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</li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letters_and_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_and_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Letters and papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_and_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Greenleaf Whittier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95_%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%8D_%E1%8B%8A%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD" title="ጆን ግሪንሊፍ ዊቲየር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆን ግሪንሊፍ ዊቲየር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جون جرينليف ويتير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون جرينليف ويتير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جان قرینلیف ویتیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان قرینلیف ویتیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جان گرینلیف ویتیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان گرینلیف ویتیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ջոն Գրինլիֆ Ուիթիեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Գրինլիֆ Ուիթիեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ უიტიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ უიტიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="Ioannes Greenleaf Whittier – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ გრინლიფ უიტიერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ გრინლიფ უიტიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جون جرينلايف وايتير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون جرينلايف وايتير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BC%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جان ګرينليف وايټير – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ګرينليف وايټير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Уиттьер, Джон Гринлиф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уиттьер, Джон Гринлиф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Greenleaf Whittier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ҷон Гринлиф Уиттер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷон Гринлиф Уиттер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D1%94%D1%80" title="Джон Грінліф Віттієр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Грінліф Віттієр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E8%92%82%E5%9F%83" title="約翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q458372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1807-12-17</span>)</span>December 17, 1807<br /><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">September 7, 1892<span style="display:none">(1892-09-07)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Falls,_New_Hampshire" title="Hampton Falls, New Hampshire">Hampton Falls, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Editor</a>, poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hussey_Whittier" title="Elizabeth Hussey Whittier">Elizabeth Hussey Whittier</a> (sister)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/150px-Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/225px-Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/300px-Signature_of_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Greenleaf Whittier</b> (December 17, 1807 – September 7, 1892) was an American <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> poet and advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>. Frequently listed as one of the <a href="/wiki/Fireside_poets" title="Fireside poets">fireside poets</a>, he was influenced by the Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>. Whittier is remembered particularly for his anti-slavery writings, as well as his 1866 book <i><a href="/wiki/Snow-Bound" title="Snow-Bound">Snow-Bound</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whittier was born to John and Abigail (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Hussey) Whittier at their <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Homestead" title="John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead">rural homestead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>, on December 17, 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His middle name is thought to mean <i>feuillevert</i>, after his <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> forebears.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up on the farm in a household with his parents, a brother and two sisters, a maternal aunt and paternal uncle, and a constant flow of visitors and hired hands for the farm. As a boy, it was discovered that Whittier was <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color-blind</a> when he was unable to see a difference between ripe and unripe <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The farm was not very profitable, and there was only enough money to get by. Whittier himself was not cut out for hard farm labor and suffered from bad health and physical frailty his whole life. Although he received little formal education, he was an avid reader who studied his father's six books on Quakerism until their teachings became the foundation of his ideology. Whittier was heavily influenced by the doctrines of his religion, particularly its stress on humanitarianism, compassion, and social responsibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whittier was first introduced to poetry by a teacher. His sister Mary Whittier sent his first poem, "The Deity", to the <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a> <i>Free Press</i> without his permission, and its editor, <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, published it on June 8, 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrison, as well as another local editor, encouraged Whittier to attend the recently opened Haverhill Academy. To raise money to attend the school, Whittier became a shoemaker for a time, and a deal was made to pay part of his tuition with food from the family farm.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his second term, he earned money to cover tuition by serving as a teacher in a one-room schoolhouse in what is now <a href="/wiki/Merrimac,_Massachusetts" title="Merrimac, Massachusetts">Merrimac, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended Haverhill Academy from 1827 to 1828 and completed a high school education in only two terms. </p><p>Whittier received the first substantial public praise for his work from critic <a href="/wiki/John_Neal_(writer)" title="John Neal (writer)">John Neal</a> via Neal's magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yankee" title="The Yankee">The Yankee</a></i> in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whittier valued the opinion of the older and more established writer, pledging that if Neal did not like his writing, "<i>I will quit poetry, and everything also of a literary nature</i>, for I am sick at heart of the business."