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电力数据：追踪全球电力市场转型
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McCourtie / 世界银行</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container responsivegrid lp__full_row_wrapper aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-245f170b07" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="container responsivegrid tui_container_col_10_offset_1 aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-12f9055986" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="container responsivegrid aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="container-dddc83a835" class="cmp-container "> <div class="aem-Grid aem-Grid--12 aem-Grid--default--12 "> <div class="embed aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="text-cb533971d4" class="cmp-text"> <p>电力市场及其结构非常复杂，对于在全球范围内提供可靠、可负担的电力至关重要。这不是一项简单的任务，因为供需必须时刻保持平衡，而且市场必须发送正确的价格信号才能不断激励电力行业的高效发电和投资。</p> <p>在过去数十年里，全球电力市场的结构发生了广泛的变化。四十年前，电力部门被普遍认为是一项公用事业职能。从那时以来，在各种类型的国家，无论是小国还是大国、发达国家还是新兴国家，都采用了一体化垄断的替代性设计，包括自由进入、市场争夺和市场竞争。从各国过去和现在不同设计选项下的经验中可以吸取宝贵的经验教训。<br> </p> <p>然而，<b>到目前为止，对电力市场结构还没有系统的跟踪。<br> </b></p> <p><b>新推出的<a href="https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0065245/global_power_market_structures_database">全球电力市场结构数据库</a>通过研究1989年至2024年期间全球230个经济体采用的电力市场结构，填补了这一数据空白。</b>该数据库的目标是呈现世界各国在构建电力市场时所遵循的不同设计。除了电力市场结构的类型外，该数据库还记录了行业分拆、行业监管机构的存在以及独立电力生产商 （IPP） 的进入。</p> <p>该数据库强调，许多国家在不同的电力市场结构之间转换，寻求在提高行业效率的同时提升电力可及性、可负担性、供应质量和可持续性。<b>目前全球有71个经济体维持着1989年的电力市场结构。相比之下，在过去35年里，有159个经济体在不同电力市场结构之间切换（参见下面的数据可视化图）</b>。主要的趋势是采用市场设计，这在不同程度上扩大了私营部门在电力行业的作用。</p> </div> </div> <div class="embed aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-cmp-data-layer="{"embed-dd94d6894f":{"@type":"worldbankblogs/components/embed","repo:modifyDate":"2024-08-13T02:47:55Z"}}" id="embed-dd94d6894f" class="cmp-embed"> <iframe src='https://flo.uri.sh/visualisation/19043256/embed' title='Interactive or visual content' class='flourish-embed-iframe' frameborder='0' scrolling='no' style='width:100%;height:600px;' sandbox='allow-same-origin allow-forms allow-scripts allow-downloads allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation'></iframe> <br> </div> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="text-d1557262f2" class="cmp-text"> <p>1989年，215个经济体采用的主要市场结构是<b>垂直整合公用事业（VIU）</b>模式，即由单一实体承担电力行业的所有职能。如今，采用该模式的经济体已减少到72个。一些市场利用这种结构来确保投资决策与运营协调一致，能够实现能源安全和农村电气化等社会目标。然而，一些采用VIU模式的经济体出现了投资滞后、缺少竞争、财务业绩不佳、效率低下和损失增大等问题。<u><br> <br> </u></p> <p>目前，<b>单一买家模式（SBM）</b>是世界上采用最广泛的电力市场结构。89个国家和地区通过这种结构进行电力行业运营。在 SBM模式下，国家授权私营独立电力生产商 （IPP） 发电并向国家电力公司或一家批发采购机构销售电力。这种市场设计允许有限的市场竞争，即私营电力生产商通过合同竞争向中央买家供应电力。这种模式相对比较容易实施，并根据国情度身定制。然而，如果单一买家财务状况薄弱，无法履行与发电商的合同条款，则可能导致电力行业的次优结果。<br> <br> </p> <p>一些国家通过允许公共和私营发电公司、配电和供电公司以及最终用户积极参与市场，进一步加强电力行业竞争。由市场决定的电价有助于价格发现，能够为投资提供透明的信号，同时也为私营部门打开机遇之门。1989年，这种电力行业竞争只存在于一个国家（智利），现在已经扩大到69个国家。<br> <br> </p> <p>精心设计的电力市场可以激励投资，使其达到实现广泛的可再生能源整合和获得清洁、可负担和可靠的电力所需要的投资规模。在全球范围内，各国采用的电力市场设计存在很大差异。没有“一刀切”的蓝图，任何设计要想运作良好，国家、政治和经济环境都很重要。</p> </div> </div> <div class="embed aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div data-cmp-data-layer="{"embed-bb68a6bcf2":{"@type":"worldbankblogs/components/embed","repo:modifyDate":"2024-08-07T10:40:12Z"}}" id="embed-bb68a6bcf2" class="cmp-embed"> <center><blockquote class="twitter-tweet"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Since 2000, global <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/electricityaccess?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#electricityaccess</a> has jumped from 75% to 90%. Yet, 1.18 billion people still suffer from <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/energypoverty?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#energypoverty</a> due to unreliable or costly power. <br><br>Learn more in our blog, co-authored with our colleagues from <a href="https://twitter.com/UNDP?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@UNDP</a> & <a href="https://twitter.com/UMich?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@UMich</a>: <a href="https://t.co/di997JPjOz">https://t.co/di997JPjOz</a> <a href="https://t.co/e1oTL3z4rN">pic.twitter.com/e1oTL3z4rN</a></p>— World Bank Data (@worldbankdata) <a href="https://twitter.com/worldbankdata/status/1807159657372230059?