europe</i>. Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55553-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55553-169-5"><bdi>1-55553-169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Style+Hongrois+in+the+Music+of+Western+Europe&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-55553-169-5&rft.au=Bellman%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> pp.13-14; see also pp.31-2. According to Jonathan Bellman, it was "evolved from a sort of battle music played by Turkish military bands outside the walls of Vienna during the siege of that city in 1683."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010720130859/http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/empires/prognotes.htm">"BETWEEN EMPIRES 'Orientalism' Before 1600"</a>. <i>Araci, Emre. Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/empires/prognotes.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Araci%2C+Emre.+Trinity+College+Chapel%2C+Cambridge&rft.atitle=BETWEEN+EMPIRES+%27Orientalism%27+Before+1600&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trin.cam.ac.uk%2Fempires%2Fprognotes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard" class="citation web cs1">Woodard, Kathryn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soniccrossroads.com/research">"Music in the Imperial Harem and the Life of Ottoman Composer Leyla Saz"</a>. <i>Sonic Crossroads</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sonic+Crossroads&rft.atitle=Music+in+the+Imperial+Harem+and+the+Life+of+Ottoman+Composer+Leyla+Saz&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soniccrossroads.com%2Fresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Woodard, Kathryn (2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soniccrossroads.com/research">"Music Mediating Politics in Turkey: The Case of Ahmed Adnan Saygun"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a></i>. <b>27</b> (3): 552–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-2007-032">10.1215/1089201x-2007-032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143740608">143740608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Music+Mediating+Politics+in+Turkey%3A+The+Case+of+Ahmed+Adnan+Saygun&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=552-562&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-2007-032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143740608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soniccrossroads.com%2Fresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartok,_BelaSuchoff,_Benjamin1976" class="citation book cs1">Bartok, Bela & Suchoff, Benjamin (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkishfolkmusic0000bart"><i>Turkish Folk Music from Asia Minor (The New York Bartok Archive Studies in Musicology, No. 7)</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09120-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09120-X"><bdi>0-691-09120-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Folk+Music+from+Asia+Minor+%28The+New+York+Bartok+Archive+Studies+in+Musicology%2C+No.+7%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-691-09120-X&rft.au=Bartok%2C+Bela&rft.au=Suchoff%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkishfolkmusic0000bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>, p 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USTA, Nazlı. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchgate.net/publication/287958457_Erken_Cumhuriyet_Donemi'nde_Turkiye'de_Muzigin_Donusumu_The_Transformation_of_Music_in_Early_Republican_Period_in_Turkey">The Transformation Of Music In Early Republican Period In Turkey</a>." Researchgate.net, July 2010, .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUNÇAY_2009,_pp._54_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">TUNÇAY, Çağlar. "Musical Implementations of Atatürk's Term." 9 Eylül Üniversitesi, Atatürk İlkeleri Ve İnkılap, 2009, pp. 54–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADIGÜZEL, Adnan. "WESTERNIZATION OF TURKISH (CLASSIC) MUSIC FROM OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO TURKISH REPUBLIC AND PROHIBITED YEARS OF TURKISH MUSIC." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, İlahiyat Fakültesi, İslam Tarihi Ve Sanatları Bölümü, 0AD, pp. 4–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karşıcı, Gülay. "MÜZİK TÜRLERİNE İDEOLOJİK YAKLAŞIM: 1970-1990 YILLARI ARASINDAKİ TRT SANSÜRÜ." CIU, Jan. 2010, pp. 170–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minstrels-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minstrels_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minstrels_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minstrels_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErderner,_Yildiray1995" class="citation book cs1">Erderner, Yildiray (1995). <i>The Song Contests of Turkish Minstrels: Improvised Poetry Sung to Traditional Music (Milman Parry Studies in Oral Tradition)</i>. Garland Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1239-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1239-3"><bdi>0-8153-1239-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Song+Contests+of+Turkish+Minstrels%3A+Improvised+Poetry+Sung+to+Traditional+Music+%28Milman+Parry+Studies+in+Oral+Tradition%29&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8153-1239-3&rft.au=Erderner%2C+Yildiray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span>, p 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-folkmusic-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-folkmusic_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030810193354/http://www.turkishculture.org/music/folk.html">"Folk Music: Story of a Nation"</a>. <i>Turkishculture.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishculture.org/music/folk.html">the original</a> on August 10, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkishculture.org&rft.atitle=Folk+Music%3A+Story+of+a+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishculture.org%2Fmusic%2Ffolk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alevi-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alevi_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alevi_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408125913/http://www.alevibektasi.org/xsufi_music.htm">"Introduction to Sufi Music and Ritual in Turkey"</a>. <i>Middle East Studies Association of North America</i>. December 18, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alevibektasi.org/xsufi_music.htm">the original</a> on April 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Association+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Sufi+Music+and+Ritual+in+Turkey&rft.date=1995-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alevibektasi.org%2Fxsufi_music.