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an 1829 letter, Neal told Whittier to "Persevere, and I am sure you will have your reward in every way."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reading Neal's 1828 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Dyer" title="Rachel Dyer">Rachel Dyer</a></i> inspired Whittier to weave New England witchcraft lore into his own stories and poems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garrison gave Whittier the job of editor of the <i>National Philanthropist</i>, a Boston-based <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> weekly. Shortly after a change in management, Garrison reassigned him as editor of the weekly <i>American Manufacturer</i> in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whittier became an outspoken critic of President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, and by 1830 was editor of the prominent <i>New England Weekly Review</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, the most influential <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> journal in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. He published "<a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Vermonters,_1779" title="The Song of the Vermonters, 1779">The Song of the Vermonters, 1779</a>" anonymously in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Magazine" title="The New-England Magazine">The New-England Magazine</a></i> in 1838. The poem was mistakenly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> for nearly sixty years. Whittier acknowledged his authorship in 1858. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Young_John_Greenleaf_Whittier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="3037" /></a><figcaption>Oil on canvas painting of John Greenleaf Whittier by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peckham_(artist)" title="Robert Peckham (artist)">Robert Peckham (artist)</a> (1833). Housed at the <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_House" title="John Greenleaf Whittier House">John Greenleaf Whittier House</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionist_activity">Abolitionist activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abolitionist activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg/220px-Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg/330px-Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg/440px-Our_Countrymen_in_Chains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Broadside publication of Whittier's <i>Our Countrymen in Chains</i></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1830s, Whittier became interested in politics, but after losing a congressional election at age 25, he suffered a nervous breakdown and returned home. The year 1833 was a turning point for Whittier; he resurrected his correspondence with Garrison, and the passionate abolitionist began to encourage the young Quaker to join his cause. </p><p>In 1833, Whittier published the antislavery pamphlet <i>Justice and Expediency</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from there dedicated the next twenty years of his life to the abolitionist cause. The controversial pamphlet destroyed all of his political hopes, as his demand for immediate emancipation alienated both Northern businessmen and Southern slaveholders, but it also sealed his commitment to a cause that he deemed morally correct and socially necessary. He was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a> and signed the Anti-Slavery Declaration of 1833, which he often considered the most significant action of his life. </p><p>Whittier's political skill made him useful as a lobbyist, and his willingness to badger anti-slavery congressional leaders into joining the abolitionist cause was invaluable. From 1835 to 1838, he traveled widely in the North, attending conventions, securing votes, speaking to the public, and lobbying politicians. As he did so, Whittier received his fair share of violent responses, being several times mobbed, stoned, and run out of town. </p><p>From 1838 to 1840, he was editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer_(1836)" title="National Enquirer (1836)">Pennsylvania Freeman</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the leading antislavery papers in the North, formerly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer_(1836)" title="National Enquirer (1836)">National Enquirer</a></i>. In May 1838, the publication moved its offices to the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Pennsylvania Hall</a> on North Sixth Street, which was shortly after burned by a pro-slavery mob.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whittier continued to write poetry, and nearly all of his poems then dealt with the problem of slavery. </p><p>In 1838, <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Atherton" title="Charles G. Atherton">Charles G. Atherton</a> of New Hampshire presented five resolutions that were adopted and created a new resolution that barred Congress from discussing petitions that mentioned bringing slavery to an end. Congress approved them on December 12, 1838, which became known as the "Atherton Gag"; Whittier referred to Atherton in one of his many abolition poems as "vile" by having allied himself so closely with his fellow Democrats from pro-slavery South.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1844 the House rescinded that gag rule on a motion made by <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. </p><p>By the end of the 1830s, the unity of the abolitionist movement had begun to fracture. Whittier stuck to his belief that moral action apart from political effort was futile. He knew that success required legislative change, not merely moral suasion. That opinion alone engendered a bitter split from Garrison,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Whittier went on to become a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a> in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1840, he attended the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1843, he was announcing the triumph of the fledgling party: "Liberty party is no longer an experiment. It is vigorous reality, exerting... a powerful influence."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whittier unsuccessfully encouraged <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> to join the party.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took editing jobs with the <i>Middlesex Standard</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, and the <i>Essex Transcript</i> in <a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a> until 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Lowell, he met <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>, who became a lifelong friend.