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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mandate for Load Despatch Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandate_for_Load_Despatch_Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leadership and management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Load_Despatch_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Load_Despatch_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>National Load Despatch Centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Load_Despatch_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Load_Despatch_Centers_(RLDCs)_and_the_State_Transmission_Systems_under_them" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Load_Despatch_Centers_(RLDCs)_and_the_State_Transmission_Systems_under_them"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional Load Despatch Centers (RLDCs) and the State Transmission Systems under them</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Load_Despatch_Centers_(RLDCs)_and_the_State_Transmission_Systems_under_them-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POWERGRID_transmission_network_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POWERGRID_transmission_network_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>POWERGRID transmission network failure</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Grid Controller of India Limited <br /> ग्रिड कंट्रोलर ऑफ इंडिया लिमिटेड</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg/220px-Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg/330px-Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9b/Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg/440px-Power_System_Operation_Corporation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Ministry of Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">System Operation, Power Market Regulation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality">New Delhi, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><i>Mr.S.R Narasimhan</i> , <i>Chairman and Managing Director</i> <br />(CMD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Ministry of Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://posoco.in/">posoco<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grid Controller of India Limited</b> (<b>GRID-INDIA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Ministry of Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. The new name of Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) is <b>Grid Controller of India Limited (Grid-India)</b> since 09th November 2022. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is responsible to monitor and ensure round the clock integrated operation of Indian Power System. It consists of 5 Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC). </p><p>The load despatch functions, earlier handled by Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL), have been entrusted to Grid-India (previously known as POSOCO). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Government, through Ministry of Power in exercise of the power conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 26 and sub-section (2) of Section 27 of the Electricity Act, 2003 by notification dt. 27 September 2010 in the Gazette of India, notified that the Power System Operation Corporation Ltd (POSOCO), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (a Government Company), shall operate National Load Despatch Centre and the five Regional Load Despatch Centers, with effect from 1 October 2010. </p><p>The subsidiary was set up on the recommendations of a government committee headed by Mr. G.B. Pradhan (additional secretary) in the Union Ministry of Power. To make load despatch centres, financially self-reliant and autonomous, the committee recommended independent and sustainable revenue streams. The move to separate the two functions is in keeping with the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003, which seeks to separate commercial interests from load management functions. The Pradhan Committee report had recommended setting up a separate representative board structure overseeing the functions of the five regional load despatch centres (RLDCs) run by PGCIL—the northern, eastern, north-eastern, western and southern regions at that time. The subsidiary was eventually made a separate company effective from 2 January 2017. </p><p>Several steps were taken by Central Government and Regulators in formation of POSOCO. Some of the major milestones <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are listed below.<br /> </p><p><b>• Pre 1994:</b> RLDCs were operated by CEA with budgetary support from Government of India.<br /><b>• 1994–1996:</b> RLDCs transferred in a progressive manner to POWERGRID. Budgetary support from GOI stopped.<br /><b>• July 1998:</b> CEA finalized an Ad hoc arrangement for reimbursement of RLDC expenses (Rs. 12 Crores for 1996–97)<br /><b>• 8 May 2003:</b> CERC approved RLDC fees and charges from 2000–2001 (Rs. 21.52 Crores in the starting year)<br /><b>• 2005 onwards:</b> ULDC scheme charges merged with RLDC fees & charges and approved by CERC<br /><b>• 22 August 2006:</b> Meeting among Committee of Secretaries to discuss upon constitution of Wholly Owned Govt. of India corporation to carry out all functions as an Independent System Operator.<br /><b>• 5 November 2007:</b> Interactive session convened by Ministry of Power with Forum of Regulators and State Government. Pradhan Committee on Ring fencing of LDCs constituted in Feb 2008 after this meeting.<br /><b>• 4 July 2008:</b> MoP Directive for creation of POSOCO, with Board Structure & gradual separation after 5 years.<br /><b>• 11 August 2008:</b> Gireesh B. Pradhan Committee Report on "Manpower, Certification and Incentives for System Operation and Ring-fencing Load Despatch Centres" <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> submitted. Report accepted and a meeting called on 7 October 2008 by Secretary Power. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>• 15 November 2008:</b> Forum of Regulators (FOR) approves formation of ‘Forum of Load Despatchers (FOLD) and approves FOLD charter in Jan 2009.<br /><b>• November 2008:</b> Report of "Open Access-Theory and Practice", endorsed by Forum of Regulators.<br /><b>• 20 March 2009:</b> Power System Operation Corporation Ltd. established with the objective of ring-fencing operation; incorporated as a 100% subsidiary of POWERGRID with authorized share capital of Rs.200 crores.