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</button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_of_séance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_séances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_séances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Religious séances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_séances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_mediumship_séances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_mediumship_séances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stage mediumship séances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_mediumship_séances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader-assisted_séances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader-assisted_séances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Leader-assisted séances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader-assisted_séances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_social_séances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_social_séances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Informal social séances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_social_séances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritualist_seance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritualist_seance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Spiritualist seance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritualist_seance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Séance_tools_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Séance_tools_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Séance tools and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Séance_tools_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Séance tools and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Séance_tools_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediumship,_trance,_and_channeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediumship,_trance,_and_channeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mediumship, trance, and channeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediumship,_trance,_and_channeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirit_boards,_talking_boards,_and_ouija_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit_boards,_talking_boards,_and_ouija_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spirit boards, talking boards, and ouija boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit_boards,_talking_boards,_and_ouija_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trumpets,_slates,_tables,_and_cabinets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trumpets,_slates,_tables,_and_cabinets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Trumpets, slates, tables, and cabinets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trumpets,_slates,_tables,_and_cabinets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_objections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_objections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critical objections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_objections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_séance_mediums,_attendees,_and_debunkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_séance_mediums,_attendees,_and_debunkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable séance mediums, attendees, and debunkers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_séance_mediums,_attendees,_and_debunkers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable séance mediums, attendees, and debunkers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_séance_mediums,_attendees,_and_debunkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mediums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attendees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attendees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Attendees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attendees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debunkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debunkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Debunkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debunkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Séance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Séance" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyvol%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_duch%C5%AF" title="Vyvolávání duchů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vyvolávání duchů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Séance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesi%C3%B3n_espiritista" title="Sesión espiritista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sesión espiritista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD" title="احضار روح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احضار روح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EB%A0%B9%ED%9A%8C" title="교령회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교령회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Ոգեհարցության սեանս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոգեհարցության սեանս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="सेअंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेअंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritisti%C4%8Dka_seansa" title="Spiritistička seansa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spiritistička seansa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0ilsfundur" title="Miðilsfundur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðilsfundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduta_spiritica" title="Seduta spiritica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seduta spiritica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="סיאנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיאנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სულების გამოძახება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულების გამოძახება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seance" title="Seance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%9C%8A%E4%BC%9A" title="交霊会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交霊会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seans_spirytystyczny" title="Seans spirytystyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seans spirytystyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sess%C3%A3o_esp%C3%ADrita" title="Sessão espírita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sessão espírita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Спиритический сеанс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спиритический сеанс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siduta_spiritica" title="Siduta spiritica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Siduta spiritica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_s%C3%A9ance" title="Spiritual séance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spiritual séance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seans" title="Seans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seans_(spirit%C3%BCalizm)" title="Seans (spiritüalizm) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seans (spiritüalizm)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Спіритичний сеанс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спіритичний сеанс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%E1%BB%95i_g%E1%BB%8Di_h%E1%BB%93n" title="Buổi gọi hồn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buổi gọi hồn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91" title="אוב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E7%A5%9E%E4%BC%9A" title="降神会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="降神会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1093522#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:S%C3%A9ance" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Beattie_Eugene_Rochas_seance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John_Beattie_Eugene_Rochas_seance.jpg/180px-John_Beattie_Eugene_Rochas_seance.