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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bougie" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bougie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bougie (disambiguation)">Bougie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Special:EditPage/Béjaïa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22">"Béjaïa"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Béjaïa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɪˈdʒaɪə/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بجاية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Bijāya, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[bid͡ʒaːja]</a>) formerly Bougie and Bugia, is a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">port</a> city and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">commune</a> on the Gulf of Béjaïa in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>; it is the capital of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa Province</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Béjaïa</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>بجاية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">commune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/300px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/450px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/600px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3544"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ_06_Bejaia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Béjaïa, Algeria within Béjaïa Province"><img alt="Location of Béjaïa, Algeria within Béjaïa Province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DZ_06_Bejaia.svg/180px-DZ_06_Bejaia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DZ_06_Bejaia.svg/270px-DZ_06_Bejaia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/DZ_06_Bejaia.svg/360px-DZ_06_Bejaia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1812"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Béjaïa, Algeria within <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Béjaïa is located in Algeria"><img alt="Béjaïa is located in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Algeria_location_map.svg/280px-Algeria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Algeria_location_map.svg/420px-Algeria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Algeria_location_map.svg/560px-Algeria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1278"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.365%;left:65.379%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Béjaïa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Béjaïa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Algeria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&params=36_45_04_N_05_03_51_E_region:DZ_type:city">36°45′04″N 05°03′51″E / 36.75111°N 5.06417°E / 36.75111; 5.06417</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_District" title="Béjaïa District">Béjaïa District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120.22 km2 (46.42 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2008 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">177,988</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">06000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography">1 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Location">1.1 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Toponymy">1.2 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Climate_and_hydrography">1.3 Climate and hydrography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Roadside_and_rail_communications">1.4 Roadside and rail communications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Antiquity_and_Byzantine_era">2.2 Antiquity and Byzantine era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers">2.3 Muslim and feudal rulers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_Arab_Conquest">2.3.1 The Arab Conquest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Berber_Dynasties:_The_Glory_of_a_Medieval_Capital">2.3.2 Berber Dynasties: The Glory of a Medieval Capital</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#The_centuries_of_decadence_of_Bejaia">2.4 The centuries of decadence of Bejaia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#A_coveted_city">2.5 A coveted city</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#A_marginalized_city">2.6 A marginalized city</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_fall_of_the_regency_and_the_colonial_period">2.7 The fall of the regency and the colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#The_modern_agglomeration">2.8 The modern agglomeration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Demography">3 Demography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">4 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Religion">5 Religion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Titular_see_of_Bugia">5.1 Titular see of Bugia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sports">6 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">7 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Villages">8 Villages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notable_people">9 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sources">13 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pic_des_singes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pic_des_singes.jpg/220px-Pic_des_singes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2868"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pic_des_singes.jpg/220px-Pic_des_singes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pic_des_singes.jpg/330px-Pic_des_singes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pic_des_singes.jpg/440px-Pic_des_singes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monkey Peak (<a href="/wiki/Pic_des_singes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pic des singes">Pic des singes</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Béjaïa owes its existence to its port, which also makes it prosperous. It is located in a sickle-shaped bay protected from the swell of offshore winds (northwest facing) by the advance of Cape Carbon (to the west of the city). The city is backed by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemma_Gouraya" class="extiw" title="fr:Yemma Gouraya">Mount Gouraya</a> located in a northwest position. This port site, in one of the most beautiful bays of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean coast">Mediterranean coast</a>, is dominated in the background by the <a href="/wiki/Babor_Mountains" title="Babor Mountains">Babors</a> mountain range. Another advantage is that the city is the outlet of the <a href="/wiki/Soummam_River" title="Soummam River">Soummam valley</a>, a geographical corridor facing southwest. However, since the time when the city was a capital, there has been a divorce between the city and the region (<a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>) linked to the difficulty of securing a hinterland. On a macro-regional scale, the city has its back to the region: its position at the end of the Soummam places it at the interface between <a href="/wiki/Grande_Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Kabylie">Grande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petite_Kabylie" title="Petite Kabylie">Petite Kabylie</a>. But these two groups are closed in on themselves and seek inland capitals (<a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akbou" title="Akbou">Akbou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kherrata" title="Kherrata">Kherrata</a>, etc.) by turning away from the coast. The city has, in a way, weak local roots; the rural proximity of the city is limited to four or five communes.<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[1]</a> On a micro-regional scale, Béjaïa is the outlet of a central <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, going from <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a>, the spillway of the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts_Plateaux_(Alg%C3%A9rie)" class="extiw" title="fr:Hauts Plateaux (Algérie)">Highlands</a> and a supply port for two million people. But the connection is complex: to the south-east, trade with Sétif is only possible through the steep gorges of <a href="/wiki/Kherrata" title="Kherrata">Kherrata</a>; another route takes the Soummam, then to the east the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_(Algeria)" title="Iron Gates (Algeria)">Iron Gates</a> and the climb towards Bordj Bou Arreridj, it is this route that is taken by the national road and the railway. These topographical constraints mean that, despite its strong dynamism, the city sees part of the trade escape it in its eastern and western areas of influence.<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[1]</a> he town is overlooked by the mountain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemma_Gouraya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemma Gouraya (page does not exist)">Yemma Gouraya</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemma_Gouraya" class="extiw" title="fr:Yemma Gouraya">fr</a>]. Other nearby scenic spots include the Aiguades beach and the <a href="/wiki/Pic_des_Singes" title="Pic des Singes">Pic des Singes</a> (Peak of the Monkeys); the latter site is a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaque</a>, which prehistorically had a much broader distribution than at present.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> All three of these geographic features are located in the <a href="/wiki/Gouraya_National_Park" title="Gouraya National Park">Gouraya National Park</a>. The urban area covers an area of 12,022 hectares. Béjaïa is located 220 km east of the capital Algiers, 93 km east of Tizi Ouzou, 81.5 km northeast of <a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arreridj</a>, 70 km northwest of Sétif and 61 km west of Jijel.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 1]</a> The geographic coordinates of the commune at the central point of its capital are 36° 45′ 00″ North and 5° 04′ 00″ East, respectively.<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toponymy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Béjaïa is transliteration from an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> toponym derived from the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> toponym (<a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle variant</a>) Bgayet, notably by transliteration (see Transcription and transliteration) of the sound ǧ in dj (ج). This Berber name — which would have originally been Tabgayet, but whose initial t marking the feminine gender would have fallen into disuse — would come from the words tabegga, tabeɣayt, meaning "wild brambles and blackberries".