<br /><b>• March 2009:</b> Satnam Singh Task force report on "Capital Expenditure and Issues Related to Emoluments for Personnel in Load Despatch Centres" submitted. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>• June 2009:</b> Rakesh Nath Committee Report on "Manpower Selection, Recruitment Procedure and Tenures for Personnel in SLDCs"<br /><b>• 18 September 2009:</b> CERC Regulations for the Fees and Charges as envisaged under the Electricity Act 2003, thus providing financial autonomy of POSOCO. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>• 19 March 2010:</b> Dhiman Committee Report on "Training and Certification of System Operators" submitted.<br /><b>• 23 March 2010:</b> Commencement of Business by POSOCO.<br /><b>• 1 June 2010:</b> Transfer of manpower from POWERGRID to POSOCO on secondment basis.<br /><b>• 9 June 2010:</b> Ministry of Power designated National Power Training Institute (NPTI) as the Certification Authority for executives of SLDCs, RLDCs and NLDC for an initial period of 3 yrs. i.e. up to 31 March 2013<br /><b>• 26 September 2010:</b> Gazette notification by Central Govt. of India that the POSOCO a wholly owned subsidiary of POWERGRID shall operate RLDCs/NLDC w.e.f. 1 Oct 2010.<br /><b>• 1 October 2010:</b> POSOCO notified for operation of NLDC/RLDCs.<br /><b>• April 2011 – September 2011:</b> 6 batches basic certification training at PSTI Bengaluru<br /><b>• November 2011:</b> First online certification test completed leading to 266 certified operators.<br /><b>• 15 March 2015:</b> Sanction by President for setting up of POSOCO as Govt. owned company.<br /><b>• 19 December 2016:</b> Gazette notification by Central Govt. of India notifying POSOCO as a wholly owned Government company with effect from 3 January 2017. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b>• October 2018:</b> Report on Capacity Building of Indian Load Despatch Centres by Forum of Regulators<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p><p><b>• 09 November 2022:</b> Name of POSOCO changed to Grid Controller of India Limited (Grid-India).<br /> </p><p>The POSOCO was formed as an umbrella organization to give a corporate structure to RLDCs and NLDC to ensure integrated operation of Regional and National Power Systems to facilitate transfer of electric power within and across the regions and transnational exchange of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandate_for_Load_Despatch_Functions">Mandate for Load Despatch Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mandate for Load Despatch Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Load Despatch functions in India derives its mandate from Electricity Act 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which acted as a major reform in the Power Sector for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity. The relevant extracts of Electricity Act 2003 are listed below.<br /> </p><p><b>EA 2003, Section 26:</b> <i>“</i>Central Government may establish a centre at the national level, to be known as the National Load Despatch Centre for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity among the Regional Load Despatch Centres.” </p><p><b>EA 2003, Section 27(2):</b> “The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall be operated by a Government Company or any authority or corporation established or constituted by or under any Central Act, as may be notified by the Central Government” </p><p><b>EA 2003, Section 28(1):</b> <i>“</i>The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall be the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the power system in the concerned region.”<br /> </p><p>Even the National Electricity Policy 2005 <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released by Govt. of India also put emphasis on Independent System Operation through NLDC, RLDCs and SLDCs. The relevant extract of the National Electricity Policy 2005 is listed below.<br /><b>National Electricity Policy 2005, Section 5.3.7:</b> <i>“The spirit of the provisions of the Act is to ensure independent system operation through NLDC, RLDCs and SLDCs.”</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_and_management">Leadership and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leadership and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At present followings are the full-time functional directors on the board of POSOCO <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:- </p> <ol><li>Sh. S.R.Narasimhan, Chairman and Managing Director</li> <li>Sh. Sameer Chandra Saxena, Director (Market Operation)</li> <li>Sh. Rajiv Porwal, Director (System Operation)</li> <li>Sh. Paresh Ranpara, Director (Human Resources)</li> <li>Sh. Sanjay Mehrotra, Director (Finance)</li></ol> <p>GRID-INDIA has the following offices:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)</li> <li>Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) <ol><li>Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NRLDC) – <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li>Western Regional Load Despatch Centre (WRLDC) – <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li>Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (ERLDC) – <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li>Southern Regional Load Despatch Centre (SRLDC) – <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bengaluru</a></li> <li>North-Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NERLDC) – <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a> & <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li></ol></li></ul> <p>In order to facilitate the management of large scale renewable (mainly wind and solar) integration in the grid including respective generation-scheduling and generation-forecasting, four Renewable Energy Management Centres (REMCs) are under development: Northern Regional-REMC (co-located with NRLDC), Western Regional-REMC (co-located with WRLDC), Southern Regional-REMC (co-located with SRLDC) and National-REMC (co-located in NLDC premises). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Load_Despatch_Centre">National Load Despatch Centre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Load Despatch Centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25th February 2009, the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) was inaugurated by Sushilkumar Shinde (Former Union Minister of Power) and Sheila Dixit (Former Chief Minister, NCT of Delhi). National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) has been constituted as per Ministry of Power (MOP) notification, New Delhi dated 2 March 2005 and is the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the National Power System. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_Load_Despatch_Centers_(RLDCs)_and_the_State_Transmission_Systems_under_them"><span id="Regional_Load_Despatch_Centers_.28RLDCs.29_and_the_State_Transmission_Systems_under_them"></span>Regional Load Despatch Centers (RLDCs) and the State Transmission Systems under them</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional Load Despatch Centers (RLDCs) and the State Transmission Systems under them"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five RLDCs oversee the interstate transmission for the following states: </p> <ul><li>Northern Regional Load Despatch Center (NRLDC) : <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li>Western Regional Load Despatch Center (WRLDC) : <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li> <li>Eastern Regional Load Despatch Center (ERLDC) : <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li>Southern Regional Load Despatch Center (SRLDC) : <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li>North-Eastern Regional Load Despatch Center (NERLDC) : <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> <p>Each RLDC maintains their own dedicated website where scheduling and despatch of power within their respective control areas are handled round the clock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="POWERGRID_transmission_network_failure">POWERGRID transmission network failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: POWERGRID transmission network failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_2012_India_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2012 India blackout">July 2012 India blackout</a></div> <p>The Northern Region Grid, which provides power to 9 states in Northern India including Delhi, experienced a widespread outage due to a grid disturbance that occurred at about 2.35 a.m on 30 July 2012. </p><p>Restoration work started immediately under the direction of CEO, POSOCO and POWERGRID's chairman & managing director. A team of engineers tried to find out a way for restoring the normal supply of power immediately, so that Railways, Metro, Airports and other power users deemed essential could get immediate restoration of electricity. With the coordinated efforts of the whole team of engineers and constituent state utilities, power supply to the essential services and other essential loads in northern India was restored by about 8.00 a.m. and about 60% of load of the Northern Region was restored by 11:00 am. This was possible by gearing up the power supply from hydroelectric sources and also extending power from the Eastern and Western regions for start-up supply for thermal generating units of the Northern Region. Thus the associated problems for want of power supply could be partially overcome by this time. Later, power supply was restored progressively and by 12:30 p.m. power was extended to most of the cities and towns through POWERGRID sub-stations. The Northern Grid was brought back to normalcy to meet the demand of about 30 GW at 7:00 p.m. </p><p>On 31 July 2012, the northern grid collapsed for a second time, hours after the power supply was restored in the entire northern region following a disruption on the previous day. The eastern transmission lines also failed, disrupting power supply in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, West Bengal, Assam and Punjab, among other states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power Minister Veerappa Moily said that transmission grids will be independently audited in three months to ensure that the grids are fail-safe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_System_Operation_Corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/business/power-system-operation-corporation-ltd-changes-its-name-to-grid-controller-of-india-ltd-news-237350">"Name change of POSOCO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Name+change+of+POSOCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fbusiness%2Fpower-system-operation-corporation-ltd-changes-its-name-to-grid-controller-of-india-ltd-news-237350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+System+Operation+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumofregulators.gov.in/Data/Reports/FOR%20Report%20CABIL.pdf">"Page 25 of CABIL Report by Forum of Regulators"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Page+25+of+CABIL+Report+by+Forum+of+Regulators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumofregulators.gov.in%2FData%2FReports%2FFOR%2520Report%2520CABIL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+System+Operation+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/Report_of_the_Committee_on_Manpower_Certification_and_incentives.pdf">"Pradhan Committee Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pradhan+Committee+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowermin.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FReport_of_the_Committee_on_Manpower_Certification_and_incentives.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+System+Operation+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/System_Operation_Report_finds_full_endorsement.pdf">"Meeting Chaired by Secretary Power on 07-08-2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meeting+Chaired+by+Secretary+Power+on+07-08-2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowermin.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FSystem_Operation_Report_finds_full_endorsement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+System+Operation+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/Task_Force_Report.pdf">"Satnam Singh Committee Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Satnam+Singh+Committee+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowermin.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FTask_Force_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+System+Operation+Corporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cercind.gov.in/2009/May09/CERC-Fees-&-Charges-Regulations.pdf">"CERC Fees and Charges Regulations 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Energy ministries and departments of India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Authority_(India)" title="Central Electricity Authority (India)">Central Electricity Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission" title="Central Electricity Regulatory Commission">Central Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Energy_Efficiency" title="Bureau of Energy Efficiency">Bureau of Energy Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Power_Research_Institute" title="Central Power Research Institute">Central Power Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Power_Training_Institute" title="National Power Training Institute">National Power Training Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTPC_Limited" title="NTPC Limited">NTPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHPC_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="NHPC Limited">NHPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Electric_Power_Corporation_Limited" title="North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited">North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Finance_Corporation" title="Power Finance Corporation">Power Finance Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REC_Limited" title="REC Limited">REC Limited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Grid_Corporation_of_India" title="Power Grid Corporation of India">Power Grid Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THDC_India_Limited" title="THDC India Limited">THDC India Limited</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power System Operation Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_New_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Ministry of New and Renewable Energy">New and<br /> Renewable Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Energy_Corporation_of_India" title="Solar Energy Corporation of India">Solar Energy Corporation of India</a> (SECI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Coal" title="Ministry of Coal">Ministry of Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Coking_Coal" title="Bharat Coking Coal">Bharat Coking Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mine_Planning_and_Design_Institute" title="Central Mine Planning and Design Institute">Central Mine Planning and Design Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLC_India_Limited" title="NLC India Limited">NLC India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singareni_Collieries_Company" title="Singareni Collieries Company">Singareni Collieries Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation">Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Gas" title="Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas">Petroleum and<br />Natural Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum_and_Energy" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy">Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Institute_of_Petroleum_Technology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology">Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Energy_University" title="Pandit Deendayal Energy University">Pandit Deendayal Energy University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Hydrocarbons" title="Directorate General of Hydrocarbons">Directorate General of Hydrocarbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Industry_Safety_Directorate" title="Oil Industry Safety Directorate">Oil Industry Safety Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Conservation_Research_Association" title="Petroleum Conservation Research Association">Petroleum Conservation Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Petroleum_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited">Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineers India Limited">Engineers India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Authority_of_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Authority of India Limited">Gas Authority of India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numaligarh_Refinery_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Numaligarh Refinery Limited">Numaligarh Refinery Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_India" title="Oil India">Oil India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(India)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of<br />Atomic Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apex board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory board</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Regulatory_Board" title="Atomic Energy Regulatory Board">Atomic Energy Regulatory Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R&D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Minerals_Directorate_for_Exploration_and_Research" title="Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research">Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna_Centre_for_Advanced_Technology" title="Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology">Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Energy_Cyclotron_Centre" title="Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre">Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centre_for_Nuclear_Energy_Partnership" title="Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership">Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics Corporation of India">Electronics Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rare_Earths_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rare Earths Limited">Indian Rare Earths Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Corporation_of_India" title="Uranium Corporation of India">Uranium Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India" title="Nuclear Power Corporation of India">Nuclear Power Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHAVINI" title="BHAVINI">Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Water_Board" title="Heavy Water Board">Heavy Water Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Complex" title="Nuclear Fuel Complex">Nuclear Fuel Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Radiation_and_Isotope_Technology" title="Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology">Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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