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<span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viol_bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viol_bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Viol bows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viol_bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Different versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tuning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>New compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Electric instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_names_and_common_confusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_names_and_common_confusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Similar names and common confusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_names_and_common_confusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82" title="كمان الساق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمان الساق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Виола да гамба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виола да гамба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_d%27arc" title="Viola d'arc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viola d'arc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feiol" title="Feiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Feiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Βιόλα ντα γκάμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιόλα ντα γκάμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambovjolo" title="Gambovjolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gambovjolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ویولا دا گامبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویولا دا گامبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viole_de_gambe" title="Viole de gambe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viole de gambe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADol" title="Víol – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Víol" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beus-fh%C3%ACdheall" title="Beus-fhìdheall – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beus-fhìdheall" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%98%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="비올족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비올족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Վիոլա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիոլա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="ויולה דה גמבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויולה דה גמבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Виола – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виола" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Виол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Виол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82" title="كمان الساق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كمان الساق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90" title="ヴィオラ・ダ・ガンバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィオラ・ダ・ガンバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambe" title="Gambe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gambe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambe" title="Gambe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gambe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B2la_de_gamba" title="Viòla de gamba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Viòla de gamba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_Gamba" title="Viola da Gamba – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Viola da Gamba" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Виола да гамба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виола да гамба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambe" title="Gambe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Gambe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Виол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" title="Viola da gamba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viola da gamba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba" title="Gamba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gamba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வியோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bowed, fretted and stringed instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the municipality in Germany, see <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B6l" title="Viöl">Viöl</a> in the collective municipality of <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B6l_(Amt)" title="Viöl (Amt)">Viöl (Amt)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a> or <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Viola da gamba</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png/178px-Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png" decoding="async" width="178" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png/268px-Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png/357px-Viola_Da_Gamba_Front_and_Side.png 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="3696" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">gamba (informal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">321.322-71<br />(Composite <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophone</a> sounded by a <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Late 15th century from the <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0c4de">Sound sample</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-_1787)_-_Allegro,_WKO_205_from_27_Pieces_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" title="File:Carl Friedrich Abel (1723- 1787) - Allegro, WKO 205 from 27 Pieces for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba.ogg">Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787) – From 27 Pieces for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba, New York. NYp, Drexel 5871(ca.1790-99): [Arpeggio], AbelWV A1:A26</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-_1787)_-_Allegro,_WKO_205_from_27_Pieces_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_-_Allegro%2C_WKO_205_from_27_Pieces_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_-_Allegro%2C_WKO_205_from_27_Pieces_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_-_Allegro%2C_WKO_205_from_27_Pieces_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Viol</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>viola da gamba</b>, or <b>viol</b>, or informally <b>gamba</b>, is a bowed and fretted string instrument that is played <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">da gamba</i></span> (on the leg;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvjɔːla<span class="wrap"> </span>da<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɡ)ˈɡamba]</a></span>). It is distinct from the later <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin</a>, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio" title="Viola da braccio">viola da braccio</a></i></span> (viol for the arm); and it is any one of the earlier viol family of <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bowed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">fretted</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stringed_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instruments">stringed instruments</a> with hollow wooden bodies and <a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">pegboxes</a> where the tension on the strings can be increased or decreased to adjust the pitch of each of the strings.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although treble, tenor and bass were most commonly used, viols came in different sizes, including <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pardessus_de_viole" title="Pardessus de viole">pardessus</a></i></span> (high treble, developed in 18th century), treble, alto, small tenor, tenor, bass and contrabass (called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">violone</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These members of the viol family are distinguished from later bowed string instruments, such as the violin family, by both appearance and orientation when played—as typically the neck is oriented upwards and the rounded bottom downwards to settle on the lap or between the knees.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viola da gamba uses the alto clef.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Seven and occasionally eight frets made of "stretched gut", tied on the fingerboard around the instrument's neck.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frets tied in this manner—instead of permanently fixed as on a guitar—allow fine-tuning to improve tuning.<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frets enable the performer to stop the strings more cleanly, improve consistency of intonation and lend the stopped notes a tone that better matches the open strings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Viols first appeared in Spain and Italy in the mid-to-late 15th century, and were most popular in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> (1600–1750) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early ancestors include the Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a></i> and the medieval European <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodfield_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later, more directly possible ancestors include the Venetian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">viole</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a></i></span>, a six-course plucked instrument tuned like a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> (and also like a present-day viol)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodfield_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that (at the time) looked like, but was quite distinct from, the four-course <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an earlier chordophone).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although bass viols superficially resemble <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, viols are different in several respects from instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>: the viol family has flat rather than curved backs, sloped rather than rounded shoulders, <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">c holes</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/F-hole" class="mw-redirect" title="F-hole">f holes</a>, and five to seven rather than four strings. Additional differences include <i>tuning strategy</i>—in fourths, with a third in the middle, rather than in fifths (similar to a lute)—the presence of <a href="/wiki/Frets" class="mw-redirect" title="Frets">frets</a>, and underhand rather than overhand bow grip.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern player of the viol is commonly known as a <i>gambist</i>, <i>violist</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, or <i>violist</i> <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">da gamba</i></span>. Notably, "violist" is a <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homograph</a> of the word commonly used since the mid-20th century to refer to a player of the <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, which can cause confusion in written/printed texts when not clear from the context. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_da_gamba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Viola_da_gamba.png/220px-Viola_da_gamba.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Viola_da_gamba.png/330px-Viola_da_gamba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Viola_da_gamba.png/440px-Viola_da_gamba.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Four viols (1618)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg/220px-Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg/330px-Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg/440px-Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption> Spanish instruments from before the name viol or vihuela were coined, played with a bow. From <a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Apocalypse" title="Commentary on the Apocalypse">Commentary on the Apocalypse</a>, <i>Codice VITR 14.1</i>, "second third of 10th century".<sup id="cite_ref-14-1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14-1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg/220px-Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg/330px-Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg/440px-Viol_VerkoljeJan_Dutch_1674.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Detail from a painting by Jan Verkolje, Dutch, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1674</span>, <i>Elegant Couple</i> (A Musical Interlude). The theme is similar to the classic <i>Music Lesson</i> genre, and features a bass viol, <a href="/wiki/Virginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginal">virginal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a> (in the woman's hand, out of frame in this detail; see <a href="/wiki/File:VerkoljeJan_CoupleDutch1674.jpg" title="File:VerkoljeJan CoupleDutch1674.jpg">full image</a>). This image highlights the domestic amateur class of viol players.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuelists</a> began playing their flat-topped, originally plucked, instruments <i>with a bow</i> in the second half of the 15th century. Within two or three decades, this led to the evolution of an entirely new and dedicated bowed string instrument that retained many of the features of the vihuela: e.g., a flat back, sharp waist-cuts, frets, thin ribs initially, and identical tuning—hence its original name, <b>vihuela de arco</b>; <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">arco</i></span> is Spanish for "bow". An influence on the playing posture has been credited to the example of Moorish <i><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rabab</a></i> players.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodfield_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Stefano Pio (2012) argues that a re-examination of documents in light of new data indicates an origin different than the <i>vihuela de arco</i> from Aragon. According to Pio, the viol had its origins in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and evolved independently there.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserts it was implausible that the vihuela de arco underwent such a rapid evolution by Italian rather than Venetian instrument makers. Nonetheless, a ten-year span brought the birth and diffusion in Italy of a new family of instruments (viola da gamba, or viols). These comprised instruments of different sizes, some as large as the famous <i>violoni</i>—as 'big as a man'—mentioned by Prospero Bernardino in 1493. </p><p>Pio also notes that the fifth string of the viola da gamba is uniquely called a <a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)"><i>bordone</i> (drone)</a>—both in the manuscript of the early 15th-century music theorist Antonius de Leno, and in the treatises of the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Silvestro_Ganassi_dal_Fontego" title="Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego">Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Maria_Lanfranco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Maria Lanfranco (page does not exist)">Giovanni Maria Lanfranco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Lanfranco_(Musiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Giovanni Lanfranco (Musiker)">de</a>]</span>. However, it is not a drone and is played the same as the other strings. This inconsistency is justified, Pio argues, only by assuming the invention (in the latter 15th century) of a larger instrument derived from the medieval <i><a href="/wiki/Violetta_(instrument)" title="Violetta (instrument)">violetta</a></i>, which gradually added more strings to allow greater extension to the low register. The fifth string was incorporated into the neck. This was surpassed by a sixth string (<i>basso</i>) which fixed the lower sound produced by the instrument. Pio's view was: the origin of the viola da gamba is tied to the evolution of the smaller violetta, or <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a>, which was originally fitted with a fifth-string "drone"; and the name 'stuck' even after it ceased to perform this function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ian Woodfield, in his <i>The Early History of the Viol</i>, points to evidence that the viol does start with the vihuela, but that Italian luthiers immediately began to apply their own highly developed instrument-making traditions to the early version of the instrument after it was introduced into Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodfield_1984-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Dutch viols overseas</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woman playing viol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg/182px-European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg/273px-European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg/364px-European_in_Japan_playing_viol.jpg_color_modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="845" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Late 16th or early 17th-century viol from a Japanese painting. Has four courses of strings.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute,_Iran,_1630s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dutch viol in Persia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg/153px-Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg/230px-Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg/306px-Young_man_in_European_dress_playing_on_a_lute%2C_Iran%2C_1630s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6381" data-file-height="8750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Painting by <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi" title="Reza Abbasi">Reza Abbasi</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1634</span>, showing a musician dressed in European clothing, playing what may be a viol. The instrument has Persian-style soundholes and a thinner neck than the instrument in the Japanese painting.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In places where European ships landed in the 16 and 17th centuries, painters illustrated them playing musical instruments.</div></div></div></div> <p>Viols most commonly have six strings, although many 16th-century instruments had only four or five strings, and during the 17th century in France, some bass viols featured a seventh lower string. Viols were (and are) strung with <a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">gut</a> strings of lower tension than on the members of the violin family.