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, he began writing his essay "The Black Man" which included an anecdote about John Fountain, a free black who was jailed in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> for helping slaves to escape. After his release, Fountain went on a speaking tour and thanked Whittier for writing his story.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around then, the stresses of editorial duties, worsening health, and dangerous mob violence caused Whittier to have a physical breakdown. He went home to Amesbury and remained there for the rest of his life, ending his active participation in abolition. Even so, he continued to believe that the best way to gain abolitionist support was to broaden the Liberty Party's political appeal, and Whittier persisted in advocating the addition of other issues to its platform. He eventually participated in the evolution of the Liberty Party into the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, and some say his greatest political feat was convincing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> to run on the Free-Soil ticket for the U.S. Senate in 1850. </p><p>Beginning in 1847, Whittier was the editor of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Bailey" title="Gamaliel Bailey">Gamaliel Bailey</a>'s <i>The National Era</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the most influential abolitionist newspapers in the North. For the next ten years, it featured the best of his writing, both as prose and poetry. Being confined to his home and away from the action offered Whittier a chance to write better abolitionist poetry, and he was even <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">poet laureate</a> for his party. Whittier's poems often used slavery to represent all kinds of oppression (physical, spiritual, economic), and his poems stirred up popular response because they appealed to feelings, rather than logic. </p><p>Whittier produced two collections of antislavery poetry: <i>Poems Written during the Progress of the Abolition Question in the United States, between 1830 and 1838</i> and <i>Voices of Freedom</i> (1846). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_years">Civil War years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg/220px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg/330px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg/440px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_-_DPLA_-_d214d290dd10339c3d89af6c4731b483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of John Greenleaf Whittier, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1855–60</span></figcaption></figure> <p>He was an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">elector</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1860</a> and <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">of 1864</a> for <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> both times.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the months leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Whittier built a strong national audience. In January 1861, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, which had previous spurned his poetry, praised him for his "keen and discriminating love of right" and his "love of freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcup155_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcup155-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, the <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i> responded to Whittier's collection <i>In War Time, and Other Poems</i>, by calling him "on the whole, the most American of all our poets, and there is a fire of warlike patriotism in him that burns all the more intensely that is smothered by his [Quaker] creed".<sup id="cite_ref-Kilcup155_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilcup155-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> in 1865 ended both slavery and his public cause, and so Whittier turned to other forms of poetry for the remainder of his life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg/220px-Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg/330px-Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg/440px-Whittier_John_Greenleaf_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Whittier's grave in <a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of his most enduring works, <i><a href="/wiki/Snow-Bound" title="Snow-Bound">Snow-Bound</a></i>, was first published in 1866. Whittier was surprised by its financial success; he earned $10,000 from the first edition.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, Whittier asked <a href="/wiki/James_T._Fields" title="James T. Fields">James T. Fields</a> to get him a ticket to a reading by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> during the British author's visit to the United States. After the event, Whittier wrote a letter describing his experience: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My eyes ached all next day from the intensity of my gazing. I do not think his voice naturally particularly fine, but he uses it with great effect. He has wonderful dramatic power ... I like him better than any public reader I have ever before heard.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whittier spent the last winters of his life, from 1876 to 1892, at Oak Knoll, the home of his cousins in <a href="/wiki/Danvers,_Massachusetts" title="Danvers, Massachusetts">Danvers, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whittier spent the summer of 1892 at the home of a cousin in <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Falls,_New_Hampshire" title="Hampton Falls, New Hampshire">Hampton Falls, New Hampshire</a>, where he wrote his last poem (a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a>) and where he was captured in a final photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at this home on September 7, 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._W._Barber_Obelisk_(Pioneer_Cemetery,_Lawrence,_KS).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg/220px-T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg/330px-T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg/440px-T._W._Barber_Obelisk_%28Pioneer_Cemetery%2C_Lawrence%2C_KS%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption>John Greenleaf Whittier's poem, <i>Burial of Barber</i> was inspired by the burial of abolitionist <a href="/wiki/T._W._Barber" class="mw-redirect" title="T. W. Barber">T. W. Barber</a> (Barber's tomb pictured in 2018).</figcaption></figure> <p>Whittier's first two published books were <i>Legends of New England</i> (1831) and the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Moll_Pitcher" title="Moll Pitcher">Moll Pitcher</a></i> (1832). In 1833 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Vermonters,_1779" title="The Song of the Vermonters, 1779">The Song of the Vermonters, 1779</a>,</i> which he had anonymously inserted in <i>The New England Magazine.