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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemical analysis and production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion_energy_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_energy_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Combustion energy content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_energy_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Octane_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Octane_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Octane rating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Octane_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiknock_additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiknock_additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antiknock additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiknock_additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tetraethyl_lead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetraethyl_lead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Tetraethyl lead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetraethyl_lead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead_replacement_petrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_replacement_petrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Lead replacement petrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_replacement_petrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MMT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MMT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>MMT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MMT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_stabilizers_(antioxidants_and_metal_deactivators)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_stabilizers_(antioxidants_and_metal_deactivators)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_stabilizers_(antioxidants_and_metal_deactivators)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detergents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detergents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Detergents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detergents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ethanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygenate_blending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygenate_blending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Oxygenate blending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygenate_blending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalation_for_intoxication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalation_for_intoxication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Inhalation for intoxication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalation_for_intoxication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flammability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flammability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Flammability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flammability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasoline_exhaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasoline_exhaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Gasoline exhaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasoline_exhaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental effect</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_effect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental effect subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Carbon dioxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination_of_soil_and_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination_of_soil_and_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Contamination of soil and water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination_of_soil_and_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Use and pricing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_pricing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use and pricing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasoline_production_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasoline_production_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gasoline production by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasoline_production_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Comparison with other fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gasoline</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%95" title="ቤንዚን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤንዚን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وقود السيارات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وقود السيارات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzina" title="Benzina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Benzina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasol%C3%ADna" title="Gasolína – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gasolína" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="পেট্রোল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেট্রোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga-s%C3%B3%CD%98-l%C3%ADn" title="Ga-só͘-lín – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ga-só͘-lín" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бензін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бензін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бэнзін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнзін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पेट्रोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पेट्रोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz%C3%ADn" title="Benzín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Benzín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorenbenzin" title="Motorenbenzin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motorenbenzin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensiin" title="Bensiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bensiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βενζίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βενζίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzino" title="Benzino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Benzino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بنزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بنزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_(hydrocarbure)" title="Essence (hydrocarbure) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Essence (hydrocarbure)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzine" title="Benzine – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Benzine" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peitreal" title="Peitreal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peitreal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatrail" title="Peatrail – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peatrail" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="汽油" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AC-y%C3%B9" title="Khì-yù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khì-yù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%98%EB%B0%9C%EC%9C%A0" title="휘발유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휘발유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բենզին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենզին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पेट्रोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेट्रोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzino" title="Benzino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benzino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bensin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irhasi" title="Irhasi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Irhasi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGazolo" title="UGazolo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UGazolo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bens%C3%ADn" title="Bensín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bensín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzina" title="Benzina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Benzina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בנזין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנזין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8nsin" title="Bènsin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bènsin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბენზინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბენზინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroli" title="Petroli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Petroli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9sans_(idrokarbir)" title="Lésans (idrokarbir) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lésans (idrokarbir)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ນໍ້າມັນເຊື້ອໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນໍ້າມັນເຊື້ອໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzinum" title="Benzinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benzinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz%C4%ABns" title="Benzīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benzīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzinas" title="Benzinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benzinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzien" title="Benzien – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Benzien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasantsy" title="Lasantsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lasantsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="പെട്രോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെട്രോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنزين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنزين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بینجین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بینجین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bensin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဓာတ်ဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတ်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzine" title="Benzine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benzine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="पेट्रोल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पेट्रोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्यासोलिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ग्यासोलिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ガソリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガソリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bensin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bensin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ess%C3%A9ncia_(idrocarbur)" title="Esséncia (idrocarbur) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esséncia (idrocarbur)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪਟਰੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਟਰੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="پٹرول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پٹرول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ګيسولين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګيسولين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyna" title="Benzyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Benzyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin%C4%83" title="Benzină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Benzină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="पेट्रोल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पेट्रोल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Petrol" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motooren-Benzin" title="Motooren-Benzin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Motooren-Benzin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzina" title="Benzina – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Benzina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binzina" title="Binzina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Binzina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gasoline" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz%C3%ADn" title="Benzín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Benzín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencin" title="Bencin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bencin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گازۆلین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گازۆلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorni_benzin" title="Motorni benzin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Motorni benzin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ngsin" title="Béngsin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Béngsin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensiini" title="Bensiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bensiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensin" title="Bensin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bensin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெட்ரோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெட்ரோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="పెట్రోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెట్రోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="น้ำมันเบนซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันเบนซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бензин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бензин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="پیٹرول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیٹرول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C4%83ng" title="Xăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasoliina" title="Kasoliina – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kasoliina" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolina" title="Gasolina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gasolina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esaas" title="Esaas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Esaas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汽油" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בענזין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בענזין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B2%B9" title="電油 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電油" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Benzin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汽油" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ngsin" title="Bèngsin – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bèngsin" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39558#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gasoline" rel="discussion" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Liquid fuel derived from petroleum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Petrol" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Petrol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Petrol (disambiguation)">Petrol (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gasoline (disambiguation)">Gasoline (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/220px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/330px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg/440px-Gasoline_in_mason_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Gasoline in a glass jar</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gasoline</b> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>) or <b>petrol</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and <a href="/wiki/Flammable_liquid" title="Flammable liquid">flammable liquid</a> normally used as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for spark-ignited <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>. When formulated as a fuel for <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">engines</a>, gasoline is chemically composed of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and later chemically enhanced with <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline additive">gasoline additives</a>. It is a high-volume profitable product produced in crude oil refineries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fuel-characteristics of a particular gasoline-blend, which will resist igniting too early are measured as the <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> of the fuel blend. Gasoline blends with stable octane ratings are produced in several fuel-grades for various types of motors. A low octane rated fuel may cause <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> and reduced efficiency in <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocating engines">reciprocating engines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">Tetraethyl lead</a> was once widely used to increase the octane rating but is not used in modern automotive gasoline due to the <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Gasoline" title="Lead poisoning">health hazard</a>. Aviation, off-road motor vehicles, and <a href="/wiki/Racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing car">racing car</a> motors still use leaded gasolines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gasoline" title="History of gasoline">History and etymology of gasoline</a></div> <p>English dictionaries show that the term <i>gasoline</i> originates from <i><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a></i> plus the chemical suffixes <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ole" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ole">-ole</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ine" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ine">-ine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Petrol</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> word <i>petroleum</i> (L. <i>petra</i>, rock + <i>oleum</i>, oil).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in gasoline-like fuels started with the invention of internal combustion engines suitable for use in transportation applications. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Otto_engine" title="Otto engine">Otto engines</a> were developed in Germany during the last quarter of the 19th century. The fuel for these early engines was a relatively volatile <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>. With a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> near 85 °C (185 °F) (<a href="/wiki/N-octane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-octane"><i>n</i>-octane</a> boils at 125.62 °C (258.12 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CAS_111-65-9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAS_111-65-9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), it was well suited for early <a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carburetors</a> (evaporators). The development of a "spray nozzle" carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratios</a>, but early attempts were blocked by the premature explosion of fuel, known as <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">knocking</a>. In 1891, the <a href="/wiki/Shukhov_cracking_process" title="Shukhov cracking process">Shukhov cracking process</a> became the world's first commercial method to break down heavier hydrocarbons in crude oil to increase the percentage of lighter products compared to simple distillation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_analysis_and_production">Chemical analysis and production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis and production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GasolineComp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GasolineComp.png/220px-GasolineComp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GasolineComp.png/330px-GasolineComp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/GasolineComp.png/440px-GasolineComp.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Some of the components of gasoline: <a href="/wiki/Isooctane" class="mw-redirect" title="Isooctane">isooctane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>, 3-<a href="/wiki/Ethyltoluene" title="Ethyltoluene">ethyltoluene</a>, and the octane enhancer <a href="/wiki/MTBE" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBE">MTBE</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodding_donkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nodding_donkey.jpg/220px-Nodding_donkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nodding_donkey.jpg/330px-Nodding_donkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Nodding_donkey.jpg/440px-Nodding_donkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">pumpjack</a> in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg/220px-Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg/330px-Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg/440px-Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oil_rig" title="Oil rig">oil rig</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Commercial gasoline as well as other liquid transportation fuels are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance specification also varies with season, requiring less volatile blends during summer, in order to minimize evaporative losses. </p><p>Gasoline is produced in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>. Roughly 72 liters (19 U.S. gal) of gasoline is derived from a 160-liter (42 U.S. gal) barrel of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material separated from crude oil via <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet specifications for modern engines (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a>; see below), but can be pooled to the gasoline blend. </p><p>The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> with between four and twelve <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4–C12).<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a mixture of paraffins (<a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>), olefins (<a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a>), napthenes (<a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">cycloalkanes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatics</a>. The use of the term <i>paraffin</i> in place of the standard chemical nomenclature <i>alkane</i> is particular to the oil industry (which relies extensively on jargon). The composition of a gasoline depends upon: </p> <ul><li>the oil refinery that makes the gasoline, as not all refineries have the same set of processing units;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> feed used by the refinery;</li> <li>the grade of gasoline sought (in particular, the octane rating).</li></ul> <p>The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams include the following: </p> <ul><li><b>Straight-run gasoline</b>, sometimes referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> (and also light straight run naphtha "LSR" and light virgin naphtha "LVN")</i>, is distilled directly from crude oil. Once the leading source of fuel, naphtha's low octane rating required organometallic fuel additives (primarily <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyllead</a>) prior to their phaseout from the gasoline pool which started in 1975 in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Straight run naphtha is typically low in aromatics (depending on the grade of the crude oil stream) and contains some cycloalkanes (naphthenes) and no olefins (alkenes). Between 0 and 20 percent of this stream is pooled into the finished gasoline because the quantity of this fraction in the crude is less than fuel demand and the fraction's <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating#Research_Octane_Number_(RON)" title="Octane rating">Research Octane Number</a> (RON) is too low. The chemical properties (namely RON and <a href="/wiki/Reid_vapor_pressure" title="Reid vapor pressure">Reid vapor pressure</a> (RVP)) of the straight-run gasoline can be improved through <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reforming" title="Catalytic reforming">reforming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isomerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomerisation">isomerization</a>. However, before feeding those units, the naphtha needs to be split into light and heavy naphtha. Straight-run gasoline can also be used as a feedstock for steam-crackers to produce olefins.</li> <li><b>Reformate</b>, produced from straight run gasoline in a <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic reformer">catalytic reformer</a>, has a high octane rating with high aromatic content and relatively low olefin content. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">xylene</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/BTX_(chemistry)" title="BTX (chemistry)">BTX</a> hydrocarbons) are more valuable as chemical feedstocks and are thus removed to some extent. Also the BTX content is regulated.</li> <li><b>Catalytic cracked gasoline</b>, or catalytic cracked <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a>, produced with a <a href="/wiki/Fluid_catalytic_cracking" title="Fluid catalytic cracking">catalytic cracker</a>, has a moderate octane rating, high olefin content, and moderate aromatic content.</li> <li><b>Hydrocrackate</b> (heavy, mid, and light), produced with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracker">hydrocracker</a>, has a medium to low octane rating and moderate aromatic levels.</li> <li><b>Alkylate</b> is produced in an <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a> unit, using <a href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">isobutane</a> and C3-/C4-olefins as feedstocks. Finished alkylate contains no aromatics or olefins and has a high MON (<a href="/wiki/Motor_octane_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor octane number">Motor Octane Number</a>) Alkylate was used during world war 2 in <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the late 1980s it is sold as a specialty fuel for (handheld) gardening and forestry tools with a combustion engine.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Isomerate</b> is obtained by isomerizing low-octane straight-run gasoline into iso-paraffins (non-chain alkanes, such as <a href="/wiki/Isooctane" class="mw-redirect" title="Isooctane">isooctane</a>). Isomerate has a medium RON and MON, but no aromatics or olefins.</li> <li><b>Butane</b> is usually blended in the gasoline pool, although the quantity of this stream is limited by the RVP specification.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oxygenate" title="Oxygenate">Oxygenates</a></b> (more specifically <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>) are mostly blended into the pool in the US as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a>. In Europe and other countries, the blends can contain <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tertiary-butyl ether</a> (MTBE) and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Ethyl tert-butyl ether">Ethyl tert-butyl ether</a> (ETBE). MTBE in the United States was banned by most states in the early to mid 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few countries still allow <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> as well to be blended directly into gasoline, especially in China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More about oxygenates and blending is covered further in this article.