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gut strings produce a sonority far different from steel, generally described as softer and sweeter. Around 1660, gut or silk core strings overspun with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> wire first became available; these were then used for the lowest-pitched bass strings on viols, and many other string instruments as well. In 1664, a style of string incorporating a copper wire spun within the gut fibers, called a 'gimped' string, was introduced, mimicking the style of embroidery of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viols are fretted like early guitars or <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a>, using movable wrapped-around and tied-on gut frets. A low seventh string was supposedly added in France to the bass viol by <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Sainte-Colombe" title="Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe">Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1640</span>–1690), whose students included the French gamba <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso" title="Virtuoso">virtuoso</a> and composer <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>. Also, the painting <a href="/wiki/File:StCeciliaDomenichinoLouvre.jpg" title="File:StCeciliaDomenichinoLouvre.jpg"><i>Saint Cecilia with an Angel</i></a> (1618) by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Zampieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico Zampieri">Domenichino</a> (1581–1641) shows what may be a seven-string viol. </p><p>Unlike members of the <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">violin family</a>, most of which are tuned in <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</a>, viols are usually tuned in fourths with a major third in the middle, mirroring the tuning employed on the vihuela de mano and <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> during the 16th century and similar to that of the modern six-string <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg/220px-Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg/330px-Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg/440px-Viol_Raphael_St.Cecilia1510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Early Italian tenor viola da gamba, detail from the painting <i>St. Cecilia</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viols were first constructed much like the <i>vihuela de mano</i>, with all surfaces, top, back, and sides made from flat slabs or pieces of joined wood, bent or curved as required. However, some viols, both early and later, had carved tops, similar to those more commonly associated with instruments of the violin family. The ribs or sides of early viols were usually quite shallow, reflecting more the construction of their plucked vihuela counterparts. Rib depth increased during the 16th century, finally coming to resemble the greater depth of the classic 17th-century pattern. </p><p>The flat backs of most viols have a sharply angled break or <i>canted</i> bend in their surface close to where the neck meets the body. This serves to taper the back (and overall body depth) at its upper end to meet the back of the neck joint flush with its heel. Traditional construction uses animal glue, and internal joints are often reinforced with strips of either <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> soaked in hot animal glue—a practice also employed in early plucked vihuela construction. The peg boxes of viols (which hold the tuning pegs) were typically decorated either with elaborately carved heads of animals or people or with the now-familiar spiral <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">scroll</a></i> finial. </p><p>The earliest vihuelas and viols, both plucked and bowed, all had sharp cuts to their waists, similar to the profile of a modern violin. This was a key and new feature—first appearing in the mid-15th century—and from then on, it was employed on many different types of string instruments. This feature was also key in seeing and understanding the connection between the plucked and bowed versions of early vihuelas. If one were to go searching for very early viols with smooth-curved figure-eight bodies, like those found on the only slightly later plucked vihuelas and the modern guitar, they would be out of luck. By the mid-16th century, however, "guitar-shaped" viols were fairly common, and a few of them survive. </p><p>The earliest viols had flat, glued-down bridges just like their plucked counterpart vihuelas. Soon after, however, viols adopted the wider and high-arched bridge that facilitated the bowing of single strings. The earliest of viols would also have had the ends of their <a href="/wiki/Fretboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Fretboard">fretboards</a> flat on the deck, level with or resting upon the top or soundboard. Once the end of their fretboards was elevated above the top of the instrument's face, the entire top could vibrate freely. Early viols did not have <a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">sound posts</a>, either (again reflecting their plucked vihuela siblings). This reduced <a href="/wiki/Damping_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping ratio">damping</a> again meant that their tops could vibrate more freely, contributing to the characteristic "humming" sound of viols; yet the absence of a sound post also resulted in a quieter and softer voice overall. </p><p>It is commonly believed<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">C-holes</a> (a type and shape of pierced sound port visible on the top face or belly of string instruments) are a definitive feature of viols, a feature used to distinguish viols from instruments in the violin family, which typically had F-shaped holes. This generality, however, renders an incomplete picture. The earliest viols had either large, open, round, sound holes (or even round pierced <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a> like those found on lutes and vihuelas), or they had some kind of C-holes. Viols sometimes had as many as four small C-holes—one placed in each corner of the bouts—but more commonly, they had two. The two C-holes might be placed in the upper bouts, centrally, or in the lower bouts. In the formative years, C-holes were most often placed facing each other or turned inwards. </p><p>In addition to round or C-holes, however, and as early as the first quarter of the 16th century, some viols adopted S-shaped holes, again facing inward. By the mid-16th century, S-holes morphed into the classic F-shaped holes, which were then used by viols and members of the violin family alike. By the mid-to late 16th century, the viol's C-holes facing direction were reversed, becoming outward-facing. That configuration then became a standard feature of what we today call the “classic” 17th-century pattern. Yet another style of sound holes found on some viols was a pair of flame-shaped Arabesques placed left and right. The lute- and vihuela-like round or oval ports or rosettes became a standard feature of German and Austrian viols and were retained to the very end. That feature was unique to viols and reminded one always of the viol's more ancient plucked vihuela roots, the "cuteness" of viols. </p><p>Historians, makers, and players generally distinguish between <i><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">renaissance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a></i> viols. The latter are more heavily constructed and are fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">bass bar</a> and sound post, like modern stringed instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viol_bows">Viol bows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viol bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bow</a> is held underhand with the palm facing upward, similar to a German <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> bow grip, but away from the frog towards the balance point. The stick's curvature is generally convex as were violin bows of the period, rather than concave like a modern violin bow. The "frog" (which holds the bow hair and adjusts its tension) is also different from that of modern bows: whereas a violin bow frog has a "slide" (often made of <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother of pearl</a>), which pinches the hair and holds it flat and stationary across the frog, viol bows have an open frog that allows more movement of the hair. This facilitates a traditional playing technique where the performer uses one or two fingers of the bow hand to press the hair away from the bow stick. This dynamically increases bow hair tension to control <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a> and inflection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_versions">Different versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Different versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg/220px-Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg/330px-Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg/440px-Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a> or <i>great bass viol</i>. Painting by Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1640</span>, Dutch-born English Baroque era painter. Note the Italianate shape, square shoulders, and F-holes, apart from its massive size.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg/170px-Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg/255px-Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg/340px-Viols_divis_Simpson_Eng1660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Plate from <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Simpson_(musician)" title="Christopher Simpson (musician)">Christopher Simpson</a>'s book, <i>The Division Violist</i>, England, 1659–1667 edition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viols come in seven sizes: "<a href="/wiki/Pardessus_de_viole" title="Pardessus de viole">pardessus de viole</a>" (which is relatively rare, exclusively French and did not exist before the 18th century), treble (<i>dessus</i> in French), alto, tenor (in French <i>taille</i>), bass, great bass, and contrabass (the final two are often called <a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a>, meaning <i>large viol</i>), the smaller one tuned an octave below the tenor (violone in G, sometimes called <i>great bass</i> or in French <i>grande basse</i>) and the larger one tuned an octave below the bass (violone in D, or the contrabass viol). This latter instrument is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>. </p><p>Their tuning (see next section) alternates G and D instruments: pardessus in G, treble in D, tenor in G, bass in D (the seven-string bass was a French invention, with an added low A), small violone in G, large violone in D and the alto (between the treble and the tenor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg/220px-Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg/330px-Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg/440px-Boston_MFA_Viola_da_Gambas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Different sizes of gambas in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The treble has a size similar to a <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a> but with a deeper body; the typical bass is about the size of a <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>. The pardessus and the treble were held vertically in the lap. The English made smaller basses known as <a href="/wiki/Division_viol" title="Division viol">division viols</a>, and the still-smaller <a href="/wiki/Lyra_viol" title="Lyra viol">Lyra viol</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viola_bastarda" title="Viola bastarda">viola bastarda</a> was a similar type of viol used in Italy for a virtuosic style of viol repertoire and performance. German consort basses were larger than the French instruments designed for continuo. </p><p>Those instruments were not all equally common. The typical Elizabethan consort of viols was composed of six instruments: two basses, two tenors and two trebles, or one bass, three tenors and two trebles (see <a href="/wiki/Chest_of_viols" title="Chest of viols">Chest of viols</a>). Thus the bass, tenor and treble were the central members of the family as far as music written specifically for viols is concerned. Besides consort playing the bass could also be used as a solo instrument (there were also smaller basses designed especially for a virtuosic solo role, see above <i>division viol</i>, <i>lyra viol</i>, <i>viola bastarda</i>). And the bass viol could also serve as a continuo bass. The pardessus was a French 18th-century instrument that was introduced to allow ladies to play mostly violin or flute music<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually acquired its repertoire. The alto was a relatively rare smaller version of the tenor. The violones were rarely part of the consort of viols but functioned as the bass or contrabass of all kinds of instrumental combinations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning">Tuning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tuning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard tuning of most viols is in <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">major third</a> in the middle (like the standard Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> tuning), or in <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">fourths</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">major third</a> in between the 2nd and 3rd strings. The following table shows the tunings that have been adopted at least somewhat widely during the 20th and 21st-century revival of the viols. (Lyra viol tunings are not included.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Viol tuning </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Instrument </th> <th colspan="7">Strings <small>(low to high)</small> </th> <th style="width: 150px" rowspan="2">Harmonic relation (low to high) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 50px">7 </th> <th style="width: 50px">6 </th> <th style="width: 50px">5 </th> <th style="width: 50px">4 </th> <th style="width: 50px">3 </th> <th style="width: 50px">2 </th> <th style="width: 50px">1 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Pardessus</b> (5-string)<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>G<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>5th, 5th, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Pardessus</b> (6-string) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>G<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Treble</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>D<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Alto</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>F<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>5</sub> </td> <td>4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Tenor in A</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>A<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>B<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Tenor in G</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>G<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>F<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Bass</b> </td> <td style="background: #DFDFDF;">A<sub>1</sub><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>D<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>(4th<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), 4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Violone in A</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>A<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>B<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Violone in G</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>G<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>F<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>Violone in D</b> </td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF;"> </td> <td>D<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>G<sub>1</sub> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>E<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>A<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>D<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>4th, 4th, Maj3rd, 4th, 4th </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alternative tunings (called <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scordatura" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:scordatura">scordatura</a></i>) were often employed, particularly in the solo <a href="/wiki/Lyra_viol" title="Lyra viol">lyra viol</a> style of playing, which also made use of many techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicato</a></i>, not generally used in consort playing. An unusual style of pizzicato was known as a thump. Lyra viol music was also commonly written in <a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablature</a>. There is a vast repertoire of this music, some by well-known composers and much by anonymous ones. </p><p>Much viol music predates the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</a> tuning by musicians. The movable nature of the tied-on frets permits the viol player to make adjustments to the tempering of the instrument, and some players and consorts adopt <a href="/wiki/Meantone_temperament" title="Meantone temperament">meantone temperaments</a>, which are more suited to Renaissance music. Several fretting schemes involve frets that are spaced unevenly to produce better-sounding chords in a limited number of "<a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">keys</a>". In some of these schemes, the two strands of the gut that form the fret are separated so that the player can finger a slightly sharper or flatter version of a note (for example G<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span> versus A<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>) to suit different circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatises">Treatises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg/220px-Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg/330px-Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg/440px-Virdung_Lutes_PluckBow_1511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Virdung" title="Sebastian Virdung">Sebastian Virdung</a>'s (German) 1511 treatise <i>Musica Getutsch</i>, showing the lute family—plucked and bowed. This is the first printed illustration of a viol in history.