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> The tradition of regional variations in the character of folk music prevails all around Anatolia and Thrace even today. The troubadour or minstrel (singer-poets) known as <i>aşık</i> contributed anonymously to this genre for ages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minstrellit-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minstrellit_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minstrellit_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minstrellit_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914041359/http://www.discoverturkey.com/english/kultursanat/ozan.html">"Minstrel Literature"</a>. <i>Turkish Ministry of Culture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverturkey.com/english/kultursanat/ozan.html">the original</a> on September 14, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Ministry+of+Culture&rft.atitle=Minstrel+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverturkey.com%2Fenglish%2Fkultursanat%2Fozan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosque-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosque_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the audio selection from Mevlit at External links below</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050124085451/http://www.mevlana.net/sema.htm">"The Sema"</a>. <i>Mevlana.Net Owned by Mevlana's family</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mevlana.net/sema.htm">the original</a> on January 24, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mevlana.Net+Owned+by+Mevlana%27s+family&rft.atitle=The+Sema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mevlana.net%2Fsema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> The sema dance is very ritualistic and full of symbolism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pontic-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pontic_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pontic_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimitarmusic.com/pontos/music.html">"Pontic Music Page"</a>. <i>Cline, Leigh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cline%2C+Leigh&rft.atitle=Pontic+Music+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scimitarmusic.com%2Fpontos%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Holly_Valance" title="Holly Valance">Holly Valance</a> with the "<a href="/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_(Stella_Soleil_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss Kiss (Stella Soleil song)">Kiss Kiss</a>" song.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-478/_nr-340/_p-1/i.html?PHPSESSID=586932399788bbaf8">"Migrant Workers in Germany - "The Lowest of the Low"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Qantara.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de&rft.atitle=Migrant+Workers+in+Germany+-+%22The+Lowest+of+the+Low%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara.de%2Fwebcom%2Fshow_article.php%2F_c-478%2F_nr-340%2F_p-1%2Fi.html%3FPHPSESSID%3D586932399788bbaf8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/awakeningrecords/biography/index.htm">"Awakening Music - YouTube"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awakening+Music+-+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fawakeningrecords%2Fbiography%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samiyusufofficial.com/?p=195">"Sami in Turkey"</a>. <i>Samiyusufofficial.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samiyusufofficial.com&rft.atitle=Sami+in+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samiyusufofficial.com%2F%3Fp%3D195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403194121/http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-310/_nr-388/i.html">"Qantara.de - Islamic Pop Music in Turkey - Combining Rock Music with an Islamic Message"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-310/_nr-388/i.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara.de+-+Islamic+Pop+Music+in+Turkey+-+Combining+Rock+Music+with+an+Islamic+Message&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara.de%2Fwebcom%2Fshow_article.php%2F_c-310%2F_nr-388%2Fi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almora" class="extiw" title="tr:Almora">tr:Almora</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundcloud.com/murtaza-khojami/yalnizlik-dusunceler-turkish-trance">"Günün albümü: Trance müziğe 'Yalnızlık Düşünceler"</a>. <i>Soundcloud.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundcloud.com&rft.atitle=G%C3%BCn%C3%BCn+alb%C3%BCm%C3%BC%3A+Trance+m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fe+%27Yaln%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnceler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundcloud.com%2Fmurtaza-khojami%2Fyalnizlik-dusunceler-turkish-trance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/cumartesi/4750843.asp?gid=66">"Yurtdışında 16 albüm"</a>. <i>Hurriyet.com.tr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet.com.tr&rft.atitle=Yurtd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda+16+alb%C3%BCm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fcumartesi%2F4750843.asp%3Fgid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071112085636/http://www.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2005/05/21/cumartesi/cumartesi1.html">"Aksam Gazetesi - Cumartesi - 'Herkes kendine DJ demesin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aksam.com.tr/arsiv/aksam/2005/05/21/cumartesi/cumartesi1.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aksam+Gazetesi+-+Cumartesi+-+%27Herkes+kendine+DJ+demesin%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksam.com.tr%2Farsiv%2Faksam%2F2005%2F05%2F21%2Fcumartesi%2Fcumartesi1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/artist/Mert+Yucel">"Mert Yucel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discogs&rft.atitle=Mert+Yucel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fartist%2FMert%2BYucel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95845&NewsCatID=383">"Refugee musicians play in Turkey's camps - MUSIC"</a>. <i>Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News+%7C+LEADING+NEWS+SOURCE+FOR+TURKEY+AND+THE+REGION&rft.atitle=Refugee+musicians+play+in+Turkey%27s+camps+-+MUSIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D238%26nID%3D95845%26NewsCatID%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/this-syrian-composer-is-now-a-refugee-writing-music-on-the-street">"This Syrian Composer Is Now a Refugee Writing Music on the Street - VICE"</a>. <i>Vice</i>. 27 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=This+Syrian+Composer+Is+Now+a+Refugee+Writing+Music+on+the+Street+-+VICE&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fthis-syrian-composer-is-now-a-refugee-writing-music-on-the-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/entertainment/2016/11/21/Country-music-for-Syria-Band-highlights-refugee-issue-">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Country for Syria' band uses music to highlight refugee woes"</a>. <i>English.alarabiya.net</i>. 21 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English.alarabiya.net&rft.atitle=%27Country+for+Syria%27+band+uses+music+to+highlight+refugee+woes&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Flife-style%2Fentertainment%2F2016%2F11%2F21%2FCountry-music-for-Syria-Band-highlights-refugee-issue-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36349026">"Meet the migrant musicians bringing new sounds to Istanbul"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, 2016-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Meet+the+migrant+musicians+bringing+new+sounds+to+Istanbul&rft.date=2016-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-36349026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muyap-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muyap_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muyap_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muyap.org/">"Turkish Phonographic Industry Society"</a>. <i>MÜ-YAP</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%9C-YAP&rft.atitle=Turkish+Phonographic+Industry+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muyap.