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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_xmf.wikipedia.org&uselang=xmf" class=""><span>აზარა</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90&returnto=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩქი გიზალუთ, გონწყათ ანგარიში დო გენშართათ სისტემაშა; მარა თენა ვა რე უციო" class=""><span>ანგარიშიშ გონწყუმა</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90&returnto=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჯგირ იჸი გემშურთუ–და, მარა თენა ვა რე უციო [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>მიშულა</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="უმოსი პარამეტრი" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="პერსონალური ხეჭკუდეფი" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">პერსონალური ხეჭკუდეფი</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="მახვარებუშ მენიუ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_xmf.wikipedia.org&uselang=xmf"><span>აზარა</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>ავტორი</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90&returnto=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჩქი გიზალუთ, გონწყათ ანგარიში დო გენშართათ სისტემაშა; მარა თენა ვა რე უციო"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ანგარიშიშ გონწყუმა</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90&returnto=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჯგირ იჸი გემშურთუ–და, მარა თენა ვა რე უციო [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>მიშულა</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ხასჷლეფი სისტემაშე გიშულირი რედაქტორეფიშო <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90:%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3" aria-label="ქიგეგით უმოსი რედაქტირაფაშ გეშა"><span>ქიგეგით უმოსი</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჩქიმი IP-იშ სხუნუაშ ხასჷლა [n]" accesskey="n"><span>სხუნუა</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eდამალვა\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"xmf\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003Eქაკათით მარგალურ ვიკიპედიას \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/xmfwikipedia?fref=ts\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Facebook_icon.svg/14px-Facebook_icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" 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aria-label="გიშაგორალი" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">გიშაგორალი</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">გინოღალა ელახიან ღოზიშა</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ტყობინაფა</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">დაჭყაფუ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-რესურსეფი_ინტერნეტის" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#რესურსეფი_ინტერნეტის"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>რესურსეფი ინტერნეტის</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-რესურსეფი_ინტერნეტის-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ლიტერატურა" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ლიტერატურა"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ლიტერატურა</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ლიტერატურა-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="გიშაგორალი" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="გიშაგორალიშ ტყობინაფა/ძირაფა" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">გიშაგორალიშ ტყობინაფა/ძირაფა</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ნოშქერწყარეფი</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="შხვანინამ სტატიაშა გინულა. ხემიოლუ რე 134 ნინაშა" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 ნინა</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhidraat" title="Koolhidraat – აფრიკაანსი" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolhidraat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="აფრიკაანსი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – შვეიცარიული გერმანული" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="შვეიცარიული გერმანული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrato_de_carbonio" title="Hidrato de carbonio – არაგონული" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrato de carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="არაგონული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سكريات – არაბული" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="არაბული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শৰ্কৰা – ასამური" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শৰ্কৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ასამური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – ასტურიული" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ასტურიული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratlar" title="Karbohidratlar – აზერბაიჯანული" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbohidratlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="აზერბაიჯანული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربوهیدرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – ბაშკირული" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ბაშკირული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – ბალინური" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="ბალინური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97ond%C4%97n%C4%93" title="Onglėondėnē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglėondėnē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – ბელარუსული" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ბელარუსული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Вугляводы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугляводы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Въглехидрат – ბულგარული" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ბულგარული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="শর্করা – ბენგალური" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শর্করা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ბენგალური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – ბოსნიური" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ბოსნიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нүүрһэн уһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэн уһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcid" title="Glúcid – კატალანური" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glúcid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="კატალანური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – სებუანო" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="სებუანო" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کاربۆھیدرات – ცენტრალური ქურთული" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆھیدرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ცენტრალური ქურთული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharidy" title="Sacharidy – ჩეხური" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sacharidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ჩეხური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrad" title="Carbohydrad – უელსური" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbohydrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="უელსური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat – დანიური" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulhydrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="დანიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenhydrate" title="Kohlenhydrate – გერმანული" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="გერმანული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%93%DE%B0" title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް – დივეჰი" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާބޯހައިޑްރޭޓް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="დივეჰი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Υδατάνθρακες – ბერძნული" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδατάνθρακες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ბერძნული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – ინგლისური" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ინგლისური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrato" title="Karbonhidrato – ესპერანტო" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonhidrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ესპერანტო" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcido" title="Glúcido – ესპანური" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glúcido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ესპანური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahhariidid" title="Sahhariidid – ესტონური" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sahhariidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ესტონური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono_hidrato" title="Karbono