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/John_Beattie_Eugene_Rochas_seance.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Séance conducted by John Beattie, Bristol, England, 1872</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>séance</b> or <b>seance</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[seɑ̃s]</a></span>) is an attempt to communicate with spirits. The word <i>séance</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word for "session", from the Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">seoir</i></span>, "to sit". In French, the word's meaning is quite general and mundane: one may, for example, speak of "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">une séance de cinéma</i></span>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a movie session</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). In English, however, the word came to be used specifically for a meeting of people who are gathered to receive messages from <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a> or to listen to a <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">spirit medium</a> discourse with or relay messages from spirits. In modern English usage, participants need not be seated while engaged in a séance. </p><p>Fictionalised conversations between the deceased appeared in <i>Dialogues of the Dead</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">George, First Baron Lyttelton</a>, published in England in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the notable spirits quoted in this volume are <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, a "North-American Savage", <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina, Queen of Sweden</a>. The popularity of séances grew dramatically with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> in the mid-nineteenth century. Perhaps the best-known series of séances conducted at that time were those of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> who, grieving the loss of her son, organized Spiritualist séances in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, which were attended by her husband, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, and other prominent members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1887 <a href="/wiki/Seybert_Commission" title="Seybert Commission">Seybert Commission</a> report marred the credibility of Spiritualism at the height of its popularity by publishing exposures of fraud and showmanship among secular séance leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-SC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern séances continue to be a part of the religious services of Spiritualist, <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a> churches today, where a greater emphasis is placed on spiritual values versus showmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-wicker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barry_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_of_séance"><span id="Varieties_of_s.C3.A9ance"></span>Varieties of séance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties of séance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>séance</i> is used in a few different ways, and can refer to any of four different activities, each with its own social norms and conventions, its own favoured tools, and its own range of expected outcomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_séances"><span id="Religious_s.C3.A9ances"></span>Religious séances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious séances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism (movement)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></div> <p>In the religion of Spiritualism, and the religion of Divine Metaphysics (a federally recognized religious branch out of Spiritualism in the United States), it is generally a part of services to communicate with living personalities in the spirit world. Usually, this is only called "séance" by outsiders; the preferred term for Spiritualists is "receiving messages". In these sessions, which generally take place in well-lit Spiritualist churches or outdoors at Spiritualist camps (such as <a href="/wiki/Lily_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily Dale">Lily Dale</a> in upstate <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cassadaga,_Florida" title="Cassadaga, Florida">Camp Cassadaga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>), an ordained minister or gifted contact <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> will relate messages from spirit personalities to those here in the physical form.<sup id="cite_ref-wicker_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally Spiritualist "message services" or "demonstrations of the continuity of life" are open to the public. Sometimes the medium stands to receive messages and only the sitter is seated;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some churches, the message service is preceded by a "healing service" involving some form of <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik,_Black_Hawk,_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Black Hawk</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to communicating with the spirits of people who have a personal relationship to congregants, some Spiritual Churches also deal with spirits who may have a specific relationship to the medium or a historic relationship to the body of the church. An example of the latter is the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> warrior of the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox tribe</a> who lived during the 19th century. Black Hawk was a spirit who was often contacted by the Spiritualist medium <a href="/wiki/Leafy_Anderson" title="Leafy Anderson">Leafy Anderson</a> and he remains the central focus of special services in the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> Spiritual Churches that she founded.<sup id="cite_ref-barry_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a>, which somewhat resembles Spiritualism, séance sessions in which congregants attempt to communicate with spirits are called <i>misas</i> (literally "masses"). The spirits addressed in Espiritismo are often those of ancestors or <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Randolph-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Randolph-1.jpg/220px-Randolph-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Randolph-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Paschal Beverly Randolph</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_mediumship_séances"><span id="Stage_mediumship_s.C3.A9ances"></span>Stage mediumship séances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stage mediumship séances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mediums who give performances on stage of contacting spirits, with audience members seated before them, are not literally holding a séance, because they themselves are not seated; however, this is still called "séance". One of the foremost early practitioners of this type of contact with the dead was <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Paschal Beverly Randolph</a>, who worked with the spirits of the relatives of audience members, but was also famed for his ability to contact and deliver messages