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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas_and_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding_Kansas_and_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bleeding Kansas and the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding_Kansas_and_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_and_the_Wild_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_and_the_Wild_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Settlement and the Wild West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_and_the_Wild_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks_and_historic_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks_and_historic_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>National parks and historic sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks_and_historic_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Settlement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Settlement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Birth data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northeast_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Northeast Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Central_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Central_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>South Central Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Central_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Southeast Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_North-Central_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_North-Central_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Central and North-Central Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_North-Central_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwest_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwest_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Northwest Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwest_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwest_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwest_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Southwest Kansas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwest_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Around the state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Around_the_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_immigrant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_immigrant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Largest immigrant groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_immigrant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstate_Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Interstate Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>U.S. Routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_and_local_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_local_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>State and local politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_local_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>19th-century state politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>20th-century state politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>21st-century state politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>National politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>State laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.1</span> <span>Professional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.2</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NCAA_Division_I_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCAA_Division_I_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.2.1</span> <span>NCAA Division I schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCAA_Division_I_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCAA_Division_II_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCAA_Division_II_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.2.2</span> <span>NCAA Division II schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCAA_Division_II_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junior_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junior_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.2.3</span> <span>Junior colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junior_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.3</span> <span>High school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry_with_Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry_with_Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Rivalry with Missouri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry_with_Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kansas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 189 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-189" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">189 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B5" title="ካንሳስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካንሳስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C7%A3nsas" title="Cǣnsas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cǣnsas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كانساس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانساس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90%DC%A3" title="ܟܐܢܣܐܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܐܢܣܐܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_suyu" title="Kansas suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kansas suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas" title="Kanzas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanzas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کانزاس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانزاس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্যান্সাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যান্সাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कंसास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कंसास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁན་སཱ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁན་སཱ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كانساس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كانساس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeestiin_Dah_Daask%CA%BCid_Hahoodzo" title="Honeestiin Dah Daaskʼid Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honeestiin Dah Daaskʼid Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κάνσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάνσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0nsas" title="Kànsas – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Kànsas" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansaso" title="Kansaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kansaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کانزاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانزاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="કેન્સાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેન્સાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌶𐌰𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌶𐌰𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%94%EC%9E%90%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="캔자스주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캔자스주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanekaka" title="Kanekaka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kanekaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Կանզաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանզաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="केन्सास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केन्सास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1nz%E1%BA%A1s" title="Kánzạs – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kánzạs" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্যানসাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ক্যানসাস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhanzasi" title="IKhanzasi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IKhanzasi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A1" title="קנזס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנזס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzasii" title="Kanzasii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kanzasii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C" title="ಕನ್ಸಾಸ್/ಕಾನ್ಸಾಸ್‌‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನ್ಸಾಸ್/ಕಾನ್ಸಾಸ್‌‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კანზასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანზასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannzas" title="Kannzas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kannzas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansia" title="Kansia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kansia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzasa" title="Kanzasa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanzasa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzasas" title="Kanzasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanzasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kanzys" title="kanzys – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kanzys" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्सास – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कन्सास" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൻസസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൻസസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanahara" title="Kanahara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kanahara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8" title="कॅन्सस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅन्सस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კანზასი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კანზასი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كانزاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانزاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کانزاس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کانزاس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81" title="ꯀꯥꯟꯁꯥꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯟꯁꯥꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကန်းဆပ်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကန်းဆပ်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_(staat)" title="Kansas (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kansas (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कन्सास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कन्सास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कान्सास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कान्सास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9E" title="カンザス州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンザス州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas" title="Kanzas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanzas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਾਂਸਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਸਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="कान्सास् – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कान्सास्" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کنساس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنساس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کانزاس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانزاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas_(shtat)" title="Kanzas (shtat) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kanzas (shtat)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas" title="Kanzas – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kanzas" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_suyu" title="Kansas suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kansas suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="केन्‍सास – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केन्‍सास" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas" title="Kanzas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanzas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ڪنساس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪنساس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_USA)" title="Kansas (štát USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kansas (štát USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کانزاس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزاس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கேன்சஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேன்சஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="รัฐแคนซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐแคนซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Канзас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канзас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کنساس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنساس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas_Shitati" title="Kanzas Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kanzas Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="堪薩斯州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="堪薩斯州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="堪萨斯州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="堪萨斯州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="קענזעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קענזעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%9E" title="干沙州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="干沙州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzasos" title="Kanzasos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kanzasos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="堪薩斯州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="堪薩斯州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kansas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzas" title="Kanzas – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kanzas" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1558#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kansas&params=38_N_98_W_dim:300000_region:US-KS_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Kansas"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°N</span> <span class="longitude">98°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38°N 98°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38; 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kansas (disambiguation)">Kansas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kansas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kansas.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kansas"><img alt="Flag of Kansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kansas" title="Flag of Kansas">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Kansas"><img alt="Official seal of Kansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_Kansas_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Kansas" title="Seal of Kansas">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Sunflower State (official);<br />The Wheat State;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America's Heartland<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Per_aspera_ad_astra" class="mw-redirect" title="Per aspera ad astra">Ad astra per aspera</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)<br /><i>To the stars through difficulties</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/Home_on_the_Range" title="Home on the Range">Home on the Range</a>"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Kansas highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Kansas highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kansas_in_United_States.svg/300px-Kansas_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kansas_in_United_States.svg/450px-Kansas_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kansas_in_United_States.svg/600px-Kansas_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Kansas highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">January 29, 1861<div><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Day" title="Kansas Day">Kansas Day</a></div> (34th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_populous_counties_by_U.S._state" title="List of the most populous counties by U.S. state">Largest county or equivalent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data">Kansas portion of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City, MO-KS area</a><sup id="cite_ref-MSA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Kansas">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Kelly" title="Laura Kelly">Laura Kelly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Kansas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Kansas">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Toland" title="David Toland">David Toland</a> (D)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Legislature" title="Kansas Legislature">Legislature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Senate" title="Kansas Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Kansas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall" title="Roger Marshall">Roger Marshall</a> (R)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas" title="List of United States representatives from Kansas">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 1st congressional district">1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Mann" title="Tracey Mann">Tracey Mann</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 2nd congressional district">2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jake_LaTurner" title="Jake LaTurner">Jake LaTurner</a> (R)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 3rd congressional district">3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sharice_Davids" title="Sharice Davids">Sharice Davids</a> (D)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kansas%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Kansas's 4th congressional district">4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Estes" title="Ron Estes">Ron Estes</a> (R)</span> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">82,278<sup id="cite_ref-state-area_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-area-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sq mi (213,100 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">81,759<sup id="cite_ref-state-area_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-area-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sq mi (211,754 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">520<sup id="cite_ref-state-area_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-area-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sq mi (1,346 km<sup>2</sup>)  0.6<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">15th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">210<sup id="cite_ref-netstate.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstate.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mi (340 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">400<sup id="cite_ref-netstate.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstate.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mi (640 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 ft (610 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Sunflower" title="Mount Sunflower">Mount Sunflower</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,041 ft (1,232 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Verdigris_River" title="Verdigris River">Verdigris River</a> at <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> border</span><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">679 ft (207 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,940,865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">36th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">34.9/sq mi (13.5/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">41st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$64,124 (2,021)<sup id="cite_ref-kkf_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kkf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34th (2,021)<sup id="cite_ref-kkf_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kkf-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kansan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority of state</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_06:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 06:00">UTC– 06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greeley_County,_Kansas" title="Greeley County, Kansas">Greeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Kansas" title="Hamilton County, Kansas">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman_County,_Kansas" title="Sherman County, Kansas">Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallace_County,_Kansas" title="Wallace County, Kansas">Wallace</a> counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_07:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 07:00">UTC– 07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_06:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 06:00">UTC– 06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Daylight Time">MDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">KS</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-KS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Kan., Kans.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37° N</a> to <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40° N</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">94° 35′ W to 102° 3′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kansas.gov">kansas<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Kansas</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_amphibians" title="List of U.S. state amphibians">Amphibian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barred_tiger_salamander" title="Barred tiger salamander">Barred tiger salamander</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_meadowlark" title="Western meadowlark">Western meadowlark</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">Wild sunflower</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_grasses" title="List of U.S. state grasses">Grass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Little_bluestem" class="mw-redirect" title="Little bluestem">Little bluestem</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ornate_box_turtle" title="Ornate box turtle">Ornate box turtle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plains_cottonwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains cottonwood">Plains cottonwood</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kansas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/En-us-Kansas.ogg\/En-us-Kansas.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Kansas.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/En-us-Kansas.ogg/En-us-Kansas.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Kansas.ogg" title="File:En-us-Kansas.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAN</span>-zəss</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It borders <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> to the south; and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to the west. Kansas is named after the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a>, in turn named after the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kansa</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital</a> is <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kansas" title="List of cities in Kansas">most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>; however, the largest urban area is the bi-state <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City, MO–KS metropolitan area</a>. </p><p>For thousands of years, what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Indigenous tribes</a>. The first settlement of non-indigenous people in Kansas occurred in 1827 at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>. The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> debate. When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, conflict between abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-Staters</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri broke out over the question of whether Kansas would become a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free state or a slave state</a>, in a period known as <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>. On January 29, 1861,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas entered the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> as a free state, hence the unofficial nickname "The Free State". Passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> in 1862 brought a further influx of settlers, and the booming cattle trade of the 1870s attracted some of the Wild West's most iconic figures to western Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, Kansas was among the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, corn, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its traditional strength in agriculture, Kansas possesses an extensive aerospace industry. Kansas, which has an area of 82,278 square miles (213,100 square kilometers) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">15th-largest state by area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">36th most-populous</a> of the 50 states, with a population of 2,940,865<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the 2020 census, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">10th least densely populated</a>. Residents of Kansas are called <i>Kansans</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sunflower" title="Mount Sunflower">Mount Sunflower</a> is Kansas's highest point at 4,039 feet (1,231 meters).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Kansas</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> term, <i>Akansa</i>, for the <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a> people. These were a <a href="/wiki/Dhegiha_Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhegiha Siouan">Dhegiha Siouan</a>-speaking people who settled in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> around the 13th century. The stem -<i>kansa</i> is named after the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw people</a>, also known as the <i>Kansa</i>, a federally recognized Native American tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">tribe</a>'s name (natively <i><span title="Kansa-language text"><i lang="ksk">kką:ze</i></span></i>) is often said to mean "people of the (south) wind" although this was probably not the term's original meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">History of Kansas</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-margin-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg/220px-War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg/330px-War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg/440px-War_dance_in_the_interiour_of_a_Konza_lodge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Seymour's 1819 illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kansa</a> lodge and dance is the oldest drawing known to have been done in Kansas.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>, Kansas was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddoan">Caddoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw people</a>. Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. The first European to set foot in present-day Kansas was the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>, who explored the area in 1541. </p><p>Between 1763 and 1803, the territory of Kansas was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a>. During that period, Governor <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Unzaga" title="Luis de Unzaga">Luis de Unzaga</a> 'le Conciliateur' promoted expeditions and good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Amerindians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindians">Amerindians</a>. Explorer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoine_de_Marigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoine de Marigny (page does not exist)">Antoine de Marigny</a> and others continued trading across the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a>, especially at its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803, most of modern Kansas was <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territorial acquisitions">acquired by the United States</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> until the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1848, when these lands were <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">ceded to the United States</a>. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a> traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and silver and furs from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_Remains" title="Santa Fe Trail Remains">Wagon ruts from the trail</a> are still visible in the prairie today. </p><p>In 1827, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> became law on May 30, 1854, establishing <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a> stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-margin-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lawrence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/220px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/330px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/440px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Massacre" title="Lawrence Massacre">Quantrill's Raid</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding_Kansas_and_the_Civil_War">Bleeding Kansas and the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bleeding Kansas and the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first non-military settlement of Euro-Americans in Kansas Territory consisted of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Free-Stater_(Kansas)" title="Free-Stater (Kansas)">Free-Staters</a> who founded the town of Lawrence and attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. </p><p>Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> continually sent settlers into Kansas Territory along its eastern border to sway votes in favor of slavery prior to Kansas statehood elections. Directly presaging the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> these forces collided, entering into skirmishes and guerrilla conflicts that earned the territory the nickname <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a> of 1856. </p><p>Kansas was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> as a free state on January 29, 1861, making it the 34th state to join the United States. By that time, the violence in Kansas had largely subsided, but during the Civil War, on August 21, 1863, <a href="/wiki/William_Quantrill" title="William Quantrill">William Quantrill</a> led several hundred of his supporters on a raid into <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, destroying much of the city and killing nearly 200 people. He was roundly condemned by both the conventional <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate military</a> and the partisan rangers commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri legislature">Missouri legislature</a>. His application to that body for a commission was flatly rejected due to his pre-war criminal record.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_and_the_Wild_West">Settlement and the Wild West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement and the Wild West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> in 1862 accelerated settlement and agricultural development in the state. After the Civil War, many veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas. Many African Americans also looked to Kansas as the land of "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>" and, led by <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> like <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_%22Pap%22_Singleton" title="Benjamin "Pap" Singleton">Benjamin "Pap" Singleton</a>, began establishing black colonies in the state. Leaving southern states in the late 1870s because of increasing discrimination, they became known as <a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a>. </p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a> was opened and the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">Wild West</a> era commenced in Kansas. Storied lawman <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a> was a deputy marshal at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a> and a marshal at <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a> was home to both <a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a>, who worked as lawmen in the town. The <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Gang</a> robbed trains and banks throughout Kansas and the Southwest and maintained a hideout in <a href="/wiki/Meade,_Kansas" title="Meade, Kansas">Meade</a>. In one year alone<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, eight million head of cattle from Texas boarded trains in Dodge City bound for the East, earning Dodge the nickname "Queen of the Cowtowns". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to demands of <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestants">evangelical Protestants</a>, in 1881 Kansas became the first U.S. state to adopt a constitutional amendment <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibiting</a> all <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Kansas" title="Alcohol laws of Kansas">alcoholic beverages</a>, which was repealed in 1948. Anti-saloon activist <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a> vandalized her first saloon in <a href="/wiki/Kiowa,_Kansas" title="Kiowa, Kansas">Kiowa</a> in 1900. In 1922, suffragist <a href="/wiki/Ella_Uphay_Mowry" title="Ella Uphay Mowry">Ella Uphay Mowry</a> became the first female gubernatorial candidate in the state when she ran as "Mrs. W.D. Mowry". She later stated that, "Someone had to be the pioneer. I firmly believe that some day a woman will sit in the governor's chair in Kansas."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kansas suffered severe and environmental damage in the 1930s due to the combined effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>, and large numbers of people left southwestern Kansas in particular for better opportunities elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> spurred rapid growth in aircraft manufacturing near Wichita in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kansas" title="Battle of Kansas">Battle of Kansas</a>, and the aerospace sector remains a significant portion of the Kansan economy to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pond_in_Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pond_in_Kansas.jpg/220px-Pond_in_Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pond_in_Kansas.jpg/330px-Pond_in_Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pond_in_Kansas.jpg/440px-Pond_in_Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Pond in Osage County, Kansas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Plains_LCC_(14285769265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg/220px-Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg/330px-Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg/440px-Great_Plains_LCC_%2814285769265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of Kansas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanopolissp.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kanopolissp.JPG/220px-Kanopolissp.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kanopolissp.JPG/330px-Kanopolissp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kanopolissp.JPG/440px-Kanopolissp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kanopolis_State_Park" title="Kanopolis State Park">Kanopolis State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kansas is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> to the south; and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to the west. The state is divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Kansas" title="List of counties in Kansas">105 counties</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kansas" title="List of cities in Kansas">628 cities</a>, with its largest county by area being <a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Kansas" title="Butler County, Kansas">Butler County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas is located <a href="/wiki/Equidistant" title="Equidistant">equidistant</a> from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The <a href="/wiki/Geographic_center_of_the_contiguous_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic center of the contiguous United States">geographic center of the 48 contiguous states</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Kansas" title="Smith County, Kansas">Smith County</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Kansas" title="Lebanon, Kansas">Lebanon</a>. Until 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Meades_Ranch_Triangulation_Station" title="Meades Ranch Triangulation Station">Meades Ranch Triangulation Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osborne_County,_Kansas" title="Osborne County, Kansas">Osborne County</a> was the geodetic center of North America: the central reference point for all maps of North America. The geographic center of Kansas is in <a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Kansas" title="Barton County, Kansas">Barton County</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Kansas" title="Geology of Kansas">Geology of Kansas</a></div> <p>Kansas is underlain by a sequence of horizontal to gently westward <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dipping</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. A sequence of <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> rocks outcrop in the eastern and southern part of the state. The state's western half has exposures of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> through Tertiary sediments, the latter derived from the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">uplifted</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> to the west. These are underlain by older Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments which correlate well with the outcrops to the east. The state's northeastern corner was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and is covered by <a href="/wiki/Glacial_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial drift">glacial drift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western two-thirds of the state, lying in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">great central plain</a> of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface, while the eastern third has many hills and forests. The land gradually rises from east to west; its altitude ranges from 684 ft (208 m) along the <a href="/wiki/Verdigris_River" title="Verdigris River">Verdigris River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Coffeyville,_Kansas" title="Coffeyville, Kansas">Coffeyville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Kansas" title="Montgomery County, Kansas">Montgomery County</a>, to 4,039 ft (1,231 m) at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sunflower" title="Mount Sunflower">Mount Sunflower</a>, 0.5 miles (0.80 kilometers) from the Colorado border, in <a href="/wiki/Wallace_County,_Kansas" title="Wallace County, Kansas">Wallace County</a>. It is a common misconception that Kansas is the flattest state in the nation—in 2003, a tongue-in-cheek study famously declared the state "flatter than a pancake".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Kansas has a maximum topographic relief of 3,360 ft (1,020 m),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the 23rd flattest U.S. state measured by maximum relief.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg/170px-Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg/255px-Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg/340px-Spring_River_2006-07-03_2104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spring_River_(Missouri)" title="Spring River (Missouri)">Spring River</a>, Kansas</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 74 mi (119 km) of the state's northeastern boundary is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a> (locally known as the Kaw), formed by the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River" title="Smoky Hill River">Smoky Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_River" title="Republican River">Republican</a> rivers at appropriately-named <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a>, joins the Missouri River at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>, after a course of 170 mi (270 km) across the northeastern part of the state. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River#Pronunciations" title="Arkansas River">pronunciation varies</a>), rising in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, flows with a bending course for nearly 500 mi (800 km) across the western and southern parts of the state. With its tributaries, (the <a href="/wiki/Little_Arkansas_River" title="Little Arkansas River">Little Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninnescah_River" title="Ninnescah River">Ninnescah</a>, Walnut, <a href="/wiki/Cow_Creek_(Kansas)" title="Cow Creek (Kansas)">Cow Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_River_(Arkansas_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimarron River (Arkansas River)">Cimarron</a>, Verdigris, and the <a href="/wiki/Neosho_River" title="Neosho River">Neosho</a>), it forms the southern drainage system of the state. </p><p>Kansas's other rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Saline_River_(Kansas)" title="Saline River (Kansas)">Saline</a> and Solomon Rivers, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the <a href="/wiki/Big_Blue_River_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Blue River (Kansas)">Big Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River_(Kansas)" title="Delaware River (Kansas)">Delaware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_River" title="Wakarusa River">Wakarusa</a>, which flow into the Kansas River; and the <a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_River" title="Marais des Cygnes River">Marais des Cygnes</a>, a tributary of the Missouri River. Spring River is located between <a href="/wiki/Riverton,_Kansas" title="Riverton, Kansas">Riverton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baxter_Springs,_Kansas" title="Baxter Springs, Kansas">Baxter Springs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks_and_historic_sites">National parks and historic sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National parks and historic sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Areas under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> include:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site">Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site</a> in Topeka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Larned_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Larned National Historic Site">Fort Larned National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Larned,_Kansas" title="Larned, Kansas">Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Scott National Historic Site">Fort Scott National Historic Site</a> in Bourbon County</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site" title="Nicodemus National Historic Site">Nicodemus National Historic Site</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus,_Kansas" title="Nicodemus, Kansas">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express_National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pony Express National Historic Trail">Pony Express National Historic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_National_Preserve" title="Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve">Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve</a> near <a href="/wiki/Strong_City,_Kansas" title="Strong City, Kansas">Strong City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kansas, there are currently 238 species of rare animals and 400 rare plants.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those include: <a href="/wiki/Boechera_laevigata" class="mw-redirect" title="Boechera laevigata">Smooth rockress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_rail" title="Virginia rail">Virginia rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurycea_spelaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycea spelaea">Western Grotto Salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmunda_regalis" title="Osmunda regalis">Royal Fern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey-tangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-tangle">Turkey-tangle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobolink" title="Bobolink">Bobolink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurycea_lucifuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycea lucifuga">Cave salamander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowy Plover">Snowy Plover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strecker%27s_Chorus_Frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Strecker's Chorus Frog">Strecker's Chorus Frog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">Peregrine falcon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common animal species and grasses include: <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">Crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser prairie chicken">Lesser prairie chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mole">Moles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Opossum">Virginia Opossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_Prairie_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-tailed Prairie Dog">Prairie dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripsacum_dactyloides" title="Tripsacum dactyloides">Eastern Gama Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporobolus_heterolepis" title="Sporobolus heterolepis">Prairie Dropseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghastrum_nutans" title="Sorghastrum nutans">Indian Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizachyrium_scoparium" title="Schizachyrium scoparium">Little Bluestem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switch_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch grass">Switch grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chasmanthium_latifolium" title="Chasmanthium latifolium">Northern Sea Oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carex_stricta" title="Carex stricta">Tussock Sedge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideoats_grama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sideoats grama">Sideoats grama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Bluestem" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bluestem">Big Bluestem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Kansas.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Kansas, using 1991–2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_Windmills.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kansas_Windmills.JPG/220px-Kansas_Windmills.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kansas_Windmills.JPG/330px-Kansas_Windmills.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kansas_Windmills.JPG/440px-Kansas_Windmills.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Clouds in northeastern Kansas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/220px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/330px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg/440px-Kansas_Summer_Wheat_and_Storm_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="1874" /></a><figcaption>Kansas summer wheat and storm panorama</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Kansas has three climates: humid continental, semi-arid steppe, and humid subtropical. The eastern two-thirds of the state (especially the northeastern portion) has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>, with cool to cold winters and hot, often humid summers. Most of the precipitation falls during both the summer and the spring. The <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> for Kansas range from Zone 5b (−15 °F to −10 °F) in the North to Zone 7a (0 °F to 5 °F) in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western third of the state—from roughly the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_83" title="U.S. Route 83">U.S. Route 83</a> corridor westward—has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> climate. Summers are hot, often very hot, and generally less humid. Winters are highly changeable between warm and very cold. The western region receives an average of about 16 inches (410 millimeters) of precipitation per year. <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">Chinook winds</a> in the winter can warm western Kansas all the way into the 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius) range. </p><p>The south-central and southeastern portions of the state, including the <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> area, have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> with hot and humid summers, milder winters, and more precipitation than elsewhere in Kansas. Some features of all three climates can be found in most of the state, with droughts and changeable weather between dry and humid not uncommon, and both warm and cold spells in the winter. </p><p>Temperatures in areas between U.S. Routes 83 and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_81" title="U.S. Route 81">81</a>, as well as the southwestern portion of the state along and south of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_50" title="U.S. Route 50">U.S. 50</a>, reach 90 °F (32 °C) or above on most days of June, July, and August. High humidity added to the high temperatures sends the <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a> into life-threatening territory, especially in Wichita, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Kansas" title="Russell, Kansas">Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas" title="Great Bend, Kansas">Great Bend</a>. Temperatures are often higher in <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal</a>, but the heat index in those three cities is usually lower than the actual air temperature. </p><p>Although temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher are not as common in areas east of U.S. 81, higher humidity and the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect lead most summer days to heat indices between 107 and 114 °F (42 and 46 °C) in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City metropolitan area</a>. Also, combined with humidity between 85 and 95 percent, dangerous heat indices can be experienced at every hour of the day. </p><p>Precipitation ranges from about 47 inches (1,200 mm) annually in the state's southeast corner to about 16 inches (410 mm) in the southwest. Snowfall ranges from around 5 inches (130 mm) in the fringes of the south, to 35 inches (890 mm) in the far northwest. Frost-free days range from more than 200 days in the south, to 130 days in the northwest. Thus, Kansas is the country's ninth or tenth sunniest state, depending on the source. Western Kansas is as sunny as parts of California and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. </p><p>Kansas is prone to severe weather, especially in the spring and the early-summer. Despite the frequent sunshine throughout much of the state, due to its location at a climatic boundary prone to intrusions of multiple air masses, the state is vulnerable to strong and severe thunderstorms. Some of these storms become <a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">supercell</a> thunderstorms; these can produce some <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>, occasionally those of <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale" title="Enhanced Fujita scale">EF3</a> strength or higher. Kansas averages more than 50 tornadoes annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Average_Number_of_Tornadoes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Average_Number_of_Tornadoes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe thunderstorms sometimes drop some very large <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> over Kansas as well. Furthermore, these storms can even bring in flash flooding and damaging straight line winds. </p><p>According to NOAA, the all-time highest temperature recorded in Kansas is (121 °F or 49.4 °C) on July 24, 1936, near <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Kansas" title="Alton, Kansas">Alton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osborne_County,_Kansas" title="Osborne County, Kansas">Osborne County</a>, and the all-time low is −40 °F (−40 °C) on February 13, 1905, near <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Kansas" title="Lebanon, Kansas">Lebanon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Kansas" title="Smith County, Kansas">Smith County</a>. Alton and Lebanon are approximately 50 miles (80 km) apart. </p><p>Kansas's record high of 121 °F (49.4 °C) ties with <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> for the fifth-highest record high in an American state, behind California (134 °F or 56.7 °C), <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> (128 °F or 53.3 °C), <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> (125 °F or 51.7 °C), and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (122 °F or 50 °C). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Kansas cities (°F)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th>Concordia </th> <td>36/17 </td> <td>43/22 </td> <td>54/31 </td> <td>64/41 </td> <td>74/52 </td> <td>85/62 </td> <td>91/67 </td> <td>88/66 </td> <td>80/56 </td> <td>68/44 </td> <td>51/30 </td> <td>40/21 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dodge City </th> <td>41/19 </td> <td>48/24 </td> <td>57/31 </td> <td>67/41 </td> <td>76/52 </td> <td>87/62 </td> <td>93/67 </td> <td>91/66 </td> <td>82/56 </td> <td>70/44 </td> <td>55/30 </td> <td>44/22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Goodland </th> <td>39/16 </td> <td>45/20 </td> <td>53/26 </td> <td>63/35 </td> <td>72/46 </td> <td>84/56 </td> <td>89/61 </td> <td>87/60 </td> <td>78/50 </td> <td>66/38 </td> <td>50/25 </td> <td>41/18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Topeka </th> <td>37/17 </td> <td>44/23 </td> <td>55/33 </td> <td>66/43 </td> <td>75/53 </td> <td>84/63 </td> <td>89/68 </td> <td>88/65 </td> <td>80/56 </td> <td>69/44 </td> <td>53/32 </td> <td>41/22 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wichita </th> <td>40/20 </td> <td>47/25 </td> <td>57/34 </td> <td>67/44 </td> <td>76/54 </td> <td>87/64 </td> <td>93/69 </td> <td>92/68 </td> <td>82/59 </td> <td>70/47 </td> <td>55/34 </td> <td>43/24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement">Settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kansas" title="List of cities in Kansas">List of cities in Kansas</a></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="floatright" width="300px"> <caption><b>Urban and rural populations</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1gv9xwvm9mr1nakpo8nen92qcwwggdn"></map><img usemap="#timeline_1gv9xwvm9mr1nakpo8nen92qcwwggdn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1gv9xwvm9mr1nakpo8nen92qcwwggdn.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Known as <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">rural flight</a>, the last few decades have been marked by a migratory pattern out of the countryside into cities. Out of all the cities in these Midwestern states, 89% have fewer than 3,000 people, and hundreds of those have fewer than 1,000. In Kansas alone, there are more than 6,000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Kansas" title="List of ghost towns in Kansas">ghost towns</a> and dwindling communities,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to one Kansas historian, Daniel C. Fitzgerald. At the same time, some of the communities in Johnson County (metropolitan Kansas City) are among the fastest-growing in the country. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable floatleft"> <caption><b>Cities with population of at least 15,000</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>City</th> <th>Population*</th> <th>Growth rate**</th> <th>Metro area </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></td> <td align="right">397,532</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.97%</td> <td>Wichita </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park</a></td> <td align="right">197,238</td> <td style="text-align:center;">13.77%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City, MO-KS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a></td> <td align="right">156,607</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.42%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas" title="Olathe, Kansas">Olathe</a></td> <td align="right">141,290</td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.25%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></td> <td align="right">126,587</td> <td style="text-align:center;">−0.70%</td> <td>Topeka </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a></td> <td align="right">94,934</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.32%</td> <td>Lawrence </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Kansas" title="Shawnee, Kansas">Shawnee</a></td> <td align="right">67,311</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.20%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenexa,_Kansas" title="Lenexa, Kansas">Lenexa</a></td> <td align="right">57,434</td> <td style="text-align:center;">19.18%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan</a></td> <td align="right">54,100</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.48%</td> <td>Manhattan </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a></td> <td align="right">46,889</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-1.71%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson</a></td> <td align="right">40,006</td> <td style="text-align:center;">−4.93%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></td> <td align="right">37,351</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.96%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leawood,_Kansas" title="Leawood, Kansas">Leawood</a></td> <td align="right">33,902</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.39%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City</a></td> <td align="right">28,151</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.60%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></td> <td align="right">27,788</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.64%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derby,_Kansas" title="Derby, Kansas">Derby</a></td> <td align="right">25,625</td> <td style="text-align:center;">15.65%</td> <td>Wichita </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas" title="Emporia, Kansas">Emporia</a></td> <td align="right">24,139</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-3.12%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Kansas" title="Gardner, Kansas">Gardner</a></td> <td align="right">23,287</td> <td style="text-align:center;">21.77%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Village,_Kansas" title="Prairie Village, Kansas">Prairie Village</a></td> <td align="right">22,957</td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.04%</td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a></td> <td align="right">22,932</td> <td style="text-align:center;">-1.80%</td> <td>Manhattan </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></td> <td align="right">21,116</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.95%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg</a></td> <td align="right">20,646</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.04%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal</a></td> <td align="right">19,825</td> <td style="text-align:center;">−3.41%</td> <td>‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Kansas" title="Newton, Kansas">Newton</a></td> <td align="right">18,602</td> <td style="text-align:center;">−2.77%</td> <td>Wichita </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">*2020 census<sup id="cite_ref-2017SubEst_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017SubEst-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />**Growth rate 2010–2020<br />‡Defined as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="United States micropolitan area">micropolitan area</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <p>Kansas has 627 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated cities</a>. By state statute, cities are divided into three classes as determined by the population obtained "by any census of enumeration". A city of the third class has a population of less than 5,000, but cities reaching a population of more than 2,000 may be certified as a city of the second class. The second class is limited to cities with a population of less than 25,000, and upon reaching a population of more than 15,000, they may be certified as a city of the first class. First and second class cities are independent of any <a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">township</a> and are not included within the township's territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_data">Birth data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Birth data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_gov_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_gov-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>34,178 (88.0%) </td> <td>34,420 (87.7%) </td> <td>34,251 (87.5%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>28,281 (72.8%) </td> <td>28,504 (72.7%) </td> <td>28,236 (72.1%) </td> <td>26,935 (70.8%) </td> <td>25,594 (70.1%) </td> <td>25,323 (69.8%) </td> <td>24,549 (69.4%) </td> <td>23,663 (68.8%) </td> <td>24,056 (69.3%) </td> <td>23,669 (68.