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<span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_of_White_Horse_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_of_White_Horse_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naming of White Horse Hill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_of_White_Horse_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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location"><span class="latitude">38°17′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">127°09′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.29000°N 127.15000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.29000; 127.15000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 battle of the Korean War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of White Horse Hill</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg/300px-Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg/450px-Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Battle_of_White_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br />White Horse Hill memorial</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>October 6–15, 1952</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Northwest of <a href="/wiki/Cheorwon_County" title="Cheorwon County">Cheorwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korea</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&params=38_17_24_N_127_09_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°17′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">127°09′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.29000°N 127.15000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.29000; 127.15000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United Nations victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">UNC</a>) </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-oh" title="Kim Jong-oh">Kim Jong-oh</a><sup id="cite_ref-kimh459_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimh459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Yonghui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Yonghui (page does not exist)">Jiang Yonghui</a><sup id="cite_ref-cmsa565_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsa565-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="9th Infantry Division (South Korea)">9th Infantry Division</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Division (United States)">7th Infantry Division</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth Air Force</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-cmsa279_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsa279-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>334th Regiment</li> <li>339th Regiment</li> <li>340th Regiment</li> <li>342nd Regiment</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>South Korean sources</b>: 3,500<sup id="cite_ref-kimh464_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimh464-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Chinese estimation</b>: 9,300<sup id="cite_ref-cmsa279_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsa279-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Chinese sources</b>:<br />1,768 killed<br />3,062 wounded<br />562 missing<sup id="cite_ref-cmsa279_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmsa279-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>South Korean estimation</b>: 10,000<sup id="cite_ref-kimh464_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kimh464-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#The_drive_south_and_Pusan_(July–September_1950)" title="Korean War">North Korean offensive</a><br /><small>(25 June – 15 September 1950)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpung" title="Operation Pokpung">Pokpung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuncheon" title="Battle of Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorangpo" title="Battle of Gorangpo">Gorangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaesong%E2%80%93Munsan" title="Battle of Kaesong–Munsan">Kaesong–Munsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongjin_Peninsula" title="Battle of Ongjin Peninsula">Ongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1950)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1950)">Uijeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Seoul" title="First Battle of Seoul">1st Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suwon_Airfield" title="Battle of Suwon Airfield">Suwon Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andong" title="Battle of Andong">Andong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chumonchin_Chan" title="Battle of Chumonchin Chan">Chumonchin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osan" title="Battle of Osan">Osan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongtaek" title="Battle of Pyongtaek">Pyongtaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chonan" title="Battle of Chonan">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chochiwon" title="Battle of Chochiwon">Chochiwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon" title="Battle of Taejon">Taejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangju_(1950)" title="Battle of Sangju (1950)">Sangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongdong" title="Battle of Yongdong">Yongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwanggan" title="Battle of Hwanggan">Hwanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadong_Ambush" title="Hadong Ambush">Hadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Notch" title="Battle of the Notch">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter"><b>Pusan Perimeter</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masan" title="Battle of Masan">Masan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong" title="Battle of P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taegu" title="Battle of Taegu">Taegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="First Battle of Naktong Bulge">1st Naktong Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bowling_Alley" title="Battle of the Bowling Alley">Bowling Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Battle_Mountain" title="Battle of Battle Mountain">Battle Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyongju" title="Battle of