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> They are part of the IFPI National group. The first long-term punishment for piracy distribution had been handed out in 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news/index_mail.shtml?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/06-12-2006/0004378915&EDATE=">"The Orchard Signs Global Distribution and Marketing Agreement With MU-YAP"</a>. <i>PR Newswire</i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Orchard+Signs+Global+Distribution+and+Marketing+Agreement+With+MU-YAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews%2Findex_mail.shtml%3FACCT%3D104%26STORY%3D%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F06-12-2006%2F0004378915%26EDATE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See information on his domestic singles "<a href="/wiki/Kuzu_Kuzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzu Kuzu">Kuzu Kuzu</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüp">Hüp</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerturk.com">"Powerturk Charts"</a>. <i>Powerturk TV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Powerturk+TV&rft.atitle=Powerturk+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerturk.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kraltv.com.tr">"Kral TV Music Channel"</a>. <i>Kral</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kral&rft.atitle=Kral+TV+Music+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kraltv.com.tr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040606094122/http://www.mgdmagazin.com/mgd.asp">"Magazine Journalists Society"</a>. <i>MJS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgdmagazin.com/mgd.asp">the original</a> on June 6, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MJS&rft.atitle=Magazine+Journalists+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgdmagazin.com%2Fmgd.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartók,_BélaSuchoff,_Benjamin1976" class="citation book cs1">Bartók, Béla & Suchoff, Benjamin (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkishfolkmusic0000bart"><i>Turkish Folk Music from Asia Minor (The New York Bartok Archive Studies in Musicology, No. 7)</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09120-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09120-X"><bdi>0-691-09120-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Folk+Music+from+Asia+Minor+%28The+New+York+Bartok+Archive+Studies+in+Musicology%2C+No.+7%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-691-09120-X&rft.au=Bart%C3%B3k%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft.au=Suchoff%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkishfolkmusic0000bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_Eliot2011" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Eliot (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinturkeyexp0000bate"><i>Music in Turkey: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture (Global Music Series)</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-39414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-39414-6"><bdi>978-0-195-39414-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Turkey%3A+Experiencing+Music%2C+Expressing+Culture+%28Global+Music+Series%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-195-39414-6&rft.au=Bates%2C+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinturkeyexp0000bate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead,_Matthew2000" class="citation book cs1">Head, Matthew (2000). <i>Orientalism, Masquerade and Mozart's Turkish Music (Royal Musical Association Monographs S.)</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-76248-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-76248-X"><bdi>0-306-76248-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism%2C+Masquerade+and+Mozart%27s+Turkish+Music+%28Royal+Musical+Association+Monographs+S.%29&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-306-76248-X&rft.au=Head%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäger,_Ralf_Martin1996" class="citation book cs1">Jäger, Ralf Martin (1996). <i>Türkische Kunstmusik und ihre handschriftlichen Quellen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert (Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft aus Münster 7)</i>. Wagner: Eisenach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88979-072-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-88979-072-0"><bdi>3-88979-072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkische+Kunstmusik+und+ihre+handschriftlichen+Quellen+aus+dem+19.+Jahrhundert+%28Schriften+zur+Musikwissenschaft+aus+M%C3%BCnster+7%29&rft.pub=Wagner%3A+Eisenach&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-88979-072-0&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+Ralf+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarakayali,_Nedim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Karakayali, Nedim (2010). "Two Assemblages of Cultural Transmission: Musicians, Political Actors and Educational Techniques in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe". Journal of Historical Sociology, 23 (3): 343-371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+Assemblages+of+Cultural+Transmission%3A+Musicians%2C+Political+Actors+and+Educational+Techniques+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Western+Europe&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Karakayali%2C+Nedim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopescu-Judetz,_Eugenia1999" class="citation book cs1">Popescu-Judetz, Eugenia (1999). <i>Prince Dimitrie Cantemir: Theorist and Composer of Turkish music</i>. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7652-82-2" title="Special:BookSources/975-7652-82-2"><bdi>975-7652-82-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Dimitrie+Cantemir%3A+Theorist+and+Composer+of+Turkish+music&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=975-7652-82-2&rft.au=Popescu-Judetz%2C+Eugenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignell,_Karl1977" class="citation book cs1">Signell, Karl (1977). <i>Makam: Modal practice in Turkish Art Music</i>. Asian Music Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-76248-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-76248-X"><bdi>0-306-76248-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makam%3A+Modal+practice+in+Turkish+Art+Music&rft.pub=Asian+Music+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-306-76248-X&rft.au=Signell%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_Martin2010" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Martin (2010). <i>The Republic of Love: Cultural Intimacy in Turkish Popular Music</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77505-0"><bdi>978-0-226-77505-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Love%3A+Cultural+Intimacy+in+Turkish+Popular+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77505-0&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTietze,_AndreasYahalom,_Joseph1995" class="citation book cs1">Tietze, Andreas & Yahalom, Joseph (1995). <i>Ottoman Melodies - Hebrew Hymns: A 16th Century Cross-Cultural Adventure</i>. Akademiai Kiado, Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6864-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6864-0"><bdi>963-05-6864-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Melodies+-+Hebrew+Hymns%3A+A+16th+Century+Cross-Cultural+Adventure&rft.pub=Akademiai+Kiado%2C+Bibliotheca+Orientalis+Hungarica&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=963-05-6864-0&rft.au=Tietze%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Yahalom%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarkandeluxe.blogspot.com/2004/11/whose-song-is-it.html">"Whose Song is it?"