<a href="#cite_note-MAH3-5">[4]</a> The name Béjaïa would thus originally have the same Berber root as other names of cities in the Maghreb, such as <a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> (Thouga) and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Béja</a> (Vaga) in Tunisia or <a href="/wiki/Baghai" title="Baghai">Ksar Baghaï</a> (Bagaï) in the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAH2-6">[5]</a> In medieval <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, Bugaya (from Arabic Bugāya; in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> Bujía and in Italian Bugía<a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-7">[6]</a> is the name given to the city that supplied a large quantity of beeswax for the manufacture of candles.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Bougie will be the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French form</a> of this transcription of the Arabic name. Gradually it will be applied to the designation of the wax that was imported in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> in Europe; they are from then on commonly designated in French by the word "bougie".<a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_hydrography">Climate and hydrography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate and hydrography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city is part of the <a href="/wiki/Soummam_River" title="Soummam River">Soummam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. Béjaïa and the lower <a href="/wiki/Soummam_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Soummam valley">Soummam Valley</a> enjoy a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. It is generally humid with a slight seasonal temperature change.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Average temperatures are generally mild and vary from 11.1 °C in winter to 24.5 °C in summer. In addition to the Soummam River, which sufficiently meets agricultural needs in the surroundings of the city, Béjaïa is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">maritime Kabylie</a> and benefits from a fairly favorable rainfall compared to the rest of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> in the region can range from 800 mm to 1,200 mm, but some local sources tend to be depleted due to increased demand.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The city also draws its water resources from the mountainous hinterland and from various springs, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Toudja" title="Toudja">Toudja</a>, which was connected in ancient times by an aqueduct to the ancient city (Saldae).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Béjaïa </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.7 (108.9) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8 (112.6) </td> <td style="background: #AA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.6 (117.7) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5 (108.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #AA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.6 (117.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.1 (71.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7 (58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.9 (4.56) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.0 (3.70) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 (3.17) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.4 (2.54) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3 (1.63) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (0.54) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (0.24) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (0.48) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0 (2.76) </td> <td style="background: #66FF66; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3 (3.91) </td> <td style="background: #4FFF4F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.8 (4.64) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">771 (30.37) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000CC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.7 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206.4 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">227.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">269.7 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308.3 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">331.5 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">304.6 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">233.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (precipitation-sun 1991-2020)<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>(mean temperatures 1968-1990)<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: climatebase.ru (extremes, humidity)<a href="#cite_note-climatebase-14">[13]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadside_and_rail_communications">Roadside and rail communications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roadside and rail communications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png/220px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png/220px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png" data-width="220" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png/330px-B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_arri%C3%A8re_pays.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The relief of Béjaïa and its road and rail communication routes.</figcaption></figure> The city of Béjaïa is linked to Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a>, Bouira, Sétif, <a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a> and several Kabyle localities by an important road network. It has a bus station. Bus lines connect it to the cities of the Algerian south, including <a href="/wiki/Hassi_Messaoud" title="Hassi Messaoud">Hassi Messaoud</a>, Ouargla, <a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">Laghouat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djelfa" title="Djelfa">Djelfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bou_Sa%C3%A2da" title="Bou Saâda">Bou Saâda</a>. The commune of Béjaïa is served by several national roads. Some of them run through valleys and gorges that constitute natural passage areas:<a href="#cite_note-15">[Note 2]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_road_9_(Algeria)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National road 9 (Algeria) (page does not exist)">national road 9 (Sétif road)</a>, which passes along the coast then the Kherrata gorges to Sétif, and national road 24 (Béjaïa road), which crosses the Soummam valley, Bouira, then Algiers to the west, or Bordj Bou Arreridj to the east. Others run through steeper terrain: national road 12 (Tizi Ouzou road), passing through the <a href="/wiki/Yakouren" title="Yakouren">Yakouren forest</a> and its mountains then <a href="/wiki/Azazga" title="Azazga">Azazga</a>, Tizi-Ouzou to <a href="/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s" title="Boumerdès">Boumerdès</a>, and national road 75 (Batna road), passing through Barbacha and the mountains of Petite Kabylie to reach Sétif and join the Highlands to <a href="/wiki/Batna_(city)" title="Batna (city)">Batna</a>. A highway construction project is underway to ease congestion on the Béjaïa road, the main axis between the capital and the east of the country, and to connect the city and its port, one of the most important in Algeria, to the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Highway_(Algeria)" title="East–West Highway (Algeria)">Algerian East-West highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Béjaïa has a railway station, the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Mansour-Beja%C3%AFa_line" title="Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line">Beni Mansour-Bejaia line</a>, created in 1889 and on which a railcar runs linking the stations in the region: Beni Mansour, Tazmalt, Allaghan, <a href="/wiki/Akbou" title="Akbou">Akbou</a>, Lazib Ben Cherif, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ighzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ighzer (page does not exist)">Ighzer Amokrane</a>, Takriets, <a href="/wiki/Sidi_A%C3%AFch" title="Sidi Aïch">Sidi Aich</a>, Ilmaten and El Kseur,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The interconnection, at Beni Mansour, with the <a href="/wiki/Algiers-Skikda_line" title="Algiers-Skikda line">Algiers-Skikda line</a>, allows access to the entire Algerian railway network by direct links to the Algerian capital, to the west, and to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a>, to the south-east. A regional train specifically linking Béjaïa to its outskirts is also in service; it was designed to open up the east of the region. The line would benefit from about fifteen daily round trips and should serve the stations of the Beni Mansour-Bejaia line.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Bejaia has an international airport located 5 km south of the city. It was first called "Bejaia - Soummam Airport" between 1982 and 1999, named after the Soummam River which flows into the Mediterranean near Bejaia. It was inaugurated in 1982 for domestic flights and in 1993 for international flights. It was renamed "<a href="/wiki/Abane_Ramdane_Airport" title="Abane Ramdane Airport">Bejaia - Soummam - Abane Ramdane Airport"</a> in 1999, in homage to the Algerian politician who played a key role in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian War of Independence">Algerian War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Timeline of Béjaïa Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> (202 BC-25 BC ) <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (27 BC–44 AD) <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (44–395) <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–430s) <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> (430s–534) <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (534–674) <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (674–685) <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (685–698) <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (698–700) <a href="/wiki/Jarawa_(Berber_tribe)" title="Jarawa (Berber tribe)">Jarawa</a> (700–702) <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (702–741) <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> (741–771) <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (771–790s) <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> (790s–909) <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–977) <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid dynasty</a> (977–1014) <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a> (1014–1152) <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a> (1152–1232) <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a> (1232–1285) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_%2814th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Hafsids of Béjaïa">Emirate of Béjaïa</a> (1285–1510) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Hispanic Monarchy</a> (1510–1555) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">regency of Algiers</a> (1555–1833) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">french Algeria</a> (1833-1962) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (1962–present) </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The presence of man is attested in various urban and peri-urban sites. The Ali Bacha cave station would represent the oldest settlement site around 40,000 to 20,000 BC. On the Aiguades site, the equipment and furniture found evoke a period around 10,000 BC and therefore <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gehimab2002-20">[18]</a> The region is also rich in archaeological deposits such as the Afalou caves where some of the oldest burials of modern men, known as <a href="/wiki/Mechta-Afalou" title="Mechta-Afalou">Mechta-Afalou men</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> have been found, which testifies to a culture focused on compassion with the burial of individuals in cave-sanctuary-necropolises and the use of clay pottery dated from 18,000 to 11,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[20]</a> These deposits are typical of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian archaeological culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Byzantine_era">Antiquity and Byzantine era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Byzantine era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a></div>The city contains remains from the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-gehimab2002-20">[18]</a> The oldest known remains are a "hanout" which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber_alphabet" title="Libyco-Berber alphabet">Libyc tomb</a>. Long attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic culture</a>, it is in fact much older, its dating is interdetermined.