</figcaption></figure> <p>Descriptions and illustrations of viols are found in numerous early 16th-century musical treatises, including those authored by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Virdung" title="Sebastian Virdung">Sebastian Virdung</a>: <i>Musica getutsch</i>, 1511</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Judenk%C3%BCnig" title="Hans Judenkünig">Hans Judenkünig</a>: <i>Ain schone kunstliche Vunderwaisung</i>, 1523</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a>: <i>Musica instrumentalis deutsch</i>, 1528</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gerle" title="Hans Gerle">Hans Gerle</a>: <i>Musica Teusch</i> (or <i>Teutsch</i>), 1532</li></ul> <p>Both Agricola's and Gerle's works were published in various editions. </p><p>There were then several important <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a> concerning or devoted to the viol. The first was by <a href="/wiki/Silvestro_Ganassi_dal_Fontego" title="Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego">Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego</a>: <i>Regola Rubertina & Lettione Seconda</i> (1542/3). <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ortiz" title="Diego Ortiz">Diego Ortiz</a> published <i>Trattado de Glosas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, 1553), an important book of music for the viol with both examples of ornamentation and pieces called <i>Recercadas</i>. In England, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Simpson_(musician)" title="Christopher Simpson (musician)">Christopher Simpson</a> wrote the most important treatise, with the second edition being published in 1667 in parallel text (English and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>). This has <a href="/wiki/Variation_(music)" title="Variation (music)">divisions</a> at the back that are very worthwhile repertoire. A little later, in England, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mace" title="Thomas Mace">Thomas Mace</a> wrote <i>Musick's Monument</i>, which deals more with the lute but has an important section on the viol. After this, the French treatises by <a href="/wiki/Le_Sieur_de_Machy" title="Le Sieur de Machy">Machy</a> (1685), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rousseau_(violist)" title="Jean Rousseau (violist)">Rousseau</a> (1687), <a href="/wiki/Le_Sieur_Danoville" title="Le Sieur Danoville">Danoville</a> (1687), and <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Loulie" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Loulie">Etienne Loulie</a> (1700) show further developments in playing technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg/290px-The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg/435px-The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg/580px-The_Smithsonian_Consort_of_Viols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>The Smithsonian Consort of Viols, a contemporary viol consort</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-1787)_-_Duetto_in_G-Major,_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg" title="File:Carl Friedrich Abel (1723-1787) - Duetto in G-Major, A35A from the Maltzan Collection.ogg">Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787) – Duetto in G-Major, AbelWV A3:5A from the Maltzan Collection</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="469" data-mwtitle="Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-1787)_-_Duetto_in_G-Major,_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-1787%29_-_Duetto_in_G-Major%2C_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-1787%29_-_Duetto_in_G-Major%2C_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-1787%29_-_Duetto_in_G-Major%2C_A35A_from_the_Maltzan_Collection.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by ViolMedium – Eric Miller & Phillip W. Serna, Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-_1787)_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major,_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" title="File:Carl Friedrich Abel (1723- 1787) – Sonata in G-Major, WKO155 for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba.ogg">Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787) – Sonata in G-Major, AbelWV A3 for Unaccompanied Viola da Gamba. Composed for the Lady Pembroke, London. GB-Lbl, Add.Ms.31697 (1760–1770)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-mwtitle="Carl_Friedrich_Abel_(1723-_1787)_–_Sonata_in_G-Major,_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major%2C_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg" type="audio/ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major%2C_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major%2C_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major%2C_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg/Carl_Friedrich_Abel_%281723-_1787%29_%E2%80%93_Sonata_in_G-Major%2C_WKO155_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba_for_Unaccompanied_Viola_da_Gamba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Viol</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Elway_Bevin_(ca.1554-1638)_-_Browning_%C3%A03_from_the_Baldwin_Partbooks,_Christ_Church_Ms._979-83_(1570s).ogg" title="File:Elway Bevin (ca.1554-1638) - Browning à3 from the Baldwin Partbooks, Christ Church Ms. 979-83 (1570s).ogg">Elway Bevin (ca.1554-1638) - Browning à3 from the Baldwin Partbooks, Oxford. Christ Church, Ms.979-83 (ca.1570)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="154" data-mwtitle="Elway_Bevin_(ca.1554-1638)_-_Browning_à3_from_the_Baldwin_Partbooks,_Christ_Church_Ms._979-83_(1570s).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Elway_Bevin_%28ca.1554-1638%29_-_Browning_%C3%A03_from_the_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Christ_Church_Ms._979-83_%281570s%29.ogg/Elway_Bevin_%28ca.1554-1638%29_-_Browning_%C3%A03_from_the_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Christ_Church_Ms._979-83_%281570s%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Elway_Bevin_%28ca.1554-1638%29_-_Browning_%C3%A03_from_the_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Christ_Church_Ms._979-83_%281570s%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Byrd_(ca.1540-1623)_-_Prelude_%26_Voluntarie_%C3%A04_for_my_Ladye_Nevell,_My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke,_No.26._London._GB-Lbl,_MS_Mus.1591_(1591).ogg" title="File:William Byrd (ca.1540-1623) - Prelude & Voluntarie à4 for my Ladye Nevell, My Ladye Nevells Booke, No.26. London. GB-Lbl, MS Mus.1591 (1591).ogg">William Byrd (ca.1540–1623) – Prelude & Voluntarie à4 for my Ladye Nevell, My Ladye Nevells Booke, No.26. London. GB-Lbl, MS Mus.1591 (1591)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="196" data-mwtitle="William_Byrd_(ca.1540-1623)_-_Prelude_&_Voluntarie_à4_for_my_Ladye_Nevell,_My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke,_No.26._London._GB-Lbl,_MS_Mus.1591_(1591).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/William_Byrd_%28ca.1540-1623%29_-_Prelude_%26_Voluntarie_%C3%A04_for_my_Ladye_Nevell%2C_My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke%2C_No.26._London._GB-Lbl%2C_MS_Mus.1591_%281591%29.ogg/William_Byrd_%28ca.1540-1623%29_-_Prelude_%26_Voluntarie_%C3%A04_for_my_Ladye_Nevell%2C_My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke%2C_No.26._London._GB-Lbl%2C_MS_Mus.1591_%281591%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/William_Byrd_%28ca.1540-1623%29_-_Prelude_%26_Voluntarie_%C3%A04_for_my_Ladye_Nevell%2C_My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke%2C_No.26._London._GB-Lbl%2C_MS_Mus.1591_%281591%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Coprario_(ca.1570-1626)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02,_VdGS_No.1_for_Treble_%26_Tenor_Viols.ogg" title="File:John Coprario (ca.1570-1626) - Fantasia à2, VdGS No.1 for Treble & Tenor Viols.ogg">John Coprario (ca.1570–1626) – Fantasia à2, VdGS No.1, Cambridge. King's College, Rowe Mss.112–113 (ca.1620)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="John_Coprario_(ca.1570-1626)_-_Fantasia_à2,_VdGS_No.1_for_Treble_&_Tenor_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/John_Coprario_%28ca.1570-1626%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_Treble_%26_Tenor_Viols.ogg/John_Coprario_%28ca.1570-1626%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_Treble_%26_Tenor_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/John_Coprario_%28ca.1570-1626%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_Treble_%26_Tenor_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Daman_(ca.1540-1591)_-_Ut_Re_Mi_Fa_Sol_La_%C3%A03_from_XX_konincklycke_fantasien._Mathysz_press,_Amsterdam_(1648).ogg" title="File:William Daman (ca.1540-1591) - Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La à3 from XX konincklycke fantasien. Mathysz press, Amsterdam (1648).ogg">William Daman (ca.1540–1591) – Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La à3 from XX konincklycke fantasien. Mathysz press, Amsterdam (1648)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="110" data-mwtitle="William_Daman_(ca.1540-1591)_-_Ut_Re_Mi_Fa_Sol_La_à3_from_XX_konincklycke_fantasien._Mathysz_press,_Amsterdam_(1648).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/William_Daman_%28ca.1540-1591%29_-_Ut_Re_Mi_Fa_Sol_La_%C3%A03_from_XX_konincklycke_fantasien._Mathysz_press%2C_Amsterdam_%281648%29.ogg/William_Daman_%28ca.1540-1591%29_-_Ut_Re_Mi_Fa_Sol_La_%C3%A03_from_XX_konincklycke_fantasien._Mathysz_press%2C_Amsterdam_%281648%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/William_Daman_%28ca.1540-1591%29_-_Ut_Re_Mi_Fa_Sol_La_%C3%A03_from_XX_konincklycke_fantasien._Mathysz_press%2C_Amsterdam_%281648%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dowland_(1563-1626)_-_M._George_Whitehead_His_Almand,_Lachrimae,_No.21_for_Treble,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass_Violone_in_G_1604.ogg" title="File:John Dowland (1563-1626) - M. George Whitehead His Almand, Lachrimae, No.21 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass Violone in G 1604.ogg">John Dowland (1563–1626) – M. George Whitehead His Almand, Lachrimae, No.21 (1604)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="73" data-mwtitle="John_Dowland_(1563-1626)_-_M._George_Whitehead_His_Almand,_Lachrimae,_No.21_for_Treble,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass_Violone_in_G_1604.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/John_Dowland_%281563-1626%29_-_M._George_Whitehead_His_Almand%2C_Lachrimae%2C_No.21_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass_Violone_in_G_1604.ogg/John_Dowland_%281563-1626%29_-_M._George_Whitehead_His_Almand%2C_Lachrimae%2C_No.21_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass_Violone_in_G_1604.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/John_Dowland_%281563-1626%29_-_M._George_Whitehead_His_Almand%2C_Lachrimae%2C_No.21_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass_Violone_in_G_1604.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonora_Duarte_(1610-1678)_-_Sinfonia_%C3%A05,_No.7,_Oxford,_Christ_College,_Mus.Ms.429.ogg" title="File:Leonora Duarte (1610-1678) - Sinfonia à5, No.7, Oxford, Christ College, Mus.Ms.429.ogg">Leonora Duarte (1610–1678) – Sinfonia à5, No.7 Terti toni, Oxford. Christ College, Mus.Ms.429 (ca.1625–1650)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="148" data-mwtitle="Leonora_Duarte_(1610-1678)_-_Sinfonia_à5,_No.7,_Oxford,_Christ_College,_Mus.Ms.429.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Leonora_Duarte_%281610-1678%29_-_Sinfonia_%C3%A05%2C_No.7%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus.Ms.429.ogg/Leonora_Duarte_%281610-1678%29_-_Sinfonia_%C3%A05%2C_No.7%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus.Ms.429.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Leonora_Duarte_%281610-1678%29_-_Sinfonia_%C3%A05%2C_No.7%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus.Ms.429.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_East_(ca.1580-1648)_-_Both_alike,_Fancy_%C3%A02,_No.3_from_the_Seventh_Set_of_Bookes_(1638).ogg" title="File:Michael East (ca.1580-1648) - Both alike, Fancy à2, No.3 from the Seventh Set of Bookes (1638).ogg">Michael East (ca.1580–1648) – Both alike, Fancy à2, No.3 from the Seventh Set of Bookes (1638)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Michael_East_(ca.1580-1648)_-_Both_alike,_Fancy_à2,_No.3_from_the_Seventh_Set_of_Bookes_(1638).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Michael_East_%28ca.1580-1648%29_-_Both_alike%2C_Fancy_%C3%A02%2C_No.3_from_the_Seventh_Set_of_Bookes_%281638%29.ogg/Michael_East_%28ca.1580-1648%29_-_Both_alike%2C_Fancy_%C3%A02%2C_No.3_from_the_Seventh_Set_of_Bookes_%281638%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Michael_East_%28ca.1580-1648%29_-_Both_alike%2C_Fancy_%C3%A02%2C_No.3_from_the_Seventh_Set_of_Bookes_%281638%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Elder_(1543-1588)_-_Fantasia_%27Di_Sei_Bassi%E2%80%99_NYp,_Drexel_4302,_p.255,_no.45.ogg" title="File:Alfonso Ferrabosco the Elder (1543-1588) - Fantasia 'Di Sei Bassi’ NYp, Drexel 4302, p.255, no.45.ogg">Alfonso Ferrabosco the Elder (1543–1588) – Fantasia 'Di Sei Bassi’ from the Sambrook Manuscript, New York. NYp, Drexel 4302, p.255, no.45 (ca.1613–19)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="208" data-mwtitle="Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Elder_(1543-1588)_-_Fantasia_'Di_Sei_Bassi’_NYp,_Drexel_4302,_p.255,_no.45.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Elder_%281543-1588%29_-_Fantasia_%27Di_Sei_Bassi%E2%80%99_NYp%2C_Drexel_4302%2C_p.255%2C_no.45.ogg/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Elder_%281543-1588%29_-_Fantasia_%27Di_Sei_Bassi%E2%80%99_NYp%2C_Drexel_4302%2C_p.255%2C_no.45.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Elder_%281543-1588%29_-_Fantasia_%27Di_Sei_Bassi%E2%80%99_NYp%2C_Drexel_4302%2C_p.255%2C_no.45.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Younger_(ca.1575-1628)_-_Fantasia_%27On_the_Hexachord%27_%C3%A04,_VdGS_No.10_-_The_Hexachord_Ascending,_Oxford,_Christ_College,_Mus._MS.436.ogg" title="File:Alfonso Ferrabosco the Younger (ca.1575-1628) - Fantasia 'On the Hexachord' à4, VdGS No.10 - The Hexachord Ascending, Oxford, Christ College, Mus. MS.436.ogg">Alfonso Ferrabosco the Younger (ca.1575–1628) – Fantasia 'On the Hexachord' à4, VdGS No.10 – The Hexachord Ascending, Oxford. Christ College, Mus.Ms.436 (ca.1630)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="155" data-mwtitle="Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Younger_(ca.1575-1628)_-_Fantasia_'On_the_Hexachord'_à4,_VdGS_No.10_-_The_Hexachord_Ascending,_Oxford,_Christ_College,_Mus._MS.436.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Younger_%28ca.1575-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%27On_the_Hexachord%27_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.10_-_The_Hexachord_Ascending%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus._MS.436.ogg/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Younger_%28ca.1575-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%27On_the_Hexachord%27_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.10_-_The_Hexachord_Ascending%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus._MS.436.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Alfonso_Ferrabosco_the_Younger_%28ca.1575-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%27On_the_Hexachord%27_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.10_-_The_Hexachord_Ascending%2C_Oxford%2C_Christ_College%2C_Mus._MS.436.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with <a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottfried_Finger_(ca.1660-1730)_-_Intrada_in_A-Major_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba_from_the_Codex_S%C3%BCnchinger.ogg" title="File:Gottfried Finger (ca.1660-1730) - Intrada in A-Major for 2 Violas da Gamba from the Codex Sünchinger.ogg">Gottfried Finger (ca.1660–1730) – Intrada in A-Major for 2 Violas da Gamba from the Codex Sünchinger</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="605" data-mwtitle="Gottfried_Finger_(ca.1660-1730)_-_Intrada_in_A-Major_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba_from_the_Codex_Sünchinger.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Gottfried_Finger_%28ca.1660-1730%29_-_Intrada_in_A-Major_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba_from_the_Codex_S%C3%BCnchinger.ogg/Gottfried_Finger_%28ca.1660-1730%29_-_Intrada_in_A-Major_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba_from_the_Codex_S%C3%BCnchinger.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gottfried_Finger_%28ca.1660-1730%29_-_Intrada_in_A-Major_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba_from_the_Codex_S%C3%BCnchinger.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by ViolMedium – Eric Miller & Phillip W. Serna, Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A04,_No.1_for_Treble,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" title="File:Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à4, No.1 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with Great Bass.oga">Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à4, VdGS No.1GB, Oxford. Christ Church, Mss.732-35 (ca.1630)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="258" data-mwtitle="Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_à4,_No.1_for_Treble,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_No.1_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_No.1_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_No.1_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02,_VdGS_No.3_for_2_Treble_Viols.ogg" title="File:Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à2, VdGS No.3 for 2 Treble Viols.ogg">Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583–1625) – Fantazia à2, VdGS No.3, Cambridge. King's College, Rowe Mss.112-13 (ca.1620)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="148" data-mwtitle="Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_à2,_VdGS_No.3_for_2_Treble_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.3_for_2_Treble_Viols.ogg/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.3_for_2_Treble_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A02%2C_VdGS_No.3_for_2_Treble_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_No.3_(1620).ogg" title="File:Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Fantasia à3 No.3 (1620).ogg">Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583–1625) – Fantazia à3, VdGS No.3, Oxford. Christ Church, Mus.Ms.21 (ca.1620)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="126" data-mwtitle="Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Fantasia_à3_No.3_(1620).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_No.3_%281620%29.ogg/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_No.3_%281620%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_No.3_%281620%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Galliard_%C3%A03,_for_Treble_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" title="File:Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583-1625) - Galliard à3, for Treble & Bass Viols with Great Bass.oga">Orlando Gibbons (bap.1583–1625) – Galliard à3, Dublin. Marsh's Library, IRL-Dm Mss.z.3.4.1–3 (ca.1650)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_16" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="71" data-mwtitle="Orlando_Gibbons_(bap.1583-1625)_-_Galliard_à3,_for_Treble_&_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Galliard_%C3%A03%2C_for_Treble_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Galliard_%C3%A03%2C_for_Treble_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Orlando_Gibbons_%28bap.1583-1625%29_-_Galliard_%C3%A03%2C_for_Treble_%26_Bass_Viols_with_Great_Bass.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Captaine_Tobias_Hume_-_Tobacco,_No.3_The_First_Part_of_Ayres_-_The_Musicall_Humours1605.ogg" title="File:Captaine Tobias Hume - Tobacco, No.3 The First Part of Ayres - The Musicall Humours1605.ogg">Captaine Tobias Hume (1569–1645) – Tobacco, No.3 The First Part of Ayres – The Musicall Humours (1605)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_17" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="101" data-mwtitle="Captaine_Tobias_Hume_-_Tobacco,_No.3_The_First_Part_of_Ayres_-_The_Musicall_Humours1605.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_-_Tobacco%2C_No.3_The_First_Part_of_Ayres_-_The_Musicall_Humours1605.ogg/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_-_Tobacco%2C_No.3_The_First_Part_of_Ayres_-_The_Musicall_Humours1605.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_-_Tobacco%2C_No.3_The_First_Part_of_Ayres_-_The_Musicall_Humours1605.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Captaine_Tobias_Hume_(1569_-_1645)_-_The_Spirit_of_Gambo_(The_Lord_Dewys_Favoret)_from_Captaine_Hume%E2%80%99s_Poeticall_Musicke_(1607).ogg" title="File:Captaine Tobias Hume (1569 - 1645) - The Spirit of Gambo (The Lord Dewys Favoret) from Captaine Hume’s Poeticall Musicke (1607).ogg">Captaine Tobias Hume (1569–1645) – The Spirit of Gambo (The Lord Dewys Favoret) from Captaine Hume’s Poeticall Musicke (1607)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_18" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="Captaine_Tobias_Hume_(1569_-_1645)_-_The_Spirit_of_Gambo_(The_Lord_Dewys_Favoret)_from_Captaine_Hume’s_Poeticall_Musicke_(1607).