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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg/220px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg/330px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg/440px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St._Patrick%27s_Bell" title="Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell">Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell</a>, 11th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bell shrines</b> are metal objects built to hold early medieval <a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">hand-bells</a>, particularly those associated with early Irish saints. Although the enshrinement of bells lasted from the 9th to the 16th centuries, the more well-known examples date from the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nineteen such Irish or British bell shrines survive, along with several fragments (mostly <a href="/wiki/Cresting_(architecture)" title="Cresting (architecture)">crests</a>), although many more would have been produced. Of those extant, fifteen are Irish, three are Scottish and one is English. Most follow the general shape of a hand-bell capped with a crest above a semicircular cap that matches the shape of a bell handle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shrines are mostly of bronze and decorated with silver, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">rock crystal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a>. They can be classified into two basic formats; at first as fixed mounds attached to the bell known as "applied" shrines (eight examples) and later as separate autonomous metal containers (eleven examples).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20145_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those of the latter type could no longer be rung and so were used for ceremonial or display purposes only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decorative material includes silver, gold, glass and rock crystal, and of designs using <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork">openwork</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a> patterns. The majority are in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a> (NMI), the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a> (NMS) and the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (BM). </p><p>The surviving examples are undated and unprovenanced, and very few have inscriptions. A number were found in bogs, within church walls, or at the bottom of rivers, presumably after they were hidden during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin#Early_Viking_raids" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Viking</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman</a> invasions of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were kept by successive generations of hereditary keepers but by the 17th century, had become seen as objects of superstition and of low historical value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey201211_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey201211-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revaluation of early medieval metalwork craftsmanship began in the mid-19th century and since an 1838 a lecture by George Petrie on "ancient Irish consecrated Bells", a number of these shrines are considered highpoints of both Irish and Scottish <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> metalwork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Irish_and_Scottish_hand-bells">Early Irish and Scottish hand-bells</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Irish and Scottish hand-bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patricks_klokke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Patricks_klokke.jpg/200px-Patricks_klokke.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Patricks_klokke.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>View of the St. Patrick's bell and shrine on display</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Irish church <a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">hand-bells</a> (Irish: <i>clog</i>) are the most numerous surviving forms of early medieval relics from either Ireland, England or Wales, and were likely the most prestigious, given they were widely thought to have been built either for or by the saint. Approximately 300 examples are known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErskine201274_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErskine201274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the majority produced between the 5th and early 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bells were passed between generations of successive abbots and clerics, and served a number of communal functions, including the marking of <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> and calling for <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>. However, by the 12th century hand-bells had largely been replaced by larger church tower bells, and although many stayed in use, their production declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey201212_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey201212-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early medieval period, monks served a number of functions in the communities in which they lived. At the most fundamental level, their <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a> and prayers were seen <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercessory</a> between mortals and the divine, and so were seen as mediators for the community. This role was reinforced in the settlements where the monks held a bell relic from an early <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">insular</a> church saint. The role of mediator appears in the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of a number of such saints; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a> (fl. 5th century) supposedly made "a pact [with God] for favourable treatment of the Irish in exchange for his services as a missionary".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the bell of <a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Saigir" title="Ciarán of Saigir">Ciarán of Saigir</a> (d. c. 530) was "taken through the surrounding district for the co-swearing of chieftans [...] and the exaction of the tributes of the saint's monastery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/260px-Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/390px-Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg/520px-Early_Medieval_Bells_in_the_National_Museum_of_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3733" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>Early Irish hand-bells on display in the NMI</figcaption></figure> <p>The bells vary in size and level and type of decoration depending on their age. They typically have a tapered <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral" title="Quadrilateral">quadrilateral</a> shape. Of the seventy-three surviving examples identified in 1980 by the archeologist <a href="/wiki/Cormac_Bourke" title="Cormac Bourke">Cormac Bourke</a>, forty-two are of iron and the rest