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[21]</a> The advantageous site, sheltered from the winds by Cape Carbon, was surely occupied very early. The first trace of historical mention appears in the 5th century BC in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax" title="Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax">Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax</a>. The region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">kingdom of Numidia</a>. In addition, the Punic influence is present: the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> traveled the North African coasts to trade and establish trading posts called emporioe.<a href="#cite_note-z-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha'</a>s defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> changed the latter's alliance into a suzerainty; <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided the territory into provinces constituting Caesarean Mauretania, and, according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, Saldae (the ancient name of the city) was a Roman colony founded with the first annexations in 33 BC. Eight years later, he returned the province of the city to <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> in compensation for his hereditary states. The city acquired a predominantly Latin culture and was Christianized.<a href="#cite_note-z2-26">[24]</a> The Romans set up various hydraulic networks that would be reused in the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid era</a>. The Toudja aqueduct dates from the reign of Antoninus Pius. But the city did not know the importance of the development of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo (Annaba)</a> which flourished more under the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg/400px-Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg/400px-Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg/600px-Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Western-mediterranean-rome-hadrian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Western Roman empire in the second century AD during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. Saldae can be seen on the south coast of the Mediterranean.</figcaption></figure> Augustus also founded Tubusuptus, the current ruins of Tiklat, a few kilometres away on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Soummam_River" title="Soummam River">Nasava (Soummam)</a>. From the 1st century, the <a href="/wiki/Tacfarinas" title="Tacfarinas">revolt of Tacfarinas</a> involved all the Numidian populations of the region; he invested the Soummam valley, took Tiklat and reached <a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a>. He was finally pushed back by the proconsul Dollabella.<a href="#cite_note-e-28">[26]</a> In the 4th century, in the mountains near Saldae, <a href="/wiki/Firmus" title="Firmus">Firmus</a> gathered the "<a href="/wiki/Quinquegentiani" title="Quinquegentiani">Quinquegentians</a>" (current Kabyle tribes of Djurdjura) and led them against the Romans. Count Theodosius arrived with troops from Europe to put down the revolt; he had difficulty overcoming the insurgents. <a href="#cite_note-e-28">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in turn entered North Africa from Spain in 429. Led by Geneseric, they carried iron to all the coastal towns. They made Saldae the capital of their new states until 439 and the capture of Carthage. The struggles between the supporters of Arianism and those of Catholicism weakened the entire region; the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> then found there a pretext and an opportunity to intervene. The city then fell under Byzantine domination, from the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> in 533. The heavy Byzantine oppression also soon gave rise to the population's desire for revolt until the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest of North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG/220px-Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG/220px-Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG/330px-Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG/440px-Hafsids_Bougie_Algeria_1249_1276_ornemental_Kufic.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coin of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a>, with ornamental <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script, from Béjaïa, 1249–1276</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_and_feudal_rulers">Muslim and feudal rulers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Muslim and feudal rulers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Arab_Conquest">The Arab Conquest</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Arab Conquest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Seen by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Arab conquerors</a> who came from Kairouan, the mountains around Béjaïa were nicknamed el 'adua ("the enemy") to designate the stubborn resistance they were the seat of.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-31">[29]</a> Information on this period is scattered, or contradictory; it seems that the city was conquered relatively late, around the year 708. An unlikely hypothesis would have it that the name Béjaïa comes from this period from the Arabic word بقاية (Baqâyâ : "the remains, the survivors") because it would have served as a fallback for the Christian and Jewish populations of Constantine and Sétif. According to Ibn Khaldoun, the name Béjaïa would rather come from that of the tribe that inhabited the city: the "Bedjaïa".<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-33">[31]</a> The three centuries that followed the conquest are obscure due to the lack of accounts of its situation; The city is part of the Aghlabid territory, then that of the Kutama-Fatimids where it knows a certain effervescence. It seems that when the Hammadid sovereign An Nasir founded his capital An Nasirya there, in 1067, the monuments of ancient Saldae were in ruins. Several hypotheses supported by local traditions explain this state: the city would have experienced 7 earthquakes or a similar number of enemy attacks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> It seems established that in the 10th century, the city is in the hands of the Sanhadja Berbers, from whom came the Zirid and Hammadid dynasties which will reign over the Central Maghreb. It is then a town essentially populated by Andalusians, in accordance with the description given by the Andalusian geographer Al Bakri, before the policy of the Hammadids gave a decisive boost to the city.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cote6-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berber_Dynasties:_The_Glory_of_a_Medieval_Capital">Berber Dynasties: The Glory of a Medieval Capital</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Berber Dynasties: The Glory of a Medieval Capital" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/200px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="817"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/200px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/300px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/400px-Algiers_and_Bejaia_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historic map of Algiers and Béjaïa by <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></figcaption></figure> In the 10th century, the city was only a small fishing port. In 1067, the Berber sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid dynasty</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Nasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Nasir (page does not exist)">An Nasir</a> (1062-1088), ruling over the Central Maghreb, developed the city and made it his capital. Indeed, his first capital, the <a href="/wiki/Qal%27a_of_Banu_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qal'a of Banu Hammad">Qal'a of Banu Hammad</a>, in the Highlands, was under threat from raids by the Hilalian Arab nomads who, from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, had launched a second wave of Arab invasions into the Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> He gave the city the name An Nasiriya, which it would struggle to keep in the face of its toponym Béjaïa, which was already well established in usage. As <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> reports, this is due to the fact that the toponym Bejaïa is linked to the name of the Berber tribe populating this place.<a href="#cite_note-:92-38">[36]</a> Before acquiring its status as capital, the city experienced remarkable dynamism, particularly on the cultural level; it was in fact the port at the crossroads of the <a href="/wiki/Qal%27a_of_Banu_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qal'a of Banu Hammad">Qal'a of Banu Hammad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al Andalus</a>. Scholars and traders passed through it and it was the outlet of the triq sultan, the royal road from the High Plateaus to the Mediterranean and even an outlet for <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids emirs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> were inspired by the palaces of Bejaïa to establish those of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. The city, more than a recognized or appreciated place, was a place of obligatory passage; It is a real crossroads on the road from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al Andalus</a> to the East (especially for pilgrims going to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) but also from Europe to Africa. It is a place of meetings and exchanges of knowledge between local communities, from Europe and the East.