from ancient seers and philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader-assisted_séances"><span id="Leader-assisted_s.C3.A9ances"></span>Leader-assisted séances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader-assisted séances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leader-assisted séances are generally conducted by small groups of people, with participants seated around a table in a dark or semi-dark room. The leader is typically asserted to be a <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> and he or she may go into a <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">trance</a> that theoretically allows the spirits to communicate through his or her body, conveying messages to the other participants. Other modes of communication may also be attempted, including <a href="/wiki/Psychography" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychography">psychography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>, numbered raps, levitation of the table or of spirit trumpets, <a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">apports</a>, or even smell. It was thought spirits of the dead resided within the realm of dark and shadow, making the absence of light a necessity to invoke them. Skeptics were unwilling to accept this required condition. Saying,"You would not buy an automobile if it was only presented in the dark." </p><p>This is the type of séance that is most often the subject of shock and scandal when it turns out that the leader is practicing some form of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">stage magic illusion</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">mentalism</a> tricks to defraud clients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_social_séances"><span id="Informal_social_s.C3.A9ances"></span>Informal social séances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Informal social séances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among those with an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, a tradition has grown up of conducting séances outside of any religious context and without a leader. Sometimes only two or three people are involved, and, if they are young, they may be using the séance as a way to test their understanding of the boundaries between reality and the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a>. It is in such small séances that the <a href="/wiki/Planchette" title="Planchette">planchette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">ouija</a> board are most often utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritualist_seance">Spiritualist seance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spiritualist seance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here spiritualists and practitioners (psychic and mediums) hold a seance so that all participants speak with various personalities in the spirit world. This held in a seating manner in a circle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Séance_tools_and_techniques"><span id="S.C3.A9ance_tools_and_techniques"></span>Séance tools and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Séance tools and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediumship,_trance,_and_channeling"><span id="Mediumship.2C_trance.2C_and_channeling"></span>Mediumship, trance, and channeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mediumship, trance, and channeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/170px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/255px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/340px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The fraud medium <a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a> in a séance with cardboard cut out figure of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">King Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mediumship involves an act where the practitioner attempts to receive messages from spirits of the dead and from other spirits that the practitioner believes exist. Some self-ordained mediums are fully conscious and awake while functioning as contacts; others may slip into a partial or full trance or into an altered state of consciousness. These self-called "trance-mediums" often state that, when they emerge from the trance state, they have no recollection of the messages they conveyed; it is customary for such practitioners to work with an assistant who writes down or otherwise records their words.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_boards,_talking_boards,_and_ouija_boards"><span id="Spirit_boards.2C_talking_boards.2C_and_ouija_boards"></span>Spirit boards, talking boards, and ouija boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spirit boards, talking boards, and ouija boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dactylomancy" title="Dactylomancy">Dactylomancy</a></div> <p>Spirit boards, also known as talking boards, or ouija boards (after a well-known brand name) are flat tablets, typically made of wood, <a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a>, chipboard, or plastic. On the board are a number of symbols, pictures, letters, numbers and/or words. The board is accompanied by a planchette (French for "little board"), which can take the form of a pointer on three legs or magnifying glass on legs; homemade boards may employ a shot glass as a planchette. A most basic Ouija board would contain simply the alphabet of whatever country the board is being used in, although it is not uncommon for whole words to be added.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The board is used as follows: One or more of the participants in the séance place one or two fingers on the planchette which is in the middle of the board. The appointed medium asks questions of the spirit(s) with whom they are attempting to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trumpets,_slates,_tables,_and_cabinets"><span id="Trumpets.2C_slates.2C_tables.2C_and_cabinets"></span>Trumpets, slates, tables, and cabinets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trumpets, slates, tables, and cabinets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></div> <p>During the latter half of the 19th century, a number of Spiritualist mediums began to advocate the use of specialized tools for conducting séances, particularly in leader-assisted sessions conducted in darkened rooms. "Spirit trumpets" were horn-shaped speaking tubes that were said to magnify the whispered voices of spirits to audible range. "Spirit slates" consisted of two chalkboards bound together that, when opened, were said to reveal messages written by spirits. "Séance tables" were special light-weight tables which were said to rotate, float, or levitate when spirits were present. "Spirit cabinets" were portable closets into which mediums were placed, often bound with ropes, in order to prevent them from manipulating the various aforementioned tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_objections">Critical objections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical objections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houdini_as_ghostbuster_(performance_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg/170px-Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg/255px-Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg/340px-Houdini_as_ghostbuster_%28performance_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>A poster for an early 20th century stage show from <a href="/wiki/Houdini" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdini">Houdini</a>, advertised as proving that spirits do not return</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skeptics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> generally consider both religious