of bronze. He identified two broad groups. His class 1 bells are made from sheet <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> plates lined with <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> coating and joined by <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a>, range in height from 14 cm (5.5 in) to 31 cm (12 in) and were constructed by folding the main sheet along its short axis and then folding its shoulder-pieces to cover the crest and top edges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class 2 bells are in cast bronze, with the bell and handle cast as a single piece. They are usually slightly smaller, with a range from 31 cm (12 in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052,_54_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052,_54-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Class 4 bells, dating from the 9th century and produced until the 16th century, designate the numerous replicas or imitations of earlier bells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20205_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20205-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of the later shrines and shrine fragments have inscriptions. Some have decorative <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenges</a>, perhaps drawing from <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1967124_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1967124-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the extant shrines were built for iron bells; presumably as this class was older, they were more likely to be associated with a known early saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20202-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1967125_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1967125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several were thought to have been owned or constructed by saints such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Colum Cille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mungo" title="Saint Mungo">Kentigern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20201_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20201-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore,_da_armagh,_co._armagh,_VI-VIII_secolo,_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg/260px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg/390px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg/520px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Cap and crest of the Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell</figcaption></figure> <p>The shrines were commissioned to bestow status and the ecclesiastical location or office holding the original bell-relic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bourke, "enshrinement promoted bells as ecclesiastical trophies and accessories to saint's cults."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects associated with early saints were venerated in Ireland and Britain during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">early medieval period</a> for their reputed <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miraculous powers</a> and became an important feature of religious life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202095-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish monasticism generally avoided dissecting the corporeal remains of its leaders for relics and instead venerated objects with which the saint had had close personal contact. From the 10th century, relics were often cased in elaborate metal covering, with bell shrines, <a href="/wiki/Insular_crozier" title="Insular crozier">staffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumdach" title="Cumdach">cumdachs</a> (book shrines), <a href="/wiki/House-shaped_shrine" title="House-shaped shrine">house-shaped shrines</a> and pieces of clothing being the most common types.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford192395_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford192395-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey20125_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey20125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of enshrinement was so unique to Ireland that <a href="/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales" title="Gerald of Wales">Gerald of Wales</a> (d. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1223</span>) remarked the Irish had "great reverence [for] bells that can be carried about, and staffs belonging to the saints,...so much so that they fear to swear or perjure themselves in making oaths on these, much more than they do in swearing on the gospels".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey20126_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey20126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg/260px-ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg/390px-ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg/520px-ClocheReliquaireCelte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Crest fragment of a reliquary for a bronze bell, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Cluny" title="Musée de Cluny">Musée de Cluny</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>A second period of enshrinement lasted from the early 14th to late 15th centuries, when the earlier reliquaries were heavily reworked or refurbished; thus many of these objects are said to have been built in two phases. Shrines from the second phase were often commissioned by secular owners who used their prestige to reinforce personal loyalty from a local bishop as insurers of treaties or contracts and to grant authority for tax collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136–137,_145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136–137,_145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the nineteen surviving Insular bell shrines, fifteen are Irish, three are Scottish, and one is English. Twelve are associated with a particular saint, in the other cases the identity of the saint is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202095-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed that by the time the bells were enshrined, they were already venerated <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202094_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202094-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no contemporary mention or documentation as to why or by whom they were commissioned or constructed; apart from brief inscriptions on three intact shrines and one crest fragment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20209_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20209-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some sources expect that they were commissioned by high-kings for <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, the art-historian Karen Overbey observes that the lack of documentary evidence means the objects cannot be contextualized "nor located in secular and ecclesiastical politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012143_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012143-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_(sacro_corpo),_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca,_da_Templecross,_co._Westmeath,_x_poi_xv_secolo,_01_(cropped4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg/200px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg/300px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg/400px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01_%28cropped4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Christ with closed eyes, drooping head and rigid body on the front plate of the Corp Naomh (15th century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Paor1977182_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Paor1977182-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The shrines retain the tapered quadrilateral shape of hand-bells. Their basic shape is constructed with a number of iron or bronze plates: four on the sides and one covering the base. The plates are typically richly decorated with material such as silver, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">rock crystal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">niello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013209_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013209-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that this decoration occurred on flat sheets after the panels were cast, but before they were assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their front plates typically contain a large central <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">cross</a> added in their second, late medieval phase, although some of these are lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012137_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012137-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the Christ figure does survive, it is often outsized compared to his cross and shows a figure that is obviously dead, with a drooping head and rigid body. According to Overbey, such foregrounds emphasise the role of "monastic prayer as powerfully apotropaic, even <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvific</a>...holy relics are simultaneously safeguarded and defensive; the saints and their guardians, whether angelic or monastic, protect each other".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012135_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012135-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although four examples are missing their bells, those bells that survive are made of iron: iron bells were no longer being produced by the end of the 10th century, while bronze bells were later and continued to be made into the 12th century, thus making them less likely to have an association with an early Irish saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202096_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202096-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of surviving iron bells contain rivets or rivet holes, indicating that they were once enshrined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202095-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shrines usually have handles or brackets on the short sides. These would have held straps or bronze chains as the shrines were intended to be carried around the shoulder for display at procession, pilgrimage or <a href="/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons#Guidons_and_standards" title="Military colours, standards and guidons">at battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2020100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2020100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wire chain for the Scottish Bell shrine of Kilmichael survives and is 1,070 cm (420 in) long and made from series of <a href="/wiki/S-curve_(art)" title="S-curve (art)">s-curved</a> links.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_examples">Selected examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The better-known bell shrines include the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St._Patrick%27s_Bell" title="Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell">Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1094–1105</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012ix_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012ix-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the badly damaged Corp Naomh (cap and crest 10th century; front and back panels 15th century),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_FloinnWallace2002314_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_FloinnWallace2002314-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin (11th or 12th century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014306_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014306-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bell Shrine of St. Conall Cael (15th century).<sup id="cite_ref-BM_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inscriptions, it is known that Patrick's shrine was commissioned after 1091 by the <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a> High King <a href="/wiki/Domnall_Ua_Lochlainn" title="Domnall Ua Lochlainn">Domnall Ua Lochlainn</a>, and donated to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh" title="Archbishop of Armagh">Bishop of Armagh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli199622_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchelli199622-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the earliest known example and is believed by Bourke to have been the innovation on which all later examples were based.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014307–308_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014307–308-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore,_da_armagh,_co._armagh,_VI-VIII_secolo,_poi_1100_ca._09_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interlace patterns on a side of St. Patrick's Bell Shrine: the earliest, most elaborate and best preserved surviving example of the type. National Museum of Ireland (NMI)."><img alt="Interlace patterns on a side of St. Patrick's Bell Shrine: the earliest, most elaborate and best preserved surviving example of the type. National Museum of Ireland (NMI)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg/122px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg/243px-Campana_di_san_patrizio_e_il_suo_contenitore%2C_da_armagh%2C_co._armagh%2C_VI-VIII_secolo%2C_poi_1100_ca._09_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a> patterns on a side of <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Bell_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Bell Shrine">St. Patrick's Bell Shrine</a>: the earliest, most elaborate and best preserved surviving example of the type. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a> (NMI).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_(sacro_corpo),_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca,_da_Templecross,_co._Westmeath,_x_poi_xv_secolo,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Corp Naomh (Holy or Sacred Body). The original bell is lost, as is the identity of the associated saint. NMI."><img alt="The Corp Naomh (Holy or Sacred Body). The original bell is lost, as is the identity of the associated saint. NMI." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg/124px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg/186px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg/248px-Reliquiario_del_corp_naomh_%28sacro_corpo%29%2C_argento_e_bronzo_con_cristallo_di_rocca%2C_da_Templecross%2C_co._Westmeath%2C_x_poi_xv_secolo%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="3276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Corp_Naomh" title="Corp Naomh">Corp Naomh</a> (<i>Holy</i> or <i>Sacred Body</i>). The original bell is lost, as is the identity of the associated saint. NMI.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin. While the structure is intact, most of the decorative panels are lost. British Museum (BM)."><img alt="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin. While the structure is intact, most of the decorative panels are lost. British Museum (BM)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG/117px-St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG/176px-St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG/234px-St_Cuileain_Bell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="3045" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Cuile%C3%A1in" title="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin">Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin</a>. While the structure is intact, most of the decorative panels are lost. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (BM). </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh,_xi_secolo,_dal%27isola_di_scattery,_co._di_clare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrine of St. Senan's Bell, 11th or 12th century, NMI.[38]"><img alt="Shrine of St. Senan's Bell, 11th or 12th century, NMI.[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg/98px-Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg/147px-Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg/196px-Contenitore_della_campana_di_san_Senano_di_Inis_Cathaigh%2C_xi_secolo%2C_dal%27isola_di_scattery%2C_co._di_clare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrine_of_St._Senan%27s_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrine of St. Senan's Bell (page does not exist)">Shrine of St. Senan's Bell</a>, 11th or 12th century, NMI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014309_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014309-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Guthrie Bell Shrine, 12th century. National Museum of Scotland (NMS).[39]"><img alt="The Guthrie Bell Shrine, 12th century. National Museum of Scotland (NMS).[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg/126px-The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg/190px-The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg/253px-The_Guthrie_Bell_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guthrie_Bell_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guthrie Bell Shrine (page does not exist)">Guthrie Bell Shrine</a>, 12th century. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a> (NMS).<sup id="cite_ref-NMS_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMS-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_(front_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Shrine of Conall Cael. The bell is 6th century. Although the shrine was initiated in the 12th century it underwent a major reworking in the 15th century.[40][41] British Museum."><img alt="Bell Shrine of Conall Cael. The bell is 6th century. Although the shrine was initiated in the 12th century it underwent a major reworking in the 15th century.[40][41] British Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg/139px-Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg/209px-Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg/278px-Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael_%28front_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_Conall_Cael" title="Bell Shrine of Conall Cael">Bell Shrine of Conall Cael</a>. The bell is 6th century. Although the shrine was initiated in the 12th century it underwent a major reworking in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012134_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012134-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CU_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell shrine of Kilmichael (near Lochgilphead) or the Tor A'bhlarain' bell shrine, 12th century, encasing a 7th–9th century bell possibly associated with Colmcille,[42] NMS; drawing by Margaret Stokes."><img alt="Bell shrine of Kilmichael (near Lochgilphead) or the Tor A'bhlarain' bell shrine, 12th century, encasing a 7th–9th century bell possibly associated with Colmcille,[42] NMS; drawing by Margaret Stokes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg/180px-Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg/270px-Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg/360px-Bell_Shrine_of_Kilmichael_Glasssary_Anderson_1881_Fig_78_scotlandinearlyc00ande_0243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="2233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell shrine of Kilmichael (near <a href="/wiki/Lochgilphead" title="Lochgilphead">Lochgilphead</a>) or the Tor A'bhlarain' bell shrine, 12th century, encasing a 7th–9th century bell possibly associated with <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Colmcille</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013201_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013201-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NMS; drawing by Margaret Stokes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wallace_Collection_(38648145045).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Shrine of St. Mura, 11th century. Reputed to have come from the Abbey of Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland, where Saint Mura (c. 550-645) was the first abbot. Now in the Wallace Collection, London.[43]"><img alt="Bell Shrine of St. Mura, 11th century. Reputed to have come from the Abbey of Fahan, County Donegal, Ireland, where Saint Mura (c. 550-645) was the first abbot. Now in the Wallace Collection, London.[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg/127px-The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg/190px-The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg/254px-The_Wallace_Collection_%2838648145045%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Mura" title="Bell Shrine of St. Mura">Bell Shrine of St. Mura</a>, 11th century. Reputed to have come from the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Fahan" title="Fahan">Fahan</a>, County Donegal, Ireland, where <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mura" title="Saint Mura">Saint Mura</a> (c. 550-645) was the first abbot. Now in the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202097_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202097-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014305_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014304_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20145-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20145_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey201211-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey201211_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke1980">Bourke 