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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_right_to_die_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_right_to_die_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1</span> <span>Major right to die cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_right_to_die_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karen_Quinlan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karen_Quinlan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1.1</span> <span>Karen Quinlan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karen_Quinlan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nancy_Cruzan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nancy_Cruzan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1.2</span> <span>Nancy Cruzan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nancy_Cruzan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terri_Schiavo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terri_Schiavo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1.3</span> <span>Terri Schiavo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terri_Schiavo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.2</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Right to die</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حق الموت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق الموت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lm%C9%99k_h%C3%BCququ" title="Ölmək hüququ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölmək hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মরার অধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মরার অধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret_a_morir" title="Dret a morir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret a morir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igus_surra" title="Õigus surra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigus surra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_a_morir" title="Derecho a morir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho a morir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="حق مردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق مردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_mourir" title="Droit de mourir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de mourir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_a_morrer" title="Dereito a morrer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito a morrer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%84_%EA%B6%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="죽을 권리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죽을 권리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin_mutuwa" title="Ƴancin mutuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƴancin mutuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Մահվան իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահվան իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मृत्य्वधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृत्य्वधिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo_na_smrt" title="Pravo na smrt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravo na smrt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_untuk_mati" title="Hak untuk mati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak untuk mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_di_morire" title="Diritto di morire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto di morire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="הזכות למות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזכות למות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_moriendi" title="Ius moriendi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius moriendi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97_%C4%AF_mirt%C4%AF" title="Teisė į mirtį – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisė į mirtį" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1ljog" title="Haláljog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haláljog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മരിക്കാനുള്ള അവകാശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മരിക്കാനുള്ള അവകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%AC%E6%A8%A9%E5%88%A9" title="死ぬ権利 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死ぬ権利" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_de_morrer" title="Direito de morrer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito de morrer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreptul_la_moarte" title="Dreptul la moarte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dreptul la moarte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Право на смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право на смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Right to die" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Право на смрт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Право на смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo_na_smrt" title="Pravo na smrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravo na smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="చనిపోయే హక్కు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చనిపోయే హక్కు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lme_hakk%C4%B1" title="Ölme hakkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölme hakkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Право на смерть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право на смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Euthanasia" title="Category:Euthanasia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccf;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:#fafafa solid 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_euthanasia" title="Child euthanasia">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_for_mental_illness" title="Euthanasia for mental illness">Mental illness</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voluntary_euthanasia" title="Non-voluntary euthanasia">Non-voluntary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">Involuntary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Views</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_and_the_slippery_slope" title="Euthanasia and the slippery slope">Euthanasia and the slippery slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_euthanasia" title="Religious views on euthanasia">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_euthanasia" title="Buddhism and euthanasia">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Euthanasia" title="Declaration on Euthanasia">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Care_Not_Killing" title="Care Not Killing">Care Not Killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Coombs_Lee" title="Barbara Coombs Lee">Barbara Coombs Lee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Books</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peaceful_Pill_Handbook" title="The Peaceful Pill Handbook">The Peaceful Pill Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Assisted_Suicide_and_Euthanasia" title="The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia">The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Jurisdictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Mexico" title="Euthanasia