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>2,967 (7.6%) </td> <td>3,097 (7.9%) </td> <td>3,090 (7.9%) </td> <td>2,543 (6.7%) </td> <td>2,657 (7.3%) </td> <td>2,575 (7.1%) </td> <td>2,458 (6.9%) </td> <td>2,412 (7.0%) </td> <td>2,316 (6.7%) </td> <td>2,208 (6.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>1,401 (3.6%) </td> <td>1,359 (3.5%) </td> <td>1,483 (3.8%) </td> <td>1,299 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,255 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,228 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,216 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,146 (3.3%) </td> <td>1,031 (3.0%) </td> <td>1,055 (3.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>293 (0.7%) </td> <td>347 (0.9%) </td> <td>330 (0.8%) </td> <td>173 (0.5%) </td> <td>248 (0.7%) </td> <td>217 (0.6%) </td> <td>214 (0.6%) </td> <td>162 (0.5%) </td> <td>183 (0.5%) </td> <td>241 (0.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a></i> (of any race) </td> <td><i>6,143</i> (15.8%) </td> <td><i>6,132</i> (15.6%) </td> <td><i>6,300</i> (16.1%) </td> <td><i>6,298</i> (16.5%) </td> <td><i>5,963</i> (16.3%) </td> <td><i>5,977</i> (16.5%) </td> <td><i>6,071</i> (17.2%) </td> <td><i>5,970</i> (17.4%) </td> <td><i>6,122</i> (17.6%) </td> <td><i>6,309</i> (18.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total Kansas</b> </td> <td><b>38,839</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>39,223</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>39,154</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>38,053</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>36,519</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>36,261</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>35,395</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,376</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,705</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,401</b> (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Since 2016, data for births of <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a> origin are not collected, but included in one <i>Hispanic</i> group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The residents of Kansas have a life expectancy near the U.S. national average. In 2013, males in Kansas lived an average of 76.6 years compared to a male national average of 76.7 years and females lived an average of 81.0 years compared to a female national average of 81.5 years. Increases in life expectancy between 1980 and 2013 were below the national average for males and near the national average for females. Male life expectancy in Kansas between 1980 and 2014 increased by an average of 5.2 years, compared to a male national average of a 6.7-year increase. Life expectancy for females in Kansas between 1980 and 2014 increased by 4.3 years, compared to a female national average of a 4.0 year increase.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using 2017–2019 data, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a> calculated that life expectancy for Kansas counties ranged from 75.8 years for <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_County,_Kansas" title="Wyandotte County, Kansas">Wyandotte County</a> to 81.7 years for <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson County</a>. Life expectancy for the state as a whole was 78.5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Wood_Johnson_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Wood_Johnson-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy for the United States as a whole in 2019 was 78.8 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Mortality_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortality-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast_Kansas">Northeast Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Northeast Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northeastern portion of the state, extending from the eastern border to <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a> and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County is home to more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City (Kansas portion), Manhattan, Lawrence, and Topeka <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park</a>, a young city incorporated in 1960, has the largest population and the largest land area in the county. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_Community_College" title="Johnson County Community College">Johnson County Community College</a>. </p><p>Olathe is the <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> and home to <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_Executive_Airport" title="Johnson County Executive Airport">Johnson County Executive Airport</a>. The cities of Olathe, <a href="/wiki/Shawnee,_Kansas" title="Shawnee, Kansas">Shawnee</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Soto,_Kansas" title="De Soto, Kansas">De Soto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Kansas" title="Gardner, Kansas">Gardner</a> have some of the state's fastest growing populations. The cities of Overland Park, <a href="/wiki/Lenexa,_Kansas" title="Lenexa, Kansas">Lenexa</a>, Olathe, De Soto, and Gardner are also notable because they lie along the former route of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a>. Among cities with at least one thousand residents, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Hills,_Kansas" title="Mission Hills, Kansas">Mission Hills</a> has the highest median income in the state. </p><p>Several institutions of higher education are located in Northeast Kansas including <a href="/wiki/Baker_University" title="Baker University">Baker University</a> (the oldest university in the state, founded in 1858 and affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>) in Baldwin City, <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College" title="Benedictine College">Benedictine College</a> (sponsored by <a href="/wiki/St._Benedict%27s_Abbey" title="St. Benedict's Abbey">St. Benedict's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Sisters_of_Mount_St._Scholastica" title="Benedictine Sisters of Mount St. Scholastica">Mount St. Scholastica Monastery</a> and formed from the merger of St. Benedict's College (1858) and Mount St. Scholastica College (1923)) in Atchison, <a href="/wiki/MidAmerica_Nazarene_University" title="MidAmerica Nazarene University">MidAmerica Nazarene University</a> in Olathe, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_University" title="Ottawa University">Ottawa University</a> in Ottawa and Overland Park, Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center in Kansas City, and KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. Less than an hour's drive to the west, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, the largest public university in the state, and <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Indian_Nations_University" title="Haskell Indian Nations University">Haskell Indian Nations University</a>. </p><p>To the north, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>, with the second largest land area in the state, contains a number of diverse ethnic neighborhoods. Its attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Speedway" title="Kansas Speedway">Kansas Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City" title="Sporting Kansas City">Sporting Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs_(American_Association)" title="Kansas City Monarchs (American Association)">Kansas City Monarchs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Legends_at_Village_West" class="mw-redirect" title="The Legends at Village West">The Legends at Village West</a> retail and entertainment center. Nearby, Kansas's first settlement <a href="/wiki/Bonner_Springs,_Kansas" title="Bonner Springs, Kansas">Bonner Springs</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is home to several national and regional attractions including the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_Wireless_Amphitheater_(Bonner_Springs,_Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket Wireless Amphitheater (Bonner Springs, Kansas)">Providence Medical Center Amphitheather</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Center_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame">National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame</a>, and the annual <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Renaissance_Festival" title="Kansas City Renaissance Festival">Kansas City Renaissance Festival</a>. Further up the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Kansas" title="Lansing, Kansas">Lansing</a> is the home of the state's first maximum-security prison. Historic <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a>, founded in 1854, was the first incorporated city in Kansas. North of the city, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> is the oldest active Army post west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Kansas" title="Atchison, Kansas">Atchison</a> was an early commercial center in the state and is well known as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a>. </p><p>To the west, nearly a quarter million people reside in the Topeka metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a> is the state capital and home to <a href="/wiki/Washburn_University" title="Washburn University">Washburn University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washburn_Institute_of_Technology" title="Washburn Institute of Technology">Washburn Institute of Technology</a>. Built at a <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a> crossing along the old <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, this historic city has several nationally registered historic places. Further westward along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 70 (Kansas)">Interstate 70</a> and the Kansas River is <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a> with its historic limestone and brick buildings and nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, well known as the home to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a> (nicknamed "the Big Red One"). A short distance away, the city of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a>, the second-largest public university in the state and the nation's oldest land-grant university, dating back to 1863. South of the campus, <a href="/wiki/Aggieville" title="Aggieville">Aggieville</a> dates back to 1889 and is the state's oldest shopping district of its kind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Central_Kansas">South Central Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Central Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In south-central Kansas, the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Wichita metropolitan area, Kansas">Wichita metropolitan area</a> is home to more than 600,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a>. Before Wichita was 'The Air Capital' it was a Cowtown.<sup id="cite_ref-gowichita1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gowichita1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Wichita's population growth has grown by double digits and the surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of <a href="/wiki/Goddard,_Kansas" title="Goddard, Kansas">Goddard</a> has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-2006SubEst_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006SubEst-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fast-growing cities include <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Kansas" title="Andover, Kansas">Andover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize,_Kansas" title="Maize, Kansas">Maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_City,_Kansas" title="Park City, Kansas">Park City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Kansas" title="Derby, Kansas">Derby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haysville,_Kansas" title="Haysville, Kansas">Haysville</a>. </p><p>Wichita was one of the first cities to add the city commissioner and city manager in their form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-gowichita1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gowichita1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wichita is also home of the nationally recognized Sedgwick County Zoo.<sup id="cite_ref-gowichita1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gowichita1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up river (the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>) from Wichita is the city of <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson</a>. The city was built on one of the world's largest salt deposits (of what would form <a href="/wiki/Strataca" title="Strataca">Strataca</a>), and it has the world's largest and longest wheat elevator. It is also the home of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Cosmosphere_and_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center">Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center</a>, Prairie Dunes Country Club and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Fair" title="Kansas State Fair">Kansas State Fair</a>. North of Wichita along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_135_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 135 (Kansas)">Interstate 135</a> is the city of <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Kansas" title="Newton, Kansas">Newton</a>, the former western terminal of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a> and trailhead for the famed <a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a>. To the southeast of Wichita are the cities of <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas" title="Winfield, Kansas">Winfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_City,_Kansas" title="Arkansas City, Kansas">Arkansas City</a> with historic architecture and the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip_(Kansas)" title="Cherokee Strip (Kansas)">Cherokee Strip</a> Museum (in Ark City). The city of <a href="/wiki/Udall,_Kansas" title="Udall, Kansas">Udall</a> was the site of the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> in Kansas on May 25, 1955; it killed 80 people in and near the city.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Kansas">Southeast Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Southeast Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Kansas" title="Southeast Kansas">Southeast Kansas</a> has a unique history with a number of nationally registered historic places in this coal-mining region. Located in <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Kansas" title="Crawford County, Kansas">Crawford County</a> (dubbed the Fried Chicken Capital of Kansas), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg</a> is the largest city in the region and the home of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a>. The neighboring city of <a href="/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas" title="Frontenac, Kansas">Frontenac</a> in 1888 was the site of the worst mine disaster in the state in which an underground explosion killed 47 miners. "<a href="/wiki/Big_Brutus" title="Big Brutus">Big Brutus</a>" is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) outside the city of <a href="/wiki/West_Mineral,_Kansas" title="West Mineral, Kansas">West Mineral</a>. Along with the restored fort, historic <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott</a> has a national cemetery designated by President Lincoln in 1862. The region also shares a Media market with <a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin, Missouri</a>, a city in Southwest Missouri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_and_North-Central_Kansas">Central and North-Central Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Central and North-Central Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a> is the largest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of <a href="/wiki/Lindsborg,_Kansas" title="Lindsborg, Kansas">Lindsborg</a> with its numerous <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian horse">Dala horses</a>. Much of the architecture and decor of this town has a distinctly Swedish style. To the east along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 70 (Kansas)">Interstate 70</a>, the historic city of <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a> was formerly a trailhead for the <a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a> and was the boyhood home of President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, and is the site of his <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Presidential_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a> and the tombs of the former president, First Lady and son who died in infancy. To the west is <a href="/wiki/Lucas,_Kansas" title="Lucas, Kansas">Lucas</a>, the Grassroots Art Capital of Kansas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwest_Kansas">Northwest Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Northwest Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks,_Kansas,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Milky Way over Monument Rocks, Kansas, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_over_Monument_Rocks%2C_Kansas%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Kansas's <a href="/wiki/Monument_Rocks_(Kansas)" title="Monument Rocks (Kansas)">Monument Rocks</a> at night</figcaption></figure> <p>Westward along the Interstate, the city of <a href="/wiki/Russell,_Kansas" title="Russell, Kansas">Russell</a>, traditionally the beginning of sparsely-populated northwest Kansas, was the base of former U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> and the boyhood home of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a> is home to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hays_State_University" title="Fort Hays State University">Fort Hays State University</a> and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, and is the largest city in the northwest with a population of around 20,001. </p><p>Two other landmarks are located in smaller towns in <a href="/wiki/Ellis_County,_Kansas" title="Ellis County, Kansas">Ellis County</a>: the "Cathedral of the Plains" is located 10 miles (16 km) east of Hays in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Kansas" title="Victoria, Kansas">Victoria</a>, and the boyhood home of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> is 15 miles (24 km) west of Hays in <a href="/wiki/Ellis,_Kansas" title="Ellis, Kansas">Ellis</a>. West of Hays, population drops dramatically, even in areas along I-70, and only two towns containing populations of more than 4,000: <a href="/wiki/Colby,_Kansas" title="Colby, Kansas">Colby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goodland,_Kansas" title="Goodland, Kansas">Goodland</a>, which are located 35 miles (56 km) apart along I-70. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southwest_Kansas">Southwest Kansas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Southwest Kansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Meat-packing" title="Golden Triangle of Meat-packing">Golden Triangle of Meat-packing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a>, famously known for the cattle drive days of the late 19th century, was built along the old <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a> route. The city of <a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal</a> is located along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of <a href="/wiki/Montezuma,_Kansas" title="Montezuma, Kansas">Montezuma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Richardson_Zoo" title="Lee Richardson Zoo">Lee Richardson Zoo</a>. In 1992, a <a href="/wiki/West_Kansas" title="West Kansas">short-lived secessionist movement</a> advocated the secession of several counties in southwest Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Around_the_state">Around the state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Around the state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalk_badlands_(Niobrara_Formation,_Upper_Cretaceous;_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs,_Gove_County,_Kansas,_USA)_3_(38442722884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg/220px-Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg/330px-Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg/440px-Chalk_badlands_%28Niobrara_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_Castle_Rock_%26_nearby_chalk_bluffs%2C_Gove_County%2C_Kansas%2C_USA%29_3_%2838442722884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>Gove County Badlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Located midway between Kansas City, Topeka, and Wichita in the heart of the Bluestem Region of the <a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills" title="Flint Hills">Flint Hills</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas" title="Emporia, Kansas">Emporia</a> has several nationally registered historic places and is the home of <a href="/wiki/Emporia_State_University" title="Emporia State University">Emporia State University</a>, well known for its Teachers College. It was also the home of newspaper man <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_population_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kansas_population_map.png/220px-Kansas_population_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kansas_population_map.png/330px-Kansas_population_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kansas_population_map.png/440px-Kansas_population_map.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A population density map of Kansas</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> estimates that the population of Kansas was 2,913,314 on July 1, 2019, a 2.11% increase since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 United States census</a> and an increase of 58,387, or 2.05%, since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstUS_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes a natural increase since the last census of 93,899 (246,484 births minus 152,585 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 20,742 people out of the state. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 44,847 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 65,589 people.<sup id="cite_ref-2006StateEstComp_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006StateEstComp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>, its population was 2,937,880. </p><p>In 2018, The top countries of origin for Kansas's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population density of Kansas is 52.9 people per square mile.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> of Kansas is located in <a href="/wiki/Chase_County,_Kansas" title="Chase County, Kansas">Chase County</a>, at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kansas&params=38_27_N_96_32_W_region:US-KS_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">96°32′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.450°N 96.533°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.450; -96.533</span></span></span></a></span></span>, approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the community of <a href="/wiki/Strong_City,_Kansas" title="Strong City, Kansas">Strong City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focus on labor-efficient grain-based agriculture—such as a large wheat farm that requires only one or a few people with large <a href="/wiki/Farm_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm machinery">machinery</a> to operate, rather than a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">vegetable farm</a> that requires many people—is causing the <a href="/wiki/Depopulation_of_the_Great_Plains" title="Depopulation of the Great Plains">de-population of rural areas</a> across Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 2,397 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>107,206</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>364,399</td><td></td><td>239.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>996,096</td><td></td><td>173.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,428,108</td><td></td><td>43.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>1,470,495</td><td></td><td>3.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>1,690,949</td><td></td><td>15.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>1,769,257</td><td></td><td>4.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>1,880,999</td><td></td><td>6.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>1,801,028</td><td></td><td>−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>1,905,299</td><td></td><td>5.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>2,178,611</td><td></td><td>14.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>2,246,578</td><td></td><td>3.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>2,363,679</td><td></td><td>5.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>2,477,574</td><td></td><td>4.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>2,688,418</td><td></td><td>8.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>2,853,118</td><td></td><td>6.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>2,937,880</td><td></td><td>3.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">2,940,546</td><td><sup id="cite_ref-USCensusEst2023_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2023-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td>0.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">1910–2020<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png/300px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png/450px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png/600px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Kansas.png 2x" data-file-width="6700" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Kansas</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2021 United States census estimates, the racial makeup of the population was:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American, non-Hispanic</a> (74.7%), <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> (12.7%), Black or African American (6.2%), Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (0.1%), two or more races (3.3%), <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> (3.2%), and American Indian and Alaska Native (1.2%). At the 2020 census, its racial and ethnic makeup was 75.6% White, 5.7% African American, 2.9% Asian American, 1.1% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.9% some other race, and 9.5% two or more races. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <caption>Kansas ethnic breakdown of population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition </th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>90.1%</td> <td>86.1%</td> <td>83.8%</td> <td>75.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>5.8%</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>2.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>3.9%</td> <td>4.