1980</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20202-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20202_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErskine201274-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErskine201274_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErskine2012">Erskine 2012</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey201212-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey201212_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke198052,_54-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke198052,_54_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke1980">Bourke 1980</a>, pp. 52, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20205-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20205_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1967124-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1967124_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry1967">Henry 1967</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1967125-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1967125_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry1967">Henry 1967</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20201-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20201_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202095-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202095_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford192395-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford192395_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford1923">Crawford 1923</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey20125-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey20125_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey20126-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey20126_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136–137,_145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012136–137,_145_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, pp. 136–137, 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202094-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202094_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke20209-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke20209_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli19968_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchelli1996">Mitchelli 1996</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012143-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012143_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Paor1977182-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Paor1977182_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Paor1977">De Paor 1977</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013209-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013209_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell2013">Caldwell 2013</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013218_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell2013">Caldwell 2013</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012137-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012137_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012135-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012135_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202096-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202096_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2020100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2020100_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012ix-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012ix_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_FloinnWallace2002314-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_FloinnWallace2002314_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÓ_FloinnWallace2002">Ó Floinn & Wallace 2002</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014306-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014306_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1889-0902-23">Bell shrine of St. Conall Cael</a>". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchelli199622-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchelli199622_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchelli1996">Mitchelli 1996</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014307–308-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014307–308_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, pp. 307–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke2014309-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke2014309_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2014">Bourke 2014</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMS-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMS_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/bell/14482">Iona Bell</a>". <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012134-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOverbey2012134_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOverbey2012">Overbey 2012</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CU-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CU_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speakman, Naomi."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Bell-and-Bell-Shrine-of-St-Conall-Cael.php">Bell and Bell Shrine of St. Conall Cael</a>". <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> & <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Retrieved 7 November 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013201-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell2013201_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwell2013">Caldwell 2013</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourke202097-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourke202097_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourke2020">Bourke 2020</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBourke2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Bourke" title="Cormac Bourke">Bourke, Cormac</a> (2020). <i>The Early Medieval Handbells of Ireland and Britain</i>. Dublin: Wordwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9017-7788-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9017-7788-1"><bdi>978-0-9017-7788-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Handbells+of+Ireland+and+Britain&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Wordwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-9017-7788-1&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke2014" class="citation book cs1">Bourke, Cormac (2014). "Bell-Shrines". In <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Moss_(art_historian)" title="Rachel Moss (art historian)">Moss, Rachel</a> (ed.). <i>Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland</i>. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4"><bdi>978-0-3001-7919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bell-Shrines&rft.btitle=Medieval+c.+400%E2%80%94c.