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The establishment of the Hammadid sovereigns will make it the capital of the Central Maghreb and the Algerian madinat at tarikh (the city of history). An original political fact on the scale of the ancient Maghreb, it is a coastal capital. It becomes one of the main cultural and scientific centers of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">western Mediterranean</a> and an important commercial center for Europe. If the precise state of the Bougiotte merchant fleet is unknown, it occupies a significant place in the Mediterranean without however being preponderant compared to the European merchant fleets. It is frequented by Latin merchants, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a>, Andalusians and later <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalans</a><a href="#cite_note-Val%C3%A9rian_247-610-41">[39]</a>. These traders from the south of Europe gave it various names in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>: Bugia, Buzia, Bugea, Buzana. It was at this time that the city's wax, exported to Europe for the making of candles, gave the word "bougie" to French and the word "basane" to designate skins; lexical borrowing of the transcribed names of the city (respectively Bougie and Buzana).<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-DG4C8Y-43">[41]</a> The city exported beeswax and skins in quantity, tannic barks for working leather (the iscorzia di Bugiea was famous in the 14th century), alum, cereals, raisins, wool and cotton from <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%27sila" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="M'sila">M'sila</a>, metals and pottery.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The city also imported various goods such as metals, fabric, dyes and medicinal herbs. It was also a naval base for the Hammadids, and the starting point for naval expeditions to the "country of Rum" (from which Sicily was three days' sailing)<a href="#cite_note-r-45">[43]</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammadid_fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammadid fleet (page does not exist)">Hammadid fleet</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_marine_alg%C3%A9rienne#L'impulsion_ziride_et_hammadide_:_un_nouveau_r%C3%B4le_en_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Histoire de la marine algérienne">fr</a>] played an important role in the western Mediterranean; it slowed down European advances, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/Normans_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans of Sicily">Normans of Sicily</a> in the 12th century. The Hammadids attracted scholars from all backgrounds and practiced an open policy, particularly towards Europe. Jews and Christians benefited from favorable conditions; the Emir An Nasir maintained regular correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and asked him to appoint a bishop for his city.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The arrival of scholars made Béjaïa a leading city in the field of science; its influence extended beyond the Mediterranean and reached Europe. An Andalusian culture mixed with traditional oriental inspiration, secular sciences developed as did sacred sciences. Unlike the Qal'a in the hinterland, it is considered a cultural and "modern" city for its time; A "Berber city living in the oriental style",<a href="#cite_note-r2-48">[46]</a> many illustrious scholars came from it or settled there throughout its medieval period: <a href="/wiki/Al_Madani" title="Al Madani">Al Madani</a> (10th century), <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hammad_(historian)" title="Ibn Hammad (historian)">Ibn Hammad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahia_Zwawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahia Zwawi (page does not exist)">Yahia Zwawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Leonardo Fibonacci</a> (12th century), <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> (13th century). Scholars came to complete their training in the city as they did in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. Hundreds of students, some of European origin, crowded into the schools and mosques where theologians, jurists, philosophers and scholars taught. The main places of medieval knowledge were the Great Mosque, Madinat al-`Ilm (the City of Sciences), the Khizana Sultaniya and the Sidi Touati Institute. The jurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Ghobrini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Ghobrini (page does not exist)">Al Ghobrini</a> (1246-1314), qadi of the city, described the scholars of Béjaïa as "princes of science", among whom were <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Haq_al-Isbili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Haq al-Isbili (page does not exist)">Abd al-Haq al-Isbili</a>, al-Qurashi and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tamim_Ben_Gebara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tamim Ben Gebara (page does not exist)">Abu Tamim Ben Gebara</a>. These scholars met in audiences where they consulted on various subjects.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> There is a rivalry and intellectual exchanges between <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zeneta" title="Zeneta">Zeneta</a> and Béjaïa, the <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a>. This tolerance of the city is nuanced by one of the versions of the story of the death of Ramon Llull. Indeed, according to one version, he was stoned by the Bougiotes who had accused him of wanting to convert them to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> when other versions affirm that he was simply shipwrecked on his return to <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> from Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician, brought back the "<a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>" and the algebraic notation. According to the versions, the inspiration for the Fibonacci sequence would be due to the observation of beekeepers and the reproduction of bees in the region or to a local mathematical problem concerning the reproduction of rabbits that he describes in his work <a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber abaci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DG4C8Y2-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> At that time the city had developed so much that, according to <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, it was populated by several tens of thousands of people from all over the Maghreb, the Levant, Europe and Asia. The indigenous population of the city was mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabyle hinterland</a> and the large community of Andalusian refugees. The population estimate at that time is put at 100,000 inhabitants by Al Idrissi. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Mohammad Ibn Tumart</a> met <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a>, the one who would become the caliph of his movement and of a new state (the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>), near Béjaïa around 1118.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Mohammad Ibn Tumart preached a return to the sources of Islam from <a href="/wiki/Mellala_Mosque" title="Mellala Mosque">Mellala</a>, a town located 10 km from Béjaïa. Years before, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> guide was said to have been driven out by the people of Bejaia, whom he had strongly criticized for their morals.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The political movement he founded was the basis of the Almohad Empire, which seized Bejaia in 1152 and deposed the Hammadids. The city retained its strategic importance under the Almohads; it became a provincial capital.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The caliph Abd el Mumin appointed a member of his own family as governor of the city,<a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud_p63-59">[57]</a> a testament to its strategic importance. The city's port housed the caliph's fleet and that of the Hammadids, which he had seized.<a href="#cite_note-Val%C3%A9rian_Ch1-60">[58]</a> In 1183, for a brief period, the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Banu Ghaniya</a> (remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a>) seized Bejaia before the Almohads regained control of it.<a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud_p63-59">[57]</a> After the breakup of the Almohad Empire, Béjaïa returned to the orbit of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Berbers</a> of Tunis who became independent in June 1228.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> But in reality, due to the fragmentation and succession disputes, the emir or sultan of Béjaïa became independent from that of Tunis at the head of a real dissident kingdom over various periods, the last of which before the Spanish conquest extended over the entire 15th century, at which time it was called the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Hafsids of Béjaïa">"kingdom de Bougie "</a>. Trade remained active with the Christian states and the city was one of the main reception points for Andalusian refugees fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a><a href="#cite_note-Val%C3%A9rian_247-6102-62">[60]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_centuries_of_decadence_of_Bejaia">The centuries of decadence of Bejaia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The centuries of decadence of Bejaia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Like the tragic fate suffered at the turn of the 15th century by many caravanserais and several medieval cities of the Sahara and the Maghreb coast, sometimes radically, those characterized by an economy significantly linked to <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan-Mediterranean</a> trade as well as by a lack of substitutes inherently or de facto (such as <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> in Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Honaine" title="Honaine">Honaïne</a> in Algeria, radically <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a> in Morocco, etc.), Bejaia thus begins its decline in this context of a combination of circumstances of reconfiguration of world trade in favor of new maritime routes dominated at first by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a> to the detriment of the previous caravan routes and what was related to them.