and secular séances to be <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scams</a>, or at least a form of <a href="/wiki/Pious_fraud" title="Pious fraud">pious fraud</a>, citing a lack of empirical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-randi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposure of supposed mediums whose use of séance tools derived from the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">stage magic</a> has been disturbing to many believers in spirit communication. In particular, the 1870s exposures of the <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Davenport Brothers">Davenport Brothers</a> as illusionists and the 1887 report of the <a href="/wiki/Seybert_Commission" title="Seybert Commission">Seybert Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-SC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought an end to the first historic phase of Spiritualism. Stage magicians like <a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> made a side-line of exposing fraudulent mediums during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/M._Lamar_Keene" title="M. Lamar Keene">M. Lamar Keene</a> described deceptive techniques that he himself had used in séances; however, in the same book, Keene also stated that he still had a firm belief in God, life after death, ESP, and other psychic phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2004 television special <i><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown#Television_specials" title="Derren Brown">Seance</a></i>, magician <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a> held a séance and afterwards described some of the tricks used by him (and 19th-century mediums) to create the illusion of paranormal events. </p><p>Critics of channeling—including both skeptics and believers—state that since the most commonly reported physical manifestations of channeling are an unusual vocal pattern or abnormal overt behaviors of the medium, it can be quite easily faked by anyone with theatrical talent.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of spirit board communication techniques—again including both skeptics and believers—state that the premise that a spirit will move the <a href="/wiki/Planchette" title="Planchette">planchette</a> and spell out messages using the symbols on the board is undermined by the fact that several people have their hands on the planchette, which allows any of them to spell out anything they want without the others knowing. They say that this is a common trick, used on occasions such as teenage <a href="/wiki/Sleepover" title="Sleepover">sleepover</a> parties, to scare the people present. </p><p>Another criticism of spirit board communication involves what is called the <a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideomotor effect">ideomotor effect</a> which has been suggested as an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic behavior">automatism</a>, or subconscious mechanism, by which a Ouija-user's mind unknowingly guides his hand upon the planchette, hence he will honestly believe he is not moving it, when, in fact, he is.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory rests on the embedded premise that human beings actually have a "subconscious mind," a belief not held by all.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exposures of fraud by tool-using mediums have had two divergent results: skeptics have used historic exposures as a frame through which to view all spirit mediumship as inherently fraudulent,<sup id="cite_ref-randi_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while believers have tended to eliminate the use of tools but continued to practice mediumship in full confidence of its spiritual value to them.<sup id="cite_ref-wicker_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wicker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barry_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barry-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> are taught that it is <a href="/wiki/Sinful" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinful">sinful</a> to attempt to <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">conjure or control spirits</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 18:9–12.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Stoutz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michele_Klein_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michele_Klein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research in <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">anomalistic psychology</a> has revealed the role of <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a> in seances. In a series of fake seance experiments (Wiseman <i>et al.</i>. 2003) <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> believers and disbelievers were suggested by an actor that a table was <a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">levitating</a> when, in fact, it remained stationary. After the seance, approximately one third of the participants incorrectly reported that the table had moved. The results showed a greater percentage of believers reporting that the table had moved. In another experiment the believers had also reported that a handbell had moved when it had remained stationary and expressed their belief that the fake seances contained genuine paranormal phenomena. The experiments strongly supported the notion that in the seance room, believers are more suggestible than disbelievers for suggestions that are consistent with their belief in paranormal phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_séance_mediums,_attendees,_and_debunkers"><span id="Notable_s.C3.A9ance_mediums.2C_attendees.2C_and_debunkers"></span>Notable séance mediums, attendees, and debunkers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable séance mediums, attendees, and debunkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism (movement)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediums">Mediums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mediums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoraLVHatch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CoraLVHatch.jpg/220px-CoraLVHatch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CoraLVHatch.jpg/330px-CoraLVHatch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CoraLVHatch.jpg/440px-CoraLVHatch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cora_L._V._Scott" title="Cora L. V. Scott">Cora Scott Hatch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Popular 19th-century trance medium lecturers include <a href="/wiki/Cora_L._V._Scott" title="Cora L. V. Scott">Cora Scott Hatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achsa_W._Sprague" title="Achsa W. Sprague">Achsa W. Sprague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Emma Hardinge Britten</a> (1823–1899), and <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Paschal Beverly Randolph</a> (1825–1875). </p><p>Among the notable people who conducted small leader-assisted séances during the 19th century were the <a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a>, whose activities included table-rapping, and the <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Davenport Brothers">Davenport Brothers</a>, who were famous for the spirit cabinet work. Both the Foxes and the Davenports were eventually exposed as frauds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, notable trance mediums also include <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Marius_Guardino" title="David Marius Guardino">David Marius Guardino</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attendees">Attendees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attendees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable people who have attended séances and professed a belief in Spiritualism include the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>; the journalist and pacifist <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">William T. Stead</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, the Prime Minister of Canada for 22 years, who sought spiritual contact and political guidance from his deceased mother, his pet dogs, and the late US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Kenyon_Jones" title="Lloyd Kenyon Jones">Lloyd Kenyon Jones</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of artists, including abstractionists <a href="/wiki/Hilma_af_Klint" title="Hilma af Klint">Hilma af Klint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Regina_Five" title="Regina Five">Regina Five</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paulina_Peavy" title="Paulina Peavy">Paulina Peavy</a> have given partial or complete credit for some of their work to spirits that they contacted during seances. Paulina said that "when she painted, she did not have control over her brush, that it moved on its own, and that it was Lacamo (the spirit) who was directing it." </p><p>Scientists who have conducted a search for real séances and believed that contact with the dead is a reality include chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes#Spiritualism" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologist">evolutionary biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace#Religious_views,_and_application_of_the_theory_to_mankind" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inventor_of_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor of radio">inventor of radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor_of_the_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor of the telephone">inventor of the telephone</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>, experimental physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inventor_of_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor of television">inventor of television</a> technology <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a>, who said he had contacted the spirit of inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debunkers">Debunkers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Debunkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the best-known exposers of fraudulent mediumship acts have been the researchers <a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a>, the professional <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">stage magicians</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Steinmeyer_1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmeyer_1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (who exposed the <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Davenport Brothers">Davenport Brothers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a>, who clearly stated that he did not oppose the religion of Spiritualism itself, but only the trickery by phony mediums that was being practiced in the name of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychical researcher <a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a> exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing, <a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">table-turning</a>, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">spirit photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skeptic <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> documented many mediums who had been caught in fraud and the tricks they used in his book <i>Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?</i> (1920).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magicians</a> have a long history of exposing the fraudulent methods of mediumship. Early debunkers included <a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julien_Proskauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Julien Proskauer">Julien Proskauer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later magicians to reveal fraud were <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rinn">Joseph Rinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers <a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a> have documented the trickery of the medium <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cornell" title="Tony Cornell">Tony Cornell</a> exposed a number of fraudulent mediums including <a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_telling_fraud" title="Fortune telling fraud">Fortune telling fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini#Debunking_spiritualists" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini § Debunking spiritualists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channelers" title="List of channelers">List of channelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLyttletonMontegue1760" class="citation book cs1">Lyttleton, George; Montegue, Eizabeth (1760). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17667/17667-h/17667-h.htm"><i>Dialogues with the Dead</i></a>. London: W. Sandby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+with+the+Dead&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Sandby&rft.date=1760&rft.aulast=Lyttleton&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Montegue%2C+Eizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F17667%2F17667-h%2F17667-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/TelegramsfromtheDead/">"Telegrams from the Dead"</a>. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegrams+from+the+Dead&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service+%28PBS%29&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffilms%2FTelegramsfromtheDead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11950"><i>Preliminary Report of the Commission Appointed by the University of Pennsylvania</i></a>, The Seybert Commission, 1887. 1 April 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wicker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wicker_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wicker_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wicker_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicker2003" class="citation book cs1">Wicker, Christine (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lilydaletruestor0000wick"><i>Lily Dale: The True Story of the Town that Talks to the Dead</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060086664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060086664"><bdi>978-0060086664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lily+Dale%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Town+that+Talks+to+the+Dead&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0060086664&rft.aulast=Wicker&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flilydaletruestor0000wick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barry-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barry_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barry_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barry_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1995" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Jason (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritofblackhaw00berr"><i>The Spirit of Black Hawk: A Mystery of Africans and Indians</i></a></span>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-806-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-806-0"><bdi>0-87805-806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Black+Hawk%3A+A+Mystery+of+Africans+and+Indians&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87805-806-0&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritofblackhaw00berr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cassadaga.org/church_services.htm">"Sunday Afternoon Message Service at Cassadaga Spiritualist Camp."