Kyongju">Kyongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haman" title="Battle of Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_River" title="Battle of Nam River">Nam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ka-san" title="Battle of Ka-san">Ka-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabu-dong" title="Battle of Tabu-dong">Tabu-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongsan" title="Battle of Yongsan">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Second Battle of Naktong Bulge">2nd Naktong Bulge</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Battle_of_Inchon_(September_1950)" title="Korean War">United Nations Command counteroffensive</a><br /><small>(15 September – 30 October 1950)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon"><b>Inchon</b></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter_offensive" title="Pusan Perimeter offensive">Pusan Perimeter offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">2nd Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_September_1950_counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="UN September 1950 counteroffensive">UN September 1950 counteroffensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_282" title="Battle of Hill 282">Hill 282</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">UN offensive into North Korea</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sariwon" title="Battle of Sariwon">Sariwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1950)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1950)">Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongyu" title="Battle of Yongyu">Yongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kujin" title="Battle of Kujin">Kujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chongju_(1950)" title="Battle of Chongju (1950)">Chongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchon_tunnel_massacre" title="Sunchon tunnel massacre">Sunchon tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#China_intervenes_(October–December_1950)" title="Korean War">Chinese Intervention</a><br /><small>(25 October 1950 – January 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Onjong" title="Battle of Onjong">Onjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Unsan" title="Battle of Unsan">Unsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakchon" title="Battle of Pakchon">Pakchon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_Offensive" title="Second Phase Offensive">Second Phase Offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River"><b>Ch'ongch'on River</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wawon" title="Battle of Wawon">Wawon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir"><b>Chosin Reservoir</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Faith" title="Task Force Faith">Task Force Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_retreat_from_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="UN retreat from North Korea">UN retreat from North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation" title="Hungnam evacuation">Hungnam evacuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">3rd Seoul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1951)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1951)">Uijeongbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_Wonju" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Battles of Wonju">1st and 2nd Wonju</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang_Operation" title="Pohang Operation">Pohang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Fighting_around_the_38th_parallel_(January–June_1951)" title="Korean War">Fighting around the 38th parallel</a><br /><small>(January – June 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaegunghyon" title="Battle of Chaegunghyon">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1951)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1951)">Thunderbolt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Twin_Tunnels" title="Battle of the Twin Tunnels">Twin Tunnels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundup_(1951)" title="Operation Roundup (1951)">Roundup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoengsong" title="Battle of Hoengsong">Hoengsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipyong-ni" title="Battle of Chipyong-ni">Chipyong-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Wonju" title="Third Battle of Wonju">3rd Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuam-ni" title="Battle of Chuam-ni">Chuam-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Wonsan" title="Blockade of Wonsan">Wonsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Killer" title="Operation Killer">Killer</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maehwa-san" title="Battle of Maehwa-san">Maehwa-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Courageous" title="Operation Courageous">Courageous</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomahawk" title="Operation Tomahawk">Tomahawk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rugged" title="Operation Rugged">Rugged</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dauntless" title="Operation Dauntless">Dauntless</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spring_offensive" title="Chinese spring offensive"><b>Spring offensive</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Imjin_River" title="Battle of the Imjin River">Imjin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yultong" title="Battle of Yultong">Yultong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwacheon" title="Battle of Hwacheon">Hwacheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Kapyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Soyang_River" title="Battle of the Soyang River">Soyang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_May%E2%80%93June_1951_counteroffensive" title="UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive">UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Stalemate_(July_1951_–_July_1953)" title="Korean War">Stalemate</a><br /><small>(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Ridge" title="Battle of Bloody Ridge">Bloody Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Minden" title="Operation Minden">Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Punchbowl" title="Battle