hidrato – ბასკური" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono hidrato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ბასკური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcidu" title="Glúcidu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Glúcidu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کربوهیدرات – სპარსული" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربوهیدرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="სპარსული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilihydraatti" title="Hiilihydraatti – ფინური" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiilihydraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ფინური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucide" title="Glucide – ფრანგული" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glucide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ფრანგული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6lh%C3%BCdraaten" title="Köölhüdraaten – ჩრდილოფრიზიული" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Köölhüdraaten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ჩრდილოფრიზიული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalhydraat" title="Koalhydraat – დასავლეთფრიზიული" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalhydraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="დასავლეთფრიზიული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbaihiodr%C3%A1it" title="Carbaihiodráit – ირლანდიური" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbaihiodráit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ირლანდიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualuisg" title="Gualuisg – შოტლანდიური გელური" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualuisg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="შოტლანდიური გელური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrato" title="Carbohidrato – გალისიური" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="გალისიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פחמימה – ებრაული" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ებრაული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – ჰინდი" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ჰინდი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikohidrati" title="Ugljikohidrati – ხორვატული" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikohidrati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ხორვატული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabonidrat" title="Kabonidrat – ჰაიტიური კრეოლი" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabonidrat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ჰაიტიური კრეოლი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nhidr%C3%A1t" title="Szénhidrát – უნგრული" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénhidrát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="უნგრული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ածխաջուր – სომხური" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխաջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="სომხური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrato" title="Carbohydrato – ინტერლინგუალური" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbohydrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ინტერლინგუალური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – ინდონეზიური" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ინდონეზიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohidrate" title="Carbohidrate – ინტერლინგი" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbohidrate" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ინტერლინგი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – ილოკო" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ილოკო" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – იდო" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="იდო" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykra" title="Sykra – ისლანდიური" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ისლანდიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucidi" title="Glucidi – იტალიური" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glucidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="იტალიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E6%B0%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="炭水化物 – იაპონური" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭水化物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="იაპონური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – იავური" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="იავური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირწყლები – ქართული" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირწყლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ქართული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Көмірсулар – ყაზახური" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмірсулар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ყაზახური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು – კანადა" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಬೋಹೈಡ್ರೇಟುಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="კანადა" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄수화물 – კორეული" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄수화물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="კორეული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہایڈریٹ – ქაშმირული" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کاربوہایڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="ქაშმირული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboh%C3%AEdrat" title="Karbohîdrat – ქურთული" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbohîdrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ქურთული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83" title="Көмүрсуу – ყირგიზული" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүрсуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ყირგიზული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratum" title="Carbohydratum – ლათინური" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbohydratum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ლათინური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelenhydrat" title="Kuelenhydrat – ლუქსემბურგული" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelenhydrat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ლუქსემბურგული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidraa" title="Carbuidraa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbuidraa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ກະລູຊິດ – ლაოსური" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະລູຊິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ლაოსური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliavandeniai" title="Angliavandeniai – ლიეტუვური" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Angliavandeniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ლიეტუვური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C4%BChidr%C4%81ti" title="Ogļhidrāti – ლატვიური" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogļhidrāti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ლატვიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliosida" title="Gliosida – მალაგასიური" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gliosida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="მალაგასიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Јаглехидрат – მაკედონური" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглехидрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="მაკედონური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ് – მალაიალამური" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബോഹൈഡ്രേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="მალაიალამური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Нүүрс ус – მონღოლური" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="მონღოლური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – მალაიური" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="მალაიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ် – ბირმული" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဘိုဟိုက်ဒရိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ბირმული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lenhydrate" title="Kölenhydrate – ქვემოგერმანული" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kölenhydrate" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ქვემოგერმანული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट – ნეპალური" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बोहाइड्रेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ნეპალური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा – ნევარი" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ნევარი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolhydraten" title="Koolhydraten – ნიდერლანდური" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolhydraten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ნიდერლანდური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – ნორვეგიული ნიუნორსკი" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ნორვეგიული ნიუნორსკი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohydrat" title="Karbohydrat – ნორვეგიული ბუკმოლი" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ნორვეგიული ბუკმოლი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid" title="Glucid – ოქსიტანური" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glucid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ოქსიტანური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboohayidireeti" title="Kaarboohayidireeti – ორომო" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboohayidireeti" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ორომო" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର – ორია" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶ୍ୱେତସାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ორია" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%82%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æвзалыдæттæ – ოსური" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыдæттæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ოსური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F" title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ – პენჯაბური" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬੋਹਾਈਡਰੇਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="პენჯაბური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glowodany" title="Węglowodany – პოლონური" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglowodany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="პოლონური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربوہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%89%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%BC" title="کاربوهایډرېټ – პუშტუ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربوهایډرېټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="პუშტუ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrato" title="Carboidrato – პორტუგალიური" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carboidrato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="პორტუგალიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaku" title="K'illimsayaku – კეჩუა" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="კეჩუა" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucid%C4%83" title="Glucidă – რუმინული" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glucidă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="რუმინული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Углеводы – რუსული" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углеводы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="რუსული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Угльоводы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угльоводы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углевод – იაკუტური" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Углевод" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="იაკუტური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ – სანტალი" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱳᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱮᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="სანტალი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuidrati" title="Carbuidrati – სიცილიური" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbuidrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="სიცილიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – შოტლანდიური" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="შოტლანდიური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ – სინდჰური" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربوهائيڊريٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="სინდჰური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrati" title="Ugljeni hidrati – სერბულ-ხორვატული" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljeni hidrati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="სერბულ-ხორვატული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7" title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට – სინჰალური" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබෝහයිඩ්‍රේට" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="სინჰალური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbohydrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacharid" title="Sacharid – სლოვაკური" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sacharid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="სლოვაკური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikov_hidrat" title="Ogljikov hidrat – სლოვენური" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikov hidrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="სლოვენური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrates" title="Carbohydrates – შონა" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Carbohydrates" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="შონა" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidratet" title="Karbohidratet – ალბანური" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karbohidratet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ალბანური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Угљени хидрат – სერბული" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљени хидрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="სერბული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat – სუნდური" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbohidrat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="სუნდური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhydrat" title="Kolhydrat – შვედური" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolhydrat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="შვედური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrati_kabonia" title="Hidrati kabonia – სუაჰილი" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrati kabonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="სუაჰილი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு – ტამილური" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்போவைதரேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ტამილური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పిండి పదార్థాలు – ტელუგუ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పిండి పదార్థాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ტელუგუ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Карбогидратҳо – ტაჯიკური" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбогидратҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ტაჯიკური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95" title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต – ტაილანდური" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์โบไฮเดรต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ტაილანდური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrata" title="Karbohidrata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbohidrata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonhidrat" title="Karbonhidrat – თურქული" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbonhidrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="თურქული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Күмерсулар – თათრული" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күмерсулар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="თათრული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар – ტუვა" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углеводтар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="ტუვა" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Вуглеводи – უკრაინული" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглеводи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="უკრაინული" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ – ურდუ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربو ہائیڈریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ურდუ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglevodlar" title="Uglevodlar – უზბეკური" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglevodlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="უზბეკური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboidrati" title="Carboidrati – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carboidrati" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrat" title="Carbohydrat – ვიეტნამური" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbohydrat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ვიეტნამური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrato" title="Karbohidrato – ვარაი" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karbohidrato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ვარაი" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类 – ვუ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="糖类" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ვუ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="קארבאהידראט – იდიში" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארבאהידראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="იდიში" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danqsuijvaqhozvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类 – ჩინური" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖类" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ჩინური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" title="醣類 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="醣類" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-ch%C3%BAi-ho%C3%A0-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thoàⁿ-chúi-hoà-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%A3" title="醣 – კანტონური" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="კანტონური" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ნინეფოშქაშე რსხილეფიშ რედაქტირაფა" class="wbc-editpage">რსხილეფიშ რედაქტირაფა</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ჯოხოეფიშ ოფირჩა"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="დინორეშ ხასჷლაშ ძირაფა 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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">მარგალური</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ძირაფეფი"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98"><span>კითხირი</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ხეჭკუდეფი</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">გინოღალა ელახიან ღოზიშა</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ტყობინაფა</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="უმოსი პარამეტრი" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ქიმინუეფი </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98"><span>კითხირი</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&veaction=edit" title="ათე ხასჷლაშ რედაქტირაფა [v]" accesskey="v"><span>რედაქტირაფა</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=edit" title="ათე ხასჷლაშ წყუშ კოდიშ რედაქტირაფა [e]" accesskey="e"><span>წყუშ რედაქტირაფა</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fxmf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%25A7%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598"><span>შემოკლებული URL-ის მიღება</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fxmf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%25A7%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598"><span>QR-კოდის ჩამოტვირთვა</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ბეშტუა/ექსპორტი </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98"><span>წინგიშ გოჭყაფა</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=show-download-screen"><span>გინოჭარუა PDF ფორმატით</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a 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height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lactose.svg/330px-Lactose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lactose.svg/440px-Lactose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ლაქტოზა (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">ლაქტოზა</a> ნამუთ <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90" title="ბჟა">ბჟასიე</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>ნოშკერწყარეფი</b> რთული ორგანული ნაკათეფიე, ნამუეფიშ აკოდგინალუაშა მიშმურს <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ნოშქერბადი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">ნოშქერბადიშ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგბადი">ჟანგბადიშ</a> დო <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყარბადი">წყარბადიშ</a> ატომეფი. აშხვანერენა ძაკ დო რთულ ნოშქერწყარეფს. ძაკი ნოშქერწყარეფს მონოსაქარიდეფი ჯოხო. რთული ნოშქერწყარეფი რე პოლიმერეფი, ნამუთ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="მონოსაქარიდეფი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">მონოსაქარიდეფი</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="მონომერი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">მონომერიშ</a> როლს არსულენა. ჟირი მონოსაქარიდშე წჷმიქიმინუ დისაქარიდი, სუმშე - ტრისაქარიდი, ბრელშე — პოლისაქარიდი. არძო მონოსაქარიდი უფერო ნიბთუანობა რე, წყარს ჯგირო ინწყჷმუ; დახე არძოს უღჷ გემოანი, ჰამო გემო. არძაშე გოფაჩილი მონოსაქარიდეფიე <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="გლუკოზა">გლუკოზა</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ფრუქტოზა (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">ფრუქტოზა</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="რიბოზა (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">რიბოზა</a> დო <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბოზა">დეზოქსირიბოზა</a>. თინეფი მიშმულა ნუკლეინიშ მჟავეფიშ დო ატმოსფეროშ აკოდგინალუაშა. </p><p>დი- და ტრისაქარიდეფი მონოსაქარიდიშ ნერო, ჯგირო ინწყჷმუ წყარს, უღჷნა ჰამო გემო. მონომერული რგოლეფიშ რიცხუშ რდუალაწკჷმა ართო პოლისაქარიდეფიშ ნწყჷმალაფა ირკენს, ჰამო გემო დინუ. დისაქარიდეფიშე გჷშაკერძაფილო შანულამი რე ჭაფურიაშ დო ბჟაშ შანქარეფი. პოლისაქარიდეფშე ფართასიე გოფაჩილი <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="სახამებელი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">სახამებელი</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="გლიკოგენი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">გლიკოგენი</a>, უჯრედიშ <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ცელულოზა">ცელულოზა</a>. მერქანი დახე წიმინდე <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ცელულოზა">ცელულოზა რე</a>. თე პოლისაქარიდეფიშ მონომერი <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="გლუკოზა">გლუკოზა რე</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="რესურსეფი_ინტერნეტის"><span id=".E1.83.A0.E1.83.94.E1.83.A1.E1.83.A3.E1.83.A0.E1.83.A1.E1.83.94.E1.83.A4.E1.83.98_.E1.83.98.E1.83.9C.E1.83.A2.E1.83.94.E1.83.A0.E1.83.9C.E1.83.94.E1.83.A2.E1.83.98.E1.83.A1"></span>რესურსეფი ინტერნეტის</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&veaction=edit&section=1" title="სექციაშ რედაქტირაფა: რესურსეფი ინტერნეტის" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>რედაქტირაფა</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=edit&section=1" title="გჷმნართიშ „რესურსეფი ინტერნეტის“ წყუშ კოდიშ რედაქტირაფა"><span>წყუშ რედაქტირაფა</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetsenior.de/kohlenhydrate/">მუ რე ნოსერყარეფი?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/">Nomenclature of Carbohydrates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ლიტერატურა"><span id=".E1.83.9A.E1.83.98.E1.83.A2.E1.83.94.E1.83.A0.E1.83.90.E1.83.A2.E1.83.A3.E1.83.A0.E1.83.90"></span>ლიტერატურა</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&veaction=edit&section=2" title="სექციაშ რედაქტირაფა: ლიტერატურა" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>რედაქტირაფა</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=edit&section=2" title="გჷმნართიშ „ლიტერატურა“ წყუშ კოდიშ რედაქტირაფა"><span>წყუშ რედაქტირაფა</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jochen Lehmann: <i>Kohlenhydrate. Chemie und Biologie.</i> Thieme, Stuttgart und New York 1996, 2001 (2. Auflage), <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:BookSources/313532902X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-13-532902-X</a></li> <li><i>Structure and Catalysis</i>. In: A. L. Lehninger, D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox (Hrsg.): <i>Principles of Biochemistry</i>. Worth Publishers, New York 1993, S. 252–252.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">გორილი რე "<a dir="ltr" href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ნოშქერწყარეფი&oldid=103326">https://xmf.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ნოშქერწყარეფი&oldid=103326</a>"-შე</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98:%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სპეციალური:კატეგორიები">კატეგორიეფი</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="კატეგორია:ნოშქერწყარეფი (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">ნოშქერწყარეფი</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98,_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%B7%E1%83%97_%E1%83%92%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_ISBN_magic_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="კატეგორია:ხასჷლეფი, ნამუეფჷთ გჷმირინუანა ISBN magic რსხილეფს (ხასჷლა ვა რე)">ხასჷლეფი, ნამუეფჷთ გჷმირინუანა ISBN magic რსხილეფს</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> თე ხასჷლაშ ბოლო რედაქტირაფაშ თარიღი: 17 ქირსეთუთა 2013, 11:24.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">მოჩამილი ტექსტი წჷმორინელი რე <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ლიცენზიათ</a>; 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