</i> The poem was erroneously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a> for nearly sixty years. This use of poetry in the service of his political beliefs is illustrated by his book <i>Poems Written during the Progress of the Abolition Question</i>. </p><p>Highly regarded in his lifetime and for a period thereafter, he is now largely remembered for his anti-slavery writings and his poems <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Barbara_Frietchie" class="extiw" title="s:Barbara Frietchie">Barbara Frietchie</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Barefoot_Boy" title="The Barefoot Boy">The Barefoot Boy</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Maud_Muller" title="Maud Muller">Maud Muller</a>" and <i>Snow-Bound</i>. </p><p>A number of his poems have been turned into <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Lord_and_Father_of_Mankind" title="Dear Lord and Father of Mankind">Dear Lord and Father of Mankind</a></i>, taken from his poem "<a href="/wiki/Dear_Lord_and_Father_of_Mankind#The_Brewing_of_Soma" title="Dear Lord and Father of Mankind">The Brewing of Soma</a>". The latter part of the poem was set in 1924 by Dr. George Gilbert Stocks to the tune of <i>Repton</i> by English composer <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Parry" title="Hubert Parry">Hubert Parry</a> from the 1888 oratorio <i>Judith</i>. It is also sung as the hymn <i>Rest</i> by Frederick Maker, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a> also set a part of it to music in his song "Serenity". </p><p> Whittier's Quakerism is better illustrated,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however, by the hymn that begins:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>O Brother Man, fold to thy heart thy brother:<br /> Where pity dwells, the peace of God is there;<br /> To worship rightly is to love each other,<br /> Each smile a hymn, each kindly deed a prayer. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>His sometimes contrasting sense of the need for strong action against injustice can be seen in his poem "To Rönge" in honor of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ronge" title="Johannes Ronge">Johannes Ronge</a>, the German religious figure and rebel leader of the 1848 rebellion in Germany: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Thy work is to hew down. In God's name then:<br /> Put nerve into thy task. Let other men;<br /> Plant, as they may, that better tree whose fruit,<br /> The wounded bosom of the Church shall heal. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Whittier's "At Port Royal 1861" describes the experience of Northern abolitionists arriving at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Royal" title="Battle of Port Royal">Port Royal, South Carolina</a>, as teachers and missionaries for the slaves who had been left behind when their owners fled because the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> would arrive to blockade the coast. The poem includes the "Song of the Negro Boatmen," written in dialect: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Oh, praise an' tanks! De Lord he come<br /> To set de people free;<br /> An' massa tink it day ob doom,<br /> An' we ob jubilee.<br /> De Lord dat heap de Red Sea waves<br /> He jus' as 'trong as den;<br /> <br /> He say de word: we las' night slaves;<br /> To-day, de Lord's freemen.<br /> De yam will grow, de cotton blow,<br /> We'll hab de rice an' corn:<br /> Oh, nebber you fear, if nebber you hear<br /> De driver blow his horn! </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Of all the poetry inspired by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the "Song of the Negro Boatmen" was one of the most widely printed,<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, although Whittier never actually visited Port Royal, an abolitionist working there described his "Song of the Negro Boatmen" as "wonderfully applicable as we were being rowed across Hilton Head Harbor among United States gunboats."<sup id="cite_ref-McKim_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKim-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/220px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/330px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/440px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home_-_Amesbury%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="John Greenleaf Whittier Home">John Greenleaf Whittier Home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> dismissed Whittier's <i>Literary Recreations and Miscellanies</i> (1854): "Whittier's book is poor stuff! I like the man, but have no high opinion either of his poetry or his prose."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Editor <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a>, however, found Whittier's poetry refreshing and said it had a "stately movement of versification, grandeur of imagery, a vein of tender and solemn pathos, cheerful trust" and a "pure and ennobling character".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston critic <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Percy_Whipple" title="Edwin Percy Whipple">Edwin Percy Whipple</a> noted Whittier's moral and ethical tone mingled with sincere emotion. He wrote, "In reading this last volume, I feel as if my soul had taken a bath in holy water."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later scholars and critics questioned the depth of Whittier's poetry. One was Karl Keller, who noted, "Whittier has been a writer to love, not to belabor."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/220px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/330px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/440px-John_Greenleaf_Whittier_1940_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>United States postal stamp of Whittier, <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">issued in 1940</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whittier was particularly supportive of women writers, including <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cary" title="Alice Cary">Alice Cary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Cary" title="Phoebe Cary">Phoebe Cary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Orne_Jewett" title="Sarah Orne Jewett">Sarah Orne Jewett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celia_Thaxter" title="Celia Thaxter">Celia Thaxter</a>. He was especially influential on prose writings by Jewett, with whom he shared a belief in the moral quality of literature and an interest in New England folklore. Jewett dedicated one of her books to him and modeled several of her characters after people in Whittier's life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/220px-Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/330px-Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg/440px-Whittier%27s_Birthplace_by_Boston_Public_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><i>Whittier's