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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proprietăți</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proprietăți subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mecanice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecanice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mecanice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mecanice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mecanice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mecanice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Producție</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producție-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producție subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reciclare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reciclare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Reciclare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reciclare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rezerve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rezerve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rezerve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rezerve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Răspândire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Răspândire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-În_natură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_natură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>În natură</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_natură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minerale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minerale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Minerale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minerale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ape_termale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ape_termale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ape termale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ape_termale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_alimente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_alimente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>În alimente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_alimente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sănătate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sănătate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sănătate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sănătate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sănătate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sănătate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deficiența_de_cupru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiența_de_cupru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Deficiența de cupru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiența_de_cupru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Preparare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_scară_industrială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_scară_industrială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>La scară industrială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_scară_industrială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-În_laborator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#În_laborator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>În laborator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-În_laborator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cupru</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 203 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%A5" title="መዳብ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambre" title="Arambre – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coper" title="Coper – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="तांबा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तांबा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="তাম – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti" title="Anti – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anti" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پاخیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاخیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Баҡыр – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҡыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temaga" title="Temaga – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Temaga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso" title="Tanso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ताँमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ताँमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="তামা – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟངས། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouevr" title="Kouevr – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouevr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Зэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coure" title="Coure – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Dè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎥᏣᏱ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9B%C4%8F" title="Měď – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2per" title="Kòper – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòper" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пăхăр – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăхăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copr" title="Copr – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%C4%B1r" title="Paxır – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Paxır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AF" title="ރަތުލޯ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަތުލޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χαλκός – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobri" title="Cobri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cobri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupari" title="Kupari – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kupari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa" title="Kopa – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kopa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuivre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ber" title="Kööber – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööber" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_pyt%C3%A3" title="Kuarepoti pytã – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="તાંબું – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાંબું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbyr" title="Cobbyr – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cobbyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9ng" title="Thùng – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="נחושת – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ताम्र – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताम्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamba" title="Tamba – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopor" title="Kopor – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kopor" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9z" title="Réz – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Réz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupro" title="Cupro – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cupro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang" title="Gambang – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gambang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="ЦӀаста – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀаста" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tunka" title="tunka – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tunka" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="სპილენძი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპილენძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%A3ir" title="Iɣir – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iɣir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwivri" title="Kwivri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kwivri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutako" title="Mutako – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mutako" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Мыс – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತಾಮ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترٛام – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer_(Metall)" title="Koffer (Metall) – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Koffer (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprum" title="Cuprum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuprum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer" title="Koffer – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koffer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Дувсси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дувсси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Цур – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupre" title="Cupre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cupre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkopa_(Copper)" title="Kkopa (Copper) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkopa (Copper)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammo_(elemento)" title="Rammo (elemento) – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rammo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_(element_chimich)" title="Ram (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ram (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ທອງແດງ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1" title="Varš – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahina" title="Varahina – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konukura" title="Konukura – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെമ്പ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Зэс – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Вӹргеньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӹргеньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြေးနီ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB)" title="Пиже (металл) – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиже (металл)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichiltic_tepoztli" title="Chichiltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichiltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramma" title="Ramma – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ramma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopper" title="Kopper – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kopper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keuper" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="तामा – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="सीजः – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सीजः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambag%C3%B6" title="Tambagö – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tambagö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element) – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koper (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii" title="Béésh łichíiʼii – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łichíiʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coire" title="Coire – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vaski" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila_diimaa" title="Sibiila diimaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila diimaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ତମ୍ବା – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତମ୍ବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Æрхуы – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрхуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਂਬਾ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਂਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mied%C5%BA" title="Miedź – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miedź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram" title="Aram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تامبه – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تامبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta" title="Anta – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2c%C3%A2ri" title="Bâcâri – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bâcâri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Медь – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ताम्रम् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ताम्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D)" title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ) – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0mine" title="Ràmine – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràmine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper" title="Capper – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Capper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="ٽامو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8F" title="Meď – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker" title="Baker – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhangura" title="Mhangura – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhangura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakri" title="Bakri – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooper" title="Kooper – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kooper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga" title="Tambaga – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tambaga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppar" title="Koppar – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="செப்பு – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="రాగి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мис – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ทองแดง – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso_(elemento)" title="Tanso (elemento) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tanso (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r" title="Bakır – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бакыр – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Чес – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чес" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3" title="مىس – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramo" title="Ramo – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ramo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%27k" title="Vas'k – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vas'k" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprin" title="Kuprin – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuprin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuve" title="Keuve – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Зес – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зес" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ლინჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קופער – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קופער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0b%C3%A0" title="Bàbà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bàbà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengz" title="Doengz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2ng" title="Tâng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoklele" title="Usoklele – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Usoklele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Cupru" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cupru"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cupru"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Cupru" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Cupru" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&oldid=16216834" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Cupru&id=16216834&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCupru"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCupru"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Cupru"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cupru&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copper" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet stiinteexacte" style="background-color:#ffc0c0">Cupru </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/200px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/300px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/400px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="background:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> ← <b>Cupru</b> → <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;">- </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/43px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/65px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/86px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><br />29</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Cu</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a 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style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/Astatiniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Toriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Mendeleeviu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleeviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Lawren%C8%9Biu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrențiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununtriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununtriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#E8E8E8;"><a href="/wiki/Ununpentiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununpentiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#fcfecc;"><a href="/wiki/Ununseptiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununseptiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Ununoctiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ununoctiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;"> </span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor_(extins)" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor (extins)">Tabelul extins</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații generale </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Nume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr</a> </td> <td width="40%">Cupru, Cu, 29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_chimic%C4%83" title="Serie chimică">Serie chimică</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Metal de tranziție">metale de tranziție</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupele tabelului periodic">Grupă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blocurile_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocurile tabelului periodic">Bloc</a> </td> <td>11, 4, p </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> </td> <td>8960 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_pe_metru_cub" title="Kilogram pe metru cub">kg/m³</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> </td> <td>roșie-strălucitoare cu luciu <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Număr CAS">Număr CAS</a> </td> <td>7440-50-8 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_EINECS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr EINECS — pagină inexistentă">Număr EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți atomice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">Masă atomică</a> </td> <td>63,546 <a href="/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Rază atomică</a> </td> <td>135 (145) <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_de_covalen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rază