</a>. <i>Tarkan Deluxe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tarkan+Deluxe&rft.atitle=Whose+Song+is+it%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarkandeluxe.blogspot.com%2F2004%2F11%2Fwhose-song-is-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarkandeluxe.blogspot.com/2004/12/turkish-humanism-in-13th-century.html">"Yunus Emre: Sufi and Mystic"</a>. <i>Tarkan Deluxe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tarkan+Deluxe&rft.atitle=Yunus+Emre%3A+Sufi+and+Mystic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarkandeluxe.blogspot.com%2F2004%2F12%2Fturkish-humanism-in-13th-century.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214051002/http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=101&Itemid=113">"Turkish Music"</a>. <i>Turkish Embassy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishembassy.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=101&Itemid=113">the original</a> on February 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Embassy&rft.atitle=Turkish+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishembassy.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D101%26Itemid%3D113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Turkey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>DURU, Dr. Riza, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/108678006">Chronology of Turkish Music Theoreticians</a>. April 9, 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Turkey&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Music of Turkey</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="extiw" title="c:Category:Music of Turkey">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Music of Turkey">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Music of Turkey">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Music of Turkey">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Music of Turkey">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Music_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Music of Turkey">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://facebook.com/arasindagroup">: Turkish music performed by Hungarian musicians, Budapest</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpages.umbc.edu/~signell/TurkishMusic/index.html:">Turkish music publications by Karl Signell</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arasinda.hu:">Turkish music performed by Hungarian musicians, Budapest</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828224451/http://www.umbc.edu/eol/tmq/"><i>Turkish Music Quarterly</i> print journal contents</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qn1ly">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Selim Sesler, troubadour songs and an Alevi ceremony.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qprhy">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Aynur, Erkan Ogur, Kirike and Rembetiko.</a> Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Turquie&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Turkey.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishmusicportal.org">Turkish Music Portal</a> All about Turkish Music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarkandeluxe.blogspot.com/2006/02/music-of-turkey.html">Music of Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0459242/">Crossing The Bridge: Sounds from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612033909/http://www.turkishmusic.org/">Turkish Music and Voice Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aton.ttu.edu/Tatar_Ezgileri.asp">Music</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Uysal-Walker_Archive_of_Turkish_Oral_Narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative">Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614170340/http://www.neyneva.com/eng/">Ney Making House Web Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806075042/http://www.turkish-clarinet.com/">Turkish Clarinet Music</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenhorn.com">Golden Horn Records</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121217124049/https://www.anatolia-store.com/">Turkish Musical Instruments Shop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkey.insomniaradio.net">Insomnia Radio: Turkiye (Turkish Indie Music Available in English & Turkish)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indirsarki.com/">Turkey Music Listings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717041230/http://www.fonsvitae.com/helveti-jerrahi-muzaffer.html">Lifting the Boundaries: Muzaffer Efendi and the Transmission of Sufism to the West by Gregory Blann</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513024050/http://musicalconfrontations.com/MC5/wlc/mcb/cul/mim/mfl/mtm/foc/foc0000000001.htm">Field music of the Ottoman Court and Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umbc.edu/eol/wikipedia/Merhaba.mp3"><i>Mevlit</i> "<i>Merhaba bahrı</i>" excerpt sung by Kâni Karaca</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://costak.blogspot.com/2006/03/kanto-article-by-cemal-nl.html">Kanto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423223015/http://www.fezaneverd.com/">Feza Neverd</a> Interesting instrumental music composed by Mehmet Gencler</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206133843/http://www.onlineizlesek.com/">Comprehensive Turkish Music Video Archive</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-i-elementary-digital-sheet-music/20132757">Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. I</a></i> on SheetMusicPlus.com</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-ii-intermediate-digital-sheet-music/20137157">Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. II</a></i> on SheetMusicPlus.com</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/anthology-of-turkish-piano-music-vol-iii-advanced-digital-sheet-music/20189113">Anthology of Turkish Piano Music, Vol. III</a></i> on SheetMusicPlus.