Birthplace</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(painter)" title="Thomas Hill (painter)">Thomas Hill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whittier's family farm, known as the <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Homestead" title="John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead">John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead</a> or simply "Whittier's Birthplace", is now a historic site open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later residence in Amesbury, where he lived for 56 years, is also open to the public, and is now known as the <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="John Greenleaf Whittier Home">John Greenleaf Whittier Home</a>. Whittier's hometown of Haverhill has named many buildings and landmarks in his honor including J.G. Whittier Middle School, Greenleaf Elementary, and <a href="/wiki/Whittier_Regional_Vocational_Technical_High_School" title="Whittier Regional Vocational Technical High School">Whittier Regional Vocational Technical High School</a>. Numerous other schools around the country also bear his name. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge (page does not exist)">John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge</a>, built in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Bridge" title="Sagamore Bridge">Sagamore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bourne_Bridge" title="Bourne Bridge">Bourne</a> bridges, carries <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts" title="Interstate 95 in Massachusetts">Interstate 95</a> from Amesbury to <a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_River" title="Merrimack River">Merrimack River</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Covered_bridge" title="Covered bridge">covered bridge</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Bearcamp_River" title="Bearcamp River">Bearcamp River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ossipee,_New_Hampshire" title="Ossipee, New Hampshire">Ossipee, New Hampshire</a>, is also named for Whittier.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier, California</a>, is named after the poet,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht8_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are the communities of <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_Alaska" title="Whittier, Alaska">Whittier, Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf,_Idaho" title="Greenleaf, Idaho">Greenleaf, Idaho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_Iowa" title="Whittier, Iowa">Whittier, Iowa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_Minneapolis" title="Whittier, Minneapolis">Whittier</a>; the Whittier neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>, Colorado, as well as a school and a park there. Both <a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whittier_Law_School" title="Whittier Law School">Whittier Law School</a> are named after him. A park in the Saint Boniface area of <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> is named after the poet in recognition of his poem "The Red River Voyageur". Whittier Education Campus in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, is named in his honor. <a href="/wiki/SS_Whittier_Victory" title="SS Whittier Victory">SS <i>Whittier Victory</i></a> a World War II ship named after Whittier College. <a href="/wiki/Whittier_Peak" title="Whittier Peak">Whittier Peak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whittier_(Washington)" title="Mount Whittier (Washington)">Mount Whittier</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Washington and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Whittier_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Whittier (New Hampshire)">Mount Whittier</a> in New Hampshire are mountains named after him. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> story <i><a href="/wiki/P.%27s_Correspondence" title="P.'s Correspondence">P.'s Correspondence</a></i> (1846) by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, considered the first such story ever published in English, includes the notice "Whittier, a fiery Quaker youth, to whom the muse had perversely assigned a battle-trumpet, got himself lynched, in South Carolina". The date of that event in Hawthorne's invented timeline was 1835. </p><p>Whittier was one of thirteen writers in the 1897 card game <i><a href="/wiki/Authors_(card_game)" title="Authors (card game)">Authors</a></i>, which referenced his writings "Laus Deo", "Among the Hills", <i>Snow-bound</i>, and "The Eternal Goodness". He was removed from the card game when it was reissued in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whitter's poem "Twilight" was set to music in 1932 by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Fowles" title="Edwin Fowles">Edwin Fowles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, a statue previously erected in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier, California</a>, was defaced with antislavery and <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> slogans by vandals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had never owned slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: List of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg/220px-J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg/330px-J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg/440px-J_G_Whittier_at_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Whittier at age 29</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Poetry collections</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Poems written during the Progress of the Abolition Question in the United States</i> (1837)</li> <li><i>Lays of My Home</i> (1843)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Voices of Freedom</i> (1846)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Songs of Labor</i> (1850)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Chapel of the Hermits</i> (1853)</li> <li><i>Le Marais du Cygne</i> (September 1858 <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Home Ballads</i> (1860)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Furnace Blast</i> (1862)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maud_Muller" title="Maud Muller">Maud Muller</a></i> (1856)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In War Time</i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snow-Bound" title="Snow-Bound">Snow-Bound</a></i> (1866)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Tent on the Beach</i> (1867)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Among the Hills</i> (1869)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ballads of New England</i> (1870)</li> <li><i>Whittier's Poems