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dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>El <b>Drungari de la flota</b>, en <a href="/wiki/Grec_medieval" title="Grec medieval">grec medieval</a> δρουγγάριος τοῦ πλοΐμου/τῶν πλοΐμων (<i>droungarios tou ploimou/tōn ploimōn</i>), anomenat a partir del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span> δρουγγάριος τοῦ στόλου (<i>drungàrios tu stolu</i>) era el comandant de la flota imperial, l'element central de la <a href="/wiki/Marina_romana_d%27Orient" title="Marina romana d'Orient">marina romana d'Orient</a>, estacionada a <a href="/wiki/Constantinoble" title="Constantinoble">Constantinoble</a>. Aquesta flota tenia una funció diferent a les flotes repartides pels <a href="/wiki/Tema_(circumscripci%C3%B3_administrativa)" title="Tema (circumscripció administrativa)">temes</a>, les unitats administratives provincials. A partir del final del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>, quan totes les flotes es van unir en una sola força dirigida pel <a href="/wiki/Megaduc" title="Megaduc">Megaduc</a>, el càrrec de drungari de la flota, que llavors es va conèixer com a μέγας δρουγγάριος τοῦ στόλου (<i>megas drungàrios tu stlou</i>, 'gran drungari de la flota'), va situar-se com a segon, sota el comandament del Megaduc, situació que es va mantenir fins a la <a href="/wiki/Caiguda_de_Constantinoble" title="Caiguda de Constantinoble">caiguda de Constantinoble</a> el <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drungari_de_la_flota&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per fer front a les <a href="/wiki/Conquestes_musulmanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquestes musulmanes">conquestes musulmanes</a>, la major part de la marina romana d'Orient es va unir en una gran flota, els <a href="/wiki/Carabisians" title="Carabisians">Carabisians</a> (Καραβισιάνοι), durant la segona meitat del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">vii</span>. Tal com es feia als temes terrestres, que van aparèixer al mateix temps, aquesta flota estava comandada per un <a href="/wiki/Estrateg" title="Estrateg">estrateg</a>. Però la flota dels Carabisians no es va mostrar prou apta per fer front als enemics. A principis del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">viii</span> va ser substituïda per una organització més complexa, composta de tres elements que van actuar sense grans canvis fins a finals del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>. Una flota central situada a Constantinoble, uns quants comandaments territorials, els temes marítims, com el <a href="/wiki/Tema_dels_Cibirreotes" title="Tema dels Cibirreotes">Tema dels Cibirreotes</a>, o comandaments independents liderats per <a href="/wiki/Drungari" title="Drungari">drungaris</a> molt aviat transformats en temes, com el <a href="/wiki/Tema_de_la_Mar_Egea" title="Tema de la Mar Egea">Tema de la Mar Egea</a> o el de <a href="/wiki/Samos_(tema)" title="Samos (tema)">Samos</a>, i a més existien un gran nombre d'esquadrons locals adscrits als temes terrestres, amb missions purament defensives, i que actuen sovint com a forces policials i subordinades als governadors locals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La flota amb seu a Constantinoble, almenys des del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">vii</span>, va tenir un paper central durant els dos setges musulmans de Constantinoble, els anys 674-678 i <a href="/wiki/Setge_de_Constantinoble_(717-718)" title="Setge de Constantinoble (717-718)">717-718</a>. No es coneix amb certesa la data exacta de la constitució de la flota imperial (βασιλικὸς στόλος, <i>basilikos stolos</i>, o βασιλικὸν πλmonμον, <i>basilikon plikmon</i>). Segons J. B. Bury, no és improbable que la flota imperial existís subordinada al comandament dels estrategs dels Carabisians ja al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">vii</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es menciona al drungari de la flota al <i><a href="/wiki/Taktikon_Uspenski" title="Taktikon Uspenski">Taktikon Uspenski</a></i> escrit al voltant del <a href="/wiki/842" title="842">842</a>-<a href="/wiki/843" title="843">843</a>, i sembla que estaria al front d'una flota de reserva disposada a actuar allà on convingués i que seria també el nucli de les forces marítimes a les expedicions bèl·liques.