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrock.net">Rock Music Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istanbulpark.de/c/ytm_gallery/ytm_top_page.php">Turkish Top 20</a></li></ul> <div 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/></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Eastern_and_Southeastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Eastern_and_Southeastern_Europe" title="Template:Music of Eastern and Southeastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Eastern_and_Southeastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Music of Eastern and Southeastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Eastern_and_Southeastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Eastern and Southeastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Eastern_and_Southeastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Southeastern</a> Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Aromanians</a> (stateless)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Template:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Template talk:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Music of Southeastern Europe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folk_music" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Calgija" title="Čalgija">Čalgija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music#Balkan_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk music">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian folk music">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian folk music">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian folk music">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_traditional_music" title="Greek traditional music">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Folk_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin folk music">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian folk music">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian folk music">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk-pop" title="Folk-pop">Folk-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalga" title="Chalga">Chalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_root_music" title="Bosnian root music">Bosnian root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(music)" title="Ganga (music)">Ganga music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Primitivism" title="New Primitivism">New Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novokompovana_narodna_muzika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novokompovana narodna muzika (page does not exist)">Newly composed folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarajevo_school_of_pop_rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarajevo school of pop rock (page does not exist)">Sarajevo school of pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country<br />and ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_Albania#Music" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Artist of Albania">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Aromanians</a> (stateless)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_people#Music" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina people">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_musicians_and_singers" title="List of Bulgarian musicians and singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Croatia#Music" title="List of people from Croatia">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest#Contestants" title="Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greece#Musicians" title="List of people from Greece">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosovo_Albanians#Arts_and_entertainment" title="List of Kosovo Albanians">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Moldovans#Musicians" title="List of Moldovans">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Montenegrins#Music" title="List of Montenegrins">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonians_(ethnic_group)#Music" title="List of Macedonians (ethnic group)">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_singers" title="List of Romanian singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Serbia#Music" title="List of people from Serbia">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_singers" title="List of Slovenian singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_musicians" title="List of Turkish musicians">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia"><i>Yugoslavia</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_musicians" title="Category:Yugoslav musicians">performers</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daychovo_horo" title="Daychovo horo">Daychovo horo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halay" title="Halay">Halay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)" title="Hora (dance)">Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">Kochari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamzara" title="Tamzara">Tamzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamiko" title="Tsamiko">Tsamiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatitis" title="Antipatitis">Antipatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Co%C4%8Dek" title="Čoček">Čoček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsilamas" title="Karsilamas">Karsilamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_(eagle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro (eagle dance)">Oro (eagle dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeybek_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeybek dance">Zeybek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnian dances (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montenegrin dances (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macedonian dances (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian dances (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovene dances (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aca_Lukas" title="Aca Lukas">Aca Lukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aco_Pejovi%C4%87" title="Aco Pejović">Aco Pejović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_S%C3%AEn%C4%83" title="Adrian Sînă">Adrian Sînă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parni_Valjak" title="Parni Valjak">Aki Rahimovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%27_Dino" title="Al' Dino">Al' Dino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Sk%C3%ABnderaj" title="Alban Skënderaj">Alban Skënderaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen_Islamovi%C4%87" title="Alen Islamović">Alen Islamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Prijovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandra Prijović">Aleksandra Prijović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Stan" title="Alexandra Stan">Alexandra Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alka_Vuica" title="Alka Vuica">Alka Vuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Bekuta" title="Ana Bekuta">Ana Bekuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Koki%C4%87" title="Ana Kokić">Ana Kokić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Ana Nikolić">Ana Nikolić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreea_B%C4%83nic%C4%83" title="Andreea Bănică">Andreea Bănică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Andrea (Bulgarian singer)">Andrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Odobescu" title="Anna Odobescu">Anna Odobescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vissi" title="Anna Vissi">Anna Vissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antypas" title="Antypas">Antypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxhela_Peristeri" title="Anxhela Peristeri">Anxhela Peristeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardian_Bujupi" title="Ardian Bujupi">Ardian Bujupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Dedi%C4%87" title="Arsen Dedić">Arsen Dedić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurela_Ga%C3%A7e" title="Aurela Gaçe">Aurela Gaçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avni_Mula" title="Avni Mula">Avni Mula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azis" title="Azis">Azis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Bajagi%C4%87_Bajaga" title="Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga">Bajaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beba_Selimovi%C4%87" title="Beba