of the Punchbowl">Punchbowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Ridge" title="Battle of Heartbreak Ridge">Heartbreak Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando" title="Operation Commando">Commando</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="First Battle of Maryang-san">1st Maryang-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haktang-ni" title="Battle of Haktang-ni">Haktang-ni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polecharge" title="Operation Polecharge">Polecharge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="Second Battle of Maryang-san">2nd Maryang-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rat_Killer" title="Operation Rat Killer">Rat Killer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">Hill Eerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Baldy" title="Battle of Old Baldy">Old Baldy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blaze" title="Operation Blaze">Blaze</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_(1952)" title="Battle of Bunker Hill (1952)">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Outpost_Kelly" title="Battle of Outpost Kelly">Outpost Kelly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Horse Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrowhead_Hill" title="Battle of Arrowhead Hill">Arrowhead Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triangle_Hill" title="Battle of Triangle Hill">Triangle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_Heights" title="Battle of Jackson Heights">Jackson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Noris" title="Battle of the Noris">Noris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="First Battle of the Hook">1st Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Second Battle of the Hook">2nd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chatkol" title="Battle of Chatkol">Chatkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Outpost_Vegas" title="Battle for Outpost Vegas">Outpost Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pork_Chop_Hill" title="Battle of Pork Chop Hill">Pork Chop Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Little Switch">Little Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nevada_Complex" title="Battle of the Nevada Complex">Nevada Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Third Battle of the Hook">3rd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_Harry" title="Outpost Harry">Outpost Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumsong" title="Battle of Kumsong">Kumsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlin_Outposts_and_Boulder_City" title="Battle of the Berlin Outposts and Boulder City">Berlin Outposts and Boulder City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Samichon_River" title="Battle of the Samichon River">Samichon River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Switch" title="Operation Big Switch">Big Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Aerial_warfare" title="Korean War">Air operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiG_Alley" title="MiG Alley">MiG Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunchon_(air)" title="Battle of Sunchon (air)">Sunchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strangle_(Korean_War)" title="Operation Strangle (Korean War)">Strangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Sui-ho_Dam" title="Attack on the Sui-ho Dam">Sui-ho Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea" title="Bombing of North Korea">Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Naval_warfare" title="Korean War">Naval operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Naval_engagements_of_the_Korean_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Naval engagements of the Korean War"><span class="wrap">Naval engagements of the Korean War</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><i>For further information, see also:</i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_War" title="Template:Korean War"><span class="wrap">Korean War (template)</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of White Horse Hill</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">백마고지 전투</span>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">白马山战斗</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bái Mǎ Shān Zhàn Dòu</span></i>)took place during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. White Horse Hill (Hill 395) in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Triangle_(Korea)" title="Iron Triangle (Korea)">Iron Triangle</a>, formed by <a href="/wiki/Pyonggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyonggang">Pyonggang</a> at its peak and <a href="/wiki/Gimhwa-eup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimhwa-eup">Gimhwa-eup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheorwon_County" title="Cheorwon County">Cheorwon-eup</a> at its base, a strategic transportation route in the central region of the Korean peninsula. </p><p>White Horse Hill was the crest of a 395-metre (1,296 ft) forested hill mass that extended in a northwest-to-southeast direction for about 2 miles (3.2 km), part of the area controlled by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)" title="IX Corps (United States)">IX Corps</a>, and considered an important outpost hill with a good command over the Yokkok-chon Valley, dominating the western approaches to <a href="/wiki/Cheorwon_County_(Korea)" title="Cheorwon County (Korea)">Cheorwon</a>. Loss of the hill would force IX Corps to withdraw to the high ground south of the Yokkok-chon in the Cheorwon area, denying the IX Corps use of the Cheorwon road net and would open up the entire Cheorwon area to enemy attack and penetration. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 3, 1952, a defecting <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) <a href="/w/index.php?title=340th_Regiment_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="340th Regiment (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">340th Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/114th_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="114th Division (People's Republic of China)">114th Division</a> under interrogation revealed that an attack on White Horse Hill was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being corroborated by other intelligence, IX Corps reinforced the ROK <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="9th Infantry Division (South Korea)">9th Infantry Division</a> with 22 tanks from the 53rd Tank Squadron and the U.S. 73rd Tank Battalion's C Company, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">antiaircraft</a> weapons to be used in a ground role. 9th Division commander Major General <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-oh" title="Kim Jong-oh">Kim Jong-oh</a> stationed the 30th Regiment under Regimental Commander Im Ik-sun in charge of the left flank and the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="9th Infantry Division (South Korea)">29th Regiment</a> under Commander Kim Bongcheol in charge of the right flank on the threatened hill and held the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="9th Infantry Division (South Korea)">28th Regiment</a> under <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> Lee Ju-il in reserve. On the flanks of White Horse Hill he positioned the tanks and antiaircraft guns to cover the valley approaches. Searchlights and flares were distributed to provide illumination at night, and a flare plane was made available to supply additional light on call during the hours of darkness. From the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth Air Force</a> came extra air strikes against enemy artillery positions adjacent to White Horse Hill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 October an intensive air raid was carried out on several places around Baengma-goji where the PVA were anticipated to assemble. The PVA responded by opening the floodgates of the Pongnae-Ho Reservoir, which was located about 7 miles (11 km) north of the hill, evidently in the hope that the Yokkokchon which ran between the ROK 9th and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> would rise sufficiently to block reinforcements during the critical period. Simultaneously, they threw a battalion-sized force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrowhead_Hill" title="Battle of Arrowhead Hill">Arrowhead Hill (Hill 281)</a>, 2 miles (3.2 km) southeast of White Horse Hill across the valley, to pin down the <a href="/wiki/French_Battalion" title="French Battalion">French Battalion</a> astride the hill and to keep the 2nd Division occupied. Before the night was over six additional companies joined in the action. The French held firm and inflicted heavy casualties upon the attackers. As a diversion to the main attack, it proved effective but expensive. </p><p>At 19:15, the PVA <a href="/w/index.php?title=340th_Regiment_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="340th Regiment (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">340th Regiment</a> sent four companies up to the northwest end of the White Horse Hill complex to engage the 10th Company and its supporting forces in an attempt to secure a break-through. At 02:00 the following morning, four <a href="/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29</a> strategic bombers dropped 1,000 pound bombs on Hajinmyeong-dong, and an assortment of 81 artillery guns (32 155-millimeter guns <a href="/w/index.php?title=213th_Field_Artillery_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="213th Field Artillery Battalion (page does not exist)">213th Field Artillery Battalion</a>, 32 105-millimeter guns, 7 4.2-inch heavy mortars and 10 tank guns) dealt intensive heavy fire; nevertheless, the PVA breakthrough widened further, though suffering an estimated 500 casualties the first night. Disregarding the heavy losses, the Chinese committed the remnants of the original two <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> and reinforced them with two fresh battalions from the same division the following day. Cutting off a ROK company outpost, the PVA pressed on and forced the elements of the ROK 10th Company to withdraw from the crest. Less than two hours after the loss of the peak, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the ROK 28th Regiment mounted a night attack that swept the PVA out of the old ROK positions by 23:05. Again the Chinese losses were heavy and a prisoner later related that many of the companies committed to the attack were reduced from 190-200 to less than 20 men after the second day of fighting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_(52563590205).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg/220px-SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg/330px-SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg/440px-SC_418377-W_FEC-52-36138_-_8_October_1952_%2852563590205%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>ROK 9th Division casualties await evacuation</figcaption></figure> <p>With such serious losses, the PVA switched its attack forces from the 340th Regiment to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=334th_Regiment_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="334th Regiment (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">334th Regiment</a>, reserving the <a href="/w/index.php?title=342nd_Regiment_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="342nd Regiment (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">342nd Regiment</a> for the assault on October 9. Elements of the 342nd fought their way to the crest during the afternoon of 9 October, only to lose it to a ROK 28th Regiment counterattack that night. On 10 October the still fresh 29th Regiment made a counterattack and seized White Horse Hill and the 28th Regiment was immediately assigned to defend the right flank of the hill. The same day at 04:30, the PVA 342nd Regiment recaptured the hill in an attack on the ROK 29th Regiment that had been defending the main peak; in two hours, though, the hill was seized back in an instant counterattack, only to be lost again at 08:15. In the tiresome war of attrition, the UN forces relied on their overwhelming advantage in artillery support and close-range air support. The UN forces apparently were fortunate, for a Chinese prisoner later related that Fifth Air Force planes had caught elements of the 335th Regiment, <a href="/wiki/112th_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="112th Division (People's Republic of China)">112th Division</a>, in an assembly area north of Hill 395, inflicting heavy casualties upon the