de covalență">Rază de covalență</a> </td> <td>138 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">Rază van der Waals</a> </td> <td>140 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electroni</a> pe <a href="/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie">nivelul de energie</a> </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">Număr de oxidare</a> </td> <td><b>+2</b>,+1, caracter bazic moderat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">Oxid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amfoter" title="Amfoter">amfoter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structură cristalină</a> </td> <td>cubică cu fețe centrate </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți fizice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Fază ordinară</a> </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> </td> <td>1083,4°C ; 1357,77 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> </td> <td>2567°C ; 2835,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_fuziune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de fuziune — pagină inexistentă">Energie de fuziune</a> </td> <td>13,05 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_evaporare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de evaporare — pagină inexistentă">Energie de evaporare</a> </td> <td>300,3 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatur%C4%83_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatură critică — pagină inexistentă">Temperatură critică</a> </td> <td>1084,6°C ; 1357,6 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiune_critic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiune critică — pagină inexistentă">Presiune critică</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">Volum molar</a> </td> <td>7,11 ×10-6 m3/mol <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_cub_pe_kmol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru cub pe kmol — pagină inexistentă">m³/kmol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> </td> <td>0,0505 Pa la 1358 K </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Viteza_sunetului" title="Viteza sunetului">Viteza sunetului</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă — pagină inexistentă">m/s</a> la 20 <a href="/wiki/Grad_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>Forță <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetică</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">Electronegativitate</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scara_lui_Pauling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scara lui Pauling — pagină inexistentă">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>1,9 (Scala-Pauling) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td>380 J/(kg*K) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule_pe_kilogram-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule pe kilogram-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Conductivitate electrică">Conductivitate electrică</a> </td> <td>59.6×10<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unitate)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_termic%C4%83" title="Conductivitate termică">Conductivitate termică</a> </td> <td>401 W/(m*K) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt_pe_metru-kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt pe metru-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure745,5 kJ/mol"> <td>Prima <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>745,5 kJ/mol <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure1957,9 kJ/mol"> <td>A 2-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>1957,9 kJ/mol <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure3555 kJ/mol"> <td>A 3-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>3555 kJ/mol <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure5536 kJ/mol"> <td>A 4-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>5536 kJ/mol <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 5-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_5}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 6-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_6}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 7-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_7}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 8-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_8}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 9-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_9}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 10-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_10}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Cei mai stabili izotopi </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Simbol</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">AN</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">T<small>1/2</small></a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mod_de_dezintegrare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod de dezintegrare">MD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Ed</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produsul_dezintegr%C4%83rii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produsul dezintegrării — pagină inexistentă">PD</a></td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4">stabil cu 18 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr><tr><td><sup>36</sup>Cu</td><td>urme<br /><a href="/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop">sintetic</a></td><td>301.000 ani</td><td>β- <hr /> ε / β+</td><td>0,709 <hr /> 1,142</td><td><sup>36</sup><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> <hr /> <sup>36</sup><a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">S</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>37</sup>Cu</td><td>24,23 %</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 20 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Precauții </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffc0c0 solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unitățile <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">SI</a> și condiții de temperatură și presiune normale dacă nu s-a specificat altfel.</i> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFFFFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Element_chimic" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cuprul</b> (numit și <b>aramă</b>) este un element din <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">tabelul periodic</a> având simbolul <b>Cu</b> și <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">numărul atomic</a> 29. Acesta este un <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> de culoare roșcată, foarte bun conducător de <a href="/wiki/Electricitate" title="Electricitate">electricitate</a> și <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldură</a>. Cuprul a fost folosit de oameni din cele mai vechi timpuri, arheologii descoperind obiecte din acest metal datând din 8700 î.Hr. A fost unul din primele metale folosite, deoarece cantități mici din el apar în unele locuri în stare liberă. Principalele minereuri ale cuprului sunt: calcozina (sulfura de cupru), calcopirita sau criscolul (ferosulfura de cupru), cupritul (oxidul cupros) și <a href="/wiki/Malachit" title="Malachit">malachitul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Azurit" title="Azurit">azuritul</a> (ambele forme ale carbonatului basic de cupru). Metoda folosită pentru extracția de cupru depinde de natura <a href="/wiki/Minereu" title="Minereu">minereului</a>. Dacă cuprul se găsește în stare liberă, el poate fi separat prin sfărâmarea minereului în bucăți mici și amestecarea sa cu apa. Cuprul, fiind relativ greu, se depune la fund. Cuprul care are o puritate de peste 99% este folosit la fabricarea conductelor de gaz și de apă, a materialelor pentru acoperișuri, a ustensilelor și a unor obiecte ornamentale. Deoarece cuprul este un bun conducător de căldură, se utilizează la <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilere</a> și alte dispozitive ce implică <a href="/wiki/Transfer_de_c%C4%83ldur%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer de căldură">transferul de căldură</a>. Sub formă de folie de cupru laminată, pe un strat izolator, se folosește la fabricarea <a href="/wiki/Circuit_imprimat" title="Circuit imprimat">circuitelor imprimate</a>. Acestea pot fi simplu strat, cu folie pe o singură față, sau dublu strat, cu folie pe ambele fețe. Pentru realizarea circuitelor imprimate cu mai multe straturi, se realizează sandwich-uri din circuite dublu placate si izolatoare. Originea numelui: din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latinesc</a> <i>cyprium</i> (după <a href="/wiki/Cipru" title="Cipru">insula Cipru</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Pentru detalii, vezi și <a href="/wiki/Epoca_cuprului" title="Epoca cuprului">Epoca cuprului</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/220px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/330px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/440px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>O bucată de cupru coclit din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zakros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zakros — pagină inexistentă">Zakros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creta" title="Creta">Creta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cuprul este folosit încă din cele mai vechi timpuri. Acesta a jucat un rol important în civilizația <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">omenească</a>, fiind folosit la statui, la obiecte casnice, etc. Obiecte din cupru cu o vechime mai mare de 6000 de <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a> au fost găsite în zone cu importanță <a href="/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie">istorică</a>, de exemplu la <a