Complete</i> (1874)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>The Pennsylvania Pilgrim</i> (1872)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Vision of Echard</i> (1878)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The King's Missive</i> (1881)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Saint Gregory's Guest</i> (1886)</li> <li><i>At Sundown</i> (1890)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Prose</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Stranger in Lowell</i> (1845)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Supernaturalism of New England</i> (1847)</li> <li><i>Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal</i> (1849)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Old Portraits and Modern Sketches</i> (1850)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Literary Recreations and Miscellanies</i> (1854)<sup id="cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickard T. Samuel, <i>Life and Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier</i>, Haskell House Publishers, New York (1907); <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8383-0191-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8383-0191-6">0-8383-0191-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodwell, pg. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodwell, pg. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLease1972" class="citation book cs1">Lease, Benjamin (1972). <i>That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46969-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46969-7"><bdi>0-226-46969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Wild+Fellow+John+Neal+and+the+American+Literary+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-226-46969-7&rft.aulast=Lease&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1978" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Donald A. (1978). <i>John Neal</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 113, quoting Whittier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080-5-7723-08" title="Special:BookSources/080-5-7723-08"><bdi>080-5-7723-08</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Neal&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=113%2C+quoting+Whittier&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=080-5-7723-08&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2018" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, John A. (2018) [Originally published in <i>Bulletin of Friends Historical Association</i>, vol. 32, no. 1, Spring 1943, pp. 5-12]. "John Neal, Doctor of American Literature". In DiMercurio, Catherine C. (ed.). <i>Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism: Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Philosophers, and Other Creative Writers Who Dies between 1800 and 1899, from the First Published Critical Appraisals to Current Evaluations</i>. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, A Cengage Company. p. 187, quoting John Neal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-7851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4103-7851-4"><bdi>978-1-4103-7851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Neal%2C+Doctor+of+American+Literature&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Literature+Criticism%3A+Criticism+of+the+Works+of+Novelists%2C+Philosophers%2C+and+Other+Creative+Writers+Who+Dies+between+1800+and+1899%2C+from+the+First+Published+Critical+Appraisals+to+Current+Evaluations&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=187%2C+quoting+John+Neal&rft.pub=Gale%2C+A+Cengage+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4103-7851-4&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayorie2019" class="citation book cs1">Kayorie, James Stephen Merritt (2019). "John Neal (1793–1876)". In Baumgartner, Jody C. (ed.). <i>American Political Humor: Masters of Satire and Their Impact on U.S. Policy and Culture</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440854866" title="Special:BookSources/9781440854866"><bdi>9781440854866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Neal+%281793%E2%80%931876%29&rft.btitle=American+Political+Humor%3A+Masters+of+Satire+and+Their+Impact+on+U.S.+Policy+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440854866&rft.aulast=Kayorie&rft.aufirst=James+Stephen+Merritt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodwell, 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagenknecht6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht6_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlichCarruth1982" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Eugene; Carruth, Gorton (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00euge/page/206"><i>The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate00euge/page/206">206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5"><bdi>0-19-503186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+Literary+Guide+to+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-19-503186-5&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Carruth%2C+Gorton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate00euge%2Fpage%2F206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William Lee (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKk_DwAAQBAJ&q=Atherton+slimy&pg=PA342"><i>Arguing about Slavery: John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679768449" title="Special:BookSources/9780679768449"><bdi>9780679768449</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+about+Slavery%3A+John+Quincy+Adams+and+the+Great+Battle+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780679768449&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKk_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAtherton%2Bslimy%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorps2009" class="citation book cs1">Corps, Terry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Vl-FkztfacC&q=whittier+split+garrison&pg=PA343"><i>The A to Z of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny</i></a>. Latham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 343–344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810868502" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810868502"><bdi>978-0810868502</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Jacksonian+Era+and+Manifest+Destiny&rft.place=Latham%2C+MD&rft.pages=343-344&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0810868502&rft.aulast=Corps&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Vl-FkztfacC%26q%3Dwhittier%2Bsplit%2Bgarrison%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/60228328?loginSuccess=true&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">List of delegates</a>, Anti-Slavery Convention 1840. Retrieved August 3, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie, pg. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie, pg. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. <i>The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: pg. 51; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5">0-19-503186-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie, pg. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagenknecht8-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht8_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht8_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilcup155-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kilcup155_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilcup155_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilcup, Karen L. <i>Who Killed American Poetry? From National Obsession to Elite Possession</i>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2019: pg. 155; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13155-6">978-0-472-13155-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagenknecht7-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagenknecht7_24-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1870&year-max=1870&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1870%26year-max%3D1870%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth. <i>The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: pg. 46; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5">0-19-503186-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth. <i>The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: pg. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5">0-19-503186-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenknecht, pg. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pouliot, Charles J. <i>Amesbury</i>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2002: pg. 68; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7385-1121-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7385-1121-8">0-7385-1121-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Dena (2003). <i>Sinful Tunes and Spirituals: Black Folk Music to the Civil War</i>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinful+Tunes+and+Spirituals%3A+Black+Folk+Music+to+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Dena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKim-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKim_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim1862" class="citation journal cs1">McKim, Lucy (November 8, 1862). "Songs of the Port Royal 'Contrabands'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Dwight's Journal of Music</i>. <b>21</b>: 254–255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dwight%27s+Journal+of+Music&rft.atitle=Songs+of+the+Port+Royal+%27Contrabands%27&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=254-255&rft.date=1862-11-08&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodwell, pg. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowe, Charles. <i>George Ripley: Transcendentalist and Utopian Socialist</i>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1967: pg. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodwell, 443–444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gioia, Dana. "Longfellow in the Aftermath of Modernism". <i>The Columbia History of American Poetry</i>, edited by Jay Parini. Columbia University Press, 1993: pg. 80; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-07836-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-07836-6">0-231-07836-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanchard, Paula. <i>Sarah Orne Jewett: Her World and Her Work</i>. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 1995: 183–185. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7382-0832-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7382-0832-9">0-7382-0832-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrlich, Eugene, and Gorton Carruth. <i>The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503186-5">0-19-503186-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/bridges/p87.html">"WHITTIER BRIDGE – New Hampshire Covered Bridges"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHITTIER+BRIDGE+%E2%80%93+New+Hampshire+Covered+Bridges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nh.gov%2Fnhdhr%2Fbridges%2Fp87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenleaf-idaho.us/history.html">"History of Greenleaf"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Greenleaf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenleaf-idaho.us%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, Clarence. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/06/22/poe-to-whittier-nevermore/">Poe To Whittier: Nevermore</a>", <i>The Chicago Tribune</i>. June 22, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowles,_Edwin_Wesley_Howard1932" class="citation cs2">Fowles, Edwin Wesley Howard (1932), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-174350398"><i>Seven hymn tunes [music] / composed by Dr E.W.H. Fowles</i></a>, W.R. Smith & Paterson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+hymn+tunes+%5Bmusic%5D+%2F+composed+by+Dr+E.W.H.+Fowles&rft.pub=W.R.+Smith+%26+Paterson&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Fowles%2C+Edwin+Wesley+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-174350398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzales, Ruby. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2020/06/15/statue-of-abolitionist-john-greenleaf-whittier-vandalized-in-his-namesake-city/">Statue of abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier vandalized in his namesake city</a>", <i>San Gabriel Valley Tribune</i>. June 15, 2020 at 6:00 p.m.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Laurie, Bruce. <i>Beyond Garrison: Antislavery and Social Reform</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-60517-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-60517-2">0-521-60517-2</a></li> <li>Wagenknecht, Edward. <i>John Greenleaf Whittier: A Portrait in Paradox</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.</li> <li>Woodwell, Roland H. <i>John Greenleaf Whittier: A Biography</i>. Haverhill, Massachusetts: Trustees of the John Greenleaf Whittier Homestead, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus_Bernet2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claus Bernet (2011). "John Greenleaf Whittier". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/w/whittier_j_g"><i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i></a></span> (in German). Vol. 32. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1492–1500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88309-615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88309-615-5"><bdi>978-3-88309-615-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Greenleaf+Whittier&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft.place=Nordhausen&rft.pages=cols.