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>9.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_counties_by_race.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kansas_counties_by_race.svg/300px-Kansas_counties_by_race.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kansas_counties_by_race.svg/450px-Kansas_counties_by_race.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kansas_counties_by_race.svg/600px-Kansas_counties_by_race.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Kansas by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Non-Hispanic White</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e6b8af; color:black;"> </span> 30–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc4125; color:white;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a61c00; color:white;"> </span> 60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85200c; color:white;"> </span> 70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5b0f00; color:white;"> </span> 80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#410b00; color:white;"> </span> 90%+</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Hispanic or Latino</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#76a5af; color:black;"> </span> 50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#45818e; color:black;"> </span> 60–70%</div>   </td></tr></tbody></table></div></li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2004, the population included 149,800 foreign-born (5.5% of the state population). The ten largest reported ancestry groups, which account for nearly 90% of the population, in the state are: <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> (33.75%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a> (14.4%), <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> (14.1%), <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> (7.5%), <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French</a> (4.4%), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish</a> (4.2%), <a href="/wiki/Dutch_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch American">Dutch</a> (2.5%), <a href="/wiki/Swedish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish American">Swedish</a> (2.4%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> (1.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish</a> (1.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German descendants are especially present in the northwest and northeast with German immigrants settling and founding towns such as <a href="/wiki/Nortonville,_Kansas" title="Nortonville, Kansas">Nortonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holton,_Kansas" title="Holton, Kansas">Holton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabetha,_Kansas" title="Sabetha, Kansas">Sabetha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horton,_Kansas" title="Horton, Kansas">Horton</a>. Descendants of English and of white Americans from other states are especially present in the southeast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kansas is also home to a large Czech community.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexicans are present in the southwest and make up nearly half the population in certain counties. Many African Americans in Kansas are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a>, newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a growing Asian community in Kansas. Since 1965, more and more Asian families have moved to Kansas from countries such as the Philippines, China, Korea, India, and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Birth data</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left;"> <caption style="font-size:90%"><span class="nowrap">Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race</a> </th> <th>2013<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2014<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2015<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2016<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2017<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2018<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_gov_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc_gov-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2021<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2022<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>: </td> <td>34,178 (88.0%) </td> <td>34,420 (87.7%) </td> <td>34,251 (87.5%) </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>> <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic White</a> </td> <td>28,281 (72.8%) </td> <td>28,504 (72.7%) </td> <td>28,236 (72.1%) </td> <td>26,935 (70.8%) </td> <td>25,594 (70.1%) </td> <td>25,323 (69.8%) </td> <td>24,549 (69.4%) </td> <td>23,663 (68.8%) </td> <td>24,056 (69.3%) </td> <td>23,669 (68.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>2,967 (7.6%) </td> <td>3,097 (7.9%) </td> <td>3,090 (7.9%) </td> <td>2,543 (6.7%) </td> <td>2,657 (7.3%) </td> <td>2,575 (7.1%) </td> <td>2,458 (6.9%) </td> <td>2,412 (7.0%) </td> <td>2,316 (6.7%) </td> <td>2,208 (6.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>1,401 (3.6%) </td> <td>1,359 (3.5%) </td> <td>1,483 (3.8%) </td> <td>1,299 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,255 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,228 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,216 (3.4%) </td> <td>1,146 (3.3%) </td> <td>1,031 (3.0%) </td> <td>1,055 (3.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> </td> <td>293 (0.7%) </td> <td>347 (0.9%) </td> <td>330 (0.8%) </td> <td>173 (0.5%) </td> <td>248 (0.7%) </td> <td>217 (0.6%) </td> <td>214 (0.6%) </td> <td>162 (0.5%) </td> <td>183 (0.5%) </td> <td>163 (0.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a></i> (of any race) </td> <td><i>6,143</i> (15.8%) </td> <td><i>6,132</i> (15.6%) </td> <td><i>6,300</i> (16.1%) </td> <td><i>6,298</i> (16.5%) </td> <td><i>5,963</i> (16.3%) </td> <td><i>5,977</i> (16.5%) </td> <td><i>6,071</i> (17.2%) </td> <td><i>5,970</i> (17.4%) </td> <td><i>6,122</i> (17.6%) </td> <td><i>6,309</i> (18.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total Kansas</b> </td> <td><b>38,839</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>39,223</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>39,154</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>38,053</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>36,519</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>36,261</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>35,395</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,376</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,705</b> (100%) </td> <td><b>34,401</b> (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2011, 35.0% of Kansas's population younger than one year of age belonged to minority groups (i.e., did not have two parents of non-Hispanic white ancestry).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is the most-spoken language in Kansas, with 91.3% of the population speaking only English at home as of the year 2000. 5.5% speak Spanish, 0.7% speak German, and 0.4% speak Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Kansas (2022), per PRRI </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity</a> (74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Irreligion</a> (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg/170px-Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg/255px-Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg/340px-Charles_M_Sheldon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Reverend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sheldon" title="Charles Sheldon">Charles Sheldon</a>, Topeka resident and coiner of the phrase "<a href="/wiki/What_would_Jesus_do%3F" title="What would Jesus do?">What would Jesus do?</a>"</figcaption></figure><p>The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of adults in Kansas was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-PEW_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEW-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 57% Protestant, 18% Catholic, 1% Mormon, 1% Jehovah's Witness, 20% unaffiliated, 1% Buddhism, and 2% other religions. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (ARDA) reported that the Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Kansas (at 426,611), followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with 202,989 members, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, reporting 99,329 adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-www.thearda.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, ARDA reported 414,939 Catholics, 165,658 United Methodists, and 164,486 Southern Baptists.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Religion_Research_Institute" title="Public Religion Research Institute">Public Religion Research Institute</a> (PRRI)'s study revealed 74% of the total population were Christian; among them, 59% were Protestant, 13% Catholic, and 2% Mormon. The religiously unaffiliated were 23% of the population, Unitarian Universalists 1%, and New Agers 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kansas's capital Topeka is sometimes cited as the home of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> as it was the site of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fox_Parham" title="Charles Fox Parham">Charles Fox Parham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bethel_Bible_College" title="Bethel Bible College">Bethel Bible College</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">glossolalia</a> was first claimed as the evidence of a spiritual experience referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Holy Spirit">baptism of the Holy Spirit</a> in 1901. It is also the home of Reverend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sheldon" title="Charles Sheldon">Charles Sheldon</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/In_His_Steps" title="In His Steps">In His Steps</a></i>, and was the site where the question "<a href="/wiki/What_would_Jesus_do%3F" title="What would Jesus do?">What would Jesus do?</a>" originated in a sermon of Sheldon's at Central Congregational Church. </p><p>Kansas is the location of the second <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> community west of Egypt, when the Baháʼí community of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise,_KS" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise, KS">Enterprise, KS</a> was started in 1897. From that beginning the Baháʼí Faith spread across Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Topeka is also home of the <a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">hate group</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church has garnered worldwide media attention for picketing the funerals of U.S. servicemen and women for what church members claim as "necessary to combat the fight for equality for gays and lesbians". They have sometimes successfully raised lawsuits against the city of Topeka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_immigrant_groups">Largest immigrant groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Largest immigrant groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Population <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://stacker.com/kansas/biggest-sources-immigrants-kansas">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>81,933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>13,526 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td> <td>11,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>8,223 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td>6,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>5,005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>4,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> </td> <td>3,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>3,447 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>3,326 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kansas_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas locations by per capita income">Kansas locations by per capita income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Meat-packing" title="Golden Triangle of Meat-packing">Golden Triangle of Meat-packing</a></div> <p>Kansas's total gross domestic product was $226 billion in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-s635_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s635-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's 2023 <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> was $63,732, which ranked 29th among U.S. states, and <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> was measured at $68,925.<sup id="cite_ref-r095_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r095-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-u858_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u858-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total Employment of the metropolitan areas in the State of Kansas by total Non-farm Employment in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kansas Portion of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City MO-KS MSA</a>: 468,400 non-farm, accounting for 40.9% of state GDP in 2015<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_KS_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area">Wichita, KS MSA</a>: 297,300 non-farm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka, KS MSA</a>: 112,600 non-farm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Kansas" title="Douglas County, Kansas">Lawrence KS, MSA</a>: 54,000 non-farm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas,_metropolitan_area" title="Manhattan, Kansas, metropolitan area">Manhattan, KS MSA</a>: 44,200 non-farm</li> <li>Total employment: 1,184,710</li></ul> <p>Total Number of employer establishments in 2016: 74,884<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the job growth rate was 0.8%, among the lowest rates in America with only "10,900 total nonfarm jobs" added that year.<sup id="cite_ref-kansascity_2015_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kansascity_2015-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2016, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State of Kansas had a $350 million budget shortfall in February 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_2017_revolt_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_2017_revolt-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017, S&P downgraded Kansas's credit rating to AA−.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly 90% of Kansas's land is devoted to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's agricultural outputs are cattle, sheep, wheat, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">hogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, and salt. As of 2018, there were 59,600 farms in Kansas, 86 (0.14%) of which are <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">certified organic farms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average farm in the state is about 770 acres (more than a square mile), and in 2016, the average cost of running the farm was $300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far, the most significant agricultural crop in the state is wheat. Eastern Kansas is part of the <a href="/wiki/Grain_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain Belt">Grain Belt</a>, an area of major grain production in the central United States. Approximately 40% of all winter wheat grown in the U.S. is grown in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly 95% of the wheat grown in the state is <a href="/wiki/Hard_red_winter_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard red winter wheat">hard red winter wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2016, farmers of conventionally grown wheat farmed 8.2 million acres and harvested an average of 57 bushels of wheat per acre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum, and mining. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 13em; font-size: 85%"> <caption>Largest private employers (as of 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Business </th> <th>Employees </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Industry </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spirit_AeroSystems" title="Spirit AeroSystems">Spirit AeroSystems</a> </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> </td> <td>Aviation </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint Corporation</a> </td> <td>7,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park</a> </td> <td>Telecommunications </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Textron Aviation</a> </td> <td>6,812 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> </td> <td>Aviation </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> </td> <td>4,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a> </td> <td>Automotive manufacturing </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> </td> <td>Aviation </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_Veatch" title="Black & Veatch">Black & Veatch</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park</a> </td> <td>Engineering consulting </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Beef_Packing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Beef Packing Company">National Beef</a> </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Food products </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyson_Foods" title="Tyson Foods">Tyson Foods</a> </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holcomb,_Kansas" title="Holcomb, Kansas">Holcomb</a> </td> <td>Food products </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Performance Contracting </td> <td>2,900 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenexa,_Kansas" title="Lenexa, Kansas">Lenexa</a> </td> <td>Roofing and siding </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Beef_Packing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Beef Packing Company">National Beef</a> </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a> </td> <td>Food products </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The state's economy is also heavily influenced by the aerospace industry. Several large aircraft corporations have manufacturing facilities in Wichita and Kansas City, including <a href="/wiki/Spirit_AeroSystems" title="Spirit AeroSystems">Spirit AeroSystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a> (<a href="/wiki/LearJet" class="mw-redirect" title="LearJet">LearJet</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Textron_Aviation" title="Textron Aviation">Textron Aviation</a> (a merger of the former <a href="/wiki/Cessna" title="Cessna">Cessna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Aircraft" title="Hawker Aircraft">Hawker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft" title="Beechcraft">Beechcraft</a> brands). <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> ended a decades-long history of manufacturing in Kansas between 2012 and 2013. </p><p>Major companies headquartered in Kansas include the <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas" title="Olathe, Kansas">Olathe</a>), <a href="/wiki/YRC_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="YRC Worldwide">YRC Worldwide</a> (Overland Park), and <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a> (with national headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>). </p><p>Kansas is also home to three major military installations: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> (Army), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a> (Army), and <a href="/wiki/McConnell_Air_Force_Base" title="McConnell Air Force Base">McConnell Air Force Base</a> (Air Force). Approximately 25,000 active duty soldiers and airmen are stationed at these bases which also employ approximately 8,000 civilian DoD employees. The U.S. Army Reserve also has the 451st Expeditionary Sustainment Command headquartered in Wichita that serves reservists and their units from around the region. The Kansas Air National Guard has units at <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Field" title="Forbes Field">Forbes Field</a> in Topeka and the 184th Intelligence Wing in Wichita. The Smoky Hill Weapons Range, a detachment of the Intelligence Wing, is one of the largest and busiest bombing ranges in the nation. During World War II, Kansas was home to numerous Army Air Corps training fields for training new pilots and aircrew. Many of those airfields live on today as municipal airports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp/220px-Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp/330px-Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp/440px-Kansas_electricity_production_by_type.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4184" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>Kansas electricity production by type</figcaption></figure> <p>Kansas has vast renewable resources and is a top producer of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas" title="Wind power in Kansas">wind energy</a> in the US, with an installed capacity of about 6,100 <a href="/wiki/Megawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatts">Megawatts</a> (MW) from nearly 3,200 wind turbines in 2019. Wind generated the <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Kansas" title="List of power stations in Kansas">largest share of electricity</a> from the state at 41%. An additional 700 MW of capacity was scheduled to come online during 2020. Kansas is also a leading national producer of renewable <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> fuels at nearly 600 million gallons per year.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kansas is ranked eighth in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">U.S. petroleum extraction</a>. Production has experienced a steady decline as the state's limited economical reserves especially from the <a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Basin" title="Anadarko Basin">Anadarko Basin</a> are depleted. Since <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">oil prices</a> bottomed in 1999, oil production in Kansas has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about 2.8 million barrels (450,000 cubic meters) in 2004. The <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">recent higher prices</a> have made <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon dioxide sequestration</a> and other oil recovery techniques more economical. </p><p>Kansas is also ranked eighth in U.S. natural gas production. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990s with the gradual depletion of the <a href="/wiki/Hugoton_Natural_Gas_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugoton Natural Gas Area">Hugoton Natural Gas Field</a>—the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">coalbed methane</a> production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.91 cubic kilometers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Senate_Bill_Substitute_HB_2117" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117">Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117</a></div> <p>Tax is collected by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Department_of_Revenue" title="Kansas Department of Revenue">Kansas Department of Revenue</a>. </p><p>Revenue shortfalls resulting from lower than expected tax collections and slower growth in personal income following a 1998 permanent tax reduction have contributed to the substantial growth in the state's debt level as bonded debt increased from $1.16 billion in 1998 to $3.83 billion in 2006. Some increase in debt was expected as the state continues with its 10-year Comprehensive Transportation Program enacted in 1999. </p><p>In 2003, Kansas had three income brackets for income tax calculation, ranging from 3.5% to 6.45%. </p><p>The state sales tax in Kansas is 6.15%. Various cities and counties in Kansas have an additional local sales tax. Except during the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> (March–November 2001), when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and two rate increases have been enacted. If there had been no change in sales tax rates or in the economy, the total sales tax collections for 2003 would have been $1,797 million, compared to $805.3 million in 1990. However, they instead amounted to $1,630 million an inflation-adjusted reduction of 10%. The state sales tax is a combined destination-based tax, meaning a single tax is applied that includes state, county, and local taxes, and the rate is based on where the consumer takes possession of the goods or services. Thanks to the destination structure and the numerous local special taxing districts, Kansas has 920 separate sales tax rates ranging from 6.5% to 11.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This taxing scheme, known as "<a href="/wiki/Streamlined_Sales_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamlined Sales Tax">Streamlined Sales Tax</a>" was adopted on October 1, 2005, under the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groceries are subject to sales tax in the state. All sales tax collected is remitted to the state department of revenue, and local taxes are then distributed to the various taxing agencies. </p><p>As of June 2004, <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Service</a> ranked the state 14th for net tax-supported debt per capita. As a percentage of personal income, it was at 3.8%—above the median value of 2.5% for all rated states and having risen from a value of less than 1% in 1992. The state has a statutory requirement to maintain cash reserves of at least 7.5% of expenses at the end of each fiscal year; however, lawmakers can vote to override the rule, and did so during the most recent budget agreement. </p><p>During his campaign for the 2010 election, Governor <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> called for a complete "phase out of Kansas's income tax".<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2012, Governor Brownback signed into law the <b>Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-HB2117_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HB2117-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 2013, the "ambitious tax overhaul" trimmed income tax, eliminated some corporate taxes, and created <a href="/wiki/Flow-through_entity" title="Flow-through entity">pass-through income</a> tax exemptions, he raised the sales tax by one percent to offset the loss to state revenues but that was inadequate. He made cuts to education and some state services to offset lost revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-stltoday_2013_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stltoday_2013-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tax cut led to years of budget shortfalls, culminating in a $350 million budget shortfall in February 2017. From 2013 to 2017, 300,000 businesses were considered to be pass-through income entities and benefited from the tax exemption. The tax reform "encouraged tens of thousands of Kansans to claim their wages and salaries as income from a business rather than from employment."<sup id="cite_ref-WP_2017_revolt_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_2017_revolt-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic growth that Brownback anticipated never materialized. He argued that it was because of "low wheat and oil prices and a downturn in aircraft sales".<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state general fund debt load was $83 million in fiscal year 2010 and by fiscal year 2017 the debt load sat at $179 million.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Governor Brownback earned the title of "most unpopular governor in America". Only 26 percent of Kansas voters approved of his job performance, compared to 65 percent who said they did not.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 2016 <a href="/wiki/S%26P_Global" title="S&P Global">S&P Global</a> Ratings downgraded Kansas's credit rating.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2017, S&P lowered it to AA−.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_S&P_ratings_2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2017, a bi-partisan coalition presented a bill that would repeal the pass-through income exemption, the "most important provisions of Brownback's overhaul", and raise taxes to make up for the budget shortfall. Brownback vetoed the bill but "45 GOP legislators had voted in favor of the increase, while 40 voted to uphold the governor's veto."<sup id="cite_ref-WP_2017_revolt_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_2017_revolt-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 6, 2017, a coalition of Democrats and newly elected Republicans overrode [Brownback's] veto and implemented tax increases to a level close to what it was before 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownback's tax overhaul was described in a June 2017 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> as the United States' "most aggressive experiment in conservative economic policy".<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drastic tax cuts had "threatened the viability of schools and infrastructure" in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_tax_experiment_dead_2017-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National-atlas-kansas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National-atlas-kansas.PNG/300px-National-atlas-kansas.