+1600%3A+Art+and+Architecture+of+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-7919-4&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bourke, Cormac (1980). "Early Irish Hand-Bells". <i>The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>. <b>110</b>: 52–66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25508775">25508775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=Early+Irish+Hand-Bells&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=52-66&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25508775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, David; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/9789">"The Kilmichael Glassary Bell-shrine"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>. <b>142</b>: 201–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9750%2FPSAS.142.201.244">10.9750/PSAS.142.201.244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+Kilmichael+Glassary+Bell-shrine&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=201-244&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9750%2FPSAS.142.201.244&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.socantscot.org%2Findex.php%2Fpsas%2Farticle%2Fview%2F9789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1923" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Henry (June 1923). "A Descriptive List of Irish Shrines and Reliquaries. Part I". <i>The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>. 6. <b>13</b> (1): 74–93. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25513282">25513282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+Descriptive+List+of+Irish+Shrines+and+Reliquaries.+Part+I&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-93&rft.date=1923-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25513282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Paor1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_de_Paor" title="Máire de Paor">De Paor, Marie</a> (1977). "The Viking Impact". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Treasures_of_Early_Irish_Art_1500_BC_to_1500_AD"><i>Treasures of Early Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.</i></a> NY: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8709-9164-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8709-9164-6"><bdi>978-0-8709-9164-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Viking+Impact&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Early+Irish+Art%2C+1500+B.C.+to+1500+A.D.&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8709-9164-6&rft.aulast=De+Paor&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FTreasures_of_Early_Irish_Art_1500_BC_to_1500_AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Erskine, Sarah (2012). "Is the Cloc ind Édachta St Patrick's oldest and most important medieval bell-relic?". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>. 142/143: 74–85. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24892511">24892511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=Is+the+Cloc+ind+%C3%89dachta+St+Patrick%27s+oldest+and+most+important+medieval+bell-relic%3F&rft.volume=142%2F143&rft.pages=74-85&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24892511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Henry" title="Françoise Henry">Henry, Françoise</a> (1967). "Bell-Shrines". <i>Irish Art during the Viking Invasions (800–1020 A.D.)</i>. London: Methuen & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-7919-4"><bdi>978-0-3001-7919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bell-Shrines&rft.btitle=Irish+Art+during+the+Viking+Invasions+%28800%E2%80%931020+A.D.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-7919-4&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchelli1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchelli, Perette (1996). "The Inscriptions on Pre-Norman Irish Reliquaries". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy: Archaeology, Culture, History, Literature</i>. <b>96C</b> (1): 1–48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25516156">25516156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy%3A+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+History%2C+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Inscriptions+on+Pre-Norman+Irish+Reliquaries&rft.volume=96C&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-48&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25516156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchelli&rft.aufirst=Perette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_FloinnWallace2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raghnall_%C3%93_Floinn" title="Raghnall Ó Floinn">Ó Floinn, Raghnal</a>; Wallace, Patrick (2002). <i>Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities</i>. Dublin: National Museum of Ireland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2829-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2829-7"><bdi>978-0-7171-2829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+National+Museum+of+Ireland%3A+Irish+Antiquities&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Ireland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-2829-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Floinn&rft.aufirst=Raghnal&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbey2012" class="citation book cs1">Overbey, Karen (2012). <i>Sacral Geographies: Saints, Shrines and Territory in Medieval Ireland</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52767-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52767-3"><bdi>978-2-503-52767-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacral+Geographies%3A+Saints%2C+Shrines+and+Territory+in+Medieval+Ireland&rft.pub=Turnhout%3A+Brepols&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52767-3&rft.aulast=Overbey&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+shrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_shrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bell_shrines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bell shrines">Bell shrines</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6tIPEA49vk">The Bells of the Irish Saints</a>, 2021 video lecture by Cormac Bourke of the NMI</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Insular_art" title="Template:Insular art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insular_art" title="Template talk:Insular art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insular_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insular art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Insular_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Celtic brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_plaque" title="Crucifixion plaque">Crucifixion plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumdach" title="Cumdach">Cumdach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_crozier" title="Insular crozier">Insular crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House-shaped_shrine" title="House-shaped shrine">House-shaped shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">Processional cross</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/120px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/180px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/240px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_page" title="Carpet page">Carpet