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028080346/http://www.cassadaga.org/church_services.htm">Archived</a> 2007-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilydalespiritualistchurch.com/services.htm">"Sunday Services are held at the Healing Temple on East Street in Lily Dale."</a>. Retrieved November 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeveney1996" class="citation book cs1">Deveney, John Patrick (1996). <i>Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-Century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791431207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791431207"><bdi>978-0791431207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paschal+Beverly+Randolph%3A+A+Nineteenth-Century+Black+American+Spiritualist%2C+Rosicrucian%2C+and+Sex+Magician&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0791431207&rft.aulast=Deveney&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Slater_Brown" title="William Slater Brown">Brown, Slater</a>, The Heyday of Spiritualism. New York: Hawthorn Books. 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">God's World: A Treatise on Spiritualism Founded on Transcripts of Shorthand Notes Taken Down, Over a Period of Five Years, in the Seance-Room of the William T. Stead Memorial Center (a Religious Body Incorporated Under the Statutes of the State of Illinois), Mrs. Cecil M. Cook, Medium and Pastor. Compiled and Written by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Kenyon_Jones" title="Lloyd Kenyon Jones">Lloyd Kenyon Jones</a>. Chicago, Ill.: The <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">William T. Stead</a> Memorial Center, 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoftalkingboards.com">"The Museum of Talking Boards, a photo-gallery of historical and contemporary spirit boards and planchettes"</a>. Museumoftalkingboards.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Museum+of+Talking+Boards%2C+a+photo-gallery+of+historical+and+contemporary+spirit+boards+and+planchettes&rft.pub=Museumoftalkingboards.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoftalkingboards.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumerlato" class="citation web cs1">Cumerlato, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005200818/http://www.ghostwalks.com/ouijahowto-article.htm">"How to use the Ouija Board – A guide to the safe use of this ancient device"</a>. <i>Ghost Walks</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghostwalks.com/ouijahowto-article.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ghost+Walks&rft.atitle=How+to+use+the+Ouija+Board+%E2%80%93+A+guide+to+the+safe+use+of+this+ancient+device&rft.aulast=Cumerlato&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghostwalks.com%2Fouijahowto-article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-randi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-randi_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-randi_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandiClarke1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">Randi, James</a>; Clarke, Arthur C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://randi.org/encyclopedia/"><i>An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312151195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312151195"><bdi>978-0312151195</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Claims%2C+Frauds%2C+and+Hoaxes+of+the+Occult+and+Supernatural&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0312151195&rft.aulast=Randi&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Arthur+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frandi.org%2Fencyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Lamar_Keene" title="M. Lamar Keene">Keene, M. Lamar</a> (1997). <i>The Psychic Mafia</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1573921619" title="Special:BookSources/978-1573921619"><bdi>978-1573921619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychic+Mafia&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1573921619&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=M.+Lamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner2002" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Daniel (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illusionconsciou00wegn"><i>The Illusion of Conscious Will</i></a></span>. MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illusionconsciou00wegn/page/n109">99</a>–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-73162-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-73162-2"><bdi>0-262-73162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusion+of+Conscious+Will&rft.pages=99-102&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-262-73162-2&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillusionconsciou00wegn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/unconscious.html">Carroll, Robert, Todd, <i>The Skeptic's Dictionary</i></a> "The unconscious or subconscious mind, according to classical Freudian psychoanalysis, is a 'part' of the mind that stores repressed memories. [...] However, there is no scientific evidence (for) unconscious repression [...] The unconscious mind is also thought by some, such as Jung and Tart, to be a reservoir of transcendent truths. There is no scientific evidence that this is true." Retrieved Nov 25 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Stoutz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Stoutz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicexchange.com/2006/10/07/83644/">"Do You Believe in Ghosts?"</a>. Catholic Exchange. 7 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>Ghosts can come to us for good, but we must not attempt to conjure or control spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+You+Believe+in+Ghosts%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Exchange&rft.date=2006-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicexchange.com%2F2006%2F10%2F07%2F83644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michele_Klein-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michele_Klein_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Michele2003" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Michele (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tqG29pi8HPUC&q=conjuring+spirits+bible&pg=PA171"><i>Not to worry: Jewish wisdom and folklore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0753-8"><bdi>978-0-8276-0753-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>. <q>Jews have sometimes engaged in conjuring spirits when worried, even though the Bible prohibits this behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+to+worry%3A+Jewish+wisdom+and+folklore&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0753-8&rft.au=Klein%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtqG29pi8HPUC%26q%3Dconjuring%2Bspirits%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, R., Greening, E., and Smith, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/2278/1/103252.pdf"><i>Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room</i></a>. British Journal of Psychology, 94 (3): 285–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Podmore, Frank</a>. (2011, originally published in 1902). <i>Modern Spiritualism: A History and a Criticism</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-07257-1">978-1-108-07257-1</a> "In the autumn of 1888 Mrs. Kane (Margaretta Fox) and Mrs. Jencken (Catherine Fox) made public, and apparently spontaneous, confession, that the raps had been produced by fraudulent means. Mrs. Kane even gave demonstrations before large audiences of the actual manner in which the toe joints had been used at the early seances. Mrs. Jencken, at any rate, if not also Mrs. Kane, afterwards recanted her confession."