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">June 29, 2024</a></blockquote> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></center> <br> </div> </div> <div class="text aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="text-898e2c4681" class="cmp-text"> <p><b>全球电力市场结构数据库</b>是政策制定者、投资者和研究人员持续跟踪不断演变的全球电力市场结构的宝贵工具。该数据库提供了一个独特的全球视角以及对各国电力市场设计特点的详细洞见。用户可以查找1989年至2024年7月期间各经济体运行的电力市场结构类型的面板数据。该数据库还记录了在同一个国家内是否存在混合型市场结构，例如加拿大和印度不同的省和邦对电力行业采用了不同的结构。<br> </p> <p>该数据库包含对电力市场结构具有关键意义的其他几个变量，包括：（i）行业分拆的年份和分拆类型;（ii） 行业监管机构成立的年份，并附有监管机构的网站链接和监管机构的主要职能介绍;（iii） 首家独立发电商 （IPP） 投入运营的年份、IPP 的技术类型，以及目前是否正在建设首家独立发电站。<br> </p> <p>该数据库仅依赖于公开可用的数据来源。我们为建立数据集参考了 超过2500个数据来源。出发点始终是相关国家电力公司、行业监管机构、相关部委的网站和其他政府数据来源，此外还用英语和当地语言对各国做了广泛研究，参考了包括学术论文、地区开发银行的报告、政府间机构提供的信息、新闻报道（国际和本地通讯社）等各种信息来源。<br> </p> <p><b>该数据库目前可使用Excel下载，</b>此外还向用户提供了一份方法说明，解释了数据收集和分类所遵循的程序。随附的PowerPoint提供了数据的主要结果供下载，使用的所有来源均列在随附文件中。</p> <p>明年我们将开发一个存储数据集的专门网站。该网站将向用户提供数据库可视化和分析选项。该数据库将由世界银行能源与采掘业全球实践局定期更新，确保在向公众提供这一重要领域高质量的最新数据。</p> </div> </div> <div class="listnavigation tui__link_list aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> </div> <div class="separator lp__separator_spacing aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div id="separator-a72c84037d" class="cmp-separator"> <hr class="cmp-separator__horizontal-rule"/> </div></div> <div class="listnavigation tui__link_list_hr aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div> <div class="list"> <ul class="cmp-list"> <li class="cmp-list__item"> <a class="cmp-list__item-link" href="/zh/search?topics=Energy" target="_self">能源</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="newsletter aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12"> <div class="lp__full_row_wrapper lp__dark_gray_wrapper lp__full_row_padding"> <div class="touchui-container primary_newsletter tui_secondary_newsletter"> <div class="aem-Grid tui__flex_box"> <div class="aem-GridColumn--default--5 aem-GridColumn--desktop--6 aem-GridColumn--tablet--12 aem-GridColumn--phone--12"> <div class="title lp__title_newsletter"> <div class="cmp-title"> <h2 class="cmp-title__text">加入讨论 获取 数据博客 最新内容</h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="aem-GridColumn--default--7 aem-GridColumn--desktop--6 aem-GridColumn--tablet--12 aem-GridColumn--phone--12"> <form id="wb-subscribe-form" action="javascript:void(0);" class="lp__newsletter_form_row wb-subscribe-form"> <fieldset> <div class="loader" style="display: none;"> <img src="/content/dam/wbr/logo/ajax.gif" alt="loader image"/> </div> <span class="channel-name" style="display: none;">opendata</span> <span class="channel-language" style="display: none;">zh</span> <span class="service-names" style="display: none;">{"ar":"prod-blogs-opendata-ar-aem-8acb204d6bb8bf5ef799dd566a81052e","ru":"prod-blogs-opendata-ru-aem-afb0661d274a05d4a006c1eec98e9312","en":"prod-blogs-opendata-en-aem-b4a703f3baab08f57e6c708e81c128a1","fr":"prod-blogs-opendata-fr-aem-a52bcdc155d27e0f7942b09aef9dc806","es":"prod-blogs-opendata-es-aem-dff33f8ee9a6458e13fd7de7d22cb1e8","zh":"prod-blogs-opendata-zh-aem-1367c2d70933e12bc133066f7e2ef5ed"}</span> <span class="site-logo" style="display: none;">https://blogs.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/blogs/logos/logo-zh-hans.jpg</span> <span class="site-logo-link" style="display: none;">https://blogs.worldbank.org/zh/home</span> <span class="world-bank-blogs-label" style="display: none;">World Bank Blogs</span> <span class="channel-title" style="display: none;">数据博客</span> <span class="channel-title-en" style="display: none;">Data Blog (English)</span> <span class="channel-title-fr" style="display: none;">Blog de Données (Français)</span> <span class="channel-title-es" style="display: none;">Blog de Datos (Español)</span> <span class="channel-title-ar" style="display: none;">مدونة البيانات (العربية)</span> <span class="channel-title-ru" style="display: none;">Точка зрения (Русский)</span> <span class="channel-title-zh" style="display: none;">数据博客 (中文)</span> <span class="hi-label" style="display: none;">Hi</span> <span class="subject-label" style="display: none;">Thank you for subscribing!</span> <span class="mail-content1-label" style="display: none;"><p>Thank you for choosing to be part of the [channelTitle] community!</p><p>Your subscription is now active. 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