Selimović">Beba Selimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rexha" title="Bebe Rexha">Bebe Rexha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebi_Dol" title="Bebi Dol">Bebi Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleona" title="Bleona">Bleona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boban_Rajovi%C4%87" title="Boban Rajović">Boban Rajović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Bora Đorđević">Bora Đorđević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_Spu%C5%BEi%C4%87_Kvaka" title="Bora Spužić Kvaka">Bora Spužić Kvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Novkovi%C4%87" title="Boris Novković">Boris Novković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_Vre%C4%87o" title="Božo Vrećo">Božo Vrećo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87" title="Branimir Štulić">Branimir Štulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_T" title="Capital T">Capital T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceca_(singer)" title="Ceca (singer)">Ceca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coby_(musician)" title="Coby (musician)">Coby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Andreou" title="Costas Andreou">Costas Andreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_Polumenta" title="Dado Polumenta">Dado Polumenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_Topi%C4%87" title="Dado Topić">Dado Topić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafina_Zeqiri" title="Dafina Zeqiri">Dafina Zeqiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(Montenegrin_singer)" title="Daniel (Montenegrin singer)">Daniel Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danijela_Martinovi%C4%87" title="Danijela Martinović">Danijela Martinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Bubamara" title="Dara Bubamara">Dara Bubamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darko_Rundek" title="Darko Rundek">Darko Rundek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davorin_Popovi%C4%87" title="Davorin Popović">Davorin Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_(singer)" title="Deen (singer)">Deen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Slava" title="Desi Slava">Desi Slava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despina_Vandi" title="Despina Vandi">Despina Vandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Dvornik" title="Dino Dvornik">Dino Dvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Merlin" title="Dino Merlin">Dino Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Dragovi%C4%87" title="Doris Dragović">Doris Dragović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_Iggy" title="Dr Iggy">Dr Iggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Koji%C4%87_Keba" title="Dragan Kojić Keba">Dragan Kojić Keba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragana_Mirkovi%C4%87" title="Dragana Mirković">Dragana Mirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Kuli%C5%A1" title="Duško Kuliš">Duško Kuliš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bala%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Balašević">Đorđe Balašević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEej_Ramadanovski" title="Džej Ramadanovski">Džej Ramadanovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Maajka" title="Edo Maajka">Edo Maajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_Eleftheriou" title="Eleftheria Eleftheriou">Eleftheria Eleftheriou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Risteska" title="Elena Risteska">Elena Risteska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleni_Foureira" title="Eleni Foureira">Eleni Foureira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhaida_Dani" title="Elhaida Dani">Elhaida Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvana_Gjata" title="Elvana Gjata">Elvana Gjata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvir_Lakovi%C4%87_Laka" title="Elvir Laković Laka">Elvir Laković Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuela_(singer)" title="Emanuela (singer)">Emanuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emina_Jahovi%C4%87" title="Emina Jahović">Emina Jahović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Istrefi" title="Era Istrefi">Era Istrefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esma_Red%C5%BEepova" title="Esma Redžepova">Esma Redžepova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazla" title="Fazla">Fazla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiki" title="Fiki">Fiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flori_Mumajesi" title="Flori Mumajesi">Flori Mumajesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenkie" title="Frenkie">Frenkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_(singer)" title="Galena (singer)">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashi_(rapper)" title="Gashi (rapper)">Gashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dalaras" title="George Dalaras">George Dalaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergana_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Gergana (Bulgarian singer)">Gergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatan_Stipi%C5%A1i%C4%87_Gibonni" title="Zlatan Stipišić Gibonni">Gibonni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Gloria (Bulgarian singer)">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goca_Tr%C5%BEan" title="Goca Tržan">Goca Tržan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87" title="Goran Bregović">Goran Bregović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gru_(rapper)" title="Gru (rapper)">Gru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadise" title="Hadise">Hadise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halid_Be%C5%A1li%C4%87" title="Halid Bešlić">Halid Bešlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vare%C5%A1anovi%C4%87" title="Hari Varešanović">Hari Varešanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haris_D%C5%BEinovi%C4%87" title="Haris Džinović">Haris Džinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasiba_Agi%C4%87" title="Hasiba Agić">Hasiba Agić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Paparizou" title="Helena Paparizou">Helena Paparizou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himzo_Polovina" title="Himzo Polovina">Himzo Polovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Serbian_band)" title="Hurricane (Serbian band)">Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilira" title="Ilira">Ilira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Levak" title="Indira Levak">Indira Levak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Radi%C4%87" title="Indira Radić">Indira Radić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna" title="Inna">Inna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inva_Mula" title="Inva Mula">Inva Mula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zajc" title="Ivan Zajc">Ivan Zajc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Peters" title="Ivana Peters">Ivana Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivi_Adamou" title="Ivi Adamou">Ivi Adamou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pogoreli%C4%87" title="Ivo Pogorelić">Ivo Pogorelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Houdek" title="Jacques Houdek">Jacques