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_coveted_city">A coveted city</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: A coveted city" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, carried out raids on the ports of North Africa. The city was taken by the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Navarro" title="Pedro Navarro">Pedro Navarro</a> in 1510 from Sultan Abdelaziz. The Spanish put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Hafsids of Béjaïa">"kingdom of Bougie"</a> in the central Maghreb. They made the city one of their trading posts which was maintained thanks to relations with <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. But their harshness caused the flight of the local population, and conflicts with the surrounding Berbers. The city could no longer serve as a relay for trade with the hinterland and Abu Bakr, Abdelaziz's brother and sultan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1512)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Béjaïa (1512) (page does not exist)">tried to retake the city in 1512</a> from his new capital, Constantine (using the Zianid siege system of the 14th century). <a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The Spanish were content to control a perimeter forming a sort of triangle between Bordj Abdelkader, the Casbah and Bordj Moussa. The city outside these limits was not defendable by the weak Spanish garrison and was ruined. The spirit of the Inquisition influenced local Spanish politics, the <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of North Africa">Jews</a> were driven out of the city and the urban elites, including the scholars, fled. The scholarly tradition then moved massively to the <a href="/wiki/Zawiyas_in_Algeria" title="Zawiyas in Algeria">zaouïas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> hinterland, the manuscripts were also moved and dispersed. The population of the city was in free fall, and even the Spanish garrison was increasingly reduced; it numbered 500 men in 1555. <a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The former possessions of Béjaïa were fragmented, which hindered the reconquest of the city. In Kabylie, El Abbès, the son of the Sultan of Béjaïa, founded his principality around the <a href="/wiki/Kal%C3%A2a_of_Ait_Abbas" title="Kalâa of Ait Abbas">Kalâa of Ait Abbès</a>, taking part of the city's elites; on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Soummam_River" title="Soummam River">Soummam</a> he was in competition with Belkadi, descendant of the Bougiote jurist Al Ghobrini who founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Sultanate of Kuku</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> it was Abou Bakr, brother of the former sultan, who proclaimed himself sultan over all of eastern Algeria. These various protagonists, rivals among themselves, each hoped to reconquer the city and unify its former dependencies. <a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> It was at this time that in a Maghreb where the old states were in decline that the Barbarossa brothers appeared, Greek corsairs converted to Islam who settled in the neighboring city of <a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>. They joined the various attempts to retake the city from the Spanish thanks to their expertise in navigation. They eventually founded their own state around Algiers, based partly on corsair activity, and rapidly extended their influence over northern Algeria by gradually entering the Ottoman orbit and presenting themselves in the eyes of the population as direct competitors of the Spanish. Béjaïa quickly became a strategic objective; the Barbarossa gradually ousted the Hafsids from Constantine and Annaba. <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> used the city as a fallback after the disastrous 1541 expedition against Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_marginalized_city">A marginalized city</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A marginalized city" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Barbarossa would never achieve their goal of retaking Béjaïa during their lifetime. It was one of their successors, the beylerbey Salah Raïs, who finally entered the city after the Battle of Béjaïa (1555) with the help of the Kabyles of Koukou.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The city was integrated into the State of the regency of Algiers and depended on the beylik of Constantine until 1830. The territorial division into three beyliks placed the city in a marginal position. The political dream of the Barbarossa to establish their capital in Béjaïa was abandoned; the regency was already established in Algiers, which was a fortified port and in which many developments had been carried out.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The only major institution maintained during this period was that of the dar senâa, the shipyards or arsenals of the city which supplied ships to the regency. <a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud117-73">[71]</a>T he city, with a Turkish caïd, is seen above all as a city that could potentially compete with Algiers and is surrounded by hostile mountains<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a>. The rise of a corsair fleet is closely monitored for fear of seeing it compete with that of Algiers; the Algiers fleet comes to winter in its coves where it is naturally sheltered. The city therefore sees its decline accentuated after the departure of the Spanish. The inhabitants maintain a small merchant fleet of about twenty chebeks or feluccas which trade when the weather is favorable with Algiers, Oran, Bouna and Tunis to export the region's produce. In winter, this fleet is stationed on the beach of Dar senâa under the Casbah and is not refloated until spring.<a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud1172-75">[73]</a> The goods exported are oil, wax, dried figs, and leather; fabrics and cereals are imported. These ships could transport wood for the karasta: the exploitation of wood for the shipbuilding of Algiers. <a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a>Corsair activity continued during this period, particularly with that of Jijel. In 1671, the city was targeted by the English led by Édouard Sprague who bombarded it to stop the corsair attacks on their ships. During this entire period, the city was not maintained, and the descriptions of various travelers reflect the deterioration of the buildings and the lack of repair. Sidi M'hamed Amokrane, a marabout, son of the Sultan of Aït Abbas, Sidi Naceur Amokrane (or Mokrani), settled near Béjaïa around 1630, before going to Jijel. He moved his zaouïa from the village of Ama'dan to the city where the Turks charged him with running the karasta.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> At the time of Al Warthilani (1713 – 1779), the city seems to be in the hands of three important figures: the cadi, the caid and the descendant of the marabout Mokrani.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The caids asked the marabouts to pass under the laânaya (protection) of the troops of Béjaïa until Algiers. Indeed, the city located in the heart of Kabylie, independent of the executive power of Algiers, was often besieged during insurrectional conflicts between the various confederations of the region. During the great revolt of 1806, led by the sheriff Ben el Harche, the city was besieged without success.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 1823, the tribes of Bibans and Soummam seized the caid of the city. In 1825, the agha Yahia, commander of the troops from Algiers, invaded the city and launched operations of repression against the tribes of Soummam.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_the_regency_and_the_colonial_period">The fall of the regency and the colonial period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The fall of the regency and the colonial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1830, the French launched the conquest of Algeria. At first, the expedition was directed against Algiers. But very soon, the invaders sought to occupy the entire country, in particular Kabylie against which several expeditions were directed. Béjaïa, which had come under the control of the Mezzaïa tribe after the fall of the dey of Algiers, suffered several incidents involving French and English ships. In 1831, two expeditions aimed at imposing as its caïd a man named Mourad, then a certain Bou Setta, were thwarted. A new expedition resulted in the capture of the city in 1833, after fierce resistance from its inhabitants. However, the French failed to conquer the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud144-1452-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordj_Moussa.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bordj_Moussa.jpeg/170px-Bordj_Moussa.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bordj_Moussa.jpeg/170px-Bordj_Moussa.jpeg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bordj_Moussa.jpeg/255px-Bordj_Moussa.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bordj_Moussa.jpeg/340px-Bordj_Moussa.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Bordj Moussa</figcaption></figure>The city and its region put up fierce resistance to the French colonial presence; moreover, like the Spanish in the 16th century, the French were content with a limited occupation until 1846. Various defensive works were built around the square, particularly on the heights.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud144-145-83">[81]</a> The city took part in several uprisings and insurrections, such as that of the sheriff Boubaghla, and especially the great revolt of Sheikh El Mokrani and Sheikh Aheddad in 1871. At the time of the French conquest, the city was no more than a very modest town of around 2,000 inhabitants. <a href="#cite_note-F%C3%A9raud144-1453-84">[82]</a>The city was made a fully-fledged commune by decree of 17 June 1854.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The French partially filled in the bay and developed the city's port and outer harbor. Urban planning work (development of the seafront and major roads) left its mark on its urban fabric. It gradually regains its role as an outlet for Kabylia, and as an export port for local agricultural products. Algerian inhabitants still maintain their coastal shipping activity. In 1906, the Cape Carbon lighthouse was built, it is the highest in the world due to its natural location (altitude 220 meters) and it has a range of 33 miles. <a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> landed forces in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, including a battalion of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_Kent_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal West Kent Regiment">Royal West Kent Regiment</a> at Béjaïa on 11 November 1942. That same day, at 4:40 PM, a German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> air raid struck Béjaïa with thirty <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Ju 88</a> bombers and torpedo planes. The transports <a href="/wiki/HMT_Awatea" title="HMT Awatea">Awatea</a> and Cathay were sunk and the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Roberts_(F40)" title="HMS Roberts (F40)">HMS Roberts</a> was damaged. The following day, the anti-aircraft ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Tynwald_(1936)" title="SS Tynwald (1936)">SS Tynwald</a> was torpedoed and sank, while the transport Karanja was bombed and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013-87">[85]</a> On May 8, 1945, the repression led by the French colonial forces in Kherrata, where the navy was used for a naval bombardment of the coasts of the Béjaïa region, caused thousands of victims.