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National-atlas-kansas.PNG/450px-National-atlas-kansas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National-atlas-kansas.PNG/600px-National-atlas-kansas.PNG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Kansas Highway Map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I35Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/I35Kansas.jpg/220px-I35Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/I35Kansas.jpg/330px-I35Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/I35Kansas.jpg/440px-I35Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Kansas is served by two <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">beltway</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Spur_route" title="Spur route">spur routes</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Bypass_(road)" title="Bypass (road)">bypasses</a>, with over 874 miles (1,407 km) in all. The first section of Interstate in the nation was opened on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas" title="Interstate 70 in Kansas">Interstate 70</a> (I-70) just west of <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a> on November 14, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I-70 is a major east–west route connecting to <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. Cities along this route (from west to east) include <a href="/wiki/Colby,_Kansas" title="Colby, Kansas">Colby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonner_Springs,_Kansas" title="Bonner Springs, Kansas">Bonner Springs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Kansas" title="Interstate 35 in Kansas">I-35</a> is a major north–south route connecting to <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma and <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>. Cities along this route (from south to north) include <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado,_Kansas" title="El Dorado, Kansas">El Dorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas" title="Emporia, Kansas">Emporia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas" title="Ottawa, Kansas">Ottawa</a>, and Kansas City (and suburbs). </p><p>Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_135_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 135 (Kansas)">I-135</a>, a north–south route, connects I-35 at Wichita to I-70 at Salina. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_335_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 335 (Kansas)">I-335</a>, a southwest–northeast route, connects I-35 at Emporia to I-70 at Topeka. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Turnpike" title="Kansas Turnpike">Kansas Turnpike</a>. Bypasses include <a href="/wiki/Interstate_470_(Kansas)" title="Interstate 470 (Kansas)">I-470</a> around Topeka, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_235_(Kansas)" title="Interstate 235 (Kansas)">I-235</a> around Wichita, and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_670_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 670 (Kansas)">I-670</a> in downtown Kansas City. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_435_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 435 (Kansas)">I-435</a> is a beltway around the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City metropolitan area</a> while <a href="/wiki/Interstate_635_(Kansas%E2%80%93Missouri)" title="Interstate 635 (Kansas–Missouri)">I-635</a> bypasses through Kansas City. </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 69 in Kansas">U.S. Route 69</a> (US-69) travels south to north, from Oklahoma to Missouri. The highway passes through the eastern section of Kansas, traveling through <a href="/wiki/Baxter_Springs,_Kansas" title="Baxter Springs, Kansas">Baxter Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontenac,_Kansas" title="Frontenac, Kansas">Frontenac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisburg,_Kansas" title="Louisburg, Kansas">Louisburg</a>, and the Kansas City area. </p><p>Kansas also has the country's third largest state highway system after Texas and California. This is because of the high number of counties and <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seats</a> (105) and their intertwining. </p><p>In January 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Department_of_Transportation" title="Kansas Department of Transportation">Kansas Department of Transportation</a> (KDOT) announced the new Kansas <a href="/wiki/5-1-1" title="5-1-1">511</a> traveler information service.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By dialing 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstate_Highways">Interstate Highways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Interstate Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/I-35.svg/24px-I-35.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/I-35.svg/36px-I-35.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/I-35.svg/48px-I-35.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Kansas" title="Interstate 35 in Kansas">I-35</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-135.svg/30px-I-135.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-135.svg/45px-I-135.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/I-135.svg/60px-I-135.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_135" title="Interstate 135">I-135</a> (formerly known as I-35W)</li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/I-235.svg/30px-I-235.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/I-235.svg/45px-I-235.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/I-235.svg/60px-I-235.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_235_(Kansas)" title="Interstate 235 (Kansas)">I-235</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/I-335.svg/30px-I-335.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/I-335.svg/45px-I-335.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/I-335.svg/60px-I-335.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_335_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 335 (Kansas)">I-335</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/I-435.svg/30px-I-435.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/I-435.svg/45px-I-435.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/I-435.svg/60px-I-435.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_435" title="Interstate 435">I-435</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/I-635.svg/30px-I-635.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/I-635.svg/45px-I-635.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/I-635.svg/60px-I-635.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_635_(Kansas%E2%80%93Missouri)" title="Interstate 635 (Kansas–Missouri)">I-635</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/24px-I-70.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/36px-I-70.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I-70.svg/48px-I-70.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Kansas" title="Interstate 70 in Kansas">I-70</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I-470.svg/30px-I-470.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I-470.svg/45px-I-470.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/I-470.svg/60px-I-470.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_470_(Kansas)" title="Interstate 470 (Kansas)">I-470</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-670.svg/30px-I-670.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-670.svg/45px-I-670.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-670.svg/60px-I-670.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_670_(Kansas%E2%80%93Missouri)" title="Interstate 670 (Kansas–Missouri)">I-670</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._Routes">U.S. Routes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: U.S. Routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_24.svg/24px-US_24.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_24.svg/36px-US_24.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US_24.svg/48px-US_24.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 24 in Kansas">US-24</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_36.svg/24px-US_36.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_36.svg/36px-US_36.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/US_36.svg/48px-US_36.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_36_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 36 in Kansas">US-36</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_40.svg/24px-US_40.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_40.svg/36px-US_40.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/US_40.svg/48px-US_40.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_40_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 40 in Kansas">US-40</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_50.svg/24px-US_50.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_50.svg/36px-US_50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_50.svg/48px-US_50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 50 in Kansas">US-50</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_54.svg/24px-US_54.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_54.svg/36px-US_54.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_54.svg/48px-US_54.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_54_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 54 in Kansas">US-54</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/US_56.svg/24px-US_56.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/US_56.svg/36px-US_56.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/US_56.svg/48px-US_56.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_56_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 56 in Kansas">US-56</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_59.svg/24px-US_59.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_59.svg/36px-US_59.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_59.svg/48px-US_59.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_59_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 59 in Kansas">US-59</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_159.svg/30px-US_159.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_159.svg/45px-US_159.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_159.svg/60px-US_159.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_159_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 159 in Kansas">US-159</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_160.svg/30px-US_160.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_160.svg/45px-US_160.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US_160.svg/60px-US_160.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_160_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 160 in Kansas">US-160</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_166.svg/30px-US_166.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_166.svg/45px-US_166.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_166.svg/60px-US_166.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_166_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 166 in Kansas">US-166</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/24px-US_69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/36px-US_69.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_69.svg/48px-US_69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_69_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 69 in Kansas">US-69</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_169.svg/30px-US_169.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_169.svg/45px-US_169.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_169.svg/60px-US_169.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_169_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 169 in Kansas">US-169</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_270.svg/30px-US_270.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_270.svg/45px-US_270.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_270.svg/60px-US_270.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_270_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 270 in Kansas">US-270</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_73.svg/24px-US_73.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_73.svg/36px-US_73.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_73.svg/48px-US_73.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_73_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 73 in Kansas">US-73</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_75.svg/24px-US_75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_75.svg/36px-US_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/US_75.svg/48px-US_75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 75 in Kansas">US-75</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_77.svg/24px-US_77.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_77.svg/36px-US_77.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/US_77.svg/48px-US_77.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 77 in Kansas">US-77</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_177.svg/30px-US_177.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_177.svg/45px-US_177.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_177.svg/60px-US_177.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_177_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 177 in Kansas">US-177</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_81.svg/24px-US_81.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_81.svg/36px-US_81.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/US_81.svg/48px-US_81.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_81_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 81 in Kansas">US-81</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_281.svg/30px-US_281.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_281.svg/45px-US_281.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_281.svg/60px-US_281.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_281_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 281 in Kansas">US-281</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_83.svg/24px-US_83.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_83.svg/36px-US_83.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_83.svg/48px-US_83.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_83_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 83 in Kansas">US-83</a> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_183.svg/30px-US_183.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_183.svg/45px-US_183.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_183.svg/60px-US_183.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 183 in Kansas">US-183</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_283.svg/30px-US_283.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_283.svg/45px-US_283.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_283.svg/60px-US_283.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_283_in_Kansas" title="U.S. Route 283 in Kansas">US-283</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/US_400.svg/30px-US_400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/US_400.svg/45px-US_400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/US_400.svg/60px-US_400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_400_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 400 in Kansas">US-400</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state's only major commercial (<a href="/wiki/Airspace_class_(United_States)" title="Airspace class (United States)">Class C</a>) airport is <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_National_Airport" title="Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport">Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport</a>, located along <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_54_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 54 (Kansas)">US-54</a> on the western edge of the city. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Regional_Airport" title="Manhattan Regional Airport">Manhattan Regional Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan</a> offers daily flights to <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> and Chicago's <a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">O'Hare International Airport</a>, making it the second-largest commercial airport in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_International_Airport" title="Kansas City International Airport">Kansas City International Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Missouri" title="Platte County, Missouri">Platte County, Missouri</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Topeka_Regional_Airport" title="Topeka Regional Airport">Topeka Regional Airport</a> in the state's capital. </p><p>In the state's southeastern part, people often use <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_International_Airport" title="Tulsa International Airport">Tulsa International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joplin_Regional_Airport" title="Joplin Regional Airport">Joplin Regional Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin, Missouri</a>. For those in the far western part of the state, <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a> is a popular option. Connecting flights are also available from smaller Kansas airports in <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City_Regional_Airport" title="Dodge City Regional Airport">Dodge City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Regional_Airport" title="Garden City Regional Airport">Garden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hays_Regional_Airport" title="Hays Regional Airport">Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Municipal_Airport_(Kansas)" title="Hutchinson Municipal Airport (Kansas)">Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Mid-America_Regional_Airport" title="Liberal Mid-America Regional Airport">Liberal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Salina_Municipal_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Salina Municipal Airport">Salina</a>. </p><p>Dotted across the state are smaller regional and municipal airports, including the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Municipal_Airport_(Kansas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Municipal Airport (Kansas)">Lawrence Municipal Airport</a>, which houses many aircraft for the city of Lawrence and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, Miami County Airport, Wamego Airport, <a href="/wiki/Osage_City_Municipal_Airport" title="Osage City Municipal Airport">Osage City Municipal Airport</a>, which is the headquarters of <i>Skydive Kansas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Regional_Airport" title="Garden City Regional Airport">Garden City Regional Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Regional_Airport" title="Manhattan Regional Airport">Manhattan Regional Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City_Regional_Airport" title="Dodge City Regional Airport">Dodge City Regional Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_railroads" title="List of Kansas railroads">List of Kansas railroads</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg/300px-Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg/450px-Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg/600px-Stouffer%27s_Railroad_Map_of_Kansas_1915-1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>1915–1918 Kansas railroad map</figcaption></figure> <p>Up through the mid 20th century, railroads connected most cities in Kansas. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, less profitable links were abandoned for <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">scrap metal drives</a>, then additional mileage was reduced as passenger service was halted caused by the wide spread use of automobiles and trucking on the expanding highway system. </p><p>For passenger service, currently the <i><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> route runs through the state on its route from Chicago, Illinois to Los Angeles, California on the <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a> railway. Stops in Kansas include <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton,_Kansas" title="Newton, Kansas">Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway" title="Amtrak Thruway">Amtrak Thruway</a> connects Newton to the <i><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Flyer" title="Heartland Flyer">Heartland Flyer</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been proposals to modify the Amtrak routing through Kansas, such as: removing rail service from the <i><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a> and Dodge City,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extending rail service for the <i><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Flyer" title="Heartland Flyer">Heartland Flyer</a></i> from Oklahoma City to Newton with new stops at <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_City,_Kansas" title="Arkansas City, Kansas">Arkansas City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For freight service, there are three <a href="/wiki/Class_I_rail_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I rail carrier">Class I railroads</a> in Kansas: <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific">Union Pacific</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">CPKC</a>; as well as many <a href="/wiki/Shortline_railroad" title="Shortline railroad">shortline railroads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit">Transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid; width:50em; margin:0.2em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Local transit map </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:1002px"><div style="position:relative;width:1000px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Kansas_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kansas is located in Kansas"><img alt="Kansas is located in Kansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USA_Kansas_location_map.svg/1000px-USA_Kansas_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USA_Kansas_location_map.svg/1500px-USA_Kansas_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USA_Kansas_location_map.svg/2000px-USA_Kansas_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="783" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.975%;left:28.912%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="D-TRAN"><img alt="D-TRAN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/D-TRAN" title="D-TRAN">D-TRAN</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.716%;left:18.048%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Finney County Transit"><img alt="Finney County Transit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Finney_County_Transit" title="Finney County Transit">Finney County Transit</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.95%;left:17.439%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Liberal City Bus"><img alt="Liberal City Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Liberal_City_Bus" title="Liberal City Bus">Liberal City Bus</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.135%;left:55.293%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rcat"><img alt="Rcat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:11px"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Reno_County_Area_Transit" title="Reno County Area Transit">Rcat</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.983%;left:62.866%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wichita Transit"><img alt="Wichita Transit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:11px"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Transit" title="Wichita Transit">Wichita Transit</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.794%;left:77.466%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lcat"><img alt="Lcat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County_Area_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon County Area Transportation">Lcat</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.027%;left:96.142%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PACT/Gus Bus"><img alt="PACT/Gus Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:11px"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_Area_Community_Transit_and_Gus_Bus" title="Pittsburg Area Community Transit and Gus Bus">PACT/Gus Bus</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.984%;left:59.378%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CityGo"><img alt="CityGo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/CityGo" title="CityGo">CityGo</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.019%;left:72.635%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="ATA Bus"><img alt="ATA Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/ATA_Bus" title="ATA Bus">ATA Bus</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.139%;left:89.419%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lawrence Transit"><img alt="Lawrence Transit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Transit" title="Lawrence Transit">Lawrence Transit</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.904%;left:83.888%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Topeka Metro"><img alt="Topeka Metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Topeka_Metro" title="Topeka Metro">Topeka Metro</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.72%;left:94.7%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Johnson County Transit"><img alt="Johnson County Transit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_Transit" title="Johnson County Transit">Johnson County Transit</a></small></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.896%;left:97.13%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KCATA"><img alt="KCATA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/20px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/30px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Icon-mode-bus-default.svg/40px-Icon-mode-bus-default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:11px;left:-3em"><div><b><small><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Area_Transportation_Authority" title="Kansas City Area Transportation Authority">KCATA</a></small></b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Kansas_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Kansas location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Local Transit Systems (Only systems with fixed-route services are shown)</div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Law and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_local_politics">State and local politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: State and local politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kansas" title="Government of Kansas">Government of Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Kansas" title="Political party strength in Kansas">Political party strength in Kansas</a></div> <p><b>Executive branch</b>: The executive branch consists of one officer and five elected officers. The governor and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Kansas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Kansas">lieutenant governor</a> are elected on the same <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">ticket</a>. The attorney general, secretary of state, state treasurer, and state insurance commissioner are each elected separately. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">Legislative branch</a></b>: The <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Legislature" title="Kansas Legislature">Kansas Legislature</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Kansas House of Representatives">Kansas House of Representatives</a>, with 125 members serving two-year terms, and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Senate" title="Kansas Senate">Kansas Senate</a>, with 40 members serving four-year terms. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">Judicial branch</a></b>: The judicial branch of the state government is <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">headed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Kansas Supreme Court</a>. The court has seven judges. A vacancy is filled by the Governor picking one of three nominees selected by the nine-member <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court_Nominating_Commission" title="Kansas Supreme Court Nominating Commission">Kansas Supreme Court Nominating Commission</a>. The board consists of five Kansas lawyers elected by other Kansas lawyers and four members selected by the governor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Political culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1930s, Kansas has remained one of the most socially conservative states in the nation. The 1990s brought the defeat of prominent Democrats, including <a href="/wiki/Dan_Glickman" title="Dan Glickman">Dan Glickman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas State Board of Education">Kansas State Board of Education</a>'s 1999 decision to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. The next year, the state passed a law setting a minimum age for marriage at 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas's path to a solid Republican state has been examined by journalist and historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Thomas Frank</a> in his 2004 book <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_the_Matter_with_Kansas%3F_(book)" title="What's the Matter with Kansas? (book)">What's the Matter with Kansas?