Houdek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_(singer)" title="Jana (singer)">Jana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Karleu%C5%A1a" title="Jelena Karleuša">Jelena Karleuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Rozga" title="Jelena Rozga">Jelena Rozga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Jelena Tomašević">Jelena Tomašević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josipa_Lisac" title="Josipa Lisac">Josipa Lisac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87" title="Jura Stublić">Jura Stublić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurica_Pa%C4%91en" title="Jurica Pađen">Jurica Pađen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliopi" title="Kaliopi">Kaliopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalomira" title="Kalomira">Kalomira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamelia" title="Kamelia">Kamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolina_Go%C4%8Deva" title="Karolina Gočeva">Karolina Gočeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Garbi" title="Katy Garbi">Katy Garbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Monteno" title="Kemal Monteno">Kemal Monteno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu" title="Kenan Doğulu">Kenan Doğulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%87o_Slabinac" title="Kićo Slabinac">Kićo Slabinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir_Joakim" title="Kir Joakim">Kir Joakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knez_(singer)" title="Knez (singer)">Knez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstrakta" title="Konstrakta">Konstrakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semir_Ceri%C4%87_Koke" title="Semir Cerić Koke">Koke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Kova%C4%8D" title="Kornelije Kovač">Kornelije Kovač</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefteris_Pantazis" title="Lefteris Pantazis">Lefteris Pantazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_Brena" title="Lepa Brena">Lepa Brena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_Luki%C4%87" title="Lepa Lukić">Lepa Lukić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_(singer)" title="Louis (singer)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Black" title="Luke Black">Luke Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_(musician)" title="Magnifico (musician)">Magnifico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Mrvica" title="Maksim Mrvica">Maksim Mrvica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malina_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Malina (Bulgarian singer)">Malina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elena_Kyriakou" title="Maria Elena Kyriakou">Maria Elena Kyriakou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marija_%C5%A0erifovi%C4%87" title="Marija Šerifović">Marija Šerifović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinella" title="Marinella">Marinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Kon" title="Marko Kon">Marko Kon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Savi%C4%87" title="Marta Savić">Marta Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Savi%C4%87" title="Massimo Savić">Massimo Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_%C5%A0uput" title="Maja Šuput">Maja Šuput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Berovi%C4%87" title="Maya Berović">Maya Berović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Sar" title="Maya Sar">Maya Sar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merima_Njegomir" title="Merima Njegomir">Merima Njegomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miladin_%C5%A0obi%C4%87" title="Miladin Šobić">Miladin Šobić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stanković">Milan Stanković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Kiti%C4%87" title="Mile Kitić">Mile Kitić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Milica Pavlović">Milica Pavlović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Bojani%C4%87" title="Miloš Bojanić">Miloš Bojanić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Ili%C4%87" title="Miroslav Ilić">Miroslav Ilić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitar_Miri%C4%87" title="Mitar Mirić">Mitar Mirić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1a_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Miša Aleksić">Miša Aleksić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Kova%C4%8D" title="Mišo Kovač">Mišo Kovač</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharem_Serbezovski" title="Muharem Serbezovski">Muharem Serbezovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal" title="Mustafa Sandal">Mustafa Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Mamula" title="Nada Mamula">Nada Mamula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Top%C4%8Dagi%C4%87" title="Nada Topčagić">Nada Topčagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasa_Theodoridou" title="Natasa Theodoridou">Natasa Theodoridou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Bekvalac" title="Nataša Bekvalac">Nataša Bekvalac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neda_Ukraden" title="Neda Ukraden">Neda Ukraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedeljko_Baji%C4%87_Baja" title="Nedeljko Bajić Baja">Nedeljko Bajić Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nele_Karajli%C4%87" title="Nele Karajlić">Nele Karajlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neno_Belan" title="Neno Belan">Neno Belan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevena_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Nevena Božović">Nevena Božović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexhmije_Pagarusha" title="Nexhmije Pagarusha">Nexhmije Pagarusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Rokvi%C4%87" title="Nikola Rokvić">Nikola Rokvić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolija_(singer)" title="Nikolija (singer)">Nikolija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Vertis" title="Nikos Vertis">Nikos Vertis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Badri%C4%87" title="Nina Badrić">Nina Badrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Pr%C5%A1e%C5%A1" title="Nino Pršeš">Nino Pršeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Re%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nino Rešić">Nino Rešić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noizy" title="Noizy">Noizy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Istrefi" title="Nora Istrefi">Nora Istrefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dragojevi%C4%87" title="Oliver Dragojević">Oliver Dragojević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Osman Hadžić">Osman Hadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_(Greek_singer)" title="Paola (Greek singer)">Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poli_Genova" title="Poli Genova">Poli Genova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predrag_Gojkovi%C4%87-Cune" class="mw-redirect" title="Predrag Gojković-Cune">Predrag Gojković-Cune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predrag_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87_Tozovac" title="Predrag Živković Tozovac">Predrag Živković Tozovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslava" title="Preslava">Preslava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus" title="Rambo