+1492-1500&rft.pub=Bautz&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-88309-615-5&rft.au=Claus+Bernet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fw%2Fwhittier_j_g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pickard, John B. <i>John Greenleaf Whittier: An Introduction and Interpretation</i>. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1961.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStedman1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clarence_Stedman" title="Edmund Clarence Stedman">Stedman, Edmund Clarence</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Whittier, John Greenleaf"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Whittier,_John_Greenleaf">"Whittier, John Greenleaf" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whittier%2C+John+Greenleaf&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=613-614&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stedman&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Greenleaf+Whittier" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Greenleaf_Whittier" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/455">Works by John Greenleaf Whittier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20Greenleaf%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Whittier%2C%20J%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Greenleaf%20Whittier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Greenleaf%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Greenleaf%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20Greenleaf%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Whittier%2C%20J%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Whittier%2C%20J%2E%20Greenleaf%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Whittier%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Greenleaf%20Whittier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Whittier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Greenleaf%20Whittier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Whittier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20Greenleaf%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%20G%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Whittier%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Whittier%2C%20John%22%29%20OR%20%28%221807-1892%22%20AND%20Whittier%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Greenleaf Whittier</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/585">Works by John Greenleaf Whittier</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL160545A">Works by John Greenleaf Whittier</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030005394&view=1up&seq=296&skin=2021">Reminiscences of the Poet Whittier</a>", Part 1 in May 1895 edition of <i>The Bookman</i> (New York)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030005394&view=1up&seq=385&skin=2021">Reminiscences of the Poet Whittier</a>", Part 2 in June 1895 edition of <i>The Bookman</i> (New York)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_and_papers">Letters and papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Letters and papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/search.php?searchletters=authsearch422">John Greenleaf Whittier letters</a>. Available online through Lehigh University's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/remain/search.php?searchletters=authsearch422">I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/mss063">John Greenleaf Whittier Manuscript Collection</a> held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library">Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/sfhl-pa-015">John G. Whittier Photograph Collection</a> held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library">Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/hcmc-975-02-025">John Greenleaf Whittier letterbook</a> held by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haverford.edu/library/quaker-special-collections">Haverford College Quaker & Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/5146jgwh">John Greenleaf Whittier Research Papers</a> held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library">Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites">Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johngreenleafwhittier.com/">Whittier Family Homestead and Birthplace of John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015205134/http://www.essexheritage.org/visiting/placestovisit/listofsitesbycommunity/amesbury_whittier-home.shtml">John Greenleaf Whittier Home, Amesbury, Massachusetts</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/repositories/7/resources/4595">John Greenleaf Whittier Research Papers</a> held at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library">Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">ASFC Nobel nominees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458372#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118807161">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80034928">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192657k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12192657k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001227428">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35605981">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19970000111217&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/190499">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071460098">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90143262">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000158495">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=132004">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556053405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/266785">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309639505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14248567">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01729611?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500524249">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8ebc87f2-5cc5-479f-8375-ec691cd0bece">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102732">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1012404">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118807161.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118807161">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030529727">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/12307364">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h814zt">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt4qjx">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&oldid=1256438912">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Greenleaf_Whittier&oldid=1256438912</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1807_births" title="Category:1807 births">1807 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1892_deaths" title="Category:1892 deaths">1892 deaths</a></li><li><a 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