href="/wiki/Caldeea" title="Caldeea">Caldeea</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiria" title="Asiria">Asiria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia">Fenicia</a> și <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>. Originea numelui vine de la cuvântul latinesc <i>cyprium</i> (provenit de la insula <a href="/wiki/Cipru" title="Cipru">Cipru</a>). În <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> au fost descoperite urmele unor mine de cupru ce datează încă din timpul <i>Epocii <a href="/wiki/Caldeea" title="Caldeea">Caldeene</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-refereate-cu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-refereate-cu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se crede că <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-disambig" title="Element">elementul</a> cupru a fost al treilea descoperit, după <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> și <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argint</a>. Judecând după obiectele antice de cupru descoperite, se poate afirma că acest <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> a apărut în <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>, cu 5 000 de <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a> î.e.n. și apoi, cam cu un mileniu mai târziu, în regiunea dintre <a href="/wiki/Tigru_(r%C3%A2u)" title="Tigru (râu)">Tigru (râu)</a> și <a href="/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat">Eufrat</a>, unde se dezvoltase civilizația sumeriană. În <a href="/wiki/Egiptul_Antic" title="Egiptul Antic">Egiptul Antic</a>, pe vremea faraonului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turmes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turmes — pagină inexistentă">Turmes</a>, cuprul se exploata în Peninsula <a href="/wiki/Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai">Sinai</a> și era cunoscută sub numele de <i>komt</i>. Tot în perioada <a href="/wiki/Antichitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichitate">Antichității</a>, cuprul mai este recunoscut sub numele de <i>chalcos</i>. Cu două mii de ani înaintea erei noastre, cuprul era folosit numai la fabricarea bronzului și, mai târziu, la confecționarea unor podoabe, iar combinații ale cuprului la colorarea sticlei în albastru (folosita ca piatră scumpă, la inele, broșe etc.). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> a scris despre armele confecționate din cupru. </p><p>Mai târziu apar confecționate din cupru obiecte de <a href="/wiki/Art%C4%83" title="Artă">artă</a>, cât și diferite vase din bronz. În jurul <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">anului</a> <a href="/wiki/900" title="900">900</a> î.e.n. au fost folosite <a href="/wiki/Sare" class="mw-disambig" title="Sare">săruri</a> de cupru pentru zugrăvitul locuințelor scumpe, fiind combinat cu humă și mai târziu cu <a href="/wiki/Var" class="mw-disambig" title="Var">var</a>. Primele <a href="/wiki/Moned%C4%83" title="Monedă">monede</a> din bronz apar în <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>, între <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">anii</a> 430-322 î.e.n., ce au un conținut de cupru de 80% și 20% <a href="/wiki/Cositor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cositor">cositor</a>. </p><p>Fiind unele dintre principalele <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metale</a>, cuprul ajungea pe mâinile <a href="/wiki/Alchimie" title="Alchimie">alchimiștilor</a>, care în scrierile lor cu limbaj ,,ermetic" îl numesc <i>Venus</i>, această planetă fiind considerată că este reprezentată de cupru.<sup id="cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cupruscritube-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Proprietăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Proprietăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizice">Fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cu-Scheibe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/150px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/225px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/300px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>Un disc din cupru (99.95% pur)</figcaption></figure> <p>În stare <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solidă</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, cuprul are <a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">culoare</a> roșie-portocalie, aceasta fiind principala proprietate după care se deosebește de alte <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-disambig" title="Element">elemente</a>. De obicei, majoritatea compușilor anorganici, dar și organici ai cuprului au o <a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">culoare</a> <a href="/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru">albastră</a>, deși unii pot fi și <a href="/wiki/Verde" title="Verde">verzui sau vernil</a>. Sistemul de cristalizare al cuprului este <a href="/wiki/Cub" title="Cub">cubic</a>, cu fețe centrate, caracterizat prin absența <a href="/wiki/Polimorfism_(cristalografie)" title="Polimorfism (cristalografie)">polimorfismului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cupruscritube-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unul dintre dezavantajele utilizării cuprului este fenomenul de coclire (oxidare, cu schimbarea culorii în verde-albastrui), ce poate fi observat adesea pe vasele vechi sau pe monedele (la moneda românească de 5 <a href="/wiki/Ban" title="Ban">bani</a>). Împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">osmiul</a> (albastru) și <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aurul</a> (galben-auriu), cuprul este unul dintre cele trei metale elementare care are altă culoare naturală în afară de gri sau <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argintiu</a>. Cuprul pur este portocaliu-roșu și dobândește o pată roșiatică în momentul expunerii la <a href="/wiki/Aer" title="Aer">aer</a>, urmând să se înverzească mai târziu. </p><p>Duritatea cuprului este relativ mică (3 pe <a href="/wiki/Scara_Mohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Scara Mohs">scara Mohs</a>), dar este destul de rezistent la rupere, și foarte ductil (poate fi tras în fire), putând fi modelat la presiuni mari. Conductibilitatea calorică este asemănătoare cu a <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argintului</a> (1 față de 0,93 a <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argintului</a>) și mult mai mare decât a altor <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metale</a> uzuale. Tocmai datorită acestei proprietăți, cuprul se utilizează în conducte, pentru transmiterea <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldurii</a>. Însă, conductibilitatea scade când cuprul este impur; în momentul în care conține 0,1 % impurități de <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-disambig" title="Element">elemente</a> ca <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">siliciu</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a>, valoarea conductibilității poate scădea chiar cu 20%. De aceea, în <a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">electrotehnică</a> se utilizează numai cupru pur, electrolitic.<sup id="cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cupruscritube-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Densitatea de curent electric maximă a cuprului în aer deschis este de aproximativ 3,1×10<sup>6</sup> A/m<sup>2</sup>. Ca toate metalele, dacă cuprul este placat cu alt metal, începe un proces de coroziune galvanică. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">Presiunea</a> <a href="/wiki/Vapori" title="Vapori">vaporilor</a> este reprezentată (în funcție de temperatura vaporilor în <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a>) în tabelul următor: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">Presiunea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pascal">Pa</a>)</th> <th>1</th> <th>10</th> <th>100</th> <th>1 K<a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pascal">Pa</a></th> <th>10 K<a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pascal">Pa</a></th> <th>100 K<a href="/wiki/Pascal" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pascal">Pa</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>)</td> <td>1509</td> <td>1661</td> <td>1850</td> <td>2089</td> <td>2404</td> <td>2834 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mecanice">Mecanice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mecanice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mecanice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atât cuprul, cât și aliajele sale, au o maleabilitate foarte ridicată (pot fi trase în foi subțiri), fiind și foarte ușor de prelucrat. Totodată, ductilitatea cuprului este extraordinar de favorabilă, astfel, putându-se obține fire foarte subțiri de cupru, numite <i>lițe</i> (se foloseau, în trecut, la siguranțele fuzibile). Cuprul este un metal foarte moale, cu o duritate de 3 pe scara <a href="/wiki/Mohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs">Mohs</a> (și 50 pe scara Vickers), puterea sa de tracțiune situându-se la 210 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">MPa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect">Aspect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aspect" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Aspect"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cuivre_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/250px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/375px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/500px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>Cupru</figcaption></figure> <p>Cuprul este singurul metal ce are culoarea arămie. Foarte interesante sunt proprietățile acestuia de a forma compuși de culoarea verde (carbonat, clorură, etc.), neagră (oxid) sau albastră (sulfat și hidroxid). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimice">Chimice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Chimice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numărul <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic</a> al cuprului este 29, iar <a href="/wiki/Simbol_chimic" title="Simbol chimic">simbolul chimic</a> este <b>Cu</b>. Masa atomică relativă este 63,546. <a href="/wiki/Valen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Valență">Valența</a> cuprului este, în principal 1 sau 2 (cuprul formează o varietate rară de compuși și săruri cu starea de oxidare +1 și +2, care sunt de obicei numite săruri <i>cuproase</i> sau <i>cuprice</i>), deși, mai rar, poate fi chiar și 3. Acesta nu reacționează cu <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apa</a>, dar reacționează încet cu aerul atmosferic; în urma acestei reacții, pe suprafața cuprului se formează un strat de cupru oxidat verde . În contrast cu oxidarea fierului la aer umed, acest strat de oxid se oprește din coroziune; un strat de cocleală verde (carbonat de cupru) pot fi observate pe construcțiile vechi din cupru, cum ar fi <a href="/wiki/Statuia_Libert%C4%83%C8%9Bii" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuia Libertății">Statuia Libertății</a>, cea mai mare statuie din cupru din lume. Majoritatea sărurilor de cupru sunt higroscopice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Raza atomică</a> calculată are valoarea de 135 (145) <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">picometri (pm)</a>, raza covalentă 138 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">picometri (pm)</a>, iar <a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">raza van der Waals</a>. Cuprul prezintă conductivitate magnetică. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Izotopi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuprul are 29 de <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a>; doi dintre aceștia, <sup>63</sup>Cu și <sup>65</sup>Cu sunt stabili, iar izotopul <sup>63</sup>Cu reprezintă 69% din totalitatea cuprului natural. Ceilalți 27 de <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopi</a> sunt instabili (<a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactivi</a>); cel mai stabil dintre cei radioactivi este <sup>67</sup>Cu cu <a href="/wiki/Timp_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Timp de înjumătățire (dezambiguizare)">timpul de înjumătățire</a> de 61,83 de <a href="/wiki/Or%C4%83" title="Oră">ore</a>. Șapte alți izotopi au fost caracterizați; Dintre izotopii radioactivi remarcăm <sup>63</sup>Cu, care emite radiații beta pozitive, având ca rezultat izotopi de <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">nichel</a>, în timp ce izotopul <sup>65</sup>Cu, cu emisii radioactive beta negative, are ca rezultat izotopi de <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producție"><span id="Produc.C8.9Bie"></span>Producție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Producție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/230px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/345px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/460px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Producția de cupru la nivel mondial</figcaption></figure> <p>Majoritatea cuprului scos din mină este sub formă de compuși, cum ar fi sulfați sau sulfuri. Exemple de astfel de mine includ minele de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuquicamata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuquicamata — pagină inexistentă">Chuquicamata</a> din <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, Bingham Canyon Mine din <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Chino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Chino — pagină inexistentă">El Chino</a> Mine din <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a>. În conformitate cu studiile efectuate de geologii britanici, în <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> a fost cel mai mare producător de cupru, urmat pe locul doi de <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia">Indonezia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industria auto este unul dintre cei mai mari consumatori de cupru.<sup id="cite_ref-iac2012-05-19_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iac2012-05-19-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:2012copper_(mined).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/230px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/345px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2012copper_%28mined%29.svg/460px-2012copper_%28mined%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>Vânzările de cupru în <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reciclare">Reciclare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Reciclare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Reciclare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mediul economic nu a promovat refolosirea cuprului în majoritatea domeniilor utilizatoare de cupru. În ciuda acestor fapte, <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> (incluzând și <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>) a întregit 43% din necesarul de cupru prin <a href="/wiki/Reciclare" title="Reciclare">reciclare</a>. Reciclarea rămâne un element-cheie al acoperirii cerinței de cupru. </p><p>Procentul de cupru <a href="/wiki/Reciclare" title="Reciclare">reciclat</a> din <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a crescut la 41,3% în <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a> și la 43% în <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a>. Producția cuprului <a href="/wiki/Electrolit" title="Electrolit">electrolitic</a> rafinat secundar a crescut de la 800 la 857 mii <a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%83" title="Tonă">tone</a>, în timp ce utilizarea cuprului topit direct a scăzut de la 1.242 la 1.150 mii tone. Utilizarea deșeurilor de cupru a scăzut de la 2.042 mii tone în 2007 la 2.007 mii tone în 2008, dar în ciuda scăderii, datorită scăderii estimate în fabricarea de produse semifinite, raportul cuprului reciclat a crescut la producție. O proprietate bună a cuprului este puritatea infinită a acestuia în timpul reciclării. Reciclarea cuprului se poate face din robineți vechi, țevi vechi, etc, precum și din deșeurile produse prin topirea directă.<sup id="cite_ref-cu_reciclare_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cu_reciclare-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rezerve">Rezerve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rezerve" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Rezerve"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuprul a fost folosit în ultimii 10 000 de <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a>, dar, mai mult de 95% din tot cuprul a fost extras după <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Răspândire"><span id="R.C4.83sp.C3.A2ndire"></span>Răspândire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Răspândire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_natură"><span id=".C3.8En_natur.C4.83"></span>În natură</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: În natură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: În natură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din punctul de vedere al răspândirii în natură, cuprul poate fi găsit fie sub formă nativă (pur sau necombinat), sau fie sub formă de compuși sau <a href="/wiki/Minerale" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerale">minerale</a>. Cea mai mare bucată de cupru elementar găsită în natură cântărea 420 de <a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%83" title="Tonă">tone</a>, și a fost găsită în <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">anul</a> <a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> în peninsula Keweenaw, din <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a>. Multe minerale conțin cupru, ca de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Calcopirit%C4%83" title="Calcopirită">calcopirita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azurit" title="Azurit">azuritul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachit" title="Malachit">malachitul</a>; cuprul mai este prezent în crusta pământului într-o concentrație de 50 părți la un milion, constituind 0,01% din aceasta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minerale">Minerale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Minerale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Minerale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Denumire <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Formul%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Formulă chimică">Formulă chimică</a></th> <th>Conținut de cupru (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cupru nativ</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuprit" title="Cuprit">Cuprit</a></td> <td>Cu<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>88,82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algodonit</td> <td>Cu<sub>6</sub>As</td> <td>83,58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paramelaconit</td> <td>Cu<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>Cu<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>O<sub>3</sub></td> <td>79,89 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenorit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenorit — pagină inexistentă">Tenorit</a></td> <td>CuO</td> <td>79,89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcocit</td> <td>Cu<sub>2</sub>S</td> <td>79.85 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-cuwebmineral_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cuwebmineral-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ape_termale">Ape termale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ape termale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ape termale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mici cantități de cupru și alte <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metale</a> au fost găsite în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apele termale</a> din localitatea <a href="/wiki/Maghiar%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghiară">maghiară</a> <a href="/wiki/Hajd%C3%BAszoboszl%C3%B3" title="Hajdúszoboszló">Hajdúszoboszló</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hajdusoboszlo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hajdusoboszlo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În urma unor analize s-a constatat faptul că resurse de cupru se găsesc și în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apele termale</a> din localitatea <a href="/wiki/Ac%C3%A2%C8%99,_Satu_Mare" title="Acâș, Satu Mare">Acâș</a>, din Satu Mare.