</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_state_politics">19th-century state politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 19th-century state politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1887 Kansas women could vote in city elections and <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_women_mayors_in_the_United_States#Kansas" title="List of first women mayors in the United States">hold certain offices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_state_politics">20th-century state politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 20th-century state politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kansas was the first state to institute a system of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> (1910) and to regulate the <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> industry (1911). Kansas also permitted <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in 1912, almost a decade before the federal constitution was amended to require it.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suffrage in all states would not be guaranteed until ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> in 1920. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager government</a> model was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following World War I while many American cities were being run by <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pendergast" title="Tom Pendergast">Pendergast Machine</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. Kansas was also at the center of <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> of <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></i>, a 1954 Supreme Court decision that banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S., though, infamously, many Kansas residents opposed the decision, and it led to protests in Topeka after the verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state backed Republican Presidential Candidates <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> in <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1940 United States presidential election in Kansas">1940</a> and <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1944 United States presidential election in Kansas">1944</a>, respectively, breaking ranks with the majority of the country in the election of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. Kansas also supported Dewey in <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1948 United States presidential election in Kansas">1948</a> despite the presence of incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who hailed from <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, approximately 15 miles (24 km) east of the Kansas–Missouri state line. After Roosevelt carried Kansas in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1936 United States presidential election in Kansas">1936</a>, only one Democrat has won the state since, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas" title="1964 United States presidential election in Kansas">1964</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_state_politics">21st-century state politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 21st-century state politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Voter Registration as of November 2023<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Number of voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">869,391 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent politician (United States)">Unaffiliated</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">554,236 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">506,640 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FED105; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24,088 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.23% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">1,954,355 </th> <th style="text-align:center;">100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2008, Democrat Governor <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> vetoed permits for the construction of new coal-fired energy plants in Kansas, saying: "We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. As an agricultural state, Kansas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term—but also for generations of Kansans to come."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shortly after Mark Parkinson became governor in 2009 upon Sebelius's resignation to become Secretary of U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Parkinson announced a compromise plan to allow construction of a coal-fired plant. </p><p>In 2010, Republican <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> was elected governor with 63 percent of the state vote. He was sworn in as governor in 2011, Kansas's first Republican governor in eight years. Brownback had established himself as a conservative member of the U.S. Senate in years prior, but made several controversial decisions after becoming governor, leading to a 23% approval rating among registered voters – the lowest of any governor in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2011, much to the opposition of art leaders and enthusiasts in the state, Brownback eliminated the Kansas Arts Commission, making Kansas the first state without an arts agency.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2011, Brownback announced plans to close the Lawrence branch of the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services as a cost-saving measure. Hundreds rallied against the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence City Commission later voted to provide the funding needed to keep the branch open.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Laura_Kelly" title="Laura Kelly">Laura Kelly</a> defeated former Secretary of State of Kansas <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kobach" title="Kris Kobach">Kris Kobach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Kansas gubernatorial election">2018 election for Governor</a> with 48.0% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Laura_Kelly_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Laura_Kelly-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wichita_Eagle_Laura_Kelly_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichita_Eagle_Laura_Kelly-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2022, Kansas voters rejected the controversial <a href="/wiki/2022_Kansas_Value_Them_Both_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Kansas Value Them Both Amendment">Value Them Both Amendment</a>, which would have eliminated the right to an abortion in the state constitution. The vote was the first referendum on abortion since <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> was overturned earlier that summer, and the result was hailed as a landmark victory for pro-choice advocates in the traditionally socially conservative state.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2020 study, Kansas was ranked as the 13th hardest state for citizens to vote in.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics">National politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">United States congressional delegations from Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">United States presidential elections in Kansas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/170px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/255px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/340px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>) was born near Topeka and served as a State Legislator, Congressman and Senator, before becoming Vice President (1929–33). He is the only Native American elected to the Executive Branch (he was born into the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaw Nation">Kaw Nation</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas,_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg/300px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg/450px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg/600px-United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas%2C_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The state's current delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress of the United States</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas" title="Manhattan, Kansas">Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Marshall (politician)">Roger Marshall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas" title="Great Bend, Kansas">Great Bend</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, Kansas is represented by Republican Representatives <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Mann" title="Tracey Mann">Tracey Mann</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quinter,_Kansas" title="Quinter, Kansas">Quinter</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_Congressional_District_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Congressional District of Kansas">District 1</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jake_LaTurner" title="Jake LaTurner">Jake LaTurner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/2nd_Congressional_District_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Congressional District of Kansas">District 2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ron_Estes" title="Ron Estes">Ron Estes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_Congressional_District_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Congressional District of Kansas">District 4</a>), and Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Sharice_Davids" title="Sharice Davids">Sharice Davids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a> (<a href="/wiki/3rd_Congressional_District_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Congressional District of Kansas">District 3</a>) Davids is the second Native American to represent Kansas in Congress, after Republican <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a>). </p><p>Historically, Kansas has been strongly Republican, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Antebellum era">Antebellum</a> age when the Republican Party was created out of the movement opposing the extension of slavery into Kansas Territory. Kansas has not elected a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> to the U.S. Senate since the 1932 election, when <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won his first term as president in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. This is the longest Senate losing streak for either party in a single state. Senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> was a candidate for the Republican party nomination for president in 2008. Brownback was not a candidate for re-election to a third full term in 2010, but he was elected Governor in that year's general election. Moran defeated Tiahrt for the Republican nomination for Brownback's seat in the August 2010 primary, then won a landslide general election victory over Democrat Lisa Johnston. </p><p>The only non-Republican presidential candidates Kansas has given its electoral vote to are Populist <a href="/wiki/James_Baird_Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baird Weaver">James Weaver</a> and Democrats <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> (once), <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, Franklin Roosevelt (twice), and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won the state's six electoral votes by an overwhelming margin of 25 percentage points with 62% of the vote. The only two counties to support Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in that election were <a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_County,_Kansas" title="Wyandotte County, Kansas">Wyandotte</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Kansas" title="Douglas County, Kansas">Douglas</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>. The 2008 election brought similar results as <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> won the state with 57% of the votes. Douglas, Wyandotte, and <a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Kansas" title="Crawford County, Kansas">Crawford County</a> were the only counties in support of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abilene was the boyhood home to Republican president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, and he maintained lifelong ties to family and friends there. Kansas was the adult home of two losing Republican candidates (Governor <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> and Senator Bob Dole in <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>). </p><p>The <i>New York Times</i> reported in September 2014 that as the Democratic candidate for Senator has tried to drop out of the race, independent <a href="/wiki/Greg_Orman" title="Greg Orman">Greg Orman</a> has attracted enough bipartisan support to seriously challenge the reelection bid of Republican Pat Roberts: </p> <dl><dd>Kansas politics have been roiled in recent years. The rise of the Tea Party and the election of President Obama have prompted Republicans to embrace a purer brand of conservatism and purge what had long been a robust moderate wing from its ranks. Mr. Roberts has sought to adapt to this new era, voting against spending bills that included projects for the state that he had sought.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_laws">State laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: State laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Kansas" title="Alcohol laws of Kansas">Alcohol laws of Kansas</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">legal drinking age</a> in Kansas is 21. In lieu of the state retail sales tax, a 10% Liquor Drink Tax is collected for liquor consumed on the licensed premises and an 8% Liquor Enforcement Tax is collected on retail purchases. Although the sale of cereal <a href="/wiki/Malt_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt beverage">malt beverage</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/3.2_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="3.2 beer">3.2 beer</a>) was legalized in 1937, the first post-<a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> legalization of alcoholic liquor did not occur until the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas Constitution">state's constitution</a> was amended in 1948. The following year the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Legislature" title="Kansas Legislature">Legislature</a> enacted the Liquor Control Act which created a system of regulating, licensing, and taxing, and the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) was created to enforce the act. The power to regulate cereal malt beverage remains with the cities and counties. Liquor-by-the-drink did not become legal until passage of an amendment to the state's constitution in 1986 and additional legislation the following year. As of November 2006, Kansas still has 29 <a href="/wiki/Dry_county" title="Dry county">dry counties</a> and only 17 counties have passed liquor-by-the-drink with no food sales requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are more than 2,600 liquor and 4,000 cereal malt beverage licensees in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 12, 2022, Gov. Laura Kelly signed legislation (Senate Bill 84) that legalizes sports betting in the state, making Kansas the 35th state to approve sports wagering in the US. This would give the four state-owned casinos the right to partner with online bookmakers and up to 50 retailers, including gas stations and restaurants, to engage in sports betting.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kansas" title="Education in Kansas">Education in Kansas</a></div> <p>Education in Kansas is governed at the primary and secondary school level by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas State Board of Education">Kansas State Board of Education</a>. The state's public colleges and universities are supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Board_of_Regents" title="Kansas Board of Regents">Kansas Board of Regents</a>. </p><p>Twice since 1999 the Board of Education has approved changes in the state science curriculum standards that encouraged the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>. Both times, the standards were reversed after changes in the composition of the board in the next election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overland_Theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overland_Theater.jpg/220px-Overland_Theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overland_Theater.jpg/330px-Overland_Theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Overland_Theater.jpg/440px-Overland_Theater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>The Rio Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park,_Kansas" title="Overland Park, Kansas">Overland Park</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kansas" title="Music of Kansas">Music of Kansas</a></div> <p>The rock band <a href="/wiki/Kansas_(band)" title="Kansas (band)">Kansas</a> was formed in the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>, the hometown of several of the band's members. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh" title="Joe Walsh">Joe Walsh</a>, guitarist for the famous rock band the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a>, was born in Wichita. <a href="/wiki/Danny_Carey" title="Danny Carey">Danny Carey</a>, drummer for the band <a href="/wiki/Tool_(band)" title="Tool (band)">Tool</a>, was raised in Paola. </p><p>Singers from Kansas include <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a> native <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Etheridge" title="Melissa Etheridge">Melissa Etheridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Kansas" title="Sharon, Kansas">Sharon</a> native <a href="/wiki/Martina_McBride" title="Martina McBride">Martina McBride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanute,_Kansas" title="Chanute, Kansas">Chanute</a> native <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Knapp" title="Jennifer Knapp">Jennifer Knapp</a> (whose first album was titled <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_(Jennifer_Knapp_album)" title="Kansas (Jennifer Knapp album)">Kansas</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a> native <a href="/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e" title="Janelle Monáe">Janelle Monáe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Village,_Kansas" title="Prairie Village, Kansas">Prairie Village</a> native <a href="/wiki/Joyce_DiDonato" title="Joyce DiDonato">Joyce DiDonato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal,_Kansas" title="Liberal, Kansas">Liberal</a> native <a href="/wiki/Jerrod_Niemann" title="Jerrod Niemann">Jerrod Niemann</a>. </p><p>The state anthem is the American classic <a href="/wiki/Home_on_the_Range" title="Home on the Range">Home on the Range</a>, written by Kansan Brewster Higley. Another song, the official state march adopted by the Kansas Legislature in 1935 is called <i>The Kansas March</i>, which features the lyrics, "Blue sky above us, silken strands of heat, Rim of the far horizon, where earth and heaven meet, Kansas as a temple, stands in velvet sod, Shrine which the sunshine, sanctifies to God."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Notable_Book_Awards" title="Kansas Notable Book Awards">Kansas Notable Book Awards</a></div> <p>The state's most famous appearance in literature was as the home of Dorothy Gale, the main character in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> (1900). <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(novel)" title="Little House on the Prairie (novel)">Little House on the Prairie</a></i>, published in 1935, is another well-known tale about Kansas. </p><p>Kansas was also the setting of the 1965 best-seller <i><a href="/wiki/In_Cold_Blood" title="In Cold Blood">In Cold Blood</a></i>, described by its author <a href="/wiki/Truman_Capote" title="Truman Capote">Truman Capote</a> as a "nonfiction novel". Mixing fact and fiction, the book chronicles the events and aftermath of the 1959 murder of a wealthy farmer and his family who lived in the small West Kansas town of <a href="/wiki/Holcomb,_Kansas" title="Holcomb, Kansas">Holcomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finney_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Finney County">Finney County</a>. </p><p>The fictional town of <a href="/wiki/Smallville" title="Smallville">Smallville</a>, Kansas is the childhood home of Clark Kent/<a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> in American comic books published by <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>. Also Keystone City is a Kansas city where <a href="/wiki/The_Flash" title="The Flash">The Flash</a> works and lives. </p><p>The science fiction novella <i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Dog" title="A Boy and His Dog">A Boy and His Dog</a></i>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/A_Boy_and_His_Dog_(1975_film)" title="A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)">film</a> based on it,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> take place in post-apocalyptic <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>. </p><p>The winner of the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Newbery_Medal" title="Newbery Medal">Newbery Medal</a> for excellence in children's literature, <i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Over_Manifest" title="Moon Over Manifest">Moon Over Manifest</a></i>, tells the story of a young and adventurous girl named Abilene who is sent to the fictional town of Manifest, Kansas, by her father in the summer of 1936. It was written by Kansan <a href="/wiki/Clare_Vanderpool" title="Clare Vanderpool">Clare Vanderpool</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a> is the setting for a number of science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (author)">James Gunn</a>'s novels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Landscape painting with bison drinking from the stream's edge and teh sun just above the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg/220px-Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg/330px-Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg/440px-Bierstadt_Albert_Western_Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Albert Bierstadt</a>, <i>Western Kansas</i>, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>Kansas is home to a number of art museums. The <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Art_Museum" title="Wichita Art Museum">Wichita Art Museum</a> collection focuses on American art.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nerman_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art">Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art</a> in Overland Park exhibits artists of national and international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Museum_of_Art" title="Spencer Museum of Art">Spencer Museum of Art</a>, at University of Kansas in Lawrence, has a diverse permanent collection and Ingrid & J.K. Lee Study Center as an education space.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Kansas" title="List of films set in Kansas">List of films set in Kansas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa,_Kansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg/220px-Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg/330px-Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg/440px-Oldest_movie_theater_in_the_world_-_Downtown_Ottawa%2C_Kansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>The Plaza Cinema in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Kansas" title="Ottawa, Kansas">Ottawa</a> is the oldest operating movie theater in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Theater,_Hutchinson,_KS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG/220px-Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG/330px-Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG/440px-Fox_Theater%2C_Hutchinson%2C_KS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Fox Theater, <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first film theater in Kansas was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patee_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patee Theater (page does not exist)">Patee Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>. Most theaters at the time showed films only as part of <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> acts but not as an exclusive and stand alone form of entertainment. Though the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patee_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patee family (page does not exist)">Patee family</a> had been involved in <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, they believed films could carry the evening without other variety acts, but to show the films it was necessary for the Patee's to establish a generating plant (back in 1903 Lawrence was not yet fully electrified). The Patee Theater was one of the first of its kind west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The specialized equipment like the <a href="/wiki/Projector" title="Projector">projector</a> came from New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kansas has been the setting of many award-winning and popular American films, as well as being the home of some of the oldest operating cinemas in the world. The Plaza Cinema in Ottawa, Kansas, located in the northeastern portion of the state, was built on May 22, 1907, and it is listed by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a> as the oldest operating cinema in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, The Jayhawk Theatre, an <a href="/wiki/Art-deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art-deco">art-deco</a> movie house in Topeka opened its doors for the first time to movie going audiences, and today, in addition to screenings of independent films, the theatre acts as a venue for plays and concerts. The Fox Theater in Hutchinson was built in 1930, and was placed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other theaters listed here, The Fox still plays first run movies to this day. </p> <ul><li>As was the case with the novel, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a> (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>) in the 1939 fantasy film <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"><i>The Wizard of Oz</i></a> was a young girl who lived in Kansas with her aunt and uncle. The line, "We're not in Kansas anymore", has entered into the English lexicon as a phrase describing a wholly new or unexpected situation.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1967 feature film <a href="/wiki/In_Cold_Blood_(film)" title="In Cold Blood (film)"><i>In Cold Blood</i></a>, like the book on which it was based, was set in various locations across Kansas. Many of the scenes in the film were filmed at the exact locations where the events profiled in the book took place. A <a href="/wiki/In_Cold_Blood_(miniseries)" title="In Cold Blood (miniseries)">1996 TV miniseries</a> was also based on the book.</li> <li>The 1988 film <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_(film)" title="Kansas (film)">Kansas</a></i> starred <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCarthy" title="Andrew McCarthy">Andrew McCarthy</a> as a traveler who met up with a dangerous wanted drifter played by <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillon" title="Matt Dillon">Matt Dillon</a>.</li> <li>The 2005 film <a href="/wiki/Capote_(film)" title="Capote (film)"><i>Capote</i></a>, for which <a href="/wiki/Philip_Seymour_Hoffman" title="Philip Seymour Hoffman">Philip Seymour Hoffman</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for his portrayal of the title character, profiled the author as he traveled across Kansas while writing <i>In Cold Blood</i> (although most of the film itself was shot in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>).</li> <li>The setting of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After" title="The Day After">The Day After</a></i>, a 1983 made-for-television movie about a fictional nuclear attack, was the city of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>.</li> <li>Due to the super hero <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> growing up in the fictional Smallville, Kansas, multiple films featuring the super hero have been entirely or at least partially set in Kansas including <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_III" title="Superman III">Superman III</a></i> (1983), <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)" title="Man of Steel (film)">Man of Steel</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a></i> (2016), and <i><a href="/wiki/Justice_League_(film)" title="Justice League (film)">Justice League</a></i> (2017).</li> <li>The 2012 film <a href="/wiki/Looper_(film)" title="Looper (film)"><i>Looper</i></a> is set in Kansas.</li> <li>The 1973 film <a href="/wiki/Paper_Moon_(film)" title="Paper Moon (film)"><i>Paper Moon</i></a> in which <a href="/wiki/Tatum_O%27Neal" title="Tatum O'Neal">Tatum O'Neal</a> won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (The youngest to win an Academy Award) was based in and filmed in Kansas. The film was shot in the small towns of <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a>; <a href="/wiki/McCracken,_Kansas" title="McCracken, Kansas">McCracken</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wilson,_Kansas" title="Wilson, Kansas">Wilson</a>; and <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri" title="St. Joseph, Missouri">St. Joseph, Missouri</a>. Various shooting locations include the Midland Hotel at Wilson; the railway depot at <a href="/wiki/Gorham,_Kansas" title="Gorham, Kansas">Gorham</a>; storefronts and buildings on Main Street in <a href="/wiki/White_Cloud,_Kansas" title="White Cloud, Kansas">White Cloud</a>; Hays; sites on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rulo_Bridge" title="Rulo Bridge">Rulo Bridge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph, Missouri">Saint Joseph, Missouri</a>.