</li></ul> <p>The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, and the terminology varies. </p><p>Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatics</a> in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations have led to an increasing preference for alkane isomers, such as isomerate or alkylate, as their octane rating is higher than n-alkanes. In the European Union, the benzene limit is set at one percent by volume for all grades of automotive gasoline. This is usually achieved by avoiding feeding C6, in particular <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">cyclohexane</a>, to the reformer unit, where it would be converted to benzene. Therefore, only (desulfurized) heavy virgin naphtha (HVN) is fed to the reformer unit<sup id="cite_ref-hedl2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hedl2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasoline can also contain other <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Organic_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic ether">organic ethers</a> (deliberately added), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur">organosulfur</a> compounds (which are usually removed at the refinery). </p><p>On average, U.S. petroleum refineries produce about 19 to 20 gallons of gasoline, 11 to 13 gallons of distillate fuel <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> and 3 to 4 gallons of <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> from each 42 gallon (152 liters) <a href="/wiki/Oil_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil barrel">barrel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil.</a> The product ratio depends upon the processing in an <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil_assay" title="Crude oil assay">crude oil assay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GasStationHiroshima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/220px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/330px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/440px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline station">station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density">Density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of gasoline ranges from 0.71 to 0.77,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with higher densities having a greater volume fraction of aromatics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kilograms per liter (6.30 lb/U.S. gal), (7,5668 lb/ imp gal) its price is escalated or de-escalated according to its actual density.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Denser gasoline is more expensive or less expensive? (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of its low density, gasoline floats on water, and therefore water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire unless applied in a fine mist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gasoline" title="Special:EditPage/Gasoline">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gasoline%22">"Gasoline"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gasoline%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gasoline%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gasoline%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gasoline%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gasoline%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quality gasoline should be <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">stable</a> for six months if stored properly, but can degrade over time. Gasoline stored for a year will most likely be able to be burned in an internal combustion engine without too much trouble. However, the effects of long-term storage will become more noticeable with each passing month until a time comes when the gasoline should be diluted with ever-increasing amounts of freshly made fuel so that the older gasoline may be used up. If left undiluted, improper operation will occur and this may include engine damage from misfiring or the lack of proper action of the fuel within a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> system and from an onboard computer attempting to compensate (if applicable to the vehicle). Gasoline should ideally be stored in an airtight container (to prevent <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> or water vapor mixing in with the gas) that can withstand the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of the gasoline without venting (to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions) at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion and to reduce the rate of any decomposition reactions). When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may result, which can corrode system components and accumulate on wet surfaces, resulting in a condition called "stale fuel". Gasoline containing ethanol is especially subject to absorbing atmospheric moisture, then forming gums, solids, or two phases (a hydrocarbon phase floating on top of a water-alcohol phase). </p><p>The presence of these degradation products in the fuel tank or fuel lines plus a carburetor or fuel injection components makes it harder to start the engine or causes reduced engine performance <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On resumption of regular engine use, the buildup may or may not be eventually cleaned out by the flow of fresh gasoline. The addition of a fuel stabilizer to gasoline can extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly, though removal of all fuel from a fuel system is the only real solution to the problem of long-term storage of an engine or a machine or vehicle. Typical fuel stabilizers are proprietary mixtures containing <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral spirits">mineral spirits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">isopropyl alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,2,4-trimethylbenzene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,2,4-trimethylbenzene">1,2,4-trimethylbenzene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_additive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline additive">other additives</a>. Fuel stabilizers are commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, especially when their use is sporadic or seasonal (little to no use for one or more seasons of the year). Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasoline stability requirements are set by the standard <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> D4814. This standard describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion_energy_content">Combustion energy content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combustion energy content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine obtains energy from the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of gasoline's various hydrocarbons with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the ambient air, yielding <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> as exhaust. The combustion of <a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a>, a representative species, performs the chemical reaction: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">2 C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub> + 25 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 16 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 18 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <p>By weight, combustion of gasoline releases about 46.7 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> (13.0 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">kWh</a>/kg; 21.2 MJ/<a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>) or by volume 33.6 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">liter</a> (9.3 kWh/L; 127 MJ/U.S. gal; 121,000 BTU/U.S. gal), quoting the <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">lower heating value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season and producer by up to 1.75 percent more or less than the average.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, about 74 liters (20 U.S. gal) of gasoline are available from a barrel of crude oil (about 46 percent by volume), varying with the quality of the crude and the grade of the gasoline. The remainder is products ranging from tar to <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high-octane-rated fuel, such as <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG), has an overall lower power output at the typical 10:1 <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a> of an engine design optimized for gasoline fuel. An engine <a href="/wiki/Engine_tuning" title="Engine tuning">tuned</a> for <a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">LPG</a> fuel via higher compression ratios (typically 12:1) improves the power output. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio without knocking, resulting in a higher cylinder temperature, which improves <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">efficiency</a>. Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. An <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_cycle" title="Atkinson cycle">Atkinson cycle</a> engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a high compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake airflow. </p><p>The lower energy content of LPG by liquid volume in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. This lower density is a property of the lower <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> (LPG's chief component) compared to gasoline's blend of various hydrocarbon compounds with heavier molecular weights than propane. Conversely, LPG's energy content by weight is higher than gasoline's due to a higher <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-to-<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> ratio. </p><p>Molecular weights of the species in the representative octane combustion are 114, 32, 44, and 18 for C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>O, respectively; therefore one kilogram (2.2 lb) of fuel reacts with 3.51 kilograms (7.7 lb) of oxygen to produce 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) of carbon dioxide and 1.42 kilograms (3.1 lb) of water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Octane_rating">Octane rating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Octane rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">Octane rating</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spark-ignition_engine" title="Spark-ignition engine">Spark-ignition engines</a> are designed to burn gasoline in a controlled process called <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagration</a>. However, the unburned mixture may autoignite by pressure and heat alone, rather than igniting from the <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plug</a> at exactly the right time, causing a rapid pressure rise that can damage the engine. This is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> or end-gas knock. Knocking can be reduced by increasing the gasoline's resistance to <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition</a>, which is expressed by its octane rating. A detailed analysis further explores the conditions where premium fuel provides actual performance benefits versus when it is unnecessary. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of <a href="/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,2,4-Trimethylpentane">2,2,4-trimethylpentane</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">octane</a>) and n-<a href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">heptane</a>. There are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so the same physical fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. One of the best known is the research octane number (RON). </p><p>The octane rating of typical commercially available gasoline varies by country. In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, 95 RON is the standard for regular unleaded gasoline and 98 RON is also available as a more expensive option. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, over 95 percent of gasoline sold has 95 RON and is marketed as Unleaded or Premium Unleaded. Super Unleaded, with 97/98 RON and branded high-performance fuels (e.g., Shell V-Power, BP Ultimate) with 99 RON make up the balance. Gasoline with 102 RON may rarely be available for racing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., octane ratings in unleaded fuels vary between 85<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 87 AKI (91–92 RON) for regular, 89–90 AKI (94–95 RON) for mid-grade (equivalent to European regular), up to 90–94 AKI (95–99 RON) for premium (European premium). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>91 </td> <td>92 </td> <td>93 </td> <td>94 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>97 </td> <td>98 </td> <td>99 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>101 </td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scandinavian </td> <td colspan="4" scope="row"> </td> <td>Regular </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Premium </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK </td> <td colspan="4" scope="row"> </td> <td>Regular </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" scope="row">Premium </td> <td>Super </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>High-performance </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA </td> <td colspan="2" scope="row">Regular </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" scope="row">Mid-grade </td> <td colspan="4" scope="row">Premium </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As South Africa's largest city, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, is located on the <a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a> at 1,753 meters (5,751 ft) above sea level, the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Association_of_South_Africa" title="Automobile Association of South Africa">Automobile Association of South Africa</a> recommends 95-octane gasoline at low altitude and 93-octane for use in Johannesburg because "The higher the altitude the lower the air pressure, and the lower the need for a high octane fuel as there is no real performance gain".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> in the late 1920s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a higher <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharger</a> boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. Some scientists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> even predicted that a nation with a good supply of high-octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> aero engine produced 980 kilowatts (1,320 hp) using 100 RON fuel from a modest 27 liters (1,600 cu in) displacement. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>, both the RAF and USAAF were conducting some operations in Europe using 150 RON fuel (100/150 <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a>), obtained by adding 2.5 percent <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> to 100-octane avgas.<sup id="cite_ref-Magazines19362_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magazines19362-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the Rolls-Royce Merlin 66 was developing 1,500 kilowatts (2,000 hp) using this fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additives">Additives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">List of gasoline additives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiknock_additives">Antiknock additives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antiknock additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tetraethyl_lead">Tetraethyl lead</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tetraethyl lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">Tetraethyl lead</a></div> <p>Gasoline, when used in high-<a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">compression</a> internal combustion engines, tends to auto-ignite or "detonate" causing damaging <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a> (also called "pinging" or "pinking"). To address this problem, <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">tetraethyl lead</a> (TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With a growing awareness of the seriousness of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by lead compounds, however, and the incompatibility of lead with <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a>, governments began to mandate reductions in gasoline lead. </p><p>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, scheduled to begin in 1973 but delayed by court appeals until 1976. By 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6 percent of total gasoline sales and under 1,800 metric tons (2,000 short tons; 1,800 long tons) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">U.S. Clean Air Act</a> banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles in the U.S. The use of TEL also necessitated other additives, such as <a href="/wiki/Dibromoethane" title="Dibromoethane">dibromoethane</a>. </p><p>European countries began replacing lead-containing additives by the end of the 1980s, and by the end of the 1990s, leaded gasoline was banned within the entire European Union with an exception for <a href="/wiki/Avgas#100LL_(blue)" title="Avgas">Avgas 100LL</a> for <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-q566_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q566-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UAE started to switch to unleaded in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reduction in the average lead content of human blood may be a major cause for falling violent crime rates around the world<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPostCrime2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPostCrime2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessDayCrime2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessDayCrime2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found a correlation between leaded gasoline usage and violent crime (see <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Reyes2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reyes2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies found no correlation. </p><p>In August 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UN Environment Programme</a> announced that leaded petrol had been eradicated worldwide, with <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> being the last country to deplete its reserves. <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> called the eradication of leaded petrol an "international success story". He also added: "Ending the use of leaded petrol will prevent more than one million premature deaths each year from heart disease, strokes and cancer, and it will protect children whose IQs are damaged by exposure to lead". <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> called the announcement "the end of one toxic era".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, leaded gasoline continues to be used in aeronautic, auto racing, and off-road applications.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of leaded additives is still permitted worldwide for the formulation of some grades of <a href="/wiki/Aviation_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation gasoline">aviation gasoline</a> such as <a href="/wiki/100LL" class="mw-redirect" title="100LL">100LL</a>, because the required octane rating is difficult to reach without the use of leaded additives. </p><p>Different additives have replaced lead compounds. The most popular additives include <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a> (<a href="/wiki/MTBE" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBE">MTBE</a> and <a href="/wiki/ETBE" class="mw-redirect" title="ETBE">ETBE</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lead_replacement_petrol"><span class="anchor" id="Lead_Replacement_Petrol"></span> Lead replacement petrol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lead replacement petrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lead replacement petrol (LRP) was developed for vehicles designed to run on leaded fuels and incompatible with unleaded fuels. Rather than tetraethyllead, it contains other metals such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> compounds or <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a> (MMT); these are purported to buffer soft exhaust valves and seats so that they do not suffer recession due to the use of unleaded fuel. </p><p>LRP was marketed during and after the phaseout of leaded motor fuels in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and some other countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August 2016)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> Consumer confusion led to a widespread mistaken preference for LRP rather than unleaded,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and LRP was phased out 8 to 10 years after the introduction of unleaded.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaded gasoline was withdrawn from sale in Britain after 31 December 1999, seven years after <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> regulations signaled the end of production for cars using leaded gasoline in member states. At this stage, a large percentage of cars from the 1980s and early 1990s which ran on leaded gasoline were still in use, along with cars that could run on unleaded fuel. However, the declining number of such cars on British roads saw many gasoline stations withdrawing LRP from sale by 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MMT">MMT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MMT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a> (MMT) is used in Canada and the U.S. to boost octane rating.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use in the U.S. has been restricted by regulations, although it is currently allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_stabilizers_(antioxidants_and_metal_deactivators)"><span id="Fuel_stabilizers_.28antioxidants_and_metal_deactivators.29"></span>Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioxidant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antioxidant.png/220px-Antioxidant.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antioxidant.png/330px-Antioxidant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Antioxidant.png/440px-Antioxidant.png 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Substituted <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> and derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Phenylenediamine" title="Phenylenediamine">phenylenediamine</a> are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline</figcaption></figure> <p>Gummy, sticky resin deposits result from <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidative</a> degradation of gasoline during long-term storage. These harmful deposits arise from the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> and other minor components in gasoline<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oils</a>). Improvements in refinery techniques have generally reduced the susceptibility of gasolines to these problems. Previously, catalytically or thermally cracked gasolines were most susceptible to oxidation. The formation of gums is accelerated by copper salts, which can be neutralized by additives called <a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">metal deactivators</a>. </p><p>This degradation can be prevented through the addition of 5–100 ppm of <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phenylenediamine" title="Phenylenediamine">phenylenediamines</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocarbons with a <a href="/wiki/Bromine_number" title="Bromine number">bromine number</a> of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> and oil-soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a <a href="/wiki/Colorimetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorimetric">colorimetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymatic">enzymatic</a> test for <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">organic peroxides</a> produced by oxidation of the gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasolines are also treated with <a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">metal deactivators</a>, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detergents">Detergents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Detergents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> and allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in <a href="/wiki/Top_Tier_Detergent_Gasoline" title="Top Tier Detergent Gasoline">Top Tier Detergent Gasolines</a>. The specification for Top Tier Detergent Gasolines was developed by four automakers: <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>. According to the bulletin, the minimal U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical detergents include <a href="/wiki/Amine#Classification_of_amines" title="Amine">alkylamines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_phosphate" title="Alkyl phosphate">alkyl phosphates</a> at a level of 50–100 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethanol">Ethanol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethanol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/300px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/450px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp/600px-Corn_vs_Ethanol_production.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD932; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Total corn production (<a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a>) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B51700; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#313131 solid 3px;"> </span> Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gasoline" title="Special:EditPage/Gasoline">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the EU, 5 percent <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10 percent blending of ethanol (available in Finnish, French and German gasoline stations). In Finland, most gasoline stations sell 95E10, which is 10 percent ethanol, and 98E5, which is 5 percent ethanol. Most gasoline sold in Sweden has 5–15 percent ethanol added. Three different ethanol blends are sold in the Netherlands—E5, E10 and hE15. The last of these differs from standard ethanol–gasoline blends in that it consists of 15 percent <a href="/wiki/Hydrous_ethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrous ethanol">hydrous ethanol</a> (i.e., the ethanol–water <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a>) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with gasoline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Agency_of_Petroleum,_Natural_Gas_and_Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels">Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels</a> (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure hydrated ethanol is also available as a fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gasoline" title="Special:EditPage/Gasoline">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10 percent of gasoline in Australia. Such gasoline is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">E10</a> by major brands, and it is cheaper than regular unleaded gasoline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S.">U.S.