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehman, Amy. (2009). <i>Victorian Women and the Theatre of Trance: Mediums, Spiritualists and Mesmerists in Performance</i>. McFarland. p. 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3479-4">978-0-7864-3479-4</a> "By the 1880s, Maggie, like her sister Kate who was now widowed after losing her English husband Jenckens, had become a full-blown alcoholic. In 1888, the sisters confessed that they had faked the ghostly rapping which precipitated the age of spirit contact. They said they had produced knocking sounds by manipulating and cracking the joints in their feet and knees. For a while they made money giving lectures about this "deathblow" to Spiritualism. However, before she died, Maggie recanted the confession, and Kate began conveying spirit messages to close friends once again. Ultimately, trance mediumship brought the sisters neither wealth nor happiness. Both died in penurious circumstances, essentially drinking themselves to death."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1990 edition, originally published in 1962). <i>Magic: A Picture History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. 99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26373-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-26373-8">0-486-26373-8</a> "The Davenports were exposed many times, not only by magicians but by scientists and college students. The latter ignited matches in the dark. The flickering flames disclosed the brothers, with their arms free, waving the instruments which until then had seemed to be floating. The exposures had little effect on that segment of the public which chose to believe the manifestations were genuine. They closed their minds to the truth and sat in awe, sure that spirits had been conjured up in their presence."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/spiritualism/index.php">"<i>Stead on Spiritualism</i> at The William T. Stead Resource Site"</a>. Attackingthedevil.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stead+on+Spiritualism+at+The+William+T.+Stead+Resource+Site&rft.pub=Attackingthedevil.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attackingthedevil.co.uk%2Fspiritualism%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2011" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Allan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=co6pBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>King: William Lyon Mackenzie King: a Life Guided by the Hand of Destiny</i></a>. Vancouver, British Columbia: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 2–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5536-5560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5536-5560-2"><bdi>978-1-5536-5560-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%3A+William+Lyon+Mackenzie+King%3A+a+Life+Guided+by+the+Hand+of+Destiny&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=2-14&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-5536-5560-2&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dco6pBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Doyle, Arthur Conan</a> (1975) [1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/scottish-authors/arthur-conan-doyle/the-history-of-spiritualism-vol-i/"><i>The History of Spiritualism</i></a>. Vol. I. New York: Arno Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0405070259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0405070259"><bdi>978-0405070259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Spiritualism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0405070259&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Conan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classic-literature.co.uk%2Fscottish-authors%2Farthur-conan-doyle%2Fthe-history-of-spiritualism-vol-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1963" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Trevor H. (1963). <i>The spiritualists: the story of Florence Cook and William Crookes</i>. Helix Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spiritualists%3A+the+story+of+Florence+Cook+and+William+Crookes&rft.pub=Helix+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Trevor+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1866" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Alfred Russel (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S118A.htm">"The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"</a>. Wku.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Aspect+of+the+Supernatural&rft.pub=Wku.edu&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wku.edu%2F~smithch%2Fwallace%2FS118A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoff2005" class="citation news cs1">Goff, Hannah (30 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4185356.stm">"Science and the Seance"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Science+and+the+Seance&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft.aulast=Goff&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F4185356.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinmeyer_1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinmeyer_1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Steinmeyer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Steinmeyer" title="Jim Steinmeyer">Jim Steinmeyer</a> (2005). <i>Hiding the Elephant</i>. Arrow. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-947664-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-947664-9"><bdi>0-09-947664-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiding+the+Elephant&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-09-947664-9&rft.au=Jim+Steinmeyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html"><i>Harry Houdini: A biographical essay by staff at the Appleton Public Library</i> based primarily on material provided in the biography <i>Harry Houdini</i> by Adam Woog (Lucent Books, 1995)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113151632/http://www.apl.org/history/houdini/biography.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Houdini so strongly opposed the phony spiritualists that he testified against them before a committee of Congress. 'Please understand that, emphatically, I am not attacking a religion,' he said. 'I respect every genuine believer in spiritualism or any other religion ... But this thing they call spiritualism, wherein a medium intercommunicates with the dead, is a fraud from start to finish ... In thirty-five years, I have never seen one genuine medium.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a>. (1907). <i>The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism</i>. Herbert B. Turner & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">McCabe, Joseph</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/isspiritualismba00mccarich"><i>Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined</i></a>. London: Watts & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Spiritualism+Based+On+Fraud%3F+The+Evidence+Given+By+Sir+A.+C.