<a href="#cite_note-Zirem-88">[86]</a> During the Algerian War of Independence, the organization of the FLN and the ALN created for the first time a Kabyle administrative territory, the wilaya III; Béjaïa is part of this group.<a href="#cite_note-:72-89">[87]</a> The Soummam congress, which is the political meeting of the FLN which sets the political-military line of the Algerian national movement in the war, takes place in Ouzellaguen, in the Bougiote hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-Zirem2-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_modern_agglomeration">The modern agglomeration</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The modern agglomeration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On the eve of the Algerian War in 1954, it had 30,000 inhabitants, including 6,200 Europeans. One of the last decisions of the colonial administration was to build an oil pipeline from Hassi Messaoud, with the city as a terminal depot and oil port. In 1959, Béjaïa was the most important oil port in Algeria, which was a source of income.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In 1962, it was integrated into the wilaya of Sétif, before becoming the seat of its own wilaya in 1974. The city experienced a demographic boom, and an urbanization of the Lekhmis plain, following the influx of rural people, particularly from Kabylie. <a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Béjaïa, like other cities in Soummam, was one of the centers of Berber identity claims during the Berber Spring of 1980; and in 2001, during the Black Spring. If it struggles to establish itself as the economic capital of Little Kabylia, it is undeniably the cultural capital of Kabylia, in competition with Tizi-Ouzou. The opening of the political field has allowed the emergence of groups, associations, artistic and cultural events of all types. The University Center, by its presence, supports the movement and it is planned to install the Tamazight language institute in Béjaïa.<a href="#cite_note-:5-93">[91]</a> This rapid expansion of the city is also a challenge in terms of urban planning; the city is indeed struggling to ensure a hinterland due to the relief. On the other hand, heritage and culture are also an issue because they are threatened in the long term. The exceptional site also raises the environmental question and that of pollution linked to domestic and industrial activities. In the early 1990s, the increase in population combined with the lack of planning and the inadequacy of public policies degraded the living environment of the city, despite certain assets for its future.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-95">[93]</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Carbon Cape Lighthouse <a href="https://quickstatements.toolforge.org/#/v1=Q22683650%7CP31%7CQ39715"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/20px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/20px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/30px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg/40px-Commons_to_Wikidata_QuickStatements.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg/220px-Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg/220px-Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg/330px-Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg/440px-Phare_du_Cap_Carbon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><div class="infobox-caption">Cap Carbon Lighthouse in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays='["_9e99126e7cfd008725991bdb13dafc49ccbb9b4e"]'><noscript><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&revid=1259281129&groups=_9e99126e7cfd008725991bdb13dafc49ccbb9b4e" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" alt="Map"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 200px;" data-src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&revid=1259281129&groups=_9e99126e7cfd008725991bdb13dafc49ccbb9b4e" data-alt="Map" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&revid=1259281129&groups=_9e99126e7cfd008725991bdb13dafc49ccbb9b4e 2x"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Carbon Cape, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Béjaïa</a>, Algeria, France <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650#P17" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&params=36.77514_N_5.10306_E_">36°46′31″N 5°06′11″E / 36.77514°N 5.10306°E / 36.77514; 5.10306</a></td></tr><tr style="background:#b9deed;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Tower</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constructed</th><td class="infobox-data">1906 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction</th><td class="infobox-data">stone (tower) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P186" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">14.6 m (48 ft) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P2048" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shape</th><td class="infobox-data">cylindrical tower with balcony and lantern rising from the keeper's house<a href="#cite_note-capcarbon-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-listoflights113-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Markings</th><td class="infobox-data note">white (tower), black (roof) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P462" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">National Maritime Signaling Office <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P137" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="background:#FAF884;"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Light</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal height</th><td class="infobox-data">224.1 m (735 ft) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P2923" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Range</th><td class="infobox-data">28 nmi (52 km; 32 mi) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P2929" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">Characteristic</a></th><td class="infobox-data note"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>Fl(3) W 20s <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22683650?uselang=en#P1030" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The population of the city in 2008 in the latest census was 177,988. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical populations<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>14,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> <td>17,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>19,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td>15,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>25,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936</td> <td>30,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td>28,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>43,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>63,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>49,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>104,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977</td> <td>74,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>114,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>144,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>177,988 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroport,_terminal_container,_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg/270px-Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2868"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg/270px-Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg" data-width="270" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg/405px-Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg/540px-Aeroport%2C_terminal_container%2C_usine_C%C3%A9vital_%C3%A0_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Maritime front of Béjaïa: a view of its industrial facilities and the airport.</figcaption></figure> The northern terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Hassi_Messaoud" title="Hassi Messaoud">Hassi Messaoud</a> oil pipeline from the Sahara, Béjaïa is the principal <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> port of the Western Mediterranean. Exports, aside from crude petroleum, include <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a>, dried <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>. The city also has <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> industries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Mansour-Beja%C3%AFa_line" title="Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line">Béni Mansour-Bejaïa line</a> railroad terminates in Béjaïa. The airport of the city is <a href="/wiki/Abane_Ramdane_Airport" title="Abane Ramdane Airport">Abane Ramdane Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cevital" title="Cevital">Cevital</a> has its head office in the city.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titular_see_of_Bugia">Titular see of Bugia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Titular see of Bugia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This titular see was for a long time, alternatively and concurrently with the city's authentic Roman Latin name <a href="/wiki/Saldae#Titular_see" title="Saldae">Saldae</a> (v.), called Bugia, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> form (used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>) of Béjaïa. The 'modern' form and title, Bugia, seems out of use, after having had the following incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank: <ul><li>Miguel Morro (1510 – ?), as <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Bishop">Auxiliary Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mallorca" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mallorca">Mallorca</a> (Balearic Spain) (1510 – ?)</li> <li>Fernando de Vera y Zuñiga, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (O.E.S.A.) (1614.02.17 – 1628.11.13), as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Badajoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Badajoz">Badajoz</a> (Spain) (1614.02.17 – 1628.11.13); later Metropolitan Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, finally <a href="/wiki/Archbishop-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop-Bishop">Archbishop-Bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cusco">Cusco</a> (Peru) (1629.07.16 – death 1638.11.09)</li> <li>François Perez (1687.02.05 – death 1728.09.20), as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicar">Apostolic Vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Cochin">Cochin</a> (Vietnam) (1687.02.05 – 1728.09.20)</li> <li>Antonio Mauricio Ribeiro (1824.09.27 – death ?), as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Évora">Évora</a> (Portugal) (1824.09.27 – ?