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gasoline" title="Special:EditPage/Gasoline">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The federal <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable Fuel Standard">Renewable Fuel Standard</a> (RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> (mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet a growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline consumption">gasoline consumption</a> have caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10 percent. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10 percent ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects the varying actual percentage. In parts of the U.S., ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> decided to make five percent ethanol blending (with gasoline) mandatory. Currently, 10 percent ethanol blended product (E10) is being sold in various parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Government_to_take_a_call_on_ethanol_price_soon2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_to_take_a_call_on_ethanol_price_soon2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India_to_raise_ethanol_blending_in_gasoline_to_10%2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_to_raise_ethanol_blending_in_gasoline_to_10%2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethanol has been found in at least one study to damage catalytic converters.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyes">Dyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fuel_dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel dyes">Fuel dyes</a></div> <p>Though gasoline is a naturally colorless liquid, many gasolines are dyed in various colors to indicate their composition and acceptable uses. In Australia, the lowest grade of gasoline (RON 91) was dyed a light shade of red/orange, but is now the same color as the medium grade (RON 95) and high octane (RON 98), which are dyed yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., aviation gasoline (<a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a>) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which is left colorless.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, the gasoline for marine and farm use is dyed red and is not subject to fuel excise tax in most provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygenate_blending">Oxygenate blending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oxygenate blending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxygenate" title="Oxygenate">Oxygenate</a> blending adds <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-bearing compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">MTBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Ethyl tert-butyl ether">ETBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_methyl_ether" title="Tert-Amyl methyl ether">TAME</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Amyl_ethyl_ether" title="Tert-Amyl ethyl ether">TAEE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biobutanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobutanol">biobutanol</a>. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and unburned fuel in the exhaust. In many areas throughout the U.S., oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California fuel must contain two percent oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6 percent ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or, in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline (CARBOB). The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOC</a>-controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MTBE was phased out in the U.S. due to groundwater contamination and the resulting regulations and lawsuits. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, ethanol-derived ETBE are common substitutes. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">gasohol</a> or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called <a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, where the ethanol is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>. In 2004, over 13 billion liters (3.4<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup> U.S. gal) of ethanol was produced in the U.S. for fuel use, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and sold as E10. E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the U.S., though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a> and bio-methanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of ethanol to bio-ETBE, or methanol to bio-MTBE is encouraged by the European Union <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_the_Promotion_of_the_use_of_biofuels_and_other_renewable_fuels_for_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport">Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport</a>. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present (unlike in the U.S., where getting a <a href="/wiki/BATF" class="mw-redirect" title="BATF">BATF</a> distillation permit has been easy since the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOT_hazmat_class_3_(alt_3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg/220px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg/330px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg/440px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a><figcaption>HAZMAT class 3 gasoline</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">safety data sheet</a> for a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texan</a> unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> (up to five percent by volume), <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> (up to 35 percent by volume), <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthalene</a> (up to one percent by volume), <a href="/wiki/1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene" title="1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene">trimethylbenzene</a> (up to seven percent by volume), <a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">methyl <i>tert</i>-butyl ether</a> (MTBE) (up to 18 percent by volume, in some states), and about 10 others.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with <a href="/wiki/LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LD50</a> of 700–2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzene and many antiknocking additives are <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>. </p><p>People can be exposed to gasoline in the workplace by swallowing it, breathing in vapors, skin contact, and eye contact. Gasoline is toxic. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has also designated gasoline as a carcinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical contact, ingestion, or inhalation can cause health problems. Since ingesting large amounts of gasoline can cause permanent damage to major organs, a call to a local poison control center or emergency room visit is indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Common_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Common misconception">common misconception</a>, swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, and inducing vomiting does not help, and can make it worse. According to poison specialist Brad Dahl, "even two mouthfuls wouldn't be that dangerous as long as it goes down to your stomach and stays there or keeps going". The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a> says not to induce vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Lavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavage">lavage</a>, or administer <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated charcoal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhalation_for_intoxication">Inhalation for intoxication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inhalation for intoxication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhaled</a> (huffed) gasoline vapor is a common intoxicant. Users concentrate and inhale gasoline vapor in a manner not intended by the manufacturer to produce <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">intoxication</a>. Gasoline inhalation has become epidemic in some poorer communities and indigenous groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and some Pacific Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-gasoline_Sniffing_Fact_File2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasoline_Sniffing_Fact_File2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is thought to cause severe organ damage, along with other effects such as <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, Native children in the isolated Northern Labrador community of <a href="/wiki/Davis_Inlet,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis Inlet, Newfoundland and Labrador">Davis Inlet</a> were the focus of national concern in 1993, when many were found to be sniffing gasoline. The Canadian and provincial <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> governments intervened on several occasions, sending many children away for treatment. Despite being moved to the new community of <a href="/wiki/Natuashish,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuashish, Newfoundland and Labrador">Natuashish</a> in 2002, serious inhalant abuse problems have continued. Similar problems were reported in <a href="/wiki/Sheshatshiu,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheshatshiu, Newfoundland and Labrador">Sheshatshiu</a> in 2000 and also in <a href="/wiki/Pikangikum_First_Nation" title="Pikangikum First Nation">Pikangikum First Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the issue once again made the news media in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian#Substance_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian § Substance abuse</a></div> <p>Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">aboriginal</a> communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by U.S. <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">servicemen</a> stationed in the nation's <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or through experimentation by 1940s-era <a href="/wiki/Cobourg_Peninsula" title="Cobourg Peninsula">Cobourg Peninsula</a> sawmill workers,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among remote, impoverished <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous</a> communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it a common substance for abuse. </p><p>In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, northern parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP Australia</a> began the usage of <a href="/wiki/Opal_(fuel)" title="Opal (fuel)">Opal fuel</a> in remote areas prone to petrol sniffing.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opal is a non-sniffable fuel (which is much less likely to cause a high) and has made a difference in some indigenous communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flammability">Flammability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Flammability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gasoline-fire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gasoline-fire.png/220px-Gasoline-fire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gasoline-fire.png/330px-Gasoline-fire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gasoline-fire.png/440px-Gasoline-fire.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Uncontrolled burning of gasoline produces large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gasoline is flammable with low <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> of −23 °C (−9 °F). Gasoline has a <a href="/wiki/Lower_explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower explosive limit">lower explosive limit</a> of 1.4 percent by volume and an <a href="/wiki/Upper_explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper explosive limit">upper explosive limit</a> of 7.6 percent. If the concentration is below 1.4 percent, the air-gasoline mixture is too lean and does not ignite. If the concentration is above 7.6 percent, the mixture is too rich and also does not ignite. However, gasoline vapor rapidly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasoline_exhaust">Gasoline exhaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gasoline exhaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> generated by burning gasoline is harmful to both the environment and to human health. After CO is inhaled into the human body, it readily combines with hemoglobin in the blood, and its affinity is 300 times that of oxygen. Therefore, the hemoglobin in the lungs combines with CO instead of oxygen, causing the human body to be <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxic</a>, causing headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and other poisoning symptoms. In severe cases, it may lead to death.