in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euthanasia in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Uruguay" title="Euthanasia in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Laws</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_16" title="1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16">1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1995" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Australia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Doe_Law" title="Baby Doe Law">Baby Doe Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Death_with_Dignity_Act" title="Washington Death with Dignity Act">Washington Death with Dignity Act</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_sedation" title="Palliative sedation">Palliative sedation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf;"> Other issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_device" title="Euthanasia device">Euthanasia device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen_Protocol" title="Groningen Protocol">Groningen Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euthanasia" title="Template:Euthanasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euthanasia" title="Template talk:Euthanasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euthanasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euthanasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>right to die</b> is a concept rooted in the belief that individuals have the <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">autonomy</a> to make fundamental decisions about their own lives, including the choice to <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">end them</a> or undergo <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia,</a> central to the broader notion of <a href="/wiki/Health_freedom_movement" title="Health freedom movement">health freedom</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">right</a> is often associated with cases involving <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illnesses</a> or incurable <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a> provides an option for individuals to exercise control over their <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>. </p><p>The debate surrounding the right to die frequently centers on the question of whether this decision should rest solely with the individual or involve <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">external authorities</a>, highlighting broader tensions between <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">personal freedom</a> and societal or legal restrictions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views on the matter</a> vary significantly, with some traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Santhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhara">Santhara</a></i>), permitting <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> forms of voluntary death, while others, including <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, consider suicide a <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">moral transgression</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suicide#Social_and_culture" title="Suicide">Suicide § Social and culture</a></div> <p>The preservation and <a href="/wiki/Value_of_life" title="Value of life">value of life</a> have led to many medical advancements when it comes to treating patients. New devices and the development of <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> have allowed humans to live longer than before. Prior to these medical advancements and care, the lifespans of those who were unconscious, minimally unconscious, and in a vegetative state were short as they were unable to receive assistance with basic needs such as breathing and feeding. The advancement of medical technology raises the question about the quality of life of patients who are no longer conscious. For example, the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> questions the definition of quality and sanctity of life—if one had the right to live, then the right to die must follow suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabrò_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are questions in ethics as to whether or not a right to die can coexist with a right to life. If it is argued that the right to life is <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable right">inalienable</a>, then it cannot be surrendered and therefore may be incompatible with a right to die.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second debate exists within <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a> over whether the right to die is universal, only applies under certain circumstances (such as <a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">terminal illness</a>), or if it exists at all. It is also stated that 'right to live' is not synonymous to 'obligation to live.' From that point of view, the right to live can coexist with the right to die.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to die is supported and rejected by many. Arguments for this right include: </p> <ul><li>If one had a right to live, then one must have the right to die, both on their terms.</li> <li>Death is a natural process of life thus there should not be any laws to prevent it if the patient seeks to end it.</li> <li>What we do at the end of our lives should not be of concern to others.</li> <li>If euthanasia is strictly controlled, we can avoid entering a slippery slope and prevent patients from seeking alternative methods which may not be legal.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabrò_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Arguments against include: </p> <ul><li>It can lead to a slippery slope; if we allow patients this right, it can expand and have dire consequences.</li> <li>Give rise to pressuring those to end their lives or the lives of others; ethically immoral by human and medical standards.</li> <li>"Throwing away" patients who are deemed no longer capable to be part of society.</li> <li>Decrease in palliative end-of-life care due to the expectation of terminal patients to exercise their right to die.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabrò_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A court in the American state of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> for example, has found that the right to die only applies to those with life-threatening medical conditions. <a href="/wiki/Physician-assisted_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician-assisted suicide">Physician-assisted suicide</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Minelli" title="Ludwig Minelli">Ludwig Minelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> expert Sean W. Asher, and bioethics professor <a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Appel" title="Jacob M. Appel">Jacob M. Appel</a>, in contrast, argue that <i>all</i> competent people have a right to end their own lives. Appel has suggested that the right to die is a test for the overall freedom of a given society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professor in social work, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Baril" title="Alexandre Baril">Alexandre Baril</a>, proposed to create an ethic of responsibility "based on a harm-reduction, non-coercive approach to suicide. [He] suggest that assisted suicide should be an option for suicidal people."