</li> <li>Scenes of the 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Mars_Attacks!" title="Mars Attacks!">Mars Attacks!</a> took place in the fictional town of Perkinsville. Scenes taking place in Kansas were filmed in <a href="/wiki/Burns,_Kansas" title="Burns, Kansas">Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a>.</li> <li>The 2007 film <i>The Lookout</i> is set mostly in Kansas (although filmed in Canada). Specifically two locations; Kansas City and the fictional town of Noel, Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2012 documentary <i>The Gridiron</i> was filmed at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Kansas">The University of Kansas</a></li> <li>The 2014 ESPN documentary <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=No_Place_Like_Home_(2014_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No Place Like Home (2014 film) (page does not exist)">No Place Like Home</a></i> was filmed in Lawrence and the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Kansas" title="Douglas County, Kansas">Douglas County, Kansas</a></li> <li>The 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/Thank_You_for_Your_Service_(2017_film)" title="Thank You for Your Service (2017 film)">Thank You for Your Service</a></i> is primarily set in Kansas, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Topeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeka">Topeka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City</a>.</li> <li>The 2017 documentary <i>When Kings Reigned</i> was filmed in Lawrence.</li> <li>The 2019 film <i><a href="/wiki/Brightburn" title="Brightburn">Brightburn</a></i> took place in the fictional town of Brightburn. As is evident with scenes in the film depicting mountains (Kansas has no mountain ranges), it was filmed in Georgia instead of in Kansas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The protagonist brothers of the 2005 TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural (U.S. TV series)">Supernatural</a></i> hail from Lawrence, with the city referenced numerous times on the show.</li> <li>Most of the second season of the TV Series <i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Break" title="Prison Break">Prison Break</a></i> had scenes that took place in Kansas. Specifically the towns of <a href="/wiki/Ness_City,_Kansas" title="Ness City, Kansas">Ness City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribune,_Kansas" title="Tribune, Kansas">Tribune</a> as the character T–Bag searches for his ex-girlfriend who turned him in to the police. A season 1 episode also briefly took place in <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a>.</li> <li>2006 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Jericho_(2006_TV_series)" title="Jericho (2006 TV series)">Jericho</a></i> was based in the fictitious town of Jericho, Kansas, surviving post-nuclear America.</li> <li>Early seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Smallville" title="Smallville">Smallville</a></i>, about Superman as a teenager, were based in a fictional town of <a href="/wiki/Smallville_(comics)" title="Smallville (comics)">Smallville</a>, Kansas. Unlike most other adaptations of the Superman story, the series also places the fictional city of <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)" title="Metropolis (comics)">Metropolis</a> in western Kansas, a few hours from Smallville.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i>, a radio series western, ran from 1952 to 1961, took place in Dodge City, Kansas.</li> <li><i>Gunsmoke</i>, television series, the longest running prime time show of the 20th century, ran from September 10, 1955, to March 31, 1975, for a total of 635 episodes.</li> <li>The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Showtime (TV channel)">Showtime</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Tara" title="United States of Tara">United States of Tara</a></i> is set in <a href="/wiki/Overland_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park">Overland Park</a>, a suburb of Kansas City.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional">Professional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Professional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg/220px-Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg/330px-Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg/440px-Livestrong_Sporting_Park_-_Sporting_KC_v_New_England_Revolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Children's Mercy Park, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Team </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>City </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City" title="Sporting Kansas City">Sporting Kansas City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Kansas_City_II" title="Sporting Kansas City II">Sporting Kansas City II</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a> </td> <td>Kansas City </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs_(American_Association)" title="Kansas City Monarchs (American Association)">Kansas City Monarchs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Independent_Professional_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Independent Professional Baseball">American Association</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Wind" title="Garden City Wind">Garden City Wind</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pecos_League" title="Pecos League">Pecos League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_Kansas" title="Garden City, Kansas">Garden City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaw Valley FC </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL League Two</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salina_Liberty" title="Salina Liberty">Salina Liberty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Kansas_Storm" title="Southwest Kansas Storm">Southwest Kansas Storm</a> </td> <td>Indoor football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodge City">Dodge City</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Topeka_Tropics" title="Topeka Tropics">Topeka Tropics</a> </td> <td>Indoor football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a> </td> <td>Topeka </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Thunder" title="Wichita Thunder">Wichita Thunder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Wind_Surge" title="Wichita Wind Surge">Wichita Wind Surge</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_League" title="Texas League">Texas League</a> </td> <td>Wichita </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sporting Kansas City, who have played their home games at <a href="/wiki/Village_West" title="Village West">Village West</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City</a>, since 2008, are the first top-tier <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">professional sports league</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> team to be located within Kansas. In 2011 the team moved to their new home, a $165 million <a href="/wiki/Soccer_specific_stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer specific stadium">soccer specific stadium</a> now known as <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Mercy_Park" title="Children's Mercy Park">Children's Mercy Park</a>. </p><p>Historically, Kansans have supported the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Major professional sports leagues of Canada and the United States">major league</a> sports teams of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals" title="Kansas City Royals">Kansas City Royals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Kansas City Chiefs</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>), in part because the home stadiums for these teams are a few miles from the Kansas border. The Chiefs and the Royals play at the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Truman Sports Complex</a>, located about 10 miles (16 km) from the Kansas–Missouri state line. <a href="/wiki/FC_Kansas_City" title="FC Kansas City">FC Kansas City</a>, a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">National Women's Soccer League</a>, played the <a href="/wiki/2013_National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_season" title="2013 National Women's Soccer League season">2013 season</a>, the first for both the team and the league, on the Kansas side of the metropolitan area, but played on the Missouri side until folding after the <a href="/wiki/2017_National_Women%27s_Soccer_League_season" title="2017 National Women's Soccer League season">2017 season</a>. From 1973 to 1997 the <a href="/wiki/Flagship_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship station">flagship radio station</a> for the Royals was <a href="/wiki/WIBW_(AM)" title="WIBW (AM)">WIBW</a> in Topeka.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Kansans, mostly from the westernmost parts of the state, support the professional sports teams of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Broncos" title="Denver Broncos">Denver Broncos</a> of the NFL. </p><p>Two major <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a> facilities are located in Kansas. The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Speedway" title="Kansas Speedway">Kansas Speedway</a> located in Kansas City hosts races of the <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a>, <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auto_Racing_Club_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Racing Club of America">ARCA</a> circuits. Also, the <a href="/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association" title="National Hot Rod Association">National Hot Rod Association</a> (NHRA) holds <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a> events at <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Park_Topeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland Park Topeka">Heartland Park Topeka</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America" title="Sports Car Club of America">Sports Car Club of America</a> has its national headquarters in Topeka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History_2">History</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of professional sports in Kansas probably dates from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league baseball</a> Topeka Capitals and <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth_Soldiers" title="Leavenworth Soldiers">Leavenworth Soldiers</a> in 1886 in the <a href="/wiki/Western_League_(1885%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western League (1885–1899)">Western League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madden_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African-American <a href="/wiki/Bud_Fowler" title="Bud Fowler">Bud Fowler</a> played on the Topeka team that season, one year before the "<a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">color line</a>" descended on professional baseball.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, the Western League was dominated by a reorganized Topeka team called the <a href="/wiki/Topeka_Golden_Giants_(1887)" title="Topeka Golden Giants (1887)">Golden Giants</a>: a high-priced collection of major leaguer players, including <a href="/wiki/Bug_Holliday" title="Bug Holliday">Bug Holliday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Conway_(baseball)" title="Jim Conway (baseball)">Jim Conway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Stearns" title="Dan Stearns">Dan Stearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Werden" title="Perry Werden">Perry Werden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Macullar" title="Jimmy Macullar">Jimmy Macullar</a>, which won the league by 15.5 games.<sup id="cite_ref-Madden_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madden-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 10, 1887, the Golden Giants also won an exhibition game from the defending <a href="/wiki/1886_World_Series" title="1886 World Series">World Series</a> champions, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Browns_(NL)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Browns (NL)">St. Louis Browns</a> (the present-day Cardinals), by a score of 12–9. However, Topeka was unable to support the team, and it disbanded after one year. </p><p>The first night game in the history of professional baseball was played in Independence on April 28, 1930, when the Muscogee (Oklahoma) Indians beat the Independence Producers 13–3 in a minor league game sanctioned by the Western League of the Western Baseball Association with 1,500 fans attending the game. The permanent lighting system was first used for an exhibition game on April 17, 1930, between the Independence Producers and House of David semi-professional baseball team of Benton Harbor, Michigan with the Independence team winning 9–1 before a crowd of 1,700 spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="College">College</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg/220px-OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg/330px-OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg/440px-OutsideOfKansasStadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Booth_Kansas_Memorial_Stadium" title="David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium">David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium</a> is the oldest football stadium west of the Mississippi River, and one of the oldest standing football stadiums in the country. Built in 1921, it is home to the Kansas Jayhawks football team.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_Kansas" title="List of college athletic programs in Kansas">List of college athletic programs in Kansas</a></div> <p>The governing body for intercollegiate sports in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA), was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson County, Kansas</a> from 1952 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="NCAA_Division_I_schools">NCAA Division I schools</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: NCAA Division I schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Fieldhouse_(3301441111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg/220px-Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg/330px-Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg/440px-Allen_Fieldhouse_%283301441111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allen_Fieldhouse" title="Allen Fieldhouse">Allen Fieldhouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG/220px-Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG/330px-Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG/440px-Eck_Stadium_Tyler_Field.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tyler Field in <a href="/wiki/Eck_Stadium" title="Eck Stadium">Eck Stadium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While there are no franchises of the four major professional sports within the state, many Kansans are fans of the state's major college sports teams, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks" title="Kansas Jayhawks">Jayhawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (KU), and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats" title="Kansas State Wildcats">Wildcats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> (KSU or "K-State"). The teams are rivals in the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a>. </p><p>Both KU and K-State have tradition-rich programs in men's basketball. The Jayhawks are a perennial national power, ranking first in all-time victories among NCAA programs. The Jayhawks have won six national titles, including NCAA tournament championships in 1952, 1988, 2008, and 2022. They also were retroactively awarded national championships by the <a href="/wiki/Helms_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Helms Foundation">Helms Foundation</a> for 1922 and 1923. K-State also had a long stretch of success on the hardwood, lasting from the 1940s to the 1980s, making four <a href="/wiki/Final_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Four">Final Fours</a> during that stretch. In 1988, KU and K-State met in the <a href="/wiki/Elite_Eight" title="Elite Eight">Elite Eight</a>, KU taking the game 71–58. After a 12-year absence, the Wildcats returned to the NCAA tournament in 2008, and advanced to the Elite Eight in 2010 and 2018. KU is fifth all-time with 15 Final Four appearances, while K-State's four appearances are tied for 17th. </p><p>Conversely, success on the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">gridiron</a> has been less frequent for both KSU and KU. However, there have been recent breakthroughs for both schools' football teams. The Jayhawks won the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Bowl_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Bowl (game)">Orange Bowl</a> for the first time in three tries in 2008, capping a 12–1 season, the best in school history. And when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Snyder" title="Bill Snyder">Bill Snyder</a> arrived to coach at K-State in 1989, he turned the Wildcats from one of the worst college football programs in America,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a national force for most of the 1990s and early 2000s. The team won the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl" title="Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta Bowl</a> in 1997, achieved an undefeated (11–0) regular season and No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 ranking in 1998, and took the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a> championship in 2003. After three seasons in which K-State football languished, Snyder came out of retirement in 2009 and guided them to the top of the college football ranks again, finishing second in the Big 12 in 2011 and earning a berth in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Bowl_Classic" title="Cotton Bowl Classic">Cotton Bowl</a>, and winning the Big 12 again in 2012. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University" title="Wichita State University">Wichita State University</a>, which also fields teams (called the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_Shockers" title="Wichita State Shockers">Shockers</a>) in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>, is best known for its baseball and basketball programs. In baseball, the Shockers won the <a href="/wiki/College_World_Series" title="College World Series">College World Series</a> in 1989. In men's basketball, they appeared in the Final Four in 1965 and 2013, and entered the 2014 NCAA tournament unbeaten. The school also fielded a <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> team from 1897 to 1986. The Shocker football team is tragically known for a <a href="/wiki/Wichita_State_University_football_team_plane_crash" title="Wichita State University football team plane crash">plane crash</a> in 1970 that killed 31 people, including 14 players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="NCAA_Division_II_schools">NCAA Division II schools</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: NCAA Division II schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable success has also been achieved by the state's smaller schools in football. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a>, an NCAA Division II participant, has claimed four national titles in football, two in the NAIA and most recently the 2011 NCAA Division II national title. Pittsburg State became the winningest NCAA Division II football program in 1995. PSU passed Hillsdale College at the top of the all-time victories list in the 1995 season on its march to the national runner-up finish. The Gorillas, in 96 seasons of intercollegiate competition, have accumulated 579 victories, posting a 579–301–48 overall mark. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Washburn_University" title="Washburn University">Washburn University</a>, in Topeka, won the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> Men's Basketball Championship in 1987. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hays_State_University" title="Fort Hays State University">Fort Hays State University</a> men won the 1996 NCAA Division II title with a 34–0 record, and the Washburn women won the 2005 NCAA Division II crown. St. Benedict's College (now Benedictine College), in Atchison, won the 1954 and 1967 Men's NAIA Basketball Championships. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference">Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference</a> has its roots as one of the oldest college sport conferences in existence and participates in the NAIA and all ten member schools are in the state of Kansas. Other smaller school conferences that have some members in Kansas are the <a href="/wiki/Mid-America_Intercollegiate_Athletics_Association" title="Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association">Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association</a> the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Collegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference">Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Christian_College_Conference" title="Midwest Christian College Conference">Midwest Christian College Conference</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_America_Athletic_Conference" title="Heart of America Athletic Conference">Heart of America Athletic Conference</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior colleges</a> also have active athletic programs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emporia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Emporia State">Emporia State</a>'s women's basketball team, under head coach <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Schneider" title="Brandon Schneider">Brandon Schneider</a>, who is now serving as the women's basketball coach at the University of Kansas, has seen success as well. In 2010 the team won the NCAA Division II National Championship. Emporia State and Washburn in Topeka share a heated rivalry in all sports, mostly due to the close proximity of both cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Junior_colleges">Junior colleges</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Junior colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawk_Community_College_Conference" title="Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference">Kansas Jayhawk Community College Conference</a> has been heralded as one of the best conferences in all of <a href="/wiki/NJCAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NJCAA">NJCAA</a> football, with <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_Community_College" title="Garden City Community College">Garden City Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Community_College" title="Independence Community College">Independence Community College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butler_County_Community_College" title="Butler County Community College">Butler County Community College</a> all consistently in contention for national championships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_school">High school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: High school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_High_School_Activities_Association" title="Kansas State High School Activities Association">Kansas State High School Activities Association</a> (KSHSAA) is the organization which oversees interscholastic competition in the state of Kansas at the high school level. It oversees both athletic and non-athletic competition, and sponsors championships in several sports and activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry_with_Missouri">Rivalry with Missouri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Rivalry with Missouri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg/220px-Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg/330px-Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg/440px-Kansas_city_metro_counties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kansas and Missouri with <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City">Kansas City</a> metro counties</figcaption></figure> <p>Kansas and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> are two bordering U.S. <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> with a long and tumultuous history. The relationship between these two states has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>, but mutual distrust has continued off and on since then, <a href="/wiki/Border_War_(Kansas%E2%80%93Missouri_rivalry)" title="Border War (Kansas–Missouri rivalry)">even in sporting contexts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These states also share the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City metropolitan area</a>, where both states each have a city named Kansas City on either side of the Missouri River. The bitterness sown during Bleeding Kansas lingers in the <a href="/wiki/Border_War_(Kansas%E2%80%93Missouri_rivalry)#Background" title="Border War (Kansas–Missouri rivalry)">Border War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two states compete economically, mainly at the border which is also called a Border War.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the governors of the two states signed an agreement to stop offering financial incentives to pull business across the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy2019_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy2019-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the governor of Kansas said that agreement did not include enticement of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs" title="Kansas City Chiefs">Chiefs</a> football team moving its arena from Missouri to Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kansas" title="Portal:Kansas">Kansas portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kansas-related_articles" title="Index of Kansas-related articles">Index of Kansas-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kansas" title="Outline of Kansas">Outline of Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_landmarks" title="List of Kansas landmarks">List of Kansas landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kansas" title="List of people from Kansas">List of people from Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas">National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Kansas" title="USS Kansas">USS <i>Kansas</i></a>, 2 ships</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kansas City area is the largest metropolitan and urban area in the state alone; however, the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita metropolitan area">Wichita metropolitan area</a> is the largest centered in the state.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAVD88-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiney-Kehrberg" class="citation journal cs1">Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2011spring_riney_kehrberg.pdf">"Wholesome, Home-Baked Goodness: Kansas, the Wheat State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains</i> (Spring 2011). Kansas State Historical Society: 60–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308055521/https://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/2011spring_riney_kehrberg.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Area+Measurements+and+Internal+Point+Coordinates&rft.aulast=Geography&rft.aufirst=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Freference%2Fstate-area.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman" class="citation web cs1">Perlman, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html">"Area of each state that is water"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625011725/http://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+of+each+state+that+is+water&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fwetstates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-netstate.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netstate.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netstate.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ks_geography.htm">"Kansas Geography from NETSTATE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604162147/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ks_geography.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Geography+from+NETSTATE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Fgeography%2Fks_geography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2001. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+J.+Kaiser+Family+Foundation&rft.atitle=Median+Annual+Household+Income&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkff.org%2Fother%2Fstate-indicator%2Fmedian-annual-income%2F%3FcurrentTimeframe%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710015939/http://www.us-english.org/inc/news/preleases/viewRelease.asp?ID=252">"Governor's Signature Makes English the Official Language of Kansas"</a>. US English. May 11, 2007. 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Kshs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922040512/https://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1950/50_2_langsdorf.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Historical+Quarterly%E2%80%94A+Review+of+Early+Navigation+on+the+Kansas+River%E2%80%94Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.pub=Kshs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Fpublicat%2Fkhq%2F1950%2F50_2_langsdorf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/ks_intro.htm">"Kansas history page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000427/http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/ks_intro.