<sup id="cite_ref-acâș_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acâș-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În apele termale existente la <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83ile_Herculane" title="Băile Herculane">Băile Herculane</a> se poate găsi, de asemenea, un conținut mare de cupru cu rol antiseptic și antialergic.<sup id="cite_ref-forum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_alimente"><span id=".C3.8En_alimente"></span>În alimente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: În alimente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: În alimente"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cuprul este larg răspândit în <a href="/wiki/Alimente" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimente">alimente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruct" title="Fruct">fructe</a> și carne: în <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scoic%C4%83" title="Scoică">scoici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuc" title="Nuc">nuci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legum%C4%83" title="Legumă">legume</a>, în majoritatea cerealelor, în <a href="/wiki/Strugure" title="Strugure">struguri</a> (cea mai bogată sursă). Primele date arata ca doza medie de cupru într-un regim normal era de 2 - 5 <a href="/wiki/Miligram" title="Miligram">mg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cu:medicina_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cu:medicina-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">Apa de băut</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83" title="Apă minerală">apele minerale</a> aduc o parte din necesarul zilnic de cupru al organismului. Alte alimente cu conținut de cupru sunt <a href="/wiki/Crustacee" title="Crustacee">crustaceele</a>, și legume verzi (fasolea verde, etc), semințe, <a href="/wiki/Ciuperc%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciupercă">ciuperci</a> și chiar și pudra de cacao. Doza zilnică recomandată de cupru de către specialiști este de 1,5–3 mg.<sup id="cite_ref-vitam_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitam-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În tabelul următor sunt reprezentate cantitățile medii de cupru (<a href="/wiki/Miligram" title="Miligram">miligram</a> per <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>) pentru anumite <a href="/wiki/Aliment" title="Aliment">alimente</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Alimentul</th> <th>Cantitatea medie de cupru (mg/kg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">Ficat</a> <a href="/wiki/Vac%C4%83" title="Vacă">de vită</a></td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciocolat%C4%83" title="Ciocolată">Ciocolată</a></td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crustacee" title="Crustacee">Crustacee</a></td> <td>4-10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stridii" class="mw-redirect" title="Stridii">Stridii</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banan%C4%83" title="Banană">Banane</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lapte" title="Lapte">Lapte</a> <a href="/wiki/Vac%C4%83" title="Vacă">de vacă</a></td> <td>0,06 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-nutriție_cu.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nutriție_cu.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sănătate"><span id="S.C4.83n.C4.83tate"></span>Sănătate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sănătate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sănătate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cu toate că este un <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, cuprul este, totodată, un <a href="/wiki/Element" class="mw-disambig" title="Element">element</a> indispensabil vieții. Se găsește în toate țesuturile organismului, dar cel mai mult cupru se găsește în <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficat</a>, iar cantități mai mici se găsesc și în <a href="/wiki/Creier" title="Creier">creier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inim%C4%83" title="Inimă">inimă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinichi" title="Rinichi">rinichi</a> și <a href="/wiki/Mu%C8%99chi" class="mw-disambig" title="Mușchi">mușchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diete_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diete-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ca efecte benefice, cuprul ajută organismul să utilizeze <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fierul</a> din <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sânge</a>, reducând acțiunile radicalilor liberi asupra <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aesut" class="mw-redirect" title="Țesut">țesuturilor</a>. Consumarea alimentelor de cupru poate, totodată, preveni anumite <a href="/wiki/Boal%C4%83" title="Boală">boli</a> sau deficiențe, cum ar fi alergiile, chelia, <a href="/wiki/SIDA" title="SIDA">SIDA</a>, leucemia, osteoporoza și ulcerul <a href="/wiki/Stomac" title="Stomac">stomacal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diete_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diete-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Împreună cu <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fierul</a> (un alt <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>), cuprul ajută la sinteza celulelor roșii din <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sânge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sanatate_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanatate-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În ciuda acestor efecte benefice, neasimilarea în mare măsură a cuprului din organism poate duce la trei boli rare: </p> <ol><li><i>Boala Wilson</i>, când organismul nu este în măsură să reglementeze absorbția de cupru și astfel cuprul se acumulează în ficat;</li> <li><i>Boala Menkes</i>, când organismul nu poate face rezerve de cupru, de unde rezultă lipsa acestuia;</li> <li><i>Toxicoza prin cupru</i> (este o boală cu origini necunoscute și foarte rară, mai ales la copii), când cuprul se adună în <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficat</a>.</li></ol> <p>Dozele zilnic recomandate sunt foarte stricte și trebuie respectate cu rigurozitate: Femeile cu vârsta cuprinsă între 19 și 51 <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a> trebuie să consume maximum 1,2 mg, iar cele mai în vârstă de 51 de <a href="/wiki/An" title="An">ani</a> tot cam atât. Însă, pentru femeile care alăptează, conținutul de cupru zilnic trebuie să fie un pic mai mare: 1,5 mg.<sup id="cite_ref-puiul_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-puiul-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiența_de_cupru"><span id="Deficien.C8.9Ba_de_cupru"></span>Deficiența de cupru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Deficiența de cupru" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Deficiența de cupru"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efectele deficienței de cupru din organism poate fi observată foarte ușor, după anumite simptome vizibile: anemia, vase de sânge fragile ce se pot rupe, colesterol rău, infecții mai frecvente, pierderea părului sau albirea treptată a pielii și, cel mai important, oboseala cronică. Persoanele care suferă de hipoclorhidrie (adică diminuarea secreției acidului gastric) sunt mai expuse șansei de a dobândi deficiența de cupru. Însă, persoanele care consumă suplimente alimentare cu <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> sunt expuse aceleași deficiențe. Doza zilnică recomandată de cupru de către specialiști este de 1,5–3 mg.<sup id="cite_ref-vitam_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitam-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Și consumul de alcooll poate cauza rapid deficiența de cupru. La femei, deficiența mai poate fi însoțită de menstruații neregulate.<sup id="cite_ref-divahair_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divahair-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparare">Preparare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Preparare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Preparare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_scară_industrială"><span id="La_scar.C4.83_industrial.C4.83"></span>La scară industrială</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: La scară industrială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: La scară industrială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minereurile (sulfuroase) de cupru nu conțin foarte mult cupru, de obicei 2-4%, rareori peste 7%. De aceea, înainte de procedeul de obținere a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalului</a>, este necesara o concentrare. Aceasta constă într-o prăjire parțială, cu aer insuficient. În urma procedeului se obține o zgură formată din sulfură de <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> și de cupru, numită generic <i>mată cuproasă</i>. </p> <dl><dd>2Cu<sub>2</sub>S + 3O2 → 2Cu<sub>2</sub>O + 2SO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Oxidul cupros este transformat în cupru impur prin încălzire: </p> <dl><dd>2Cu<sub>2</sub>O → 4Cu + O<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Cu toate acestea, cuprul este impur, de puritate 95-98%;impuritățile constau în <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">plumb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">stibiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> și <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">argint</a>, precum și cantități mici de <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulf</a> și <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">arsen</a>. Îndepărtarea impurităților se face într-un cuptor cu flacără, sau prin cuprul electrolitic (prin electroliză), obținându-se cupru de puritate aproape maximă, 99,9%.