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_%281569_-_1645%29_-_The_Spirit_of_Gambo_%28The_Lord_Dewys_Favoret%29_from_Captaine_Hume%E2%80%99s_Poeticall_Musicke_%281607%29.ogg/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_%281569_-_1645%29_-_The_Spirit_of_Gambo_%28The_Lord_Dewys_Favoret%29_from_Captaine_Hume%E2%80%99s_Poeticall_Musicke_%281607%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Captaine_Tobias_Hume_%281569_-_1645%29_-_The_Spirit_of_Gambo_%28The_Lord_Dewys_Favoret%29_from_Captaine_Hume%E2%80%99s_Poeticall_Musicke_%281607%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jenkins_(1592-1678)_-_Pavan_%C3%A06_in_F,_VdGS_No.2_(ca.1667).ogg" title="File:John Jenkins (1592-1678) - Pavan à6 in F, VdGS No.2 (ca.1667).ogg">John Jenkins (1592–1678) – Pavan à6 in F, VdGS No.2, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch. c.83, II/2 (ca.1667)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_19" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="430" data-mwtitle="John_Jenkins_(1592-1678)_-_Pavan_à6_in_F,_VdGS_No.2_(ca.1667).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/John_Jenkins_%281592-1678%29_-_Pavan_%C3%A06_in_F%2C_VdGS_No.2_%28ca.1667%29.ogg/John_Jenkins_%281592-1678%29_-_Pavan_%C3%A06_in_F%2C_VdGS_No.2_%28ca.1667%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/John_Jenkins_%281592-1678%29_-_Pavan_%C3%A06_in_F%2C_VdGS_No.2_%28ca.1667%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lawes_(1602-1645)_-_Aire_%C3%A04,_VdGS_No.112,_Oxford._Bodleian_Library,_Mus.Sch.b.2,_p.33_(ca.1638-45).ogg" title="File:William Lawes (1602-1645) - Aire à4, VdGS No.112, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.b.2, p.33 (ca.1638-45).ogg">William Lawes (1602–1645) – Aire à4, VdGS No.112, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.b.2, p.33 (ca.1638–45)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_20" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="187" data-mwtitle="William_Lawes_(1602-1645)_-_Aire_à4,_VdGS_No.112,_Oxford._Bodleian_Library,_Mus.Sch.b.2,_p.33_(ca.1638-45).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/William_Lawes_%281602-1645%29_-_Aire_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.112%2C_Oxford._Bodleian_Library%2C_Mus.Sch.b.2%2C_p.33_%28ca.1638-45%29.ogg/William_Lawes_%281602-1645%29_-_Aire_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.112%2C_Oxford._Bodleian_Library%2C_Mus.Sch.b.2%2C_p.33_%28ca.1638-45%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/William_Lawes_%281602-1645%29_-_Aire_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.112%2C_Oxford._Bodleian_Library%2C_Mus.Sch.b.2%2C_p.33_%28ca.1638-45%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Lupo_(1571-1628)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_in_d,_VdGS_No.26_for_3_Bass_Viols.ogg" title="File:Thomas Lupo (1571-1628) - Fantasia à3 in d, VdGS No.26 for 3 Bass Viols.ogg">Thomas Lupo the Elder (1571–1628) – Fantasia à3 in d, VdGS No.26 from John Merro's Book, Tenbury Manuscripts of St. Michael's College, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.d.245-47 (ca.1620–30)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_21" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="165" data-mwtitle="Thomas_Lupo_(1571-1628)_-_Fantasia_à3_in_d,_VdGS_No.26_for_3_Bass_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Thomas_Lupo_%281571-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_in_d%2C_VdGS_No.26_for_3_Bass_Viols.ogg/Thomas_Lupo_%281571-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_in_d%2C_VdGS_No.26_for_3_Bass_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Thomas_Lupo_%281571-1628%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A03_in_d%2C_VdGS_No.26_for_3_Bass_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Marin_Marais_-_Pi%C3%A8ces_a_Une_Viole_du_Premier_Livre_(1686).ogg" title="File:Marin Marais - Pièces a Une Viole du Premier Livre (1686).ogg">Marin Marais (1656–1728) – Pièces a Une Viole du Premier Livre (1686) – Prelude – Fantaisie – Allemande – Double – Courante – Double – Sarabande – Gigue – Double</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_22" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1079" data-mwtitle="Marin_Marais_-_Pièces_a_Une_Viole_du_Premier_Livre_(1686).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Marin_Marais_-_Pi%C3%A8ces_a_Une_Viole_du_Premier_Livre_%281686%29.ogg/Marin_Marais_-_Pi%C3%A8ces_a_Une_Viole_du_Premier_Livre_%281686%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Marin_Marais_-_Pi%C3%A8ces_a_Une_Viole_du_Premier_Livre_%281686%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Marin_Marais_(1656-1728)_%E2%80%93_Sonnerie_de_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont_de_Paris_The_Bells_of_St._Genevieve_from_La_Gamme_et_Autres_Morceaux_de_Symphonie_(1723).ogg" title="File:Marin Marais (1656-1728) – Sonnerie de Sainte-Geneviève du Mont de Paris The Bells of St. Genevieve from La Gamme et Autres Morceaux de Symphonie (1723).ogg">Marin Marais (1656–1728) – Sonnerie de Sainte-Geneviève du Mont de Paris The Bells of St. Genevieve from La Gamme et Autres Morceaux de Symphonie (1723)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_23" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="441" data-mwtitle="Marin_Marais_(1656-1728)_–_Sonnerie_de_Sainte-Geneviève_du_Mont_de_Paris_The_Bells_of_St._Genevieve_from_La_Gamme_et_Autres_Morceaux_de_Symphonie_(1723).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Marin_Marais_%281656-1728%29_%E2%80%93_Sonnerie_de_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont_de_Paris_The_Bells_of_St._Genevieve_from_La_Gamme_et_Autres_Morceaux_de_Symphonie_%281723%29.ogg/Marin_Marais_%281656-1728%29_%E2%80%93_Sonnerie_de_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont_de_Paris_The_Bells_of_St._Genevieve_from_La_Gamme_et_Autres_Morceaux_de_Symphonie_%281723%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Marin_Marais_%281656-1728%29_%E2%80%93_Sonnerie_de_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_du_Mont_de_Paris_The_Bells_of_St._Genevieve_from_La_Gamme_et_Autres_Morceaux_de_Symphonie_%281723%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by New Comma Baroque</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89tienne_Moulini%C3%A9_(1599%E2%80%931676)_%E2%80%93_Fantasia_%C3%A04,_VdGS_No.2_for_2_Treble_Viols,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_(1639).ogg" title="File:Étienne Moulinié (1599–1676) – Fantasia à4, VdGS No.2 for 2 Treble Viols, Tenor & Bass Viols (1639).ogg">Étienne Moulinié (1599–1676) – Fantasia à4, VdGS No.2 for 2 Treble Viols, Tenor & Bass Viols (1639)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_24" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="232" data-mwtitle="Étienne_Moulinié_(1599–1676)_–_Fantasia_à4,_VdGS_No.2_for_2_Treble_Viols,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols_(1639).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/%C3%89tienne_Moulini%C3%A9_%281599%E2%80%931676%29_%E2%80%93_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.2_for_2_Treble_Viols%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%281639%29.ogg/%C3%89tienne_Moulini%C3%A9_%281599%E2%80%931676%29_%E2%80%93_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.2_for_2_Treble_Viols%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%281639%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/%C3%89tienne_Moulini%C3%A9_%281599%E2%80%931676%29_%E2%80%93_Fantasia_%C3%A04%2C_VdGS_No.2_for_2_Treble_Viols%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%281639%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Ortiz_(1510-1570)_-_Recercada_primera_sobre_tenores_italianos_from_Trattado_de_Glosas,_Libro_Secundo_(1553).ogg" title="File:Diego Ortiz (1510-1570) - Recercada primera sobre tenores italianos from Trattado de Glosas, Libro Secundo (1553).ogg">Diego Ortiz (1510–1570) – Recercada primera sobre tenores italianos from Trattado de Glosas, Libro Secundo (1553)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_25" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="98" data-mwtitle="Diego_Ortiz_(1510-1570)_-_Recercada_primera_sobre_tenores_italianos_from_Trattado_de_Glosas,_Libro_Secundo_(1553).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Diego_Ortiz_%281510-1570%29_-_Recercada_primera_sobre_tenores_italianos_from_Trattado_de_Glosas%2C_Libro_Secundo_%281553%29.ogg/Diego_Ortiz_%281510-1570%29_-_Recercada_primera_sobre_tenores_italianos_from_Trattado_de_Glosas%2C_Libro_Secundo_%281553%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Diego_Ortiz_%281510-1570%29_-_Recercada_primera_sobre_tenores_italianos_from_Trattado_de_Glosas%2C_Libro_Secundo_%281553%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Parsons_(ca.1535-1572)_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07,_No.2,_London._GB-Lbl,_Add.Ms.31390_(ca.1578).ogg" title="File:Robert Parsons (ca.1535-1572) - In Nomine à7, No.2, London. GB-Lbl, Add.Ms.31390 (ca.1578).ogg">Robert Parsons (ca.1535–1572) – In Nomine à7, No.2, London. GB-Lbl, Add.Ms.31390 (ca.1578)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_26" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-mwtitle="Robert_Parsons_(ca.1535-1572)_-_In_Nomine_à7,_No.2,_London._GB-Lbl,_Add.Ms.31390_(ca.1578).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Robert_Parsons_%28ca.1535-1572%29_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07%2C_No.2%2C_London._GB-Lbl%2C_Add.Ms.31390_%28ca.1578%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Robert_Parsons_%28ca.1535-1572%29_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07%2C_No.2%2C_London._GB-Lbl%2C_Add.Ms.31390_%28ca.1578%29.ogg/Robert_Parsons_%28ca.1535-1572%29_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07%2C_No.2%2C_London._GB-Lbl%2C_Add.Ms.31390_%28ca.1578%29.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Robert_Parsons_%28ca.1535-1572%29_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07%2C_No.2%2C_London._GB-Lbl%2C_Add.Ms.31390_%28ca.1578%29.ogg/Robert_Parsons_%28ca.1535-1572%29_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A07%2C_No.2%2C_London._GB-Lbl%2C_Add.Ms.31390_%28ca.1578%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Picforth_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05_for_Treble,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_(c.1578).ogg" title="File:Picforth - In Nomine à5 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols (c.1578).ogg">Picforth (fl.1580s) – In Nomine à5, London. GB-Lbl, Add.Ms.31390 (ca.1578)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_27" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Picforth_-_In_Nomine_à5_for_Treble,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols_(c.1578).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Picforth_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%28c.1578%29.ogg/Picforth_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%28c.1578%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Picforth_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols_%28c.1578%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Poynt_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05,_British_Library_Add._Ms_31390_for_Treble,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg" title="File:Poynt - In Nomine à5, British Library Add. Ms 31390 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols.ogg">Poynt (fl.1570s) – In Nomine à5, London. GB-Lbl, Add.Ms.31390 (ca.1578)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_28" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Poynt_-_In_Nomine_à5,_British_Library_Add._Ms_31390_for_Treble,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Poynt_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05%2C_British_Library_Add._Ms_31390_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg/Poynt_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05%2C_British_Library_Add._Ms_31390_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Poynt_-_In_Nomine_%C3%A05%2C_British_Library_Add._Ms_31390_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Purcell_(1659-1695)_%E2%80%93_In_Nomine_%C3%A06,_Z.746_for_Treble,_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg" title="File:Henry Purcell (1659-1695) – In Nomine à6, Z.746 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols.ogg">Henry Purcell (1659–1695) – In Nomine à6, Z.746 for Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols (1680)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_29" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="94" data-mwtitle="Henry_Purcell_(1659-1695)_–_In_Nomine_à6,_Z.746_for_Treble,_Tenor_&_Bass_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Henry_Purcell_%281659-1695%29_%E2%80%93_In_Nomine_%C3%A06%2C_Z.746_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg/Henry_Purcell_%281659-1695%29_%E2%80%93_In_Nomine_%C3%A06%2C_Z.746_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Henry_Purcell_%281659-1695%29_%E2%80%93_In_Nomine_%C3%A06%2C_Z.746_for_Treble%2C_Tenor_%26_Bass_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Francesca_Rusca_(1583-1676)_-_Canzone_Prima_%C3%A04_La_Borromea_(1630).ogg" title="File:Claudia Francesca Rusca (1583-1676) - Canzone Prima à4 La Borromea (1630).ogg">Claudia Francesca Rusca (1583–1676) – Canzone Prima à4 'La Borromea' from Sacri Concerti à1–5 con Salmi e Canzoni Francesi (Milan, 1630)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_30" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="140" data-mwtitle="Claudia_Francesca_Rusca_(1583-1676)_-_Canzone_Prima_à4_La_Borromea_(1630).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Claudia_Francesca_Rusca_%281583-1676%29_-_Canzone_Prima_%C3%A04_La_Borromea_%281630%29.ogg/Claudia_Francesca_Rusca_%281583-1676%29_-_Canzone_Prima_%C3%A04_La_Borromea_%281630%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Claudia_Francesca_Rusca_%281583-1676%29_-_Canzone_Prima_%C3%A04_La_Borromea_%281630%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols with <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoph_Schaffrath_(1709-1763)_-_Duetto_in_D-Minor_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba.ogg" title="File:Christoph Schaffrath (1709-1763) - Duetto in D-Minor for 2 Violas da Gamba.ogg">Christoph Schaffrath (1709–1763) – Duetto in D-Minor for 2 Violas da Gamba</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_31" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="832" data-mwtitle="Christoph_Schaffrath_(1709-1763)_-_Duetto_in_D-Minor_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Christoph_Schaffrath_%281709-1763%29_-_Duetto_in_D-Minor_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba.ogg/Christoph_Schaffrath_%281709-1763%29_-_Duetto_in_D-Minor_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Christoph_Schaffrath_%281709-1763%29_-_Duetto_in_D-Minor_for_2_Violas_da_Gamba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by ViolMedium – Eric Miller & Phillip W. Serna, Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Tallis_(ca.1505-1585)_-_Why_fum%27th_in_sight_a4,_the_Third_Tune_from_Archbishop_Parker%27s_Psalter_(1567).ogg" title="File:Thomas Tallis (ca.1505-1585) - Why fum'th in sight a4, the Third Tune from Archbishop Parker's Psalter (1567).ogg">Thomas Tallis (ca.1505-1585) - Why fum'th in sight à4, the Third Tune from Archbishop Parker's Psalter (1567)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_32" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="134" data-mwtitle="Thomas_Tallis_(ca.1505-1585)_-_Why_fum'th_in_sight_a4,_the_Third_Tune_from_Archbishop_Parker's_Psalter_(1567).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Thomas_Tallis_%28ca.1505-1585%29_-_Why_fum%27th_in_sight_a4%2C_the_Third_Tune_from_Archbishop_Parker%27s_Psalter_%281567%29.ogg/Thomas_Tallis_%28ca.1505-1585%29_-_Why_fum%27th_in_sight_a4%2C_the_Third_Tune_from_Archbishop_Parker%27s_Psalter_%281567%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Thomas_Tallis_%28ca.1505-1585%29_-_Why_fum%27th_in_sight_a4%2C_the_Third_Tune_from_Archbishop_Parker%27s_Psalter_%281567%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Taverner_In_Nomine_a4_from_the_Missa_Gloria_Tibi_Trinitas,_The_Baldwin_Partbooks,_Oxford._Christ_Church.ogg" title="File:John Taverner In Nomine a4 from the Missa Gloria Tibi Trinitas, The Baldwin Partbooks, Oxford. Christ Church.ogg">John Taverner (ca.1490–1545) – In Nomine à4 from the Missa Gloria Tibi Trinitas, The Baldwin Partbooks, Oxford. Christ Church, Mss.979-83 (ca.1570)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_33" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="John_Taverner_In_Nomine_a4_from_the_Missa_Gloria_Tibi_Trinitas,_The_Baldwin_Partbooks,_Oxford._Christ_Church.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/John_Taverner_In_Nomine_a4_from_the_Missa_Gloria_Tibi_Trinitas%2C_The_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Oxford._Christ_Church.ogg/John_Taverner_In_Nomine_a4_from_the_Missa_Gloria_Tibi_Trinitas%2C_The_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Oxford._Christ_Church.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/John_Taverner_In_Nomine_a4_from_the_Missa_Gloria_Tibi_Trinitas%2C_The_Baldwin_Partbooks%2C_Oxford._Christ_Church.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Philipp_Telemann_(1681-1767)_-_Concerto_for_Recorder_and_Viola_da_Gamba,_TWV_52a1.ogg" title="File:Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767) - Concerto for Recorder and Viola da Gamba, TWV 52a1.ogg">Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767) – Concerto for Recorder and Viola da Gamba, TWV 52:a1</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_34" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="917" data-mwtitle="Georg_Philipp_Telemann_(1681-1767)_-_Concerto_for_Recorder_and_Viola_da_Gamba,_TWV_52a1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Georg_Philipp_Telemann_%281681-1767%29_-_Concerto_for_Recorder_and_Viola_da_Gamba%2C_TWV_52a1.ogg/Georg_Philipp_Telemann_%281681-1767%29_-_Concerto_for_Recorder_and_Viola_da_Gamba%2C_TWV_52a1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Georg_Philipp_Telemann_%281681-1767%29_-_Concerto_for_Recorder_and_Viola_da_Gamba%2C_TWV_52a1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by New Comma Baroque</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Tomkins_(1572-1656)_-_A_Sad_Paven_%C3%A05_for_These_Distracted_Tymes,_MB53_(1649).ogg" title="File:Thomas Tomkins (1572-1656) - A Sad Paven à5 for These Distracted Tymes, MB53 (1649).ogg">Thomas Tomkins (1572-1656) - A Sad Paven for These Distracted Tymes (1649), Paris. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Musique, Rés.1122 (ca.1575-1656)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_35" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="193" data-mwtitle="Thomas_Tomkins_(1572-1656)_-_A_Sad_Paven_à5_for_These_Distracted_Tymes,_MB53_(1649).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Thomas_Tomkins_%281572-1656%29_-_A_Sad_Paven_%C3%A05_for_These_Distracted_Tymes%2C_MB53_%281649%29.ogg/Thomas_Tomkins_%281572-1656%29_-_A_Sad_Paven_%C3%A05_for_These_Distracted_Tymes%2C_MB53_%281649%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Thomas_Tomkins_%281572-1656%29_-_A_Sad_Paven_%C3%A05_for_These_Distracted_Tymes%2C_MB53_%281649%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ward_(1571-1638)_-_Fantasia_%C3%A06,_VdGS_No.1_for_2_Treble,_2_Tenor_%26_2_Bass_Viols.ogg" title="File:John Ward (1571-1638) - Fantasia à6, VdGS No.1 for 2 Treble, 2 Tenor & 2 Bass Viols.ogg">John Ward (1571–1638) – Fantasia à6, VdGS No.1, Oxford. Bodleian Library, Mus.Sch.c.45-50</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_36" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="187" data-mwtitle="John_Ward_(1571-1638)_-_Fantasia_à6,_VdGS_No.1_for_2_Treble,_2_Tenor_&_2_Bass_Viols.