regiment, and had delayed its commitment to the attack. </p><p>Regardless of casualties, the PVA continued to send masses of infantry to take the objective. On White Horse Hill, the PVA kept funneling their combat troops into the northern attack approaches where Eighth Army artillery, tanks, and air power would wreak havoc. The Chinese determination to win White Horse Hill made sitting ducks out of their infantry as the IX Corps defenders saturated the all-out assaults with massed firepower of every caliber. </p><p>By 12 October there was a break in the bitter struggle. The 1st Battalion of the 30th Regiment struck out from the attack line. The 29th Regiment, which had mounted a counterattack four hours before the attack by the battalion, was stalled just 40 meters from the PVA position. When no progress was made in the two-hour attack, the 2nd Battalion was sent in on the right flank for a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a>. The 3rd company which was in the vanguard of the 1st Battalion was not making sufficient advances because of PVA resistance, so the commander of the 1st company, close behind the 3rd company, was ordered to launch an overriding attack and succeeded in approaching the attack line. White Horse Hill was recaptured at 13:20, after five-hours of intense battle. </p><p>On 13 October under close-range air cover by 141 warplanes, the 28th Regiment was committed to Nakta-neungaseon, but the strong PVA resistance forced it to withdraw to White Horse Hill six hours after the attack on the ridge had begun. On October 14, the 29th Regiment executed another attack, and at 10:40, the 22nd Battalion of the Regiment routed the PVA troops from Nakta-neungseon, thus seizing full control of White Horse Hill. Chinese sources claim that the 38th Army was ordered during the night of the 14th to abandon the action due to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triangle_Hill" title="Battle of Triangle Hill">Battle of Triangle Hill</a> which the PVA was determined to win.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 38th Army committed four regiments - the 334th, 339th, 340th, and 342nd. The Chinese claimed they had suffered a total of 6,700 casualties. South Korean sources claim that the 38th Army committed seven regiments out of its total of nine regiments and sustained a total of 14,332 casualties (8,234 identified deaths, 5,097 presumed deaths, 1,001 wounded, and 57 prisoners). The ROK 9th Infantry Division committed three regiments - the 28th, 29th, and 30th and suffered a total of 3,422 casualties (505 dead, 2,562 injured and 391 missing), plus over 400 more casualties in the 1st Battalion of the 30th Regiment. Chinese sources claim that the 9th Infantry Division committed four regiments and suffered a total of 9,400 casualties with almost 7,000 identified deaths. Both the 38th Army and the 9th Infantry Division, after suffering heavy casualties, had to withdraw to the rear. Following the battle, the ROK 9th Division gained the nickname White Horse Division.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Fifth Air Force made a total of 745 sorties and poured more than 2,700 bombs of various kinds, together with over 358 napalm bombs, onto the hill. Chinese forces rained no less than 55,000 shells during the nine-day battle period and the South Korean forces fired over 185,000 shells. </p><p>Nine sets of remains of Korean War MIA servicemen were discovered at Arrowhead Hill, aka Hill 281 during minesweeping operations between October and November 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrowhead Hill had previously been selected for both Koreas to jointly conduct a pilot remains recovery project.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_of_White_Horse_Hill">Naming of White Horse Hill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming of White Horse Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 8 October 1952, South Korean press used "White Horse Hill" instead of Hill 395 in stories about the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two possible origins of the name are: </p> <ul><li>Firstly, the hill changed hands 24 times after repeated attacks and counterattacks with heavy bombardments for its possession. Afterwards, Hill 395 looked like a threadbare white horse, thence its name of Baekma, meaning a white horse.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Secondly, many <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">parachute flares</a> burst around Hill 395 in the night battles and a British <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> compared Hill 395 to <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse_Hill" title="Whitehorse Hill">Whitehorse Hill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Downs" title="Berkshire Downs">Berkshire Downs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. "White Horse Hill" was subsequently used in the American <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a> since October 7.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Others">Others</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since September 2021, White Horse Hill in <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> has been under remains recovery operation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrowhead_Hill" title="Battle of Arrowhead Hill">Battle of Arrowhead Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/kowarhis07/index.html">History of Battle of White Horse Hill - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 1984 (E-BOOK)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718105111/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/kowarhis07/index.html">Archived</a> 2023-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kimh459-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kimh459_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaeChungYang2001">Chae, Chung & Yang 2001</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmsa565-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cmsa565_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChinese_Military_Science_Academy2000">Chinese Military Science Academy 2000</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmsa279-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmsa279_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmsa279_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmsa279_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChinese_Military_Science_Academy2000">Chinese