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that the voice of suicidal people is viewed as illegitimate and that there are 'injunctions to live and to futurity' where suicidal subjects are oppressed and silenced.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baril suggests the word suicidism to describe the "[...] oppressive system (stemming from non-suicidal perspectives) functioning at the normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic levels in which suicidal people experience multiple forms of injustice and violence [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests creating safer spaces and listening to suicidal people without forcing the 'will to live' upon them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Patient_Self-Determination_Act" title="Patient Self-Determination Act">Patient Self-Determination Act</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> at the request of the financial arm of Medicare does permit elderly Medicare/Medicaid patients (and by implication, all "terminal" patients) to prepare an advance directive in which they elect or choose to refuse life-extending and/or life-saving treatments as a means of shortening their lives and thus suffering unto certain death. Under the Act, the treatment refused in an advance directive does not have to be proved to be "medically futile" under some existing due-process procedure developed under state laws, such as TADA in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to die, also known as the right to death, is an ethical and legal concept that supports the freedom of a human being to end their life or undergo voluntary euthanasia. This right is generally associated with individuals suffering from a terminal illness or lacking the will to continue living, and it may allow them to terminate their own life, refuse life-prolonging treatment, or opt for assisted suicide or euthanasia. The question of who should be able to exercise this right is often central to the debate. </p><p>Some scholars and philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a>, approach this debate in terms of <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalism</a>. Since human beings do not have the power to act at the time of their birth, no one should have <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> over a person's decision to continue living or to die.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the right to die often connect it to the idea that a person's body and life belong solely to themselves, and they should have the <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> to dispose of them as they see fit, understanding that the right to life does not imply a duty or obligation to live. However, a legitimate state interest in preventing irrational suicides is typically opposed. For example, Avital Pilpel and Lawrence Amsel argue:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Contemporary advocates of rational suicide or the right to die generally demand, for reasons of rationality, that the decision to end one's life be an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> choice of the individual (i.e., not due to pressure from doctors or family to 'do what is right' and commit suicide), that the choice be 'the best option in these circumstances' (desired by Stoics or utilitarians), as well as other natural conditions, such as the stability of the decision, the absence of <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a>, the absence of mental illness, deliberation, etc." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia#By_country" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia § By country</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_euthanasia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/350px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/525px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Legality_of_euthanasia.svg/700px-Legality_of_euthanasia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Status of euthanasia around the world: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ffff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Active voluntary euthanasia legal (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the Australian states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00afffff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Passive euthanasia legal (refusal of treatment / withdrawal of life support)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ddddddff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Active euthanasia illegal, passive euthanasia not legislated or regulated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c60000ff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> All forms of euthanasia illegal</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg/350px-Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg/525px-Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg/700px-Legality_of_assisted_suicide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Current status of assisted suicide around the world: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ffff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Physician-assisted suicide is legal.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b4ffff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Legalized by court ruling, but not legislated or regulated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Physician-assisted suicide is illegal.</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2023, some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-law_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-canada_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-canada_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-law_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-law_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Australia">Euthanasia in Australia</a></div> <p>As euthanasia is a health issue, under the Australian constitution this falls to <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state and territory governments</a> to legislate and manage. </p><p>Euthanasia was legal within the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> during parts of 1996–1997 as a result of the territory parliament passing <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_the_Terminally_Ill_Act_1995" title="Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995">Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995</a>. As a territory and not a state, the federal government under <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_(Self-Government)_Act_1978" title="Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978">Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978</a> (amongst others) to ensure that territories of Australia are no longer able to legislate on euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was repealed in December 2022 with the passing of Restoring Territory Rights Act. The federal government is not able to legislate restrictions on health issues for the Australian states and territories in the same manner.