page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_illumination" title="Insular illumination">Insular illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballinderry_Brooch" title="Ballinderry Brooch">Ballinderry Brooch</a> (late 6th or early 7th c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinnegan_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque">Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque</a> (late 7th or early 8th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_Brooch" title="Hunterston Brooch">Hunterston Brooch</a> (c. 700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Durrow" title="Book of Durrow">Book of Durrow</a> (c. 700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> (c. 710-750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Gospels" title="Lichfield Gospels">Lichfield Gospels</a> (c. 730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a> (c. 730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Hoard" title="Ardagh Hoard">Ardagh Chalice</a> (c. 750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogart_Brooch" title="Rogart Brooch">Rogart Brooch</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moylough_Belt-Shrine" title="Moylough Belt-Shrine">Moylough Belt-Shrine</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Fillan%27s_Crozier" title="St. Fillan's Crozier">St. Fillan's Crozier</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dimma" title="Book of Dimma">Book of Dimma</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthwell_Cross" title="Ruthwell Cross">Ruthwell Cross</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadalbane_Brooch" title="Breadalbane Brooch">Breadalbane Brooch</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monymusk_Reliquary" title="Monymusk Reliquary">Monymusk Reliquary</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowe_Missal" title="Stowe Missal">Stowe Missal</a> (after 792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tully_Lough_Cross" title="Tully Lough Cross">Tully Lough Cross</a> (8th or 9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londesborough_Brooch" title="Londesborough Brooch">Londesborough Brooch</a> (8th or 9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrynaflan_Chalice" title="Derrynaflan Chalice">Derrynaflan Chalice</a> (8th or 9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnach_Airgid" title="Domnach Airgid">Domnach Airgid</a> (8th or 9th & 14 c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Brooch" title="Kilmainham Brooch">Kilmainham Brooch</a> (late 8th or early 9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Armagh" title="Book of Armagh">Book of Armagh</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Crozier" title="Prosperous Crozier">Prosperous Crozier</a>, (late 9th or early 10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muiredach%27s_High_Cross" title="Muiredach's High Cross">Muiredach's High Cross</a> (9th or 10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kells_Crozier" title="Kells Crozier">Kells Crozier</a> (c. 9–11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardboe_High_Cross" title="Ardboe High Cross">Ardboe High Cross</a> (10th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corp_Naomh" title="Corp Naomh">Corp Naomh</a> (10th and 15th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soisc%C3%A9l_Molaisse" title="Soiscél Molaisse">Soiscél Molaisse</a> (c. 1001–1011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque">Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque</a> (late 10th or early 11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Mura" title="Bell Shrine of St. Mura">Bell Shrine of St. Mura</a> (11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breac_Maodh%C3%B3g" title="Breac Maodhóg">Breac Maodhóg</a> (c. 11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Miosach" title="Shrine of Miosach">Shrine of Miosach</a> (11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathach_of_St._Columba" title="Cathach of St. Columba">Cathach of St. Columba</a> (late 11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise_Crozier" title="Clonmacnoise Crozier">Clonmacnoise Crozier</a> (late 11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Laune_Crozier" title="River Laune Crozier">River Laune Crozier</a> (late 11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St._Patrick%27s_Bell" title="Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell">Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell</a> (c. 1094–1105)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lismore_Crozier" title="Lismore Crozier">Lismore Crozier</a> (c. 1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynan_Crucifixion_Plaque" title="Tynan Crucifixion Plaque">Tynan Crucifixion Plaque</a> (c. 1100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm" title="Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm">Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm</a> (c. 1120)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Shrine_of_St._Cuile%C3%A1in" title="Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin">Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin</a> (late-11th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Cong" title="Cross of Cong">Cross of Cong</a> (early 12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_St_Patrick%27s_Tooth" title="Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth">Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth</a> (12th & late 14th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Scotland" title="National Museum of Scotland">National Museum of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Notable art historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormac_Bourke" title="Cormac Bourke">Cormac Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghnall_%C3%93_Floinn" title="Raghnall Ó Floinn">Raghnall Ó Floinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harbison" title="Peter Harbison">Peter Harbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Moss_(art_historian)" title="Rachel Moss (art historian)">Rachel Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Murray" title="Griffin Murray">Griffin Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_de_Paor" title="Máire de Paor">Máire de Paor</a> (d. 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Petrie_(antiquarian)" title="George Petrie (antiquarian)">George Petrie</a> (d. 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stokes" title="Margaret Stokes">Margaret Stokes</a> (d. 1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0d3bc;width:1%;background: #f3e9d4">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #fefcf6"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Kells" title="Abbey of Kells">Abbey of Kells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_art" title="Irish art">Irish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bells" title="Template:Bells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bells" title="Template talk:Bells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background and <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-cot" title="Bell-cot">Bell-cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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