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/John_Ward_%281571-1638%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A06%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_2_Treble%2C_2_Tenor_%26_2_Bass_Viols.ogg/John_Ward_%281571-1638%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A06%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_2_Treble%2C_2_Tenor_%26_2_Bass_Viols.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/John_Ward_%281571-1638%29_-_Fantasia_%C3%A06%2C_VdGS_No.1_for_2_Treble%2C_2_Tenor_%26_2_Bass_Viols.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Performed by Phillip W. Serna, Treble, Tenor & Bass Viols</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Viols were second in popularity only to the lute (although this is disputed), and like lutes, were very often played by amateurs. Affluent homes might have a so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Chest_of_viols" title="Chest of viols">chest of viols</a></i>, which would contain one or more instruments of each size. Gamba ensembles, called <i><a href="/wiki/Consort_of_instruments" title="Consort of instruments">consorts</a></i>, were common in the 16th and 17th centuries, when they performed vocal music (consort songs or <a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">verse anthems</a>) as well as that written specifically for instruments. Only the treble, tenor, and bass sizes were regular members of the viol consort, which consisted of three, four, five, or six instruments. Music for consorts was very popular in England in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabethan</a> times, with composers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a>, and, during the reign of King Charles I, <a href="/wiki/John_Jenkins_(composer)" title="John Jenkins (composer)">John Jenkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">William Lawes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Hume" title="Tobias Hume">Tobias Hume</a>. The last music for viol consorts before their modern revival was probably written in the early 1680s by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>. </p><p>Perhaps even more common than the pure consort of viols was the mixed or <a href="/wiki/Broken_consort" title="Broken consort">broken consort</a> (also called Morley consort). Broken consorts combined a mixture of different instruments—a small band, essentially—usually comprising a gathering of social amateurs and typically including such instruments as a bass viol, a <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orpharion" title="Orpharion">orpharion</a> (a wire-strung lute, metal-fretted, flat-backed, and festoon-shaped), a <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cittern</a>, a treble viol (or <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, as time progressed), sometimes an early keyboard instrument (<a href="/wiki/Virginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginal">virginal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>), and whatever other instruments or players (or singers) might be available at the moment. The single most common and ubiquitous pairing of all was always and everywhere the lute and bass viol: for centuries, the inseparable duo. </p><p>The bass viola da gamba remained in use into the 18th century as a <a href="/wiki/Solo_(music)" title="Solo (music)">solo</a> instrument (and to complement the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a>). It was a favorite instrument of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> and acquired associations of both courtliness and "Frenchness" (in contrast to the Italianate violin). Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Sainte-Colombe" title="Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe">Sainte Colombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schenck" title="Johannes Schenck">Johannes Schenck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacquemant" title="Jean Lacquemant">DuBuisson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Forqueray" title="Antoine Forqueray">Antoine Forqueray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doll%C3%A9" title="Charles Dollé">Charles Dollé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Abel" title="Carl Friedrich Abel">Carl Friedrich Abel</a> wrote virtuoso music for it. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Fantasias_for_Viola_da_Gamba_solo" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Fantasias for Viola da Gamba solo">Twelve Fantasias for Viola da Gamba solo</a></i> in 1735, when the instrument was already becoming out of fashion. However, viols fell out of use as concert halls grew larger and the louder and more penetrating tone of the violin family became more popular. In the 20th century, the viola da gamba and its repertoire were revived by <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> enthusiasts, an early proponent being <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dolmetsch" title="Arnold Dolmetsch">Arnold Dolmetsch</a>. </p><p>The treble viol in d and the even smaller pardessus de viole in g (often with only five strings) were also popular instruments in the 18th century, especially in France. Composers like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Barri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Baptiste Barrière">Jean-Baptiste Barrière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Phillipp_Telemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Phillipp Telemann">Georg Phillipp Telemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a> wrote solo- and ensemble pieces for treble or pardessus. It was also common to play music for violins or flutes or unspecified top parts on small viols. </p><p>Historic viols survive in relatively great number, though very few remain in original condition. They can often be found in collections of historic musical instruments at museums and universities. Here are some of the extant historic viols at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>: </p> <ul><li>Division Viol by Barak Norman, London, 1692<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bass Viol, labeled Richard Meares, London, ca. 1680<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bass Viol by John Rose, ca. 1600, London<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>English viol, unsigned, 17th century in spectacularly original condition<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Division Viol, School of Tielke, Hamburg, ca. 1720<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bass Viol by Matthias Humel, 18th century, Nuremberg<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bass Viol, Germany, 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bass Viol by Nicolas Bertrand, Paris, 1720<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Abraham Bosse, Musical Society, French, c. 1635. Subject matter depicts amateur social music making, featuring lute, bass viol, and singers, with part books spread around the table. This is also representative of one kind of broken consort, albeit with minimal instrumentation."><img alt="Painting by Abraham Bosse, Musical Society, French, c. 1635. Subject matter depicts amateur social music making, featuring lute, bass viol, and singers, with part books spread around the table. This is also representative of one kind of broken consort, albeit with minimal instrumentation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg/200px-Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg/300px-Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg/400px-Lute-viol_ABosse_Fr_1635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting by Abraham Bosse, <i>Musical Society</i>, French,<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1635</span>. Subject matter depicts amateur social music making, featuring lute, bass viol, and singers, with part books spread around the table. This is also representative of one kind of broken consort, albeit with minimal instrumentation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marin-marais.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of French composer and viola da gamba master Marin Marais, by André Bouys, 1704."><img alt="Portrait of French composer and viola da gamba master Marin Marais, by André Bouys, 1704." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marin-marais.jpg/149px-Marin-marais.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marin-marais.jpg/224px-Marin-marais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marin-marais.jpg/298px-Marin-marais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of French composer and viola da gamba master <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bouys" title="André Bouys">André Bouys</a>, 1704.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Carl Friedrich Abel, composer and viol master—German-born but residing in England most of his life—posed with his viola da gamba. By Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1765."><img alt="Portrait of Carl Friedrich Abel, composer and viol master—German-born but residing in England most of his life—posed with his viola da gamba. By Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1765." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/159px-Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/238px-Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg/318px-Karl_Friedrich_Abel_by_Thomas_Gainsborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Abel" title="Carl Friedrich Abel">Carl Friedrich Abel</a>, composer and viol master—German-born but residing in England most of his life—posed with his viola da gamba. By <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1765</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gambenspielerin (The Viola da gamba Player), by Bernardo Strozzi, c. 1630–1640; portrait is of composer Barbara Strozzi (1619-1677) – Gemäldegalerie, Dresden."><img alt="Gambenspielerin (The Viola da gamba Player), by Bernardo Strozzi, c. 1630–1640; portrait is of composer Barbara Strozzi (1619-1677) – Gemäldegalerie, Dresden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg/155px-Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg/232px-Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg/310px-Bernardo_Strozzi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1621" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gambenspielerin</i> (<i>The Viola da gamba Player</i>), by <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi" title="Bernardo Strozzi">Bernardo Strozzi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span>–1640; portrait is of composer <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Barbara Strozzi</a> (1619-1677) – Gemäldegalerie, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viol player in the Honfleur Église Sainte-Catherine, c. 1550-1600"><img alt="Viol player in the Honfleur Église Sainte-Catherine, c. 1550-1600" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg/150px-Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg/225px-Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg/299px-Viol_player_in_the_Honfleur_%C3%89glise_Sainte-Catherine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Viol player in the Honfleur Église Sainte-Catherine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span>-1600</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viola da gambe and viola da braccio (viol of the leg and violin of the arm). Painting by Matthias Grünewald (1480–1528)"><img alt="Viola da gambe and viola da braccio (viol of the leg and violin of the arm). Painting by Matthias Grünewald (1480–1528)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg/177px-Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg/265px-Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg/354px-Viola_da_Gamba_Isenheimer_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Viola da gambe and viola da braccio (viol of the leg and violin of the arm). Painting by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a> (1480–1528) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th and early 21st century, the viol is attracting ever more interest, particularly among amateur players and <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> enthusiasts and societies, and in conservatories and music schools. This may be due to the increased availability of reasonably priced instruments from companies using more automated production techniques, coupled with the greater accessibility of early music editions and historic treatises. The viol is also regarded as a suitable instrument for adult learners; <a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Percy Scholes</a> wrote that the viol repertoire "belongs to an age that demanded musicianship more often than virtuosity." There are now many societies for people with an interest in the viol. The first was the Viola da Gamba Society, which was established in the United Kingdom in 1948 (by Nathalie and <a href="/wiki/Cecile_Dolmetsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecile Dolmetsch">Cecile Dolmetsch</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The Viola da Gamba Society of America followed in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with over 1000 members in North America and around the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, similar societies have been organized in several other nations. In the 1970s, the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Guitar_and_Lute_Workshop" title="Guitar and Lute Workshop">Guitar and Lute Workshop</a> in Honolulu generated resurgent interest in the viol and traditional luthierie methods within the western United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A notable youth viol group is the Gateshead Viol Ensemble. It consists of young players between the ages of 7 and 18 and is quite well known in the northeast of England. It gives young people the opportunity to learn the viol and gives concerts in the North East and abroad. Ensembles like these show that the viol is making a comeback. A living museum of historical musical instruments was created at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> as a center for the revival of the instrument. More than 100 instruments, including approximately 50 historical violas da gamba in playable condition, are the property of this new concept of a museum: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orpheon_Foundation_Museum_of_Historical_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orpheon Foundation Museum of Historical Instruments (page does not exist)">Orpheon Foundation Museum of Historical Instruments</a>. All the instruments of this museum are played by the Orpheon Baroque Orchestra, the Orpheon consort, or by musicians who receive an instrument for a permanent loan. The instruments can be seen during temporary exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are studied and copied by violin makers, contributing to the extension of the general knowledge we have on the viola da gamba, its forms, and the different techniques used for its manufacture. </p><p>The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tous_les_matins_du_monde_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tous les matins du monde (film)">Tous les matins du monde</a></i> (All the Mornings of the World) by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Corneau" title="Alain Corneau">Alain Corneau</a>, based on the lives of <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_de_Sainte-Colombe" title="Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe">Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a>, prominently featured these composers' music for the viola da gamba and brought viol music to new audiences. The film's bestselling <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> features performances by <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a>, one of the best-known modern viola da gamba players. Among the foremost modern players of the viol are <a href="/wiki/Alison_Crum" title="Alison Crum">Alison Crum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ghielmi" title="Vittorio Ghielmi">Vittorio Ghielmi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Heinrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susanne Heinrich (page does not exist)">Susanne Heinrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Kuijken" title="Wieland Kuijken">Wieland Kuijken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Pandolfo" title="Paolo Pandolfo">Paolo Pandolfo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_de_Carlo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea de Carlo (page does not exist)">Andrea de Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hille_Perl" title="Hille Perl">Hille Perl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dunford" title="Jonathan Dunford">Jonathan Dunford</a>. Many fine modern viol consorts (ensembles) are also recording and performing, among them the groups <a href="/wiki/Fretwork_(music_group)" title="Fretwork (music group)">Fretwork</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Consort_of_Viols" title="Rose Consort of Viols">Rose Consort of Viols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Voix_Humaines" title="Les Voix Humaines">Les Voix Humaines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantasm_(music_group)" title="Phantasm (music group)">Phantasm</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Consort">Baltimore Consort</a> specializes in Renaissance song (mostly English) with broken consort (including viols).