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voluntary assisted dying schemes have been in effect in the following states; <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> since 19 June 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> since 1 July 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> since 23 October 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-Tas23Oct2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tas23Oct2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> since 1 January 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> since 31 January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-SA31Jan2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA31Jan2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> was the final state to pass legislation for assisted dying in May 2022, which went into effect on 28 November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Euthanasia in Belgium">Euthanasia in Belgium</a></div> <p>In 2002, the Belgian parliament legalized euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia in Canada</a></div> <p>In August 2011, a <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/B.C._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="B.C. Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> judge requested to speed up a right to die lawsuit so that <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Taylor_(patient)" title="Gloria Taylor (patient)">Gloria Taylor</a> could have a doctor assist her in dying by suicide. She had <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Gehrig's disease">Lou Gehrig's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died of an infection in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 6, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled that denying the right to assisted suicide was unconstitutional. The court's ruling limits physician-assisted suicides to "a competent adult person who clearly consents to the termination of life and has a grievous and irremediable medical condition, including an illness, disease or disability, that causes enduring suffering that is intolerable to the individual in the circumstances of his or her condition." The ruling was suspended for 12 months to allow the Canadian parliament to draft a new, constitutional law to replace the existing one.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court decision includes a requirement that there must be stringent limits that are "scrupulously monitored." This will require the death certificate to be completed by an independent medical examiner, not the treating physician, to ensure the accuracy of reporting the cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> (CMA) reported that not all doctors were willing to assist in a patient's death due to legal complications and went against what a physician stood for. Many physicians stated that they should have a voice when it comes to helping a patient end their life.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the belief in late 2015 was that no physician would be forced to do so but the CMA was offering educational sessions to members as to the process that would be used.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 17, 2016, legislation passed both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> and received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> to allow euthanasia within Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canada_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia#Colombia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia § Colombia</a></div> <p>On 20 May 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Colombia" title="Constitutional Court of Colombia">Constitutional Court of Colombia</a> decriminalised piety homicide, for terminally ill patients, stating that "the medical author cannot be held responsible for the assisted suicide of a terminally ill patient" and urged <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a> to regulate <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">euthanasia</a> "in the shortest time possible".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 December 2014, the Constitutional Court had given the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Protection_(Colombia)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Protection (Colombia)">Ministry of Health and Social Protection</a> 30 days to publish guidelines for the healthcare sector to use in order to guarantee terminally ill patients, with the wish to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_personal_identity" title="Right to personal identity">right to personal identity</a> in German constitutional law encompasses a right to self-determined death, which in turn contains a right to suicide. Notably, this right is not limited to terminally ill patients, instead finding its limits within the requirement for the choice to be autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling has sparked controversy, with opponents arguing that the ruling may enable peer pressure into assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">Euthanasia in India</a></div> <p>Since 2018, the Supreme Court of India has legalized passive euthanasia in India during a case involving <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruna Shanbaug">Aruna Shanbaug</a> under strict conditions, namely that the patient's consent (or relatives) is needed, and that the patient must be terminally ill or vegetative state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_Netherlands" title="Euthanasia in the Netherlands">Euthanasia in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> legalized <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia</a> in 2002. Under Dutch law, euthanasia and assisted suicide can only be performed by doctors, and that is only legal in cases of <i>"hopeless and unbearable"</i> suffering. In practice, this means that it is limited to those with serious and incurable medical conditions (including <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>) and in considerable suffering like pain, hypoxia or exhaustion. Helping somebody to die by suicide without meeting the qualifications of the Dutch euthanasia law is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Buiting-2009_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buiting-2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These criteria concern the patient's request, the patient's suffering (unbearable), the infaust prognosis (hopeless), the information provided to the patient, the absence of reasonable alternatives, consultation of another physician and the applied method of ending life.