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El càrrec va adquirir gran importància amb la reestructuració de la flota imperial per <a href="/wiki/Miquel_III_l%27Embriac" title="Miquel III l'Embriac">Miquel III l'Embriac</a>, continuada per <a href="/wiki/Basili_I_el_Macedoni" title="Basili I el Macedoni">Basili I el Macedoni</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lle%C3%B3_VI_el_Fil%C3%B2sof" title="Lleó VI el Filòsof">Lleó VI el Filòsof</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i segons el <i><a href="/wiki/Cletorol%C3%B2gion" title="Cletorològion">Cletorològion</a></i> de Filoteu, se situa immediatament abans, o potser immediatament després del <a href="/wiki/Logoteta" title="Logoteta">Logoteta del Dromos</a>. Segons el llibre <i>De Ceremoniis</i> escrit per l'emperador <a href="/wiki/Constant%C3%AD_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantí VII">Constantí VII</a> al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">x</span>, tenia un paper destacat a les cerimònies imperials, sovint en col·laboració amb el <a href="/wiki/Drungari_de_la_gu%C3%A0rdia" title="Drungari de la guàrdia">drungari de la guàrdia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La posició del drungari de la flota durant el segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">x</span> va arribar als seus nivells més alts, quan diversos personatges importants en van ostentar el càrrec. Entre ells hi va haver <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A0_Lecap%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Romà Lecapè">Romà Lecapè</a>, que l'utilitzà com a trampolí per aconseguir el tron imperial. Al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>, la flota va perdre activitat i el seu titular comandava la flota estacionada a Constantinoble i no anava al capdavant de les grans expedicions. El títol va derivar en <i>droungarios tou stolou</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amb la pujada al tron d'<a href="/wiki/Aleix_I_Comn%C3%A8" title="Aleix I Comnè">Aleix I Comnè</a>, es va produir una reforma important de la marina. Els temes marítims, que havien passat per un llarg declivi, van desaparèixer i Aleix va reunir els pocs efectius de les flotes provincials per ajuntar-los amb la flota imperial de Constantinoble. D'aquesta nova flota va néixer un nou càrrec de comandant en cap, el megaduc. El càrrec de drungari de la flota va seguir existint i se li va afegir el prefix <i>megas</i> (gran), encara que era el segon en el comandament de la marina.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malgrat aquesta relativa davallada, la posició del gran drungari va continuar sent important, classificada en la 32 posició a la jerarquia imperial tal com es descriu al llibre <i>De Officialibus Palatii</i> de <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Cod%C3%AD" title="Jordi Codí">Jordi Codí</a> a mitjan segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xiv</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drungari_de_la_flota&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAhrweiler1966"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ahrweiler</span>, Hélène. <i>Byzance et la mer: la marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe-XVe siècles</i>.  París: Presses universitaires de France, 1966, p. 22-25, 31-35, 73-74, 76-81.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+la+mer%3A+la+marine+de+guerre%2C+la+politique+et+les+institutions+maritimes+de+Byzance+aux+VIIe-XVe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.aulast=Ahrweiler&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft.date=1966&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.place=Par%C3%ADs&rft.pages=22-25%2C+31-35%2C+73-74%2C+76-81"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBury1911"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bury</span>, J.B.. <i>The imperial administrative system in the ninth century: with a revised text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos</i>.  Londres: Pub. for the British academy by H. Frowde, 1911, p. 108-111, 137, 140.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+imperial+administrative+system+in+the+ninth+century%3A+with+a+revised+text+of+the+Kletorologion+of+Philotheos&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.date=1911&rft.pub=Pub.+for+the+British+academy+by+H.+Frowde&rft.place=Londres&rft.pages=108-111%2C+137%2C+140"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGuilland1967"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Guilland</span>, Rodolphe «Le Drongaire de la flotte, le Grand drongaire de la flotte, le Duc de la flotte, le Mégaduc». <i>Recherches sur les institutions byzantines</i>, 1, 1967, pàg. 535-542.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKajdan1991"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kajdan</span>, A.P. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>.  Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1991, p. 663-664. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9780195046526" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9780195046526">ISBN 9780195046526</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.aulast=Kajdan&rft.aufirst=A.P.+%28ed.%29&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=663-664&rft.isbn=9780195046526"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drungari_de_la_flota&oldid=32108200">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drungari_de_la_flota&oldid=32108200</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ex%C3%A8rcit_rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Categoria:Exèrcit romà d'Orient">Exèrcit romà d'Orient</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 29 juny 2023 a les 20:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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