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_compositions">New compositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of contemporary composers have written for viol, and a number of soloists and ensembles have commissioned new music for viol. <a href="/wiki/Fretwork_(music_group)" title="Fretwork (music group)">Fretwork</a> has been most active in this regard, commissioning <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Tavener" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Tavener">Sir John Tavener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gough" title="Orlando Gough">Orlando Gough</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Woolrich" title="John Woolrich">John Woolrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Goehr" title="Alexander Goehr">Alexander Goehr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabrice_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabrice Fitch (page does not exist)">Fabrice Fitch</a>, Andrew Keeling, <a href="/wiki/Thea_Musgrave" title="Thea Musgrave">Thea Musgrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Beamish" title="Sally Beamish">Sally Beamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sculthorpe" title="Peter Sculthorpe">Peter Sculthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Pheloung" title="Barrington Pheloung">Barrington Pheloung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bainbridge" title="Simon Bainbridge">Simon Bainbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Druce" title="Duncan Druce">Duncan Druce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poul_Ruders" title="Poul Ruders">Poul Ruders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Moody_(composer)" title="Ivan Moody (composer)">Ivan Moody</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Guy" title="Barry Guy">Barry Guy</a>; many of these compositions may be heard on their 1997 CD <i>Sit Fast</i>. The Yukimi Kambe Viol Consort has commissioned and recorded many works by <a href="/wiki/David_Loeb_(composer)" title="David Loeb (composer)">David Loeb</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Consort_of_Viols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Consort of Viols (page does not exist)">New York Consort of Viols</a> has commissioned <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Arel" title="Bülent Arel">Bülent Arel</a>, David Loeb, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pinkham" title="Daniel Pinkham">Daniel Pinkham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tison_Street" title="Tison Street">Tison Street</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Russo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Russo (page does not exist)">Frank Russo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Barab" title="Seymour Barab">Seymour Barab</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Presser" title="William Presser">William Presser</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Ayton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Ayton (page does not exist)">Will Ayton</a>, many of these compositions appearing on their 1993 CD <i>Illicita Cosa</i>. </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdgsa.org">Viola da Gamba Society of America</a> has also been a potent force fostering new compositions for the viol. Among the music publications of the Society is its New Music for Viols (NMV) a series devoted to newly written pieces. The Society sponsors the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vdgsa.org/traynor-competition">International Leo M. Traynor Composition Competition</a> for new music for viols. The competition was first held in 1989 and has taken place every four to five years since. The competition is specifically for consort music for three to six viol that, like the repertoire of the Renaissance, is accessible to accomplished amateurs. The winning pieces are played in concert and also published by the Society. The Society's goal is to stimulate development of a contemporary literature for this remarkable early instrument and thus continue its tradition in modern society. </p><p>The Palazzo Strozzi in Florence commissioned composer <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Adolphe" title="Bruce Adolphe">Bruce Adolphe</a> to create a work based on Bronzino poems, and the piece, "Of Art and Onions: Homage to Bronzino", features a prominent viola da gamba part. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jayelfenbein.com/JayElfenbein/Bio_Français_English/Entries/2011/5/31_English_C.V..html">Jay Elfenbein</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> has also written works for the Yukimi Kambe Viol Consort, Les Voix Humaines, and Elliot Z. Levine, among others. Other composers for viols include <a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Volans" title="Kevin Volans">Kevin Volans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Whelden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Whelden (page does not exist)">Roy Whelden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Satoh" title="Toyohiko Satoh">Toyohiko Satoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Turovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Turovsky">Roman Turovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pacchioni" title="Giorgio Pacchioni">Giorgio Pacchioni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Starke_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Starke (composer) (page does not exist)">Michael Starke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Doolittle" title="Emily Doolittle">Emily Doolittle</a>, and Jan Goorissen. Composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vega" title="Henry Vega">Henry Vega</a> has written pieces for the Viol: "Ssolo," developed at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Sonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Sonology">Institute for Sonology</a> and performed by Karin Preslmayr, as well as for Netherlands-based ensemble The Roentgen Connection in 2011 with "Slow slower" for recorder, viola da gamba, harpsichord and computer. The Aston Magna Music Festival has recently commissioned works including viol from composers <a href="/wiki/Nico_Muhly" title="Nico Muhly">Nico Muhly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Burtzos" title="Alex Burtzos">Alex Burtzos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian contemporary composer Carlotta Ferrari has written two pieces for viol: "Le ombre segrete" in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Profondissimi affetti" in 2016, this latter being based on RPS modal harmony system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_instruments">Electric instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electric instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 1980s, numerous instrument makers, including Eric Jensen, Francois Danger, Jan Goorissen, and Jonathan Wilson, have experimented with the design and construction of electric viols. Like other acoustic instruments to which <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> have been added, electric viols are plugged into an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">instrument amplifier</a> or a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a>, which makes them sound louder. As well, given that amplifiers and PA systems are electronic components, this gives the performer the ability to change the tone and sound of the instrument by adding <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a> or changing the tone with a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizer</a>. An equalizer can be used to shape the sound of an electric viol to suit a performance space, or to create unusual new sounds. Electric viols range from Danger's minimally electrified acoustic/electric Altra line to Eric Jensen's <a href="/wiki/Solid_body" title="Solid body">solid-body</a> brace-mounted design. They have met with varying degrees of ergonomic and musical success. In the early 21st century, the Ruby Gamba, a seven-string electric viola da gamba,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruby Instruments (page does not exist)">Ruby Instruments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, the Netherlands. It has 21 tied nylon (adjustable) frets in keeping with the adjustable (tied gut) frets on traditional viols and has an effective playing range of more than six octaves. Electric viols have been adopted by such contemporary gambists as <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Pandolfo" title="Paolo Pandolfo">Paolo Pandolfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Chancey" title="Tina Chancey">Tina Chancey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Overwater" title="Tony Overwater">Tony Overwater</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_names_and_common_confusions">Similar names and common confusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similar names and common confusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viola da gamba is occasionally confused with the <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, the alto member of the modern <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> family and a standard member of both the symphony orchestra and string quartet. In the 15th century, the Italian word "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">viola</i></span>" was a generic term used to refer to any bowed instrument, or <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>. The word "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">viola</i></span>" existed in Italy before the vihuela, or first viol, was brought from Spain. In Italy, "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">viola</i></span>" was first applied to <i>a braccio</i> precursor to the modern violin, as described by Tinctoris (<i>De inventione et usu musice</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1481</span>–3), and then was later used to describe the first Italian viols as well. Depending on the context, the unmodified <i><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da braccio (instrument)">viola da braccio</a></i> most regularly denoted either an instrument from the violin family, or specifically the viola (whose specific name was <i>"alto de viola da braccio"</i>). When Monteverdi called simply for <i>"viole da braccio"</i> in "Orfeo", the composer was requesting violas as well as treble and bass instruments. The full name of the viola, namely <i>"alto de viola da braccio"</i>, was finally shortened to <i>"viola"</i> in some languages (e.g. English, Italian, Spanish) once viols became less common, while other languages picked some other part of the phrase to designate the instrument, e.g. "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">alto</i></span>" in French and "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bratsche</i></span>" in German (the latter derived from the Italian "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">braccio</i></span>"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg/220px-Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg/330px-Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg/440px-Benning_Violins_viola_da_gamba.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3790" data-file-height="5691" /></a><figcaption>Modern era "viola de gamba" crafted by violinmakers Hans and Nancy Benning of <a href="/wiki/Benning_Violins" title="Benning Violins">Benning Violins</a> in 1982 in Los Angeles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some other instruments have <i>viola</i> in their name, but are not a member of the <i>viola da gamba</i> family. These include the <a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">viola d'amore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">viola pomposa</a>. Though the <a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">baryton</a> does not have <i>viola</i> in its name, it is sometimes included in the viol family. Whether it is considered a member of this family is a matter of semantics. It is <a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">organologically</a> closely related to the viola da gamba proper, but if we think of the family as the group of differently sized instruments that play together in consorts, the baryton would not be among this group. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The names <i>viola</i> (Italy) and <i>vihuela</i> (Spain) were essentially synonymous and interchangeable. According to viol historian Ian Woodfield, there is little evidence that the <i>vihuela de arco</i> was introduced to Italy before the 1490s. The term <i>"viola"</i> was never used exclusively for viols in the 15th or 16th centuries. In 16th century Italy, both <i>"violas",</i>—the early viols and violins—developed somewhat simultaneously. While violins, such as those of Amati, achieved their classic form before the first half of the century, the viol's form standardized later in the century at the hands of instrument makers in England. </p><p>Viola da gamba, <i>viola cum arculo</i>, and <i>vihuela de arco</i> are some (true) alternative names for viols. Both "vihuela" and "viola" were originally used in a fairly generic way, having included even early violins (<i><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da braccio (instrument)">viola da braccio</a></i>) under their umbrella. It is common enough (and justifiable) today for modern players of the viola da gamba to call their instruments <i>violas</i> and likewise to call themselves <i>violists</i>. That the "alto violin" eventually became known simply as the "viola" is not without historical context, yet the ambiguity of the name tends to cause some confusion. The violin, or <i>violino</i>, was originally the soprano <i>viola da braccio</i>, or <i>violino da braccio</i>. Due to the popularity of the soprano violin, the entire consort eventually took on the name "violin family". Some other names for viols include <i>viole</i> or <i>violle</i> (French). In <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan English">Elizabethan English</a>, the word "gambo" (for gamba) appears in many permutations; e.g., "viola de gambo", "gambo violl", "viol de gambo", or "viole de gambo", used by such notables as <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Hume" title="Tobias Hume">Tobias Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i>. Viol da Gamba and Gamba also appear as string family <a href="/wiki/Stop_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop (organ)">stops</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>. These stops are sounds created by organ pipes made to imitate the sound of the viol da gamba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GuitarViol" title="GuitarViol">GuitarViol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_viol" title="Lyra viol">Lyra viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viol_players" title="Category:Viol players">Category:Viol players</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Viola da gamba</i></span> denotes a family of instruments distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> family, or <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_braccio" title="Viola da braccio">violas <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">da braccio</i></span></a>. Currently, the term <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">viola da gamba</i></span> (literally "leg viol"<sup id="cite_ref-GroveViol_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) without qualification generally refers to the bass viol.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The violin and the flute were not considered appropriate for ladies; no longer, in the case of the violin, as in the 17th century, because of its popular origins and association with people who made a living playing music, but because the physical effort required to hold the violin <i>a braccio</i> or to play the flute were not considered lady-like</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>pardessus de viole</i> most often has only five strings, but six-string instruments are not uncommon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The baroque bass viol has either six or seven strings.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GroveViol-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroveViol_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoodfieldRobinson1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Woodfield, Ian; Robinson, Lucy (1984). "Viol". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. Vol. 3. pp. 736–753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viol&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=736-753&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Woodfield&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musiconis.huma-num.fr/fiche/213/Putto+tenant+une+viole+de+gambe">"Putto holding a "viole de gambe" in the Musiconis database"</a>. <i>Musiconis.huma-num.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musiconis.huma-num.fr&rft.atitle=Putto+holding+a+%22viole+de+gambe%22+in+the+Musiconis+database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusiconis.huma-num.fr%2Ffiche%2F213%2FPutto%2Btenant%2Bune%2Bviole%2Bde%2Bgambe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodfield, Ian; Robinson, Lucy (1980). "Viol [viola da gamba, gamba]". In: Sadie, Stanley, ed. <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.</i> Vol. 19. London, UK: Macmillan. pp. 791–808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otterstedt, Annette. <i>The Viol: History of an Instrument. </i>Kassel: Barenreiter;-Verlag Karl Votterle GmbH & Co; 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodfield_1984-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodfield_1984_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodfield, Ian; Brown, Howard Mayer; le Huray, Peter; Stevens, John; eds. <i>The Early History of the Viol.</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1984, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPio2012" class="citation book cs1">Pio, Stefano (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veniceresearch.com"><i>Viol and Lute Makers of Venice 1490 -1630</i></a>. Venezia, Italy: Venice research. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3"><bdi>978-88-907252-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viol+and+Lute+Makers+of+Venice+1490+-1630&rft.place=Venezia%2C+Italy&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Venice+research&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-907252-0-3&rft.aulast=Pio&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.veniceresearch.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez_Alvira,_José" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez Alvira, José. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aulaactual.com/especiales/vihuela/">"La vihuela y la guitarra en el siglo XVI"</a>. <i>Aulaactual.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aulaactual.com&rft.atitle=La+vihuela+y+la+guitarra+en+el+siglo+XVI&rft.au=Rodriguez+Alvira%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aulaactual.com%2Fespeciales%2Fvihuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRault" class="citation web cs1">Rault, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054401/http://prolyra.free.fr/Christian_Rault_luthier/pages/30publpag/art13pluckinst.htm#_ftn1">"The emergence of new approaches to plucked instruments, 13th – 15th centuries. Michalestein, 2001"</a>. <i>Prolyra.free.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prolyra.free.fr/Christian_Rault_luthier/pages/30publpag/art13pluckinst.htm#_ftn1">the original</a> on September 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Rault notes that the first mention of the guitarra was in the late-13th- or early-14th-century Latin manuscript <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ars Musica</i></span> by the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gil_de_Zamora" title="Juan Gil de Zamora">Juan Gil de Zamora</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prolyra.free.fr&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+new+approaches+to+plucked+instruments%2C+13th+%E2%80%93+15th+centuries.+Michalestein%2C+2001&rft.aulast=Rault&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprolyra.free.fr%2FChristian_Rault_luthier%2Fpages%2F30publpag%2Fart13pluckinst.htm%23_ftn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasquez,_Jose" class="citation web cs1">Vasquez, Jose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518033701/http://www.orpheon.org/oldsite/seiten/education/Violin_Vdg_Families.htm">"The violin (or viola da braccio) and the viola da gamba families: differences and similarities"</a>. <i>Orpheon.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpheon.org/OldSite/Seiten/education/Violin_Vdg_Families.htm">the original</a> on May 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orpheon.org&rft.atitle=The+violin+%28or+viola+da+braccio%29+and+the+viola+da+gamba+families%3A+differences+and+similarities&rft.au=Vasquez%2C+Jose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orpheon.org%2FOldSite%2FSeiten%2Feducation%2FViolin_Vdg_Families.