+Doyle+and+Others+Drastically+Examined&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fisspiritualismba00mccarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a>. (1898). <i>Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena</i>. Munn & Company. <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a>. (1897). <i>Hours With the Ghosts Or Nineteenth Century Witchcraft</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Julien_Proskauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Julien Proskauer">Julien Proskauer</a>. (1932). <i>Spook crooks! Exposing the secrets of the prophet-eers who conduct our wickedest industry</i>. New York, <a href="/wiki/A._L._Burt" title="A. L. Burt">A. L. Burt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a>. (1930). <i>Spirit Mediums Exposed</i>. New York: Macfadden Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinninger1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Dinninger, Joseph</a> (1935). <i>Inside the Medium's Cabinet</i>. New York: D. Kemp and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1122458">1122458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Medium%27s+Cabinet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Kemp+and+Company&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1122458&rft.aulast=Dinninger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rinn">Joseph Rinn</a>. (1950). <i>Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists</i>. Truth Seeker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a>. (1984). <i>The Enigma of Daniel Home: Medium or Fraud?</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879752361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879752361">978-0879752361</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a>. (1993). <i>The Sorcerer of Kings: The Case of Daniel Dunglas Home and William Crookes</i>. Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-863-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-863-5">0-87975-863-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cornell" title="Tony Cornell">Tony Cornell</a>. (2002). <i>Investigating the Paranormal</i>. Helix Press New York. pp. 400–414. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912328980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0912328980">978-0912328980</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Brandon, Ruth</a> (1983). <i>The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i>. Alfred E. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52740-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52740-6"><bdi>978-0-394-52740-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritualists%3A+The+Passion+for+the+Occult+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=Alfred+E.+Knopf&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52740-6&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Clodd, Edward</a> (1917). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/questionifmandie00cloduoft"><i>The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism</i></a></span>. London: Grant Richards.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question%3A+A+Brief+History+and+Examination+of+Modern+Spiritualism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grant+Richards&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Clodd&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fquestionifmandie00cloduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mann, Walter (1919). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/folliesfraudsofs00manniala"><i>The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism</i></a></span>. London: Watts & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Follies+and+Frauds+of+Spiritualism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffolliesfraudsofs00manniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Richet, Charles</a> (1923). <i>Thirty Years of Psychical Research being a Treatise on Metaphysics</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty+Years+of+Psychical+Research+being+a+Treatise+on+Metaphysics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Richet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%A9ance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9ance&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/s%C3%A9ance" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:séance"><i>séance</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:S%C3%A9ances" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Séances">Séances</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template talk:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. Forbes Winslow">Lyttelton Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghosts" title="Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghosts" title="Template talk:Ghosts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_ghost_lights" title="Atmospheric ghost lights">Ghost lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_highways" title="List of reportedly haunted highways">Haunted highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_train" title="Ghost train">Haunted trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_ship" title="Ghost ship">Haunted ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape Theory">Residual haunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_dead" title="Procession of the dead">Procession of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li> <li>South Africa (<a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_South_Africa" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa">locations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_China" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in China">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_in_Filipino_cultures" title="Souls in Filipino cultures">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Japan" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Japan">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwisin" title="Gwisin">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Thailand" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Vietnamese_culture" title="Ghosts in Vietnamese culture">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_English-speaking_cultures" title="Ghosts in English-speaking cultures">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Scotland" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland">locations in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">locations in United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_France" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in France">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Slavic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Romania" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Canada" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duppy" title="Duppy">Duppy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Navajo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindi" title="Chindi">Chindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sickness" title="Ghost sickness">Ghost sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Mexico" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_California" title="Reportedly haunted locations in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Oregon" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Pennsylvania" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Colombia" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Maori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Ancient Egyptian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Classical antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Séance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Films about ghosts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Stories about ghosts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">Kaidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Booty_v_Barnaby" title="Booty v Barnaby">Booty v Barnaby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost_murder_case" title="Hammersmith Ghost murder case">Hammersmith Ghost murder case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophilia" title="Spectrophilia">Spectrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" 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