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrocarbons only affect the human body when their concentration is quite high, and their toxicity level depends on the chemical composition. The hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion include alkanes, aromatics, and aldehydes. Among them, a concentration of methane and ethane over 35 g/m<sup>3</sup> (0.035 oz/cu ft) will cause loss of consciousness or suffocation, a concentration of pentane and hexane over 45 g/m<sup>3</sup> (0.045 oz/cu ft) will have an anesthetic effect, and aromatic hydrocarbons will have more serious effects on health, blood toxicity, <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>, and cancer. If the concentration of benzene exceeds 40 ppm, it can cause leukemia, and xylene can cause headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Human exposure to large amounts of aldehydes can cause eye irritation, nausea, and dizziness. In addition to carcinogenic effects, long-term exposure can cause damage to the skin, liver, kidneys, and cataracts.<sup id="cite_ref-x-engineer.org_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-engineer.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After NO<sub>x</sub> enters the alveoli, it has a severe stimulating effect on the lung tissue. It can irritate the conjunctiva of the eyes, cause tearing, and cause pink eyes. It also has a stimulating effect on the nose, pharynx, throat, and other organs. It can cause acute wheezing, breathing difficulties, red eyes, sore throat, and dizziness causing poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-x-engineer.org_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-engineer.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fine_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine particulate matter">Fine particulates</a> are also dangerous to health.<sup id="cite_ref-canada-2015_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effect">Environmental effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The air pollution in many large cities has changed from coal-burning pollution to "motor vehicle pollution". In the U.S., transportation is the largest source of carbon emissions, accounting for 30 percent of the total carbon footprint of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combustion of gasoline produces 2.35 kilograms per liter (19.6 lb/U.S. gal) of carbon dioxide, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US_Energy_Information_Administration2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Energy_Information_Administration2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unburnt gasoline and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control#Evaporative_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">evaporation from the tank</a>, when in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, react in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical smog">photochemical smog</a>. Vapor pressure initially rises with some addition of ethanol to gasoline, but the increase is greatest at 10 percent by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At higher concentrations of ethanol above 10 percent, the vapor pressure of the blend starts to decrease. At a 10 percent ethanol by volume, the rise in vapor pressure may potentially increase the problem of photochemical smog. This rise in vapor pressure could be mitigated by increasing or decreasing the percentage of ethanol in the gasoline mixture. The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling). </p><p>Production of gasoline consumes 1.5 liters per kilometer (0.63 U.S. gal/mi) of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> by driven distance.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasoline use causes a variety of deleterious effects to the human population and to the climate generally. The harms imposed include a higher rate of premature death and ailments, such as <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, caused by <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, higher healthcare costs for the public generally, decreased <a href="/wiki/Crop_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop yields">crop yields</a>, missed work and school days due to illness, increased <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events linked to <a href="/wiki/Global_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate change">global climate change</a>, and other social costs. The costs imposed on society and the planet are estimated to be $3.80 per gallon of gasoline, in addition to the price paid at the pump by the user. The damage to the health and climate caused by a gasoline-powered vehicle greatly exceeds that caused by electric vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gasoline can be released into the Earth's environment as an uncombusted liquid fuel, as a flammable liquid, or as a vapor by way of leakages occurring during its production, handling, transport and delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasoline contains known <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gasoline <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust</a> is a health risk.<sup id="cite_ref-canada-2015_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-2015-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasoline is often used as a recreational <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalant</a> and can be harmful or fatal when used in such a manner.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When burned, one liter (0.26 U.S. gal) of gasoline emits about 2.3 kilograms (5.1 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Human-caused_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-caused climate change">human-caused climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions worldwide in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide">Carbon dioxide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 2.353 kilograms per liter (19.64 lb/U.S. gal) of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) are produced from burning gasoline that does not contain ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Energy_Information_Administration2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Energy_Information_Administration2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the retail gasoline now sold in the U.S. contains about 10 percent fuel ethanol (or E10) by volume.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Energy_Information_Administration2_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Energy_Information_Administration2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burning E10 produces about 2.119 kilograms per liter (17.68 lb/U.S. gal) of CO<sub>2</sub> that is emitted from the fossil fuel content. If the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from ethanol combustion are considered, then about 2.271 kilograms per liter (18.95 lb/U.S. gal) of CO<sub>2</sub> are produced when E10 is combusted.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Energy_Information_Administration2_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Energy_Information_Administration2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide 7 liters of gasoline are burnt for every 100 km driven by <a href="/wiki/Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cars">cars</a> and vans.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2021_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2021-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> stated, "To ensure fuel economy and CO2 emissions standards are effective, governments must continue regulatory efforts to monitor and reduce the gap between real-world fuel economy and rated performance."<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2021_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2021-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination_of_soil_and_water">Contamination of soil and water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contamination of soil and water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gasoline enters the environment through the soil, groundwater, surface water, and air. Therefore, humans may be exposed to gasoline through methods such as breathing, eating, and skin contact. For example, using gasoline-filled equipment, such as lawnmowers, drinking gasoline-contaminated water close to gasoline spills or leaks to the soil, working at a gasoline station, inhaling gasoline volatile gas when refueling at a gasoline station is the easiest way to be exposed to gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_pricing">Use and pricing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Use and pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> said in 2021 that "road fuels should be taxed at a rate that reflects their impact on people's health and the climate".<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2021_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2021-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries in Europe impose substantially higher <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">taxes</a> on fuels such as gasoline when compared to the U.S. The price of gasoline in Europe is typically higher than that in the U.S. due to this difference.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._2">U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png/220px-USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png/330px-USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png/440px-USRegularGasolinePricesUpto2019.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Regular Gasoline Prices through 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp/300px-RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp/450px-RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp/600px-RBOB_Gasoline_Prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4519" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Reformulated_Blendstock_for_Oxygenate_Blending" title="Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending">RBOB Gasoline Prices</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Reformulated_Blendstock_for_Oxygenate_Blending" title="Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending">RBOB</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Fuel taxes in the United States">excise taxes on gasoline</a> reflect prices paid at the pump</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline fluctuated between $0.26 and $0.53 per liter ($1 and $2/U.S. gal).<sup id="cite_ref-FE.gov2_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE.gov2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 2004, the price increased until the average gasoline price reached a high of $1.09 per liter ($4.11/U.S. gal) in mid-2008 but receded to approximately $0.69 per liter ($2.60/U.S. gal) by September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FE.gov2_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FE.gov2-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. experienced an upswing in gasoline prices through 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-taxfoundation.org2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxfoundation.org2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by 1 March 2012, the national average was $0.99 per liter ($3.74/U.S. gal). California prices are higher because the California government mandates unique California gasoline formulas and taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., most consumer goods bear pre-tax prices, but gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state, and local governments. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the federal tax was $0.049 per liter ($0.184/U.S. gal) for gasoline and $0.064 per liter ($0.244/U.S. gal) for <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Red_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Red diesel">red diesel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About nine percent of all gasoline sold in the U.S. in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> magazine says, "If [your owner's manual] says to use regular fuel, do so—there's no advantage to a higher grade."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Associated Press</i> said premium gas—which has a higher octane rating and costs more per gallon than regular unleaded—should be used only if the manufacturer says it is "required".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cars with <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharged</a> engines and high compression ratios often specify premium gasoline because higher octane fuels reduce the incidence of "knock", or fuel pre-detonation.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price of gasoline varies considerably between the summer and winter months.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a considerable difference between summer oil and winter oil in gasoline vapor pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure, RVP), which is a measure of how easily the fuel evaporates at a given temperature. The higher the gasoline volatility (the higher the RVP), the easier it is to evaporate. The conversion between the two fuels occurs twice a year, once in autumn (winter mix) and the other in spring (summer mix). The winter blended fuel has a higher RVP because the fuel must be able to evaporate at a low temperature for the engine to run normally. If the RVP is too low on a cold day, the vehicle will be difficult to start; however, the summer blended gasoline has a lower RVP. It prevents excessive evaporation when the outdoor temperature rises, reduces ozone emissions, and reduces smog levels. At the same time, vapor lock is less likely to occur in hot weather.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gasoline_production_by_country">Gasoline production by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gasoline production by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Gasoline production (per day; 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="4">Gasoline production </th></tr> <tr> <th>Barrels<br /><small>(thousands)</small></th> <th>m<sup>3</sup><br /><small>(thousands)</small></th> <th>ft<sup>3</sup><br /><small>(thousands)</small></th> <th>kL </th></tr> <tr> <th>U.S. </th> <td style="text-align:right;">8,921 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,418.