<sup id="cite_ref-Buiting-2009_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buiting-2009-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">Euthanasia in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Euthanasia is legal in New Zealand. In 2015, a lawyer with cancer <a href="/wiki/Lecretia_Seales" title="Lecretia Seales">Lecretia Seales</a> brought a case (<i><a href="/wiki/Seales_v_Attorney-General" title="Seales v Attorney-General">Seales v Attorney-General</a></i>) to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a> to challenge <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_law" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand law">New Zealand law</a> for her right to die with the assistance of her GP, asking for a declaration that her GP would not risk conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Choice_Act_2019" title="End of Life Choice Act 2019">legislation</a> to legalize euthanasia for terminally ill patients was voted upon in the 2020 general election and was voted in favour of legalisation. The End Of Life Choice Bill took effect on 7 November 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peru legally forbids euthanasia.<sup id="cite_ref-APPeru_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPeru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, a legal challenge to the law was launched by Ana Estrada, aimed at decriminalizing the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-APPeru_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APPeru-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_the_United_States" title="Euthanasia in the United States">Euthanasia in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide in the United States</a></div> <p>The term <i>right to die</i> has been interpreted in many ways, including issues of suicide, passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, assisted suicide, and physician-assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, public support for the right to die by physician-assisted suicide has increased over time. In a 2005 survey, the Pew Research Center found that 70% of participants say that there are circumstances in which a patient should be allowed to die; however, only 46% of participants approved of laws permitting doctors to assist patients in ending their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, a Gallup poll report announced that 72% of responders said that doctors should legally be allowed to help terminally ill patients die.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, framing effects of using language such as "suicide" rather than "ending one's life" have the potential to lower approval rates by 10-15%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 survey of physicians revealed that 54% of respondents agreed that physician-assisted suicide should be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a rigorous survey of physicians in 1996, less than 20% of physicians reported that they received requests from patients to be euthanized, and less than 5% complied.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act data summary revealed that the number of prescriptions for lethal doses of medications increased by 25% since 2019, and have been steadily increasing since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of patients who received these prescriptions, 66% eventually died from ingesting the medications.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_right_to_die_cases">Major right to die cases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major right to die cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Karen_Quinlan">Karen Quinlan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Karen Quinlan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The right to die movement in the United States began with the case of <a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan" title="Karen Ann Quinlan">Karen Quinlan</a> in 1975 and continues to raise bioethical questions about one's quality of life and the legal process of death. Quinlan, 21, lost consciousness after consuming alcohol and tranquilizers at a party.<sup id="cite_ref-McFadden_1985_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFadden_1985-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She soon began to experience respiratory problems, which then prevented oxygen from flowing to her brain. That led her to slip into a comatose state in which a respirator and a feeding tube were used to keep her alive and breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornachio_1989_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornachio_1989-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McFadden_1985_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFadden_1985-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quinlan did not have a proxy or living will and had not expressed her wishes if something ever happened to her to those around her, which made it difficult to decide what the next step should be. </p><p>Quinlan's parents understood that their daughter would never wake up and that prolonging her life may be more damaging and it would not be of quality life.<sup id="cite_ref-McFadden_1985_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFadden_1985-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4018757_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4018757-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father sought out the right to be Quinlan's legal guardian and petitioned for the removal of the respirator that was keeping her alive. The court, however, argued that the removal of the ventilator, which would lead to Quinlan's death, would be considered unlawful, unnatural, and unethical. Quinlan's lawyer made the counterargument that the removal of the respirator would allow Quinlan to have a natural death, which is natural and ethical. The Quinlans won the court case and were appointed as the legal guardians of their daughter. The respirator was removed in 1976, but Quinlan continued to live without the ventilator until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornachio_1989_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornachio_1989-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4018757_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4018757-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case continues to raise bioethical questions of one's quality of life and the legal process of death. It also brings up many important issues that are still being addressed to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4018757_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4018757-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the critical points that the Quinlan case brings up is the patient's right to deny or withdraw treatment. Cases in which the patient rejected or withdrew treatment were then unheard of and went against medical ethics in preserving one's life. Debates on allowing patients the right to self-determination were controversial, and they would be evaluated for the next couple of decades from state to state. The case also brought up whether family members and those who are close to the patient are allowed in the decision-making process. Since Quinlan had no written documentation, voiced no decision, and appointed no proxy, a lengthy legal battle was caused between the Quinlan family and the state in determining Quinlan's best interest and determining if she would want to live or die. That had a significant influence on the use and establishment of advance directives, oral directives, proxies, and living wills.