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14-1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14-1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/bdh0000047185">"Título uniforme [In Apocalipsin] Title Beati in Apocalipsin libri duodecim"</a>. <i>bdh.bne.es</i>. BIBLIOTECA DIGITAL HISPÁNICA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bdh.bne.es&rft.atitle=T%C3%ADtulo+uniforme+%5BIn+Apocalipsin%5D+Title+Beati+in+Apocalipsin+libri+duodecim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbdh.bne.es%2Fbnesearch%2Fdetalle%2Fbdh0000047185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pio, pp. 22–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinfield2014" class="citation web cs1">Weinfield, Elizabeth (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/viol/hd_viol.htm">"The Viol"</a>. <i>The Met</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met&rft.atitle=The+Viol&rft.date=2014-06&rft.aulast=Weinfield&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fviol%2Fhd_viol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.gamutmusic.com/copper-gimped-gut-108mm/#:~:text=Gimped%20strings%20were%20first%20mentioned,gimped%20lace%20of%20the%20period">"Gimped Gut =1.08mm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gimped+Gut+%3D1.08mm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.gamutmusic.com%2Fcopper-gimped-gut-108mm%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DGimped%2520strings%2520were%2520first%2520mentioned%2Cgimped%2520lace%2520of%2520the%2520period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Straeten1933" class="citation book cs1">van der Straeten, Edmund (1933). <i>The History of the Violin: Its Ancestors and Collateral Instruments from Earliest Times</i>. Cassell and company, ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Violin%3A+Its+Ancestors+and+Collateral+Instruments+from+Earliest+Times&rft.pub=Cassell+and+company%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=van+der+Straeten&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/09/euwb/ho_1990.223.htm">"Division Viol by Barak Norman, London, 1692"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2012-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Division+Viol+by+Barak+Norman%2C+London%2C+1692&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F09%2Feuwb%2Fho_1990.223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/strd/ho_1982.324.htm">"Bass Viol, labeled Richard Meares, London, ca. 1680"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2012-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bass+Viol%2C+labeled+Richard+Meares%2C+London%2C+ca.+1680&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fstrd%2Fho_1982.324.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/bass_viola_da_gamba_john_rose/objectview.aspx?page=3&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=viol*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015128&vT=1">"Bass Viol by John Rose, ca. 1600, London"</a>. Metmuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bass+Viol+by+John+Rose%2C+ca.+1600%2C+London&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fworks_of_art%2Fcollection_database%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fbass_viola_da_gamba_john_rose%2Fobjectview.aspx%3Fpage%3D3%26sort%3D0%26sortdir%3Dasc%26keyword%3Dviol%2A%26fp%3D1%26dd1%3D18%26dd2%3D0%26vw%3D1%26collID%3D18%26OID%3D180015128%26vT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/viola_da_gamba_english/objectview.aspx?page=4&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=viol*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180016317&vT=1">"English viol, unsigned, 17th century in spectacularly original condition"</a>. Metmuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+viol%2C+unsigned%2C+17th+century+in+spectacularly+original+condition&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fworks_of_art%2Fcollection_database%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fviola_da_gamba_english%2Fobjectview.aspx%3Fpage%3D4%26sort%3D0%26sortdir%3Dasc%26keyword%3Dviol%2A%26fp%3D1%26dd1%3D18%26dd2%3D0%26vw%3D1%26collID%3D18%26OID%3D180016317%26vT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/division_viol_school_of_tielke/objectview.aspx?page=1&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=viol*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180013313&vT=1">"Division Viol, School of Tielke, Hamburg, ca. 1720"</a>. Metmuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Division+Viol%2C+School+of+Tielke%2C+Hamburg%2C+ca.+1720&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fworks_of_art%2Fcollection_database%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fdivision_viol_school_of_tielke%2Fobjectview.aspx%3Fpage%3D1%26sort%3D0%26sortdir%3Dasc%26keyword%3Dviol%2A%26fp%3D1%26dd1%3D18%26dd2%3D0%26vw%3D1%26collID%3D18%26OID%3D180013313%26vT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/works_of_art/collection_database/musical_instruments/bass_viol_matthias_humel/objectview.aspx?page=2&sort=0&sortdir=asc&keyword=viol*&fp=1&dd1=18&dd2=0&vw=1&collID=18&OID=180015742&vT=1">"Bass Viol by Matthias Humel, 18th century, Nuremberg"</a>. Metmuseum.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bass+Viol+by+Matthias+Humel%2C+18th+century%2C+Nuremberg&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fworks_of_art%2Fcollection_database%2Fmusical_instruments%2Fbass_viol_matthias_humel%2Fobjectview.aspx%3Fpage%3D2%26sort%3D0%26sortdir%3Dasc%26keyword%3Dviol%2A%26fp%3D1%26dd1%3D18%26dd2%3D0%26vw%3D1%26collID%3D18%26OID%3D180015742%26vT%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/strd/ho_1976.8.37.htm">"Bass Viol, Germany, 18th century"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2012-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bass+Viol%2C+Germany%2C+18th+century&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fstrd%2Fho_1976.8.37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/09/euwf/ho_89.4.1343.htm">"Bass Viol by Nicolas Bertrand, Paris, 1720"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2012-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bass+Viol+by+Nicolas+Bertrand%2C+Paris%2C+1720&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fho%2F09%2Feuwf%2Fho_89.4.1343.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-cecile-dolmetsch-1239923.html">"Obituary: Cecile Dolmetsch"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1997-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Cecile+Dolmetsch&rft.date=1997-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fobituary-cecile-dolmetsch-1239923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdgsa.org">Viola da Gamba Society of America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230110846/http://www.orpheon.org/Seiten/exhibition/exhibit.htm">"Orpheon Exhibitions Vazquez Collection of Musical Instruments from 1550 to 1780, Viola da gamba, Viola d'amore, Violoncellos, Double Basses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpheon.org/Seiten/exhibition/exhibit.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orpheon+Exhibitions+Vazquez+Collection+of+Musical+Instruments+from+1550+to+1780%2C+Viola+da+gamba%2C+Viola+d%27amore%2C+Violoncellos%2C+Double+Basses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orpheon.org%2FSeiten%2Fexhibition%2Fexhibit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123081547/http://www.prbmusic.com/productCat50203.ctlg">"Elfenbein, Jay"</a>. PRB Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prbmusic.com/productCat50203.ctlg">the original</a> on 2011-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elfenbein%2C+Jay&rft.pub=PRB+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prbmusic.com%2FproductCat50203.ctlg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315003127/http://wamc.org/post/nico-muhlys-aston-magna-commission#stream/0">"Nico Muhly's "Aston Magna" Commission"</a>. <i>Wamc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wamc.org/post/nico-muhlys-aston-magna-commission#stream/0">the original</a> on 2016-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wamc.org&rft.atitle=Nico+Muhly%27s+%22Aston+Magna%22+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwamc.org%2Fpost%2Fnico-muhlys-aston-magna-commission%23stream%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astonmagna.org/calendar/">"Aston Magna Music Festival » Calendar 2016"</a>. <i>Astonmagna.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astonmagna.org&rft.atitle=Aston+Magna+Music+Festival+%C2%BB+Calendar+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastonmagna.org%2Fcalendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Le_ombre_segrete_%2528Ferrari,_Carlotta%2529">"Carlotta Ferrari – Le ombre segrete"</a>. <i>Imslp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imslp.org&rft.atitle=Carlotta+Ferrari+%E2%80%93+Le+ombre+segrete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FLe_ombre_segrete_%252528Ferrari%2C_Carlotta%252529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaur" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baur, Ulrike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swp.de/geislingen/lokales/geislingen/Unkonventionelles-Konzert-mit-aussergewoehnlichem-Klang;art5573,3696467">"Unkonventionelles Konzert mit außergewöhnlichem Klang"</a>. <i>swp.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swp.de&rft.atitle=Unkonventionelles+Konzert+mit+au%C3%9Fergew%C3%B6hnlichem+Klang&rft.aulast=Baur&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swp.de%2Fgeislingen%2Flokales%2Fgeislingen%2FUnkonventionelles-Konzert-mit-aussergewoehnlichem-Klang%3Bart5573%2C3696467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Profondissimi_affetti_%28Ferrari,_Carlotta%29">"Carlotta Ferrari – Profondissimi affetti"</a>. <i>Imslp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imslp.org&rft.atitle=Carlotta+Ferrari+%E2%80%93+Profondissimi+affetti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FProfondissimi_affetti_%2528Ferrari%2C_Carlotta%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carsoncooman.com/restarting-pitch-space/">"Restarting Pitch Space | Carson Cooman – Composer"</a>. <i>Carsoncooman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carsoncooman.com&rft.atitle=Restarting+Pitch+Space+%26%23124%3B+Carson+Cooman+%E2%80%93+Composer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarsoncooman.com%2Frestarting-pitch-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruby-gamba.com">"solid-body seven-string electric viola da gamba"</a>. Ruby-gamba.com. 1999-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=solid-body+seven-string+electric+viola+da+gamba&rft.pub=Ruby-gamba.com&rft.date=1999-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruby-gamba.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pio, Stefano (2012). "Viol and Lute Makers of Venice 1490 -1630" Ed. Venice research, Venice Italy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-907252-0-3">978-88-907252-0-3</a>. www.veniceresearch.com</li> <li>Otterstedt, Annette. <i>The Viol: History of an Instrument.</i> Kassel: Barenreiter;-Verlag Karl Votterle GmbH & Co; 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7618-1152-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7618-1152-7">3-7618-1152-7</a>.</li> <li>Woodfield, Ian(1984). Brown, Howard Mayer; le Huray, Peter; Stevens, John; eds. <i>The Early History of the Viol. </i>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24292-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24292-4">0-521-24292-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bryan, John (2005). "In Search of the Earliest Viols: Interpreting the Evidence from a Painting by Lorenzo Costa". The Viola da Gamba Society of Great Britain, Newsletter, no. 131.</li> <li>Crum, Alison, with Sonia Jackson (1992). <i>Play the Viol: The Complete Guide to Playing the Treble, Tenor and Bass Viol</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816311-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816311-8">0-19-816311-8</a>.</li> <li>Hoffmann, Bettina (2018). <i>The Viola da Gamba</i>. London and New York: Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138240230" title="Special:BookSources/9781138240230">9781138240230</a>. Reprinted 2019 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367443757" title="Special:BookSources/9780367443757">9780367443757</a>.</li> <li>O'Loghlin, Michael. <i>Frederick the Great and his Musicians: the Viola da Gamba Music of the Berlin School</i> (Routledge, 2017); the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">famous Prussian king</a> (1712–1786) was a musician and patron of music.</li> <li>Woodfield, Ian; Robinson, Lucy. Viol [viola da gamba, gamba]. In: Sadie, Stanley, ed. <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>.Vol. 19. London, UK: Macmillan Publishers Ltd; 1980;791–808.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viols" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Viols">Viols</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdgsa.org/">Viola da Gamba Society of America site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vdgs.org.uk/">Viola da Gamba Society of Great Britain site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipem.ugent.be/dirkmoelants/gamba/index.html">Transcriptions and facsimiles of viol treatises</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723030441/http://www.ipem.ugent.be/dirkmoelants/gamba/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orpheon.org/">Viola da gamba collection of the Orpheon Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316142456/http://www.orpheon.org/">Archived</a> 2008-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsankey.ca/viol.html">the English division viol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tielke-hamburg.de/">The site on Joachim Tielke, the great Hamburg viol maker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecipher.com/viola_da_gamba_cipher.html">Many viol pictures; fingering patterns; argues for relationship to modern guitar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131208004108/http://thecipher.com/viola_da_gamba_cipher.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Viol"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Viol">"Viol" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viol&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Early_period_(1400–1470)" title="Renaissance music">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Middle_period_(1470–1530)" title="Renaissance music">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Late_period_(1530–1600)" title="Renaissance music">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music#Mannerism" title="Renaissance music">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baroque_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music" title="Template talk:Baroque music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baroque_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transitional</a><br />and early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">G. Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho" title="Manuel Rodrigues Coelho">Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">J. Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">V. Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons" title="Christopher Gibbons">C. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Kapsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Landi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">Lawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Michna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula" title="Tarquinio Merula">Merula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Scheidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei" title="Cataldo Amodei">Amodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">d'Anglebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">H. I. F. Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles" title="Juan Bautista Cabanilles">Cabanilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Cesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky" title="Nikolay Diletsky">Diletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Froberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">J.-B. Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">M. Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">J. Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">J. Playford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">H. Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Reincken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">A. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Torrejón y Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Josef Vejvanovský">Vejvanovský</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Baroque (music)">Late</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Albinoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">G. B. Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">F. Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Gorczycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Graupner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Jacquet de La Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Leclair l'aîné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">A. Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch" title="Johann Christoph Pepusch">Pepusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">D. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Seixas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Zelenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">de Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">F. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi" title="František Brixi">F. Brixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Corrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Galuppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zach" title="Jan Zach">Zach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Musical<br />Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lautenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">trumpet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(music)" title="Capriccio (music)">capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 17th-century chaconnes">17th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 18th-century chaconnes">18th-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">folia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motets">grand motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era" title="Opera">opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">British Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles" title="List of early music ensembles">ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_music" title="Category:Baroque music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viol_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viol_family" title="Template:Viol family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viol_family" title="Template talk:Viol family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viol_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viol family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viol_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Viol family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_viol" title="Division viol">Division viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_viol" title="Lyra viol">Lyra viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardessus_de_viole" title="Pardessus de viole">Pardessus de viole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_d%27amore" title="Viola d'amore">Viola d'amore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">Viola da gamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_of_viols" title="Chest of viols">Chest of viols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton_trios_(Haydn)" title="Baryton trios (Haydn)">Baryton trios (Haydn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_bastarda" title="Viola bastarda">Viola bastarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Viol_family_instruments" title="Category:Viol family instruments">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violin_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violin_family" title="Template:Violin family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violin_family" title="Template talk:Violin family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violin_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violin family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violin_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">Violin family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_violin" title="Electric violin">Electric violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-string_violin" title="Five-string violin">Five-string violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violino_piccolo" title="Violino piccolo">Violino piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_violin" title="Alexander violin">Alexander violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_viola" title="Vertical viola">Vertical viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_pomposa" title="Viola pomposa">Viola pomposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">Tenor violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_violin" title="Bass violin">Bass violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone_violin" title="Baritone violin">Baritone violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_da_spalla" title="Cello da spalla">Cello da spalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellone" title="Cellone">Cellone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cello" title="Electric cello">Electric cello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_upright_bass" title="Electric upright bass">Electric upright bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">Violone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">Octobass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_construction_and_mechanics" title="Violin construction and mechanics">Parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_bar" title="Bass bar">Bass bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_frog" title="Bow frog">Frog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)" title="Bridge (instrument)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinrest" title="Chinrest">Chinrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endpin" title="Endpin">Endpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_hole" title="Sound hole">F-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard" title="Fingerboard">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(string_instrument)" title="Nut (string instrument)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_(music)" title="Scroll (music)">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_rest" title="Shoulder rest">Shoulder rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_post" title="Sound post">Sound post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailpiece" title="Tailpiece">Tailpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_mechanisms_for_stringed_instruments" title="Tuning mechanisms for stringed instruments">Tuning peg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violin_technique" title="Violin technique">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">Bowing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_stroke" title="Bow stroke">Bow stroke</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Col_legno" title="Col legno">Col legno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel%C3%A9_(bowstroke)" title="Martelé (bowstroke)">Martelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiccato" title="Spiccato">Spiccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggio" title="Arpeggio">Arpeggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_harmonic" title="String harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_stop" title="Double stop">Double stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_substitution" title="Finger substitution">Finger substitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariolage" title="Bariolage">Bariolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">Pizzicato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a> (changing string tuning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_vibrato" title="Finger vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles<br /> and genres of music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_trio" title="String trio">String trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quintet" title="String quintet">String quintet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_sextet" title="String sextet">String sextet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_octet" title="String octet">String octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_concerto" title="Violin concerto">Violin concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_concerto" title="Viola concerto">Viola concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_concerto" title="Cello concerto">Cello concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass_concerto" title="Double bass concerto">Double bass concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata" title="Violin sonata">Violin sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_sonata" title="Viola sonata">Viola sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_sonata" title="Cello sonata">Cello sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpeggione" title="Arpeggione">Arpeggione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryton" title="Baryton">Baryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirone" title="Lirone">Lirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyckelharpa" title="Nyckelharpa">Nyckelharpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochette_(musical_instrument)" title="Pochette (musical instrument)">Pochette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton_(musical_instrument)" title="Quinton (musical instrument)">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_bass" title="Jazz bass">Jazz bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapping_(music)" title="Slapping (music)">Slap bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_violin" title="Jazz violin">Jazz violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_making_and_maintenance" title="Violin making and maintenance">Violin lutherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_musical_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Violin musical styles">Violin musical styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_octet" title="Violin octet">Violin octet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Violin_family" title="Category:Violin family">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Spain" title="Template:Music of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Music of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolero_(Spanish_dance)" title="Bolero (Spanish dance)">Bolero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Catalan rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirigota" title="Chirigota">Chirigota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copla_(music)" title="Copla (music)">Copla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupl%C3%A9" title="Cuplé">Cuplé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endecha" title="Endecha">Endecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensalada_(music)" title="Ensalada (music)">Ensalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">Folia</a></li> <li>Isa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1cara" title="Jácara">Jácara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jota_(music)" title="Jota (music)">Jota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mui%C3%B1eira" title="Muiñeira">Muiñeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_flamenco" title="New flamenco">New flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Can%C3%A7%C3%B3" title="Nova Cançó">Nova Cançó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">Pasacalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasodoble" title="Pasodoble">Pasodoble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_urbano" title="Rock urbano">Rock urbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguidilla" title="Seguidilla">Seguidilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevillanas" title="Sevillanas">Sevillana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajaraste" title="Tajaraste">Tajaraste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiento" title="Tiento">Tiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonadilla" title="Tonadilla">Tonadilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tono_humano" title="Tono humano">Tono humano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">Villancico</a></li> <li>Xiringüelu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nero_chico" title="Género chico">Género chico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Palo_(flamenco)" title="Palo (flamenco)">palos</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alegr%C3%ADas" title="Alegrías">Alegrías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albore%C3%A1" title="Alboreá">Alboreá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambera" title="Bambera">Bambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buler%C3%ADas" title="Bulerías">Bulerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_flamenco" title="Cante flamenco">Cante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_jondo" title="Cante jondo">Cante jondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantes_a_palo_seco" title="Cantes a palo seco">Cantes a palo seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantes_libres" title="Cantes libres">Cantes libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canti%C3%B1as" title="Cantiñas">Cantiñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanilleros" title="Campanilleros">Campanilleros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartageneras" title="Cartageneras">Cartageneras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farruca" title="Farruca">Farruca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_jazz" title="Flamenco jazz">Flamenco jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrot%C3%ADn" title="Garrotín">Garrotín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grana%C3%ADna" title="Granaína">Granaína</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiras_(Flamenco)" title="Guajiras (Flamenco)">Guajiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malague%C3%B1as_(flamenco_style)" title="Malagueñas (flamenco style)">Malagueñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinetes" title="Martinetes">Martinetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteneras" title="Peteneras">Peteneras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_(flamenco_palo)" title="Polo (flamenco palo)">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumba_flamenca" title="Rumba flamenca">Rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeta_(flamenco)" title="Saeta (flamenco)">Saeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siguiriyas" title="Siguiriyas">Siguiriyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole%C3%A1" title="Soleá">Soleá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole%C3%A1_por_Buler%C3%ADas" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleá por Bulerías">Soleá por Bulerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(flamenco)" title="Tango (flamenco)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantas" title="Tarantas">Tarantas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tientos_(Flamenco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientos (Flamenco)">Tientos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton%C3%A1s" title="Tonás">Tonás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdiales" title="Verdiales">Verdiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambra" title="Zambra">Zambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music#Spain" title="Romani music">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_(c.1845),_Martin_Style_3-17_(1859)_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg/100px-C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg/150px-C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg/200px-C._F._Martin_Spanish-style_guitar_%28c.1845%29%2C_Martin_Style_3-17_%281859%29_-_C.F._Martin_Guitar_Factory_2012-08-06_-_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andalusia" title="Music of Andalusia">Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aragon" title="Music of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Music of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_music" title="Basque music">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Castile_and_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Castile and Leon">Castile and Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Catalonia" title="Music of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Extremadura" title="Music of Extremadura">Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Galicia,_Cantabria_and_Asturias" title="Traditional music of Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias">Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Murcia" title="Music of Murcia">Murcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Navarre_and_La_Rioja" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Navarre and La Rioja">Navarre and La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Valencia">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish folk music">Spanish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_jazz" title="Spanish jazz">Spanish jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish rock">Spanish rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benidorm_International_Song_Festival" title="Benidorm International Song Festival">Benidorm International Song Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidorm_Fest" title="Benidorm Fest">Benidorm Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Internacional_de_Santander" title="Festival Internacional de Santander">Festival Internacional de Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_OTI_Festival" title="Spain in the OTI Festival">OTI Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandurria" title="Bandurria">Bandurria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">Castanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_shawm" title="Catalan shawm">Catalan shawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1caras" title="Chácaras">Chácaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strung_harp" title="Cross-strung harp">Cross-strung harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulzaina" title="Dulzaina">Dulzaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscorn" title="Fiscorn">Fiscorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabiol" title="Flabiol">Flabiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_gastore%C3%B1a" title="Gaita gastoreña">Gaita gastoreña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gralla_(instrument)" title="Gralla (instrument)">Gralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_de_canya" title="Guitarra de canya">Guitarra de canya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarro_(instrument)" title="Guitarro (instrument)">Guitarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikoketa" title="Kirikoketa">Kirikoketa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmas_(music)" title="Palmas (music)">Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalterium_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalterium (instrument)">Psalterium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabel_(instrument)" title="Rabel (instrument)">Rabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambori" title="Tambori">Tambori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timple" title="Timple">Timple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikiti" title="Trikiti">Trikiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txalaparta" title="Txalaparta">Txalaparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txistu" title="Txistu">Txistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirula" title="Xirula">Xirula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">Zambomba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_bagpipes#Spain_and_Portugal" title="List of bagpipes">Gaita</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_asturiana" title="Gaita asturiana">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_de_boto" title="Gaita de boto">de boto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_cabreiresa" title="Gaita cabreiresa">Cabreiresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_gaita" title="Galician gaita">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odrecillo" title="Odrecillo">Odrecillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_de_saco" title="Gaita de saco">de saco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_sanabresa" title="Gaita sanabresa">Sanabresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_de_gemecs" title="Sac de gemecs">Sac de gemecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeremia" title="Xeremia">Xeremia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guitar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_guitar" title="Classical guitar">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_guitar" title="Flamenco guitar">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Morisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobla" title="Cobla">Cobla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charanga_(Spain)" title="Charanga (Spain)">Charanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirigota" title="Chirigota">Chirigota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparsa" title="Comparsa">Comparsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondalla" title="Rondalla">Rondalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_(music)" title="Tuna (music)">Tuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40125#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40125#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127766-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85143421">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Viole"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122278274">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Viole"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122278274">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576744">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="viola da gamba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127110&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000147115&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623054105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539082905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/be34e4e5-6e77-46f5-ab56-c9641d3da213">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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