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,090 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,418.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td style="text-align:right;">2,578 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">409.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,470 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">409.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Japan </th> <td style="text-align:right;">920 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">146 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">146 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Russia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">910 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145 </td></tr> <tr> <th>India </th> <td style="text-align:right;">755 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,240 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Canada </th> <td style="text-align:right;">671 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">106.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,770 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">106.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Brazil </th> <td style="text-align:right;">533 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Germany </th> <td style="text-align:right;">465 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,610 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Saudi Arabia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">441 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,480 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mexico </th> <td style="text-align:right;">407 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,290 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Korea </th> <td style="text-align:right;">397 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iran </th> <td style="text-align:right;">382 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,140 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>UK </th> <td style="text-align:right;">364 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,040 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Italy </th> <td style="text-align:right;">343 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,930 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Venezuela </th> <td style="text-align:right;">277 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>France </th> <td style="text-align:right;">265 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,490 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Singapore </th> <td style="text-align:right;">249 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Australia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">241 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,350 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indonesia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">230 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Taiwan </th> <td style="text-align:right;">174 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Thailand </th> <td style="text-align:right;">170 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spain </th> <td style="text-align:right;">169 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Netherlands </th> <td style="text-align:right;">148 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">830 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Africa </th> <td style="text-align:right;">135 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">760 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Argentina </th> <td style="text-align:right;">122 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">680 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sweden </th> <td style="text-align:right;">112 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">630 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Greece </th> <td style="text-align:right;">108 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">610 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belgium </th> <td style="text-align:right;">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">590 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malaysia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">103 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Finland </th> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belarus </th> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Turkey </th> <td style="text-align:right;">92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Colombia </th> <td style="text-align:right;">85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">480 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poland </th> <td style="text-align:right;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">470 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Norway </th> <td style="text-align:right;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">430 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakhstan </th> <td style="text-align:right;">71 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Algeria </th> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romania </th> <td style="text-align:right;">70 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Oman </th> <td style="text-align:right;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">390 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Egypt </th> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">370 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>UAE </th> <td style="text-align:right;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">370 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chile </th> <td style="text-align:right;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">360 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Turkmenistan </th> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kuwait </th> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Iraq </th> <td style="text-align:right;">56 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">310 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vietnam </th> <td style="text-align:right;">52 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">290 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lithuania </th> <td style="text-align:right;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">280 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Denmark </th> <td style="text-align:right;">48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">270 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Qatar </th> <td style="text-align:right;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_fuels">Comparison with other fuels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Comparison with other fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gasoline" title="Special:EditPage/Gasoline">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></div> <p>Below is a table of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> (per volume) and <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a> (per mass) of various transportation fuels as compared with gasoline. In the rows with <a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">gross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower heating value">net</a>, they are from the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a>'s Transportation Energy Data Book.<sup id="cite_ref-TEDB2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEDB2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Fuel type</th> <th colspan="4">Energy density</th> <th colspan="4">Specific energy</th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">RON</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Gross</th> <th colspan="2">Net</th> <th colspan="2">Gross</th> <th colspan="2">Net </th></tr> <tr> <th>MJ/L</th> <th>BTU / U.S. gal</th> <th>MJ/L</th> <th>BTU / U.S. gal</th> <th>MJ/kg</th> <th>BTU/lb</th> <th>MJ/kg</th> <th>BTU/lb </th></tr> <tr> <td>Gasoline</td> <td style="text-align:right;">34.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115,400</td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,100<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,700</td> <td>91–98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">LPG</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>108 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,000<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,500<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,500</td> <td>108.7<sup id="cite_ref-Fuel_89_(2010)_2713-27202_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuel_89_(2010)_2713-27202-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,600</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,600</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,700</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>91–99<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need specific compositions of each fuel, plus cites, to avoid vagueness in numbers; pure n-butanol only has one rating; otherwise split into two Butanol mixes (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Gasohol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,400</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>93–94<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="can only be one figure, cites would help (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">138,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,700</td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,100</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.3–35.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,000–128,000<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need specific composition, plus cite, to avoid vagueness in numbers; otherwise remove this as uninformative (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,100</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">Avgas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,100</td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,600</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel#Energy_content" title="Aviation fuel">Jet A</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,800</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel#Energy_content" title="Aviation fuel">Jet B</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,700</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,300</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,500</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,800</td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,200</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compressed_hydrogen" title="Compressed hydrogen">CGH<sub>2</sub></a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.036 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">130<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">142 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.506 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">218</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul><p>Chevron published a free high-quality technical guide <u><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chevron.com/-/media/chevron/operations/documents/motor-gas-tech-review.pdf">Motor Gasolines Technical Review</a></u> using common language that explains gasoline production, blending, and combustion in an engine. The report covers the USA and other locations globally. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">Aviation fuel</a> – Fuel used to power aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a> – Fuel for internal combustion engines – replacement fuel for use in unmodified gasoline engines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a> – Gasoline produced from biomass - petrol derived from biomass such as algae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a> – Liquid fuel used in diesel engines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Filling station</a> – Facility that sells gasoline and diesel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_dispenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel dispenser">Fuel dispenser</a> – Machine at a filling station that is used to pump fuels<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_saving_device" title="Fuel saving device">Fuel saving device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">Gas to liquids</a> – Conversion of natural gas to liquid petroleum products</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_gallon_equivalent" title="Gasoline gallon equivalent">Gasoline gallon equivalent</a> – Amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fuel">Hydrogen fuel</a> – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a> (<abbr>ICE</abbr>) – Engine in which fuel combusts with an oxidizer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a> – Robust pressed steel liquid container</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_fuel_retailers" title="List of automotive fuel retailers">List of automotive fuel retailers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">List of gasoline additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate#Drip_gas" title="Natural-gas condensate">Natural-gas condensate#Drip gas</a> – Low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gasoline">Synthetic gasoline</a> – Fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">Octane rating</a> – Standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_oil_market_chronology_from_2003" title="World oil market chronology from 2003">World oil market chronology from 2003</a> – Chronology of events affecting the oil market</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Consisting mostly of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diesel fuel is not used in a gasoline engine, so its low octane rating is not an issue; the relevant metric for diesel engines is the <a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">at −253.2 °C (−423.8 °F)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaryHandwerk2001" class="citation book cs1">Gary, James H.; Handwerk, Glenn E. (2001). <i>Petroleum refining: technology and economics</i> (4. ed.). New York Basel: Dekker. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0482-7"><bdi>978-0-8247-0482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+refining%3A+technology+and+economics&rft.place=New+York+Basel&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=4.&rft.pub=Dekker&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0482-7&rft.aulast=Gary&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Handwerk%2C+Glenn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/leaded-gas-was-phased-out-25-years-ago-why-are-n1264970">"Why small planes still use leaded fuel decades after phase-out in cars"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quality+of+petrol+and+diesel+fuel+used+for+road+transport+in+the+European+Union+%28Reporting+year+2013%29&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2FPDF%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%3A52015DC0070%26rid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simplemotoring.co.uk/car-fuel-types/">"Types Of Car Fuel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925104546/https://www.simplemotoring.co.uk/car-fuel-types/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+Of+Car+Fuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplemotoring.co.uk%2Fcar-fuel-types%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaoil.co.uk/product/sunoco-cfr-102-ron-90mon-2-2-oxygen/">"Sunoco CFR Racing Fuel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192041/https://aaoil.co.uk/product/sunoco-cfr-102-ron-90mon-2-2-oxygen/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Gas+More+Expensive+in+the+Summer+Than+in+the+Winter%3F&rft.date=2008-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2Ffuel-efficiency%2Ffuel-consumption%2Fsummer-fuel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/gasoline_production/">"Gasoline production - Country rankings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922202533/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/gasoline_production/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ornl.gov&rft.atitle=Appendix+B+%E2%80%93+Transportation+Energy+Data+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcta.ornl.gov%2Fdata%2Fappendix_b.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Thomas" class="citation web cs1">George Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221185632/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/storage.pdf">"Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/storage.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Storage+Development+DOE+Hydrogen+Program&rft.au=George+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eere.energy.gov%2Fhydrogenandfuelcells%2Fpdfs%2Fstorage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(99.6 KB)</span>. Livermore, California. Sandia National Laboratories. 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuel_89_(2010)_2713-27202-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuel_89_(2010)_2713-27202_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyidoganOzsezenCanakciTurkcan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Eyidogan, Muharrem; Ozsezen, Ahmet Necati; Canakci, Mustafa; Turkcan, Ali (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine". <i>Fuel</i>. <b>89</b> (10): 2713. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Fuel...89.2713E">2010Fuel...89.2713E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2010.01.032">10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fuel&rft.atitle=Impact+of+alcohol%E2%80%93gasoline+fuel+blends+on+the+performance+and+combustion+characteristics+of+an+SI+engine&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2713&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2010.01.032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Fuel...89.2713E&rft.aulast=Eyidogan&rft.aufirst=Muharrem&rft.au=Ozsezen%2C+Ahmet+Necati&rft.au=Canakci%2C+Mustafa&rft.au=Turkcan%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122142254/http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/forestry/biomass/pubs/WB0008.pdf">"Extension Forestry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/forestry/biomass/pubs/WB0008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extension+Forestry&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Cooperative+Extension&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fforestry%2Fbiomass%2Fpubs%2FWB0008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125094124/http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/faqs.asp">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. The National Hydrogen Association. 25 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/faqs.asp">the original</a> on 25 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=The+National+Hydrogen+Association&rft.date=2005-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenassociation.org%2Fgeneral%2Ffaqs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGasoline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Gold, Russell. <i>The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World</i> (Simon & Schuster, 2014).</li> <li>Yergin, Daniel. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest:_Energy,_Security,_and_the_Remaking_of_the_Modern_World" title="The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World">The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World</a></i> (Penguin, 2011).</li> <li>Yergin, Daniel. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power</a></i> (Buccaneer Books, 1994; latest edition: Reissue Press, 2008).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zfacts.com/p/35.html">Graph of inflation-corrected historic prices, 1970–2005. Highest in 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050923171110/http://zfacts.com/p/35.html">Archived</a> 23 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070917190316/http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/consumer/autos/aut12.shtm">The Low-Down on High Octane Gasoline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/additive/mmt_cmts.htm">MMT-US EPA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050920000828/http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/fuels/additive/mmt_cmts.htm">Archived</a> 20 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>An <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasresources.net/Introduction.htm">introduction to the modern petroleum science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404212240/http://www.gasresources.net/Introduction.htm">Archived</a> 4 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic petroleum">abiotic petroleum</a> origins.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/041008.html">What's the difference between premium and regular gas?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019020018/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/041008.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from <a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109151831/http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/transport/10285.htm">International Fuel Prices 2005</a> with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010815085245/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp">EIA – Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614021021/http://soc.hfac.uh.edu/artman/publish/article_375.shtml">World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Government Handout", April 2006.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ethanol_motherearth/me2.html#table">Durability of various plastics: Alcohols vs. Gasoline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028080312/http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/ethanol_motherearth/me2.html#table">Archived</a> 28 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030221233432/http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm">Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural petroleum.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/rfgecon.htm">Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022034002/http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/rfgecon.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> i.e. reformulated gasoline. Has lower heating value data, actual energy content is higher see <a href="/wiki/Higher_heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher heating value">higher heating value</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/430113/">A Refiner's Viewpoint on MOTOR FUEL QUALITY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235224/https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/430113/">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 'A Refiner's Viewpoint on Motor Fuel Quality' About the fuel specs refiners can control. Holaday W, and Happel J. (SAE paper 430113, 1943).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gasoline&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gasoline" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gasoline">gasoline</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gas" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gas">gas</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petrol" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:petrol">petrol</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/pf/features/lists/global_gasprices/">CNN/Money: Global gas prices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.eu/#Prices">EEP: European gas prices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml">Transportation Energy Data Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/terminals">Energy Supply Logistics Searchable Directory of US Terminals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robotpig.net/__automotive/fuel.php">High octane fuel, leaded and LRP gasoline—article from robotpig.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0299.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalair.com/airport/fuelmap.aspx">Aviation Fuel Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buildpriceoption.com/comparison-of-regular-midgrade-and-premium-fuel/">Comparison of Regular, Midgrade, and Premium Fuel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Images</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=19334&from=collectionSpotlight">Down the Gasoline Trail</a></i> Handy Jam Organization, 1935 (<a href="/wiki/Down_the_Gasoline_Trail" title="Down the Gasoline Trail">Cartoon</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gasoline/petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Lead_replacement_petrol_(gasoline)">Lead Replacement Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">Fuel additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">Butylated hydroxytoluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dibromoethane" title="1,2-Dibromoethane">1,2-Dibromoethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-Dichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">Dimethyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol" title="2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol">2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic_acid" title="Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid">Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol" title="2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol">2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecalene" title="Ecalene">Ecalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">Ethylenediamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">Metal deactivator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tert-butyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Motor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">Automatic transmission fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_oil" title="Gear oil">Gear oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">Windshield washer fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_card" title="Fuel card">Fuel card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTBE_controversy" title="MTBE controversy">MTBE controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_at_the_pump" title="Pay at the pump">Pay at the pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/38px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/19px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/29px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/38px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/32px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/42px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/19px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/34px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">History of science</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/21px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="8" class="mw-file-element" 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