<sup id="cite_ref-tube_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tube-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="În_laborator"><span id=".C3.8En_laborator"></span>În laborator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: În laborator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: În laborator"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cea mai cunoscută reacție de obținere a cuprului în laborator este cea dintre <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sulfat_de_cupru" title="Sulfat de cupru">sulfat de cupru</a>. Prin aceasta se poate obține cupru, depunându-se pe bucata de <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a> <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalic</a> introdus în <a href="/wiki/Eprubet%C4%83" title="Eprubetă">eprubetă</a>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+Fe\rightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+Fe\rightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f3f02d0c333f4cd845f5011e787e240715b8e99" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.646ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+Fe\rightarrow FeSO_{4}+Cu} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Totodată, prin <a href="/wiki/Electroliz%C4%83" title="Electroliză">electroliza</a> soluției de <a href="/wiki/Sulfat_de_cupru" title="Sulfat de cupru">sulfat de cupru</a> se poate obține acid sulfuric și hidroxid de cupru după reacția: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+H_{2}O\rightarrow H_{2}SO_{4}+Cu(OH)_{2}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+H_{2}O\rightarrow H_{2}SO_{4}+Cu(OH)_{2}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/977e722d1ee6bc36983aaf200c15615a6f7207d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.363ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {CuSO_{4}+H_{2}O\rightarrow H_{2}SO_{4}+Cu(OH)_{2}} }"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e-refereate-cu-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e-refereate-cu_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.e-referate.ro/referate/Cuprul2005-03-18.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602031659/http://www.e-referate.ro/referate/Cuprul2005-03-18.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-06-02">2 iunie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cupruscritube-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cupruscritube_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scritube.com/stiinta/chimie/CUPRU42314412.php">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124080237/http://www.scritube.com/stiinta/chimie/CUPRU42314412.php">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-11-24">24 noiembrie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnas-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pnas_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/103/5/1209.full">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143053/http://www.pnas.org/content/103/5/1209.full">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2015-09-24">24 septembrie 2015</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iac2012-05-19-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iac2012-05-19_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zf.ro/business-international/cresterea-cererii-pentru-cupru-va-incetini-semnificativ-anul-acesta-8294213">Creșterea cererii pentru cupru va încetini semnificativ anul acesta</a>, 29 mai 2011, Bogdan Cojocaru, <i>Ziarul financiar</i>, accesat la 19 mai 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cu_reciclare-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cu_reciclare_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cupru.com/stiri-actualitati/europa-este-lider-mondial-in-reciclarea-cuprului%20">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cuwebmineral-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cuwebmineral_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://webmineral.com/chem/Chem-Cu.shtml">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hajdusoboszlo-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hajdusoboszlo_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; 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font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kudika.ro/comunitate/forum/view_topic/41022/Concurs-Castiga-unul-dintre-cele-6-pachete-pentru-protectia-solara-oferite-de-Ivatherm/Concurs-Castiga-unul-dintre-cele-6-pachete-pentru-protectia-solara-oferite-de-Ivatherm-pagina-26.html"><i>Accesat la data de 31 decembrie 2011</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cu:medicina-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cu:medicina_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.boli-medicina.com/vitamine-minerale/Cuprul-BM-COM.php">[7]</a> <i>Accesat la <a href="/wiki/3_decembrie" title="3 decembrie">3 decembrie</a> 2011</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vitam-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vitam_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vitam_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topsanatate.ro/articol/cuprul-19488.html"><i>Accesat la data de 31 decembrie 2011</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nutriție_cu.com-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nutriție_cu.com_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cupru.com/nutritie"><i>Accesat la data de 31 decembrie 2011</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diete-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diete_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diete_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dietetik.ro/cuprul/3906.html">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanatate-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sanatate_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; 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background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scritube.com/stiinta/chimie/CUPRU42314412.php"><i>Accesat la data de 31 decembrie 2011</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124080237/http://www.scritube.com/stiinta/chimie/CUPRU42314412.php">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2011-11-24">24 noiembrie 2011</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Petrescu (coord) Tratat de știința și ingineria materialelor metalice vol 3 Metale. Aliaje. Materiale speciale. Materiale compozite, Editura Agir, București, 2009</li> <li>D. Marian, <i>Metale de înaltă puritate</i>, Editura Tehnică, 1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupru&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistemul-periodic.go.ro/elemente/cu.htm">Cuprul pe sistemul-periodic.go.ro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916161756/http://www.sistemul-periodic.go.ro/elemente/cu.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-09-16">16 septembrie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wall-street.ro/slideshow/International/167627/2013-top-zece-tari-producatoare-de-cupru/2/2-china.html#anchor-of-navigator">2. China - TOP cei mai importanti zece producatori de cupru din lume</a>, 17 iunie 2014, Loredana Viga, <i>wall-street.ro</i></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="32"><span style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em; margin-left:2px;"> <span class="noprint plainlinks" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal; ;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Format:Tabelul periodic al elementelor"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Discuție Format:Tabelul periodic al elementelor"><span title="Discuție format" style=";">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";">m</span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul periodic al elementelor</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Ca</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Sc</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Titaniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Titaniu">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">Sr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Ytriu" title="Ytriu">Y</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tehne%C8%9Biu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehnețiu">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tantal_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantal (chimie)">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Astatiniu" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatiniu">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Toriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toriu">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Moscoviu" title="Moscoviu">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32"> <table border="1" align="center" style="border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ff6666" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metale_alcaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Metale alcaline">Metale alcaline</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffdead" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metal_alcalino-p%C4%83m%C3%A2ntos" title="Metal alcalino-pământos">Alcalino-pământoase</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffbfff" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanide" title="Lantanide">Lantanide</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ff99cc" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Metal