Amadeus">Rambo Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(singer)" title="Rasta (singer)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayna_(singer)" title="Rayna (singer)">Rayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safet_Isovi%C4%87" title="Safet Isović">Safet Isović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakis_Rouvas" title="Sakis Rouvas">Sakis Rouvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanja_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Sanja Vučić">Sanja Vučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Jovanovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Jovanović">Sara Jo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87_(singer)" title="Saša Kovačević (singer)">Saša Kovačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Lo%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Saša Lošić">Saša Lošić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Mati%C4%87" title="Saša Matić">Saša Matić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sead_Lipova%C4%8Da" title="Sead Lipovača">Sead Lipovača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejo_Sexon" title="Sejo Sexon">Sejo Sexon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seka_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Seka Aleksić">Seka Aleksić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Bajrami" title="Selma Bajrami">Selma Bajrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Orta%C3%A7" title="Serdar Ortaç">Serdar Ortaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergej_%C4%86etkovi%C4%87" title="Sergej Ćetković">Sergej Ćetković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severina_(singer)" title="Severina (singer)">Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvana_Armenuli%C4%87" title="Silvana Armenulić">Silvana Armenulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Saki%C4%87" title="Sinan Sakić">Sinan Sakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sla%C4%91ana_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slađana Milošević">Slađana Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEana_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Snežana Đurišić">Snežana Đurišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofi_Marinova" title="Sofi Marinova">Sofi Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoja" title="Stoja">Stoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Stojkov" title="Stojan Stojkov">Stojan Stojkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Todevska" title="Tamara Todevska">Tamara Todevska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_Ribi%C4%8D" title="Tanja Ribič">Tanja Ribič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_Savi%C4%87" title="Tanja Savić">Tanja Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereza_Kesovija" title="Tereza Kesovija">Tereza Kesovija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijana_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Tijana Dapčević">Tijana Dapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Voji%C4%8Di%C4%87_Tifa" title="Mladen Vojičić Tifa">Tifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma_Zdravkovi%C4%87" title="Toma Zdravković">Toma Zdravković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cetinski" title="Tony Cetinski">Tony Cetinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%8Di_Hulji%C4%87" title="Tonči Huljić">Tonči Huljić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski" title="Toše Proeski">Toše Proeski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Karras" title="Vasilis Karras">Vasilis Karras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_Pisarovi%C4%87" title="Vesna Pisarović">Vesna Pisarović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_Zmijanac" title="Vesna Zmijanac">Vesna Zmijanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_Miljkovi%C4%87" title="Viki Miljković">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlado_Georgiev" title="Vlado Georgiev">Vlado Georgiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Parios" title="Yiannis Parios">Yiannis Parios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaim_Imamovi%C4%87" title="Zaim Imamović">Zaim Imamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdravko_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Zdravko Čolić">Zdravko Čolić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Lesendri%C4%87" title="Kiki Lesendrić">Zoran Lesendrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorica_Brunclik" title="Zorica Brunclik">Zorica Brunclik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljuba_Ali%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ljuba Aličić">Ljuba Aličić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0aban_%C5%A0auli%C4%87" title="Šaban Šaulić">Šaban Šaulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebnem_Paker" title="Şebnem Paker">Şebnem Paker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0emsa_Suljakovi%C4%87" title="Šemsa Suljaković">Šemsa Suljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0erif_Konjevi%C4%87" title="Šerif Konjević">Šerif Konjević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek" title="Željko Bebek">Željko Bebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Joksimovi%C4%87" title="Željko Joksimović">Željko Joksimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Željko Samardžić">Željko Samardžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_%C5%A0a%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Šašić">Željko Šašić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(classical_music)" title="Arabesque (classical music)">Arabesque</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">al-jeel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music">Bedouin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">khaliji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">samri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">sawt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop">Hip hop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Iranian classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman classical music">Ottoman classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Pop</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pop music">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_music" title="Luri music">Luri music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israeli folk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dance">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkish</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastgah">Dastgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm in Arabian music">Iqa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanto_(music)" title="Kanto (music)">Kanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Turkish_makam" title="Turkish makam">Turkish makam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Turkish_music" title="Rhythm in Turkish music">Usul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Template talk:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Europe_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Europe by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Europe">Music of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Music of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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