Military Science Academy 2000</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kimh464-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kimh464_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kimh464_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaeChungYang2001">Chae, Chung & Yang 2001</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHermes1992">Hermes 1992</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korea50.army.mil/history/factsheets/summer52.pdf"><i>The Struggle for Korea Continues, May 1 - November 30, 1952</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040202182907/http://korea50.army.mil/history/factsheets/summer52.pdf">Archived</a> February 2, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea-dmz.com/en/h/bw/hbw100_en.asp">Baengma-goji Battle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074217/http://www.korea-dmz.com/en/h/bw/hbw100_en.asp">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/864763.html">"[Reportage] Joint mine removal operation begins in DMZ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BReportage%26%2393%3B+Joint+mine+removal+operation+begins+in+DMZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_northkorea%2F864763.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20181025/news/310259972">"South Korea finds likely war remains during border demining"</a>. 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea+finds+likely+war+remains+during+border+demining&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyherald.com%2Farticle%2F20181025%2Fnews%2F310259972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/news/south-korea-unearths-nine-sets-of-war-dead-remains-during-dmz-mine-clearing-operation-1.557210">"South Korea unearths nine sets of war dead remains during DMZ mine-clearing operation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea+unearths+nine+sets+of+war+dead+remains+during+DMZ+mine-clearing+operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Fsouth-korea-unearths-nine-sets-of-war-dead-remains-during-dmz-mine-clearing-operation-1.557210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSang-Hun2018" class="citation news cs1">Sang-Hun, Choe (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/world/asia/koreas-land-mines-dmz.html">"Koreas Start Clearing Land Mines at DMZ in Effort to Ease Tensions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Koreas+Start+Clearing+Land+Mines+at+DMZ+in+Effort+to+Ease+Tensions&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Sang-Hun&rft.aufirst=Choe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkoreas-land-mines-dmz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1952100900329201006&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1952-10-09&officeId=00032&pageNo=1&printNo=1936&publishType=00020">一年來最大攻勢(일년래최대공세) 一五五(일오오)마일全戰線確保(전전선확보)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifeinkorea.com/culture/dmz/dmz.cfm?Subject=Central">Central Area, DMZ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155007/http://www.lifeinkorea.com/culture/dmz/dmz.cfm?Subject=Central">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYTr2d8mGwk">Origin of White Horse Hill (from 03:13~04:26) - South Korean Ministry of National Defense TV</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/paper/monroe-morning-world/3202/">"Battle for White Horse Hill, In 6th Day, ROK's Still Hold"</a>. <i>Monroe Morning World</i>. 12 October 1952<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monroe+Morning+World&rft.atitle=Battle+for+White+Horse+Hill%2C+In+6th+Day%2C+ROK%27s+Still+Hold&rft.date=1952-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fpaper%2Fmonroe-morning-world%2F3202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.naver.com/mnd9090/222496880792">비무장지대 백마고지 유해발굴 본격 개시!|작성자 동고동락</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaeChungYang2001" class="citation cs2">Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R. (eds.), <i>The Korean War</i>, vol. III, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7795-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7795-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-7795-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7795-3&rft.aulast=Chae&rft.aufirst=Han+Kook&rft.au=Chung%2C+Suk+Kyun&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yong+Cho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Military_Science_Academy2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chinese Military Science Academy (2000), <i>History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史)</i> (in Chinese), vol. III, Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-80137-390-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-80137-390-1"><bdi>7-80137-390-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+War+to+Resist+America+and+Aid+Korea+%28%E6%8A%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%8F%B4%E6%9C%9D%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%B2%29&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Chinese+Military+Science+Academy+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=7-80137-390-1&rft.au=Chinese+Military+Science+Academy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermes1992" class="citation cs2">Hermes, Walter G. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224221455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/truce/fm.htm"><i>Truce Tent and Fighting Front</i></a>, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-035957-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-035957-0"><bdi>0-16-035957-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/truce/fm.htm">the original</a> on 2009-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truce+Tent+and+Fighting+Front&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-16-035957-0&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.aufirst=Walter+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2Ftruce%2Ffm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+White+Horse+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/armyhistory/AH89(W).pdf">U.S. Army, Army History Fall 2013</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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