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15732427_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15732427-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nancy_Cruzan">Nancy Cruzan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nancy Cruzan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Beth_Cruzan,_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg/207px-Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg/311px-Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg/414px-Nancy_Beth_Cruzan%2C_gravestone_Wellcome_L0025849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Cruzan's gravestone</figcaption></figure> <p>Another major case that further propagated the right to die movement and the use of living wills, advance directives and use of a proxy was <i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i>. In 1983, Cruzan had a car accident, which left her permanently in a vegetative state. Her status as an adult and lack of an advance directive, living will, or proxy led to a long legal battle for Cruzan's family in petitioning for the removal of her feeding tube, which was keeping her alive since the accident. Cruzan had mentioned to a friend that under no circumstances would she want to continue to live if she were ever in a vegetative state, but this was not a strong enough statement to remove the feeding tube.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Cruzan family won the case and had their daughter's tube removed. The case brought great debate if the right to die should be approved from state to state or as a whole nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby_2005_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby_2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Terri_Schiavo">Terri Schiavo</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Terri Schiavo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo case</a> occurred between 1990 and 2005. This case was controversial due to a disagreement between Schiavo's immediate family members and her husband. In the Quinlan and Cruzan cases, the family was able to make a unanimous decision on the state of their daughters. Schiavo suffered from a cardiac arrest which led to her collapse and soon after began to have trouble breathing. The lack of oxygen to her brain caused irreversible brain damage, leaving her in a vegetative state and required a feeding tube and ventilator to keep her alive. Schiavo left no advance directive or had a discussion with her parents or husband about what she may have wanted if something were to happen to her. Soon after, her husband was appointed as her legal guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby_2005_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby_2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Years later, her husband decided to remove Schiavo's feeding tube since the chances of her waking up were slim to none. Schiavo's family, however, argued against this decision and brought this case to court. The case was very turbulent and occurred over some years and involved the state and its legislators before a decision was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby_2005_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby_2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought up bioethical debates on the discontinuation of Schiavo's life vs. allowing her to continue living in a permanent vegetative state. Those who were for preserving Schiavo's life stated that removing the tube would be ethically immoral since they do not know what she would have wanted. They challenged her physical and mental state and stated that she might have some consciousness; thus she deserved to continue living. Those for removing the tube argued for self-determination and that her quality of life was diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby_2005_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby_2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koch_2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch_2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weijer_2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weijer_2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Schiavo case is the most recent and significant right to die case that propagates the thought of having an advance directive or living will. It also further looks into other complications that can arise, such as family disagreements, which should have been accounted for when dealing with a right to die case.<sup id="cite_ref-Colby_2005_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colby_2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weijer_2005_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weijer_2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>See also</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation">Legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the health of citizens is considered a police power left for individual states to regulate, it was not until 1997 that the US Supreme Court made a ruling on the issue of assisted suicide and one's right to die. That year, the Supreme Court heard two appeals arguing that New York (<i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Washington (<i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>) statutes that made physician-assisted suicide a felony violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a unanimous vote, the Court held that there was no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide and upheld state bans on assisted suicide. While in New York has maintained statutes banning physician-assisted suicide, the Court's decision also left it open for other states to decide whether they would allow physician-assisted suicide or not. </p><p>Since 1994, the following states in the US have passed assisted suicide laws: Oregon (Death with Dignity Act, 1994), Washington (Death with Dignity Act, 2008), Vermont (Patient Choice and Control at the End of Life Act, 2013), California (End of Life Option Act, 2015), Colorado (End of Life Options Act, 2016), District of Columbia (D.C. Death with Dignity Act, 2016), Hawaii (Our Care Our Choice Act, 2018), Maine (Death with Dignity Act, 2019), New Jersey (Aid in Dying for the Terminally Ill Act, 2019), and New Mexico (Elizabeth Whitefield End of Life Options Act, 2021) passed legislation that provides a protocol for the practice of physician-assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law in these states allows terminally ill adult patients to seek lethal medication from their physicians. In 2009, the Montana Supreme Court ruled that nothing in state law prohibits physician-assisted suicide and provides legal protection for physicians in the case that they prescribe lethal medication upon patient request. In California, the governor signed a controversial physician-assisted-suicide bill, the <a href="/wiki/California_End_of_Life_Option_Act" title="California End of Life Option Act">California End of Life Option Act</a>, in October 2015 that passed during a special legislative session intended to address Medi-Cal funding,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after it had been defeated during the regular legislative session.