de tranziție">Metale de tranziție</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc" width="10%">Alte metale </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloizi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Nemetal" title="Nemetal">Nemetale</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogeni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Gaz_nobil" title="Gaz nobil">Gaze nobile</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_native" title="Format:Elemente native"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_native&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Elemente native — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_native&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemente_native&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemente native — pagină inexistentă">Elemente native</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.A Metale și aliaje intermetalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alam%C4%83" title="Alamă">Alamă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam">Amalgam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antitaenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antitaenit — pagină inexistentă">Antitaenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auricuprid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auricuprid — pagină inexistentă">Auricuprid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avaruit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avaruit — pagină inexistentă">Avaruit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cabriit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cabriit — pagină inexistentă">Cabriit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cupalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cupalit — pagină inexistentă">Cupalit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cupru</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaferrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaferrum — pagină inexistentă">Hexaferrum</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamacit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamacit — pagină inexistentă">Kamacit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatyrkit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatyrkit — pagină inexistentă">Khatyrkit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moschellandsbergit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moschellandsbergit — pagină inexistentă">Moschellandsbergit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skaergaardit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaergaardit — pagină inexistentă">Skaergaardit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taenit — pagină inexistentă">Taenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhanghengit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhanghengit — pagină inexistentă">Zhanghengit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Gold-crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/75px-Gold-crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/113px-Gold-crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gold-crystals.jpg/150px-Gold-crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4788" data-file-height="3102" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.B Carbide, silicide, nitride și fosfide metalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allabogdanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allabogdanit — pagină inexistentă">Allabogdanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohenit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohenit — pagină inexistentă">Cohenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hapkeit" title="Hapkeit">Hapkeit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haxonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haxonit — pagină inexistentă">Haxonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roaldit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roaldit — pagină inexistentă">Roaldit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schreibersit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schreibersit — pagină inexistentă">Schreibersit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suessit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suessit — pagină inexistentă">Suessit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongbait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongbait — pagină inexistentă">Tongbait</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifengit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xifengit — pagină inexistentă">Xifengit</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.C Metaloide și nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaoit — pagină inexistentă">Chaoit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fullerit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fullerit — pagină inexistentă">Fullerit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Grafit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lonsdaleit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lonsdaleit — pagină inexistentă">Lonsdaleit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.D Carbide și nitride nemetalice </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moissanit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moissanit — pagină inexistentă">Moissanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nierit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nierit — pagină inexistentă">Nierit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinoit — pagină inexistentă">Sinoit</a> </p> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">01.X Neclasificate </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brownleeit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brownleeit — pagină inexistentă">Brownleeit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tantal_(chimie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantal (chimie)">Tantal</a> </p> </div> </div>  </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Clasificarea_mineralelor" title="Clasificarea mineralelor">Clasificarea mineralelor</a> <small>(după Nickel-Strunz)</small>: <a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_native" title="Format:Elemente native">01 Elemente native</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Sulfuri" title="Format:Sulfuri">02 Sulfuri</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:S%C4%83ruri_de_sulf" title="Format:Săruri de sulf">02 Săruri de sulf</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Halogenuri" title="Format:Halogenuri">03 Halogenuri</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Oxizi" title="Format:Oxizi">04 Oxizi</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Hidroxizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Hidroxizi — pagină inexistentă">04 Hidroxizi</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Arseni%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Arseniți — pagină inexistentă">04 Arseniți</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Carbona%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Carbonați — pagină inexistentă">05 Carbonați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Nitra%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Nitrați — pagină inexistentă">05 Nitrați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Bora%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Borați">06 Borați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Sulfa%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Sulfați">07 Sulfați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Croma%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Cromați — pagină inexistentă">07 Cromați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Molibdena%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Molibdenați — pagină inexistentă">07 Molibdenați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Wolframa%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Wolframați">07 Wolframați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Fosfa%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Fosfați — pagină inexistentă">08 Fosfați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Arsena%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Arsenați">08 Arsenați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Vanada%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Vanadați">08 Vanadați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Neosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Neosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Neosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Sorosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Sorosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Sorosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Format:Ciclosilica%C8%9Bi" title="Format:Ciclosilicați">09 Ciclosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Inosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Inosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Inosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Filosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Filosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Filosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Tectosilica%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Tectosilicați — pagină inexistentă">09 Tectosilicați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Germana%C8%9Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:Germanați — pagină inexistentă">09 Germanați</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Minerale_organice" title="Format:Minerale organice">10 Minerale organice</a></span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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