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hilary_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hilary Brown">George Hilary Brown</a> (5 June 1840 until 22 April 1842), as first and only Apostolic Vicar of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Lancashire_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Lancashire District">Lancashire District</a> (England) (1840.06.05 – 1850.09.29), later Titular Bishop of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlous (page does not exist)">Tlous</a> (1842.04.22 – 1850.09.29), promoted first bishop of successor see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (1850.09.29 – 1856.01.25)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The city is home to <a href="/wiki/JSM_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="JSM Béjaïa">JSM Béjaïa</a> and <a href="/wiki/MO_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="MO Béjaïa">MO Béjaïa</a>, two rival <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football</a> clubs who won one <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Cup" title="Algerian Cup">Algerian Cup</a> each and have represented the city in African club competitions. Both of them play at the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Unity_Stadium" title="Maghrebi Unity Stadium">Maghrebi Unity Stadium</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Béjaïa has an official friendly relationship with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow, Scotland">Glasgow, Scotland</a>, since 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg" title="Bad Homburg">Bad Homburg</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Villages">Villages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Villages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilougane" title="Ilougane">Ilougane</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_Hannache" title="Zaki Hannache">Zaki Hannache</a> (born 1987), human rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihad_Hihat" title="Nihad Hihat">Nihad Hihat</a> (born 1994), volleyball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiha_Khebtani" title="Rebiha Khebtani">Rebiha Khebtani</a> (1926–2006), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Oussalah" title="Nassim Oussalah">Nassim Oussalah</a> (born 1981), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fares_Arfa" title="Fares Arfa">Fares Arfa</a> (born 1994), fencer</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Algeria" title="List of lighthouses in Algeria">List of lighthouses in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a>, for Roman history and concurrent Catholic titular see</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Great Mosque of Béjaïa">Great Mosque of Béjaïa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related people</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Salt">Abu al-Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci">Fibonacci</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Distances <a href="/wiki/Great-circle_navigation" title="Great-circle navigation">orthodromiques</a>, dites aussi à vol d'oiseau </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> For major natural crossing points, see <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 4-5. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 4-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque : "Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh : Le processus d'inventaire" (in French). 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Un essai sur le commerce africain médiéval du XIe au XVIe siècle » par Jean Dévisse -- [numérisation de livre/revue spécialisée/article : article du Journal de la Société des Africanistes (1972), via www.persee.fr]"</a>. Journal des Africanistes. pp. 271–272. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Africanistes&rft.atitle=.+%C2%AB+Routes+de+commerce+et+%C3%A9changes+en+Afrique+occidentale+en+relation+avec+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e.+Un+essai+sur+le+commerce+africain+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val+du+XIe+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle+%C2%BB+par+Jean+D%C3%A9visse+--+%5Bnum%C3%A9risation+de+livre%2Frevue+sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9e%2Farticle+%3A+article+du+Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Africanistes+%281972%29%2C+via+www.persee.fr%5D&rft.pages=271-272&rft.date=1972-06-01&rft.aulast=Mauny&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjafr_0037-9166_1973_num_43_2_1716_t1_0271_0000_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 99-101. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaddache2011">Kaddache 2011</a>, p. 240 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKaddache2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 102-108. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaddache2011">Kaddache 2011</a>, p. 310-312 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKaddache2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Féraud117-73"><a href="#cite_ref-F%C3%A9raud117_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Féraud1172-75"><a href="#cite_ref-F%C3%A9raud1172_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaddache2011">Kaddache 2011</a>, p. 490 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKaddache2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Féraud144-1452-81"><a href="#cite_ref-F%C3%A9raud144-1452_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 140-145. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabsbourg2000">Habsbourg 2000</a>, p. 43 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHabsbourg2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Féraud144-145-83"><a href="#cite_ref-F%C3%A9raud144-145_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 140-145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Féraud144-1453-84"><a href="#cite_ref-F%C3%A9raud144-1453_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFF%C3%A9raud2001">Féraud 2001</a>, p. 140-145. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/geo.php?ir=&lieu=Bougie+(Alg%C3%A9rie)">"Recherche géographique : Bougie (Algérie)"</a>. anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr (in French). 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Recherche+g%C3%A9ographique+%3A+Bougie+%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr%2Fgeo.php%3Fir%3D%26lieu%3DBougie%2B%28Alg%25C3%25A9rie%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinist%C3%A8re_de_l'information1970">Ministère de l'information 1970</a>, p. 106 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMinistère_de_l'information1970 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2013">Atkinson 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zirem-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Zirem_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZirem2013">Zirem 2013</a>, p. 84 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZirem2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-89"><a href="#cite_ref-:72_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLalmi2004">Lalmi 2004</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zirem2-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Zirem2_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZirem2013">Zirem 2013</a>, p. 84 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZirem2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKheladi1993">Kheladi 1993</a>, p. 109-110. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-93"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKheladi1993">Kheladi 1993</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCote1991">Cote 1991</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-capcarbon-96"><a href="#cite_ref-capcarbon_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onsm-dz.com/?p=detailphares&equipement_id=23">"Cap Carbon"</a>. Office Nationale de Signalisation Maritime. Ministere des Travaux Publics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922013556/http://www.onsm-dz.com/?p=detailphares&equipement_id=23">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+Nationale+de+Signalisation+Maritime&rft.atitle=Cap+Carbon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onsm-dz.com%2F%3Fp%3Ddetailphares%26equipement_id%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-listoflights113-97"><a href="#cite_ref-listoflights113_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msi.nga.mil/api/publications/download?key=16694312/SFH00000/UpdatedPub113bk.pdf&type=view">List of Lights, Pub. 113: The West Coasts of Europe and Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Azovskoye More (Sea of Azov)</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lights" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lights">List of Lights</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=List+of+Lights%2C+Pub.+113%3A+The+West+Coasts+of+Europe+and+Africa%2C+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+Black+Sea+and+Azovskoye+More+%28Sea+of+Azov%29&rft.series=%27%27List+of+Lights%27%27&rft.pub=United+States+National+Geospatial-Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsi.nga.mil%2Fapi%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%3Fkey%3D16694312%2FSFH00000%2FUpdatedPub113bk.pdf%26type%3Dview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/dzae.htm">"Lighthouses of Eastern Algeria"</a>. The Lighthouse Directory. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lighthouse+Directory&rft.atitle=Lighthouses+of+Eastern+Algeria&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Flighthouse%2Fdzae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm">populstat.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175036/http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cevital.com/index.swf">Cevital & vous</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912034856/http://www.cevital.com/index.swf">Archived</a> 12 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Cevital" title="Cevital">Cevital</a>. Retrieved on 26 August 2011. "Adresse : Nouveau Qaui Port de -Béjaïa - Algérie" </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnales1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpBGAAAAMAAJ">Annales algériennes de géographie</a> (in French). Institut de géographie de l'Université d'Alger. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+alg%C3%A9riennes+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.pub=Institut+de+g%C3%A9ographie+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+d%27Alger&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpBGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Rick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEpZPDnV7EC">An Army At Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-2727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-2727-9"><bdi>978-1-4055-2727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+At+Dawn%3A+The+War+in+North+Africa%2C+1942-1943&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4055-2727-9&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEEpZPDnV7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCote1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cote, M. (1 April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507">Encyclopédie berbère</a> (in French). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85744-509-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-85744-509-1"><bdi>2-85744-509-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.place=Aix-en-Provence&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Peeters&rft.date=1991-04-01&rft.isbn=2-85744-509-1&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedieberbere.revues.org%2F1507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddadou2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haddadou, Mohand Akli (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kiwnQEACAAJ">Dictionnaire toponymique et historique de l'Algérie: comportant les principales localités, ainsi qu'un glossaire des mots arabes et berbères entrant dans la composition des noms de lieux</a> (in French). Tizi Ouzou: Achab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9947-972-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9947-972-25-0"><bdi>978-9947-972-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+toponymique+et+historique+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+comportant+les+principales+localit%C3%A9s%2C+ainsi+qu%27un+glossaire+des+mots+arabes+et+berb%C3%A8res+entrant+dans+la+composition+des+noms+de+lieux&rft.place=Tizi+Ouzou&rft.pub=Achab&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9947-972-25-0&rft.aulast=Haddadou&rft.aufirst=Mohand+Akli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kiwnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheladi1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ">Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie</a> (in French). Office des publications universitaires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbanisme+et+syst%C3%A8mes+sociaux%3A+la+planification+urbaine+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=Office+des+publications+universitaires&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.aulast=Kheladi&rft.aufirst=Mokhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGbaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZouggagheMouniTaffer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zouggaghe; Mouni; Taffer (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lab.univ-biskra.dz/Larhyss/images/pdf/JOURNALN%C2%B017/2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf">"Qualité biologique du réseau hydrographique du bassin versant de la Soummam. (Nord de l'Algérie)"</a> (PDF). Larhyss Journal (17): 21–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1112-3680">1112-3680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Larhyss+Journal&rft.atitle=Qualit%C3%A9+biologique+du+r%C3%A9seau+hydrographique+du+bassin+versant+de+la+Soummam.+%28Nord+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%29.&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=21-33&rft.date=2014-03&rft.issn=1112-3680&rft.au=Zouggaghe&rft.au=Mouni&rft.au=Taffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flab.univ-biskra.dz%2FLarhyss%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FJOURNALN%25C2%25B017%2F2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFéraud2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie">Histoire de Bougie</a> (in French). Éditions Bouchène. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-912946-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-912946-28-7"><bdi>978-2-912946-28-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Bougie&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Bouch%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-2-912946-28-7&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9raud&rft.aufirst=Laurent-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnK5yAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Df%25C3%25A9raud%2Bhistoire%2Bbougie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalmi2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lalmi, Nedjma Abdelfettah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/4710#text">"On the Myth of the Kabyle Cultural Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_d%27%C3%89tudes_Africaines" title="Cahiers d'Études Africaines">Cahiers d'Études Africaines</a> (in French). 44 (175): 507–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.4710">10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=On+the+Myth+of+the+Kabyle+Cultural+Island&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=175&rft.pages=507-531&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesafricaines.4710&rft.aulast=Lalmi&rft.aufirst=Nedjma+Abdelfettah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetudesafricaines.revues.org%2F4710%23text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AB%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023063045/http://www.bgayet.net/">Bgayet.Net</a> <ul><li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011213826/http://bgayet.net/histoire/Introduction-historique.html">History of Béjaïa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t3401.htm">GigaCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=bejaia+algeria&sll=48.392887,-4.479418&sspn=0.050724,0.123596&ie=UTF8&z=13&ll=36.74026,5.07122&spn=0.061215,0.173035&t=k&om=1">Google map of Béjaïa</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Béjaïa&oldid=1259281129">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Béjaïa&oldid=1259281129</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 09:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بجاية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بجاية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch%C3%ADa" title="Bochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becaya" title="Becaya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Becaya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Беджая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беджая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Беджая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Беджая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaia" title="Bejaia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bejaia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugia_(Alg%C3%A8ria)" title="Bugia (Algèria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bugia (Algèria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%C3%AFa_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Algyeriya)" title="Bejaïa (kapital sa lalawigan sa Algyeriya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bejaïa (kapital sa lalawigan sa Algyeriya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%C5%BE%C3%A1ja" title="Bidžája – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bidžája" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaia" title="Bejaia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bejaia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%C3%AFa" title="Bejaïa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bejaïa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Μπετζάγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπετζάγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%C3%ADa" title="Bugía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bugía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C4%B5aja" title="Beĵaja – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beĵaja" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejaia" title="Bejaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bejaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87" title="بجایه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بجایه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84" title="베자이아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베자이아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Բեջայա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեջայա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%85" title="बेजैअ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेजैअ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="בג'איה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בג'איה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Беджая – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Беджая" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saldae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%BEaja" title="Bedžaja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bedžaja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Беџаја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беџаја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بجايه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بجايه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(stad)" title="Béjaïa (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Béjaïa (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2" title="ベジャイア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベジャイア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog%C3%ADa" title="Bogía – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bogía" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بجایہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بجایہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%C5%BCaja" title="Bidżaja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bidżaja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugia_(Arg%C3%A9lia)" title="Bugia (Argélia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bugia (Argélia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Беджая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беджая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%BEaja" title="Bedžaja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bedžaja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%BEaja" title="Bedžaja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bedžaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja%C3%AFa" title="Bejaïa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bejaïa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bgayet" title="Bgayet – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bgayet" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%A2ye" title="Bicâye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bicâye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Беджая – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Беджая" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بجایہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بجایہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Béjaïa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%B4%BE%E4%BA%9A" title="贝贾亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝贾亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> 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