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2014, New Mexico Second District Judge Nan Nash ruled that terminally ill patients have the right to aid in dying under the state constitution, i.e., making it legal for a doctor to prescribe a lethal dose of medication to a terminally ill patient.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate decision will be made with the outcome of New Mexico's Attorney General's appeal to the ruling. Organizations have been continuously pushing for the legalization of self-determination in terminally ill patients in states where the right to end one's life is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Medical Perspective</b> </p><p>The American Medical Association (AMA) is the national association that advocates for physicians and provides guidance for the best practices for delivering health care. The AMA is responsible for maintaining the Code of Ethics, which consists of two parts: the Principles of Medical Ethics and Opinions of the AMA's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of physicians in patient's right to die is debated within the medical community, however, the AMA provided an opinion statement on the matter. </p><p><b>Opinion statement regarding physician-assisted suicide</b> </p><p>Patients who are terminally ill or suffering from debilitating illnesses may decide that they prefer to die rather than continue suffering. Physicians commit themselves to "<a href="/wiki/Primum_non_nocere" title="Primum non nocere">do no harm</a>" and by participating in assisted suicide physicians would inherently be causing harm to their patients. Rather than participating in assisted suicide, physicians should provide palliative care to minimize patient suffering. These are recommendations for physicians from the Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 5.7<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding end of life care: </p> <ul><li>Should not abandon a patient once it is determined that a cure is impossible.</li> <li>Must respect patient autonomy.</li> <li>Must provide good communication and emotional support.</li> <li>Must provide appropriate comfort care and adequate pain control.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views on suicide</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> accepts the right to die for those who are tormented by terminal diseases or those who have no desire, no ambition, and no responsibilities remaining. Death is allowed by non-violent means such as fasting to the point of starvation (<a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> has a similar practice named <i><a href="/wiki/Santhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhara">Santhara</a></i>. Other religious views on suicide vary in their tolerance and include denial of the right as well as condemnation of the act. In the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_suicide#Modern_Catholicism" title="Christian views on suicide">Catholic faith</a>, suicide is considered a grave sin.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Initiatives</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_Directives_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance Directives Act">Advance Directives Act (Texas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiative 1000">Initiative 1000 (Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Death_with_Dignity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Death with Dignity Act">Oregon Death with Dignity Act</a></li></ul> <p><b>Groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassion & Choices of Oregon">Compassion & Choices of Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(euthanasia_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (euthanasia group)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Right_to_Die_Societies" title="World Federation of Right to Die Societies">World Federation of Right to Die Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li></ul> <p><b>Films</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Die_in_Oregon" title="How to Die in Oregon">How to Die in Oregon</a></i> documentary film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Die%3F" title="Right to Die?">Right to Die?</a></i> documentary film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Inside" title="The Sea Inside">The Sea Inside</a></i> drama film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whose_Life_Is_It_Anyway%3F_(1981_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whose Life Is It Anyway? (1981 film)">Whose Life Is It Anyway?</a></i> drama film</li></ul> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit" title="Final Exit">Final Exit</a></i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Individuals</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bouvia" title="Elizabeth Bouvia">Elizabeth Bouvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluana_Englaro" title="Eluana Englaro">Eluana Englaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brongersma" title="Edward Brongersma">Edward Brongersma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_and_George_Coumbias" title="Betty and George Coumbias">Betty and George Coumbias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodall_(botanist)" title="David Goodall (botanist)">David Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhas_Habtegiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhas Habtegiris">Tirhas Habtegiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harden-Hickey" title="James Harden-Hickey">James Harden-Hickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Humphry" title="Derek Humphry">Derek Humphry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Huxtable" title="Richard Huxtable">Richard Huxtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_Maynard" title="Brittany Maynard">Brittany Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleigh_Poutre" title="Haleigh Poutre">Haleigh Poutre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Pretty" title="Diane Pretty">Diane Pretty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ann_Quinlan_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen Ann Quinlan case">Karen Ann Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Rodriguez" title="Sue Rodriguez">Sue Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Roman" title="Jo Roman">Jo Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Schiavo_case" title="Terri Schiavo case">Terri Schiavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Sampedro" title="Ramón Sampedro">Ramón Sampedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piergiorgio_Welby" title="Piergiorgio Welby">Piergiorgio Welby</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><b>Other related</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce" title="Coup de grâce">Coup de grâce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_not_resuscitate" title="Do not resuscitate">Do not resuscitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feeding">Force feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letting_die" title="Letting die">Letting die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Living will">Living will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_refusal_of_nutrition_and_hydration" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration">Patient refusal of nutrition and hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Calabrò_2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calabrò_2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalabròNaroDe_LucaRusso2016" class="citation journal cs1">Calabrò RS, Naro A, De Luca R, Russo M, Caccamo L, Manuli A, Bramanti A, Bramanti P (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300707">"The Right to Die in Chronic Disorders of Consciousness: Can We Avoid the Slippery Slope Argument?"</a>. <i>Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience</i>. <b>13</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">12–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300707">5300707</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28210521">28210521</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Physician-Assisted+Suicide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fdelivering-care%2Fethics%2Fphysician-assisted-suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+die" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindu-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hindu_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml">"Hinduism – Euthanasia and Suicide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2009-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hinduism+%E2%80%93+Euthanasia+and+Suicide&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fhinduism%2Fhinduethics%2Feuthanasia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+die" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219215546/http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/knowledge/2007/04-01/do-people-who-commit-suicide-go-to-hell">"Do people who commit suicide go to hell?"</a>. <i>Catholic Digest – the Magazine for Catholic Living</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/knowledge/2007/04-01/do-people-who-commit-suicide-go-to-hell">the original</a> on 19 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Digest+%E2%80%93+the+Magazine+for+Catholic+Living&rft.atitle=Do+people+who+commit+suicide+go+to+hell%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicdigest.com%2Farticles%2Ffaith%2Fknowledge%2F2007%2F04-01%2Fdo-people-who-commit-suicide-go-to-hell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+die" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_die&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Right_to_die" class="extiw" title="q:Right to die">Right to die</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw D (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598200">"The body as unwarranted life support: a new perspective on euthanasia"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Ethics</i>. <b>33</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">519–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2006.020073">10.1136/jme.2006.020073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2598200">2598200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17761819">17761819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+body+as+unwarranted+life+support%3A+a+new+perspective+on+euthanasia&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2598200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17761819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2006.020073&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2598200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+die" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Appel JM (May–June 2007). "A suicide right for the mentally ill? A Swiss case opens a new debate". <i>The Hastings Center Report</i>. <b>37</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhcr.2007.0035">10.1353/hcr.2007.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17649899">17649899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28038414">28038414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hastings+Center+Report&rft.atitle=A+suicide+right+for+the+mentally+ill%3F+A+Swiss+case+opens+a+new+debate&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2007-05%2F2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28038414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17649899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcr.2007.0035&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+die" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uitvrijewil.nu/">"Uit Vrije Wil – Burgerinitiatief voltooid leven"</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br />and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suicide132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_navbox" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suicide132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Suicide crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Suicide intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_theory_of_suicide" title="Interpersonal theory of suicide">Interpersonal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" title="Suicide in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_attributed_to_bullying" title="List of suicides attributed to bullying">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">Charcoal-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide" title="Multiple gunshot suicide">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping from height</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">By train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_on_the_London_Underground" title="Suicide on the London Underground">London Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">By cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">By pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">Suicide pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_suicide" title="Vehicular suicide">Vehicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives" title="List of heads of state and government who took their own lives">heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">Suicide prevention contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Belarus" title="Suicide in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" title="Suicide in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greece" title="Suicide in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" title="Suicide in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong" title="Suicide in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_suicides_in_Hong_Kong" title="Student suicides in Hong Kong">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide_in_India" title="Youth suicide in India">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" title="Suicide in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lesotho" title="Suicide in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mexico" title="Suicide in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" title="Suicide in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nigeria" title="Suicide in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBT_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBT youth">LGBT youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" 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