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+history+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Fintro%2Fks_intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Kansas</i> (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-403-09921-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-403-09921-8">0-403-09921-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Koontz, p.c.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan29.html">"Today in History: January 29"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727012836/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan29.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+History%3A+January+29&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Ftoday%2Fjan29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125749/https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts">"Kansas Quick Facts"</a>. <i>governor.ks.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://governor.ks.gov/about-kansas/quickfacts">the original</a> on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=governor.ks.gov&rft.atitle=Kansas+Quick+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovernor.ks.gov%2Fabout-kansas%2Fquickfacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavinClavin2017" class="citation book cs1">Clavin, Thomas; Clavin, Tom (February 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywT0DQAAQBAJ"><i>Dodge City: Wyatt Earp, Bat Masterson, and the Wickedest Town in the American West</i></a>. St. Martin's Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-07148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-07148-4"><bdi>978-1-250-07148-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329032913/https://books.google.com/books?id=ywT0DQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dodge+City%3A+Wyatt+Earp%2C+Bat+Masterson%2C+and+the+Wickedest+Town+in+the+American+West&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-250-07148-4&rft.aulast=Clavin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Clavin%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywT0DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-dodge-city-became-symbol-frontier-lawlessness-180967912/">"How Dodge City Became a Symbol of Frontier Lawlessness"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106012908/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-dodge-city-became-symbol-frontier-lawlessness-180967912/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Dodge+City+Became+a+Symbol+of+Frontier+Lawlessness&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fhow-dodge-city-became-symbol-frontier-lawlessness-180967912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920203532/http://www.agriculture.ks.gov/about-ksda/kansas-agriculture">"Kansas Agriculture"</a>. <i>Kansas Department of Agriculture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agriculture.ks.gov/about-ksda/kansas-agriculture">the original</a> on September 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Kansas+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagriculture.ks.gov%2Fabout-ksda%2Fkansas-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf">"2020 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Census.gov</i>. April 26, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194028/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Census&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2Fapportionment-2020-table01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403092525/http://peakery.com/Mount-Sunflower/">"Mount Sunflower—Kansas, United States • peakery"</a>. April 3, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peakery.com/Mount-Sunflower/">the original</a> on April 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Sunflower%E2%80%94Kansas%2C+United+States+%E2%80%A2+peakery&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeakery.com%2FMount-Sunflower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2004" class="citation book cs1">Bright, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53019644"><i>Native American placenames of the United States</i></a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3576-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3576-X"><bdi>0-8061-3576-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53019644">53019644</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722144601/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53019644">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+placenames+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53019644&rft.isbn=0-8061-3576-X&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53019644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In <i>Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</i>, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, p. 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connelley, William E. 1918. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1918ks/v1/ch10p1.html">Indians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211043240/http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/archives/1918ks/v1/ch10p1.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans</i>, ch. 10, vol. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cazorla, Frank, G. Baena, Rosa, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019) Luis de Unzaga (1717–1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States and in the liberalism. Foundation Malaga</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartin,_John_W._Partin1983" class="citation web cs1">Partin, John W. Partin (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a211662.pdf">"A Brief History of Fort Leavenworth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412030430/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a211662.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Fort+Leavenworth&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Partin%2C+John+W.+Partin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa211662.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, <i>Gray Ghosts and Rebel Riders</i> Holt & Co. 1956, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll36/id/28707/">Less of Oratory and More Work Novel Platform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190723/https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll36/id/28707/">Archived</a> July 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Alliance, Ohio: <i>The Alliance Review and Leader</i>, April 21, 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4581045/mrs-w-d-mowry-dies-aug-2-1923/">Mrs. W.D. Mowry Dies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191028/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4581045/mrs-w-d-mowry-dies-aug-2-1923/">Archived</a> July 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Emporia, Kansas: <i>The Emporia Gazette</i>, August 2, 1923, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4581070/mrs-w-d-mowry-dies-denver-topeka/">Pioneer Woman Candidate for Governor Dies: Mrs. W.D. Mowry on Republican Ticket in Primary Last Year</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190030/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4581070/mrs-w-d-mowry-dies-denver-topeka/">Archived</a> July 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Concordia, Kansas: <i>Concordia Blade-Empire</i>, August 2, 1923, front page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/dust-bowl/">"The Dust Bowl | Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013115514/https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/dust-bowl/">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=The+Dust+Bowl+%7C+Great+Depression+and+World+War+II%2C+1929-1945+%7C+U.S.+History+Primary+Source+Timeline+%7C+Classroom+Materials+at+the+Library+of+Congress+%7C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fclassroom-materials%2Funited-states-history-primary-source-timeline%2Fgreat-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945%2Fdust-bowl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usa.com/rank/kansas-state--land-area--county-rank.htm">"Kansas Land Area County Rank"</a>. <i>www.usa.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154006/http://www.usa.com/rank/kansas-state--land-area--county-rank.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usa.com&rft.atitle=Kansas+Land+Area+County+Rank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa.com%2Frank%2Fkansas-state--land-area--county-rank.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730133707/http://www.improbable.com/airchives/paperair/volume9/v9i3/kansas.html">"Kansas Is Flatter Than a Pancake"</a>. Improbable.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Vital+Statistics+Reports&rft.atitle=Births%3A+Final+Data+for+2015&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr66%2Fnvsr66_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">"data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr67%2Fnvsr67_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813105838/https://media.amtrak.com/2016/04/wichita-returns-to-the-amtrak-map/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amtrak&rft.atitle=Wichita+Returns+to+the+Amtrak+Map&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.amtrak.com%2F2016%2F04%2Fwichita-returns-to-the-amtrak-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Kuebrich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kcur.org/post/amtrak-may-end-passenger-rail-service-west-kansas-moran-amtrak-not-doing-its-job#stream/0">Amtrak May End Passenger Rail Service in West Kansas. Moran: "Amtrak Is Not Doing Its Job"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701054751/http://kcur.org/post/amtrak-may-end-passenger-rail-service-west-kansas-moran-amtrak-not-doing-its-job#stream/0">Archived</a> July 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, KCUR. June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d3271f075cae42139e0b3ef7f5060ae7">"Heartland Flyer Extension"</a>. <i>storymaps.arcgis.com</i>. Amtrak Connect Us. September 17, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130003516/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d3271f075cae42139e0b3ef7f5060ae7">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storymaps.arcgis.com&rft.atitle=Heartland+Flyer+Extension&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2Fd3271f075cae42139e0b3ef7f5060ae7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/state/2023/01/30/heartland-flyer-passenger-rail-train-service-could-come-to-kansas/69856310007/">"Could Kansans soon hop a train to Texas? Billions in federal funding might mean yes"</a>. Topeka Capital-Journal. January 30, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203215148/https://www.cjonline.com/story/news/state/2023/01/30/heartland-flyer-passenger-rail-train-service-could-come-to-kansas/69856310007/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+Kansans+soon+hop+a+train+to+Texas%3F+Billions+in+federal+funding+might+mean+yes.&rft.pub=Topeka+Capital-Journal&rft.date=2023-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fstate%2F2023%2F01%2F30%2Fheartland-flyer-passenger-rail-train-service-could-come-to-kansas%2F69856310007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burRail/Rail/publications/KansasRailroadMapHistoric.pdf">"Kansas State Railroad Map 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kansas Department of Transportation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629074812/http://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burRail/Rail/publications/KansasRailroadMapHistoric.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Department+of+Transportation&rft.atitle=Kansas+State+Railroad+Map+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdot.org%2FAssets%2Fwwwksdotorg%2Fbureaus%2FburRail%2FRail%2Fpublications%2FKansasRailroadMapHistoric.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203080554/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/923599751.html?dids=923599751:923599751&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+9%2C+2005&author=Nicholas+Riccardi&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.14&desc=THE+NATION">"Vote by Kansas School Board Favors Evolution's Doubters"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/923599751.html?dids=923599751:923599751&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+9%2C+2005&author=Nicholas+Riccardi&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.14&desc=THE+NATION">the original</a> on February 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Vote+by+Kansas+School+Board+Favors+Evolution%27s+Doubters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F923599751.html%3Fdids%3D923599751%3A923599751%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26type%3Dcurrent%26date%3DNov%2B9%252C%2B2005%26author%3DNicholas%2BRiccardi%26pub%3DLos%2BAngeles%2BTimes%26edition%3D%26startpage%3DA.14%26desc%3DTHE%2BNATION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/kansas-lawmakers-set-minimum-marriage-age-to-15">"Kansas Lawmakers Set Minimum Marriage Age to 15"</a>. Fox News. May 5, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133502/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,194398,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Lawmakers+Set+Minimum+Marriage+Age+to+15&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2006-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fkansas-lawmakers-set-minimum-marriage-age-to-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety1912" class="citation book cs1">Society, Kansas State Historical (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJJFAQAAMAAJ&q=%22women+the+right+to+vote%22&pg=PA400"><i>Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collections+of+the+Kansas+State+Historical+Society&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Kansas+State+Historical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJJFAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522women%2Bthe%2Bright%2Bto%2Bvote%2522%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1982" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Anne Firor; Scott, Andrew MacKay (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opBMJGm4jc8C"><i>One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCpedia&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpedia.org%2Fcivil-rights-movement%2Fbrown-v-board-of-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.ks.gov/elections/elections-statistics-data.html#voter-registration">"Voter Registration Statistics"</a>. 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March 21, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202000925/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2008/2008-03-21-01.asp">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Governor+Rejects+Two+Coal-Fired+Power+Plants&rft.pub=Ens-newswire.com&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Fmar2008%2F2008-03-21-01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morningconsult.com/governor-approval-rankings-september-2016/">"Here Are America's Least (and Most) Popular Governors"</a>. <i>MorningConsultant.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220232820/https://morningconsult.com/governor-approval-rankings-september-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MorningConsultant.com&rft.atitle=Here+Are+America%27s+Least+%28and+Most%29+Popular+Governors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmorningconsult.com%2Fgovernor-approval-rankings-september-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/05/kansas-governor-eliminates-states-arts-funding.html">"Kansas governor eliminates state's art funding"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. May 31, 2011. p. m. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917083221/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2011/05/kansas-governor-eliminates-states-arts-funding.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Kansas+governor+eliminates+state%27s+art+funding&rft.pages=m&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fculturemonster%2F2011%2F05%2Fkansas-governor-eliminates-states-arts-funding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHittle2011" class="citation web cs1">Hittle, Shaun (July 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/jul/16/hundreds-rally-against-closing-srs-office/">"Hundreds rally against closing SRS office"</a>. ljworld.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035045/http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/jul/16/hundreds-rally-against-closing-srs-office/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bannedinkansasmo00butt"><i>Banned in Kansas: Motion Picture Censorship, 1915–1966</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826217493" title="Special:BookSources/9780826217493"><bdi>9780826217493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banned+in+Kansas%3A+Motion+Picture+Censorship%2C+1915%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826217493&rft.aulast=Butters&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbannedinkansasmo00butt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article204089559.html">"Guinness World Records: Kansas venue is world's oldest cinema"</a>. <i>Kansas City Star</i>. March 8, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709225451/https://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/article204089559.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Guinness+World+Records%3A+Kansas+venue+is+world%27s+oldest+cinema&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle204089559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-purpose-built-cinema-in-operation">"Oldest purpose-built cinema in operation"</a>. Guinness World Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807070221/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/oldest-purpose-built-cinema-in-operation">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+purpose-built+cinema+in+operation&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Foldest-purpose-built-cinema-in-operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/89001391_text">"Data"</a>. <i>npgallery.nps.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210070513/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/89001391_text">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npgallery.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F89001391_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/paulmason/2009/12/pbr_toto_were_not_in_kansas_an.html">"PBR: Toto—we're not in Kansas any more ..."</a> BBC Newsnight. December 9, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211223951/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/paulmason/2009/12/pbr_toto_were_not_in_kansas_an.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PBR%3A+Toto%E2%80%94we%27re+not+in+Kansas+any+more+...&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Fnewsnight%2Fpaulmason%2F2009%2F12%2Fpbr_toto_were_not_in_kansas_an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/The-Lookout.pdf">"The Lookout"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. dailyscript.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512200051/http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/The-Lookout.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lookout&rft.pub=dailyscript.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyscript.com%2Fscripts%2FThe-Lookout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020957/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20021202/ai_n11792020/pg_3/">"Making Airwaves Through History"</a>. Findarticles.com. December 2, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20021202/ai_n11792020/pg_3/">the original</a> on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Airwaves+Through+History&rft.pub=Findarticles.com&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4179%2Fis_20021202%2Fai_n11792020%2Fpg_3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1940" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Harold (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1940/40_2_evans.htm">"Baseball in Kansas, 1867–1940"</a>. <i>Kansas Historical Quarterly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316152651/http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1940/40_2_evans.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Baseball+in+Kansas%2C+1867%E2%80%931940&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kancoll.org%2Fkhq%2F1940%2F40_2_evans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madden-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madden_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madden_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madden_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddenStewart2002" class="citation book cs1">Madden, W.C.; Stewart, Patrick (2002). <i>The Western League: A Baseball History, 1885 through 1999</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1003-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-1003-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+League%3A+A+Baseball+History%2C+1885+through+1999&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1003-3&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, Larry G. "I Think It Is Pretty Ritzy Myself: Kansas Minor League Teams and Night Baseball". <i>Kansas History</i>, Winter 1995/1996, pp 248–257. Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Davis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/1997/06/09/editorial4.html">Loss of NCAA headquarters not related to incentives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050947/http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/1997/06/09/editorial4.html">Archived</a> April 10, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Kansas City Business Journal</i> (June 8, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Epstein, <i>Sports Law</i> (Cengage Learning, 2013), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooney1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Looney, Douglas (September 4, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/vault/1989/09/04/120464/futility-u-kansas-state-winless-since-1986-has-one-claim-to-fame-it-is-americas-most-hapless-team">"Futility U"</a>. <i>Sports Illustrated</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009210357/https://www.si.com/vault/1989/09/04/120464/futility-u-kansas-state-winless-since-1986-has-one-claim-to-fame-it-is-americas-most-hapless-team">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Futility+U&rft.date=1989-09-04&rft.aulast=Looney&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fvault%2F1989%2F09%2F04%2F120464%2Ffutility-u-kansas-state-winless-since-1986-has-one-claim-to-fame-it-is-americas-most-hapless-team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306083806/http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-states-got-their-shapes/articles/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-u-s-states">"Things You May Not Know About the US States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/shows/how-the-states-got-their-shapes/articles/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-u-s-states">the original</a> on March 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+the+US+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fshows%2Fhow-the-states-got-their-shapes%2Farticles%2F10-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-u-s-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2007" class="citation web cs1">Brennan, Eamonn (November 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/_/id/88367/big-easts-best-rivalry-can-survive-realignment">"Some rivalries can survive realignment – Men's College Basketball Nation Blog – ESPN"</a>. <i>Espn.go.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espn.go.com&rft.atitle=Some+rivalries+can+survive+realignment+%E2%80%93+Men%27s+College+Basketball+Nation+Blog+%E2%80%93+ESPN&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fblog%2Fcollegebasketballnation%2Fpost%2F_%2Fid%2F88367%2Fbig-easts-best-rivalry-can-survive-realignment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2010" class="citation web cs1">Jordan, Dave (May 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016210408/http://www.kctv5.com/story/23346953/missouri-kansas-border-war">"Group wants to stop Missouri-Kansas border war"</a>. <i>KCTV5</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kctv5.com/story/23346953/missouri-kansas-border-war">the original</a> on October 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCTV5&rft.atitle=Group+wants+to+stop+Missouri-Kansas+border+war&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kctv5.com%2Fstory%2F23346953%2Fmissouri-kansas-border-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy2019-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardy2019_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2019" class="citation news cs1">Hardy, Kevin (August 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansascity.com/news/business/article233725152.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sometimes common sense does prevail.' Missouri, Kansas celebrate end of border war"</a>. <i>The Kansas City Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=%27Sometimes+common+sense+does+prevail.%27+Missouri%2C+Kansas+celebrate+end+of+border+war&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle233725152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergan2022" class="citation news cs1">Bergan, Shain (March 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kctv5.com/2022/03/31/governor-all-it-moving-chiefs-kansas-says-team-was-not-part-border-war-truce/?outputType=amp">"Governor 'all for it' on moving Chiefs to Kansas, says team was not part of Border War truce"</a>. <i>KCTV5</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Kansas governor on Thursday morning stoked conversation on the possibility of a Chiefs move to the other side of the state line, noting that the NFL franchise was not part of the 2019 Border War truce between the two states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCTV5&rft.atitle=Governor+%27all+for+it%27+on+moving+Chiefs+to+Kansas%2C+says+team+was+not+part+of+Border+War+truce&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft.aulast=Bergan&rft.aufirst=Shain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kctv5.com%2F2022%2F03%2F31%2Fgovernor-all-it-moving-chiefs-kansas-says-team-was-not-part-border-war-truce%2F%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas#Bibliography" title="History of Kansas">Longer list of books about the history of Kansas</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechem1956" class="citation book cs1">Mechem, Kirke (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212250/"><i>The Annals of Kansas: 1911 to 1925</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society" title="Kansas Historical Society">Kansas Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205000536/https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212250/">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Kansas%3A+1911+to+1925&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Mechem&rft.aufirst=Kirke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fitem%2F212250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 559 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMechem1954" class="citation book cs1">Mechem, Kirke (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212249/"><i>The Annals of Kansas: 1886 to 1910</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society" title="Kansas Historical Society">Kansas Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235319/https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/212249/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Kansas%3A+1886+to+1910&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mechem&rft.aufirst=Kirke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fitem%2F212249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 535 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilder1886" class="citation book cs1">Wilder, Daniel W. (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/223666"><i>The Annals of Kansas: 1541 to 1885</i></a>. Kansas Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235417/https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/223666">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Kansas%3A+1541+to+1885&rft.pub=Kansas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Wilder&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fitem%2F223666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 1204 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelley1918" class="citation cs2">Connelley, William E., ed. (1918), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1918ks/toc.html"><i>A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans</i></a>, Lewis Publishing Company, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809025916/http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1918ks/toc.html">archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Standard+History+of+Kansas+and+Kansans&rft.pub=Lewis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1918&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksgenweb.org%2Farchives%2F1918ks%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 5 volumes; 2731 pages; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo00conn/">Vol1</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo02conn/">Vol2</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo03conn/">Vol3</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo04conn/">Vol4</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardhistoryo05conn/">Vol5</a>); the 1919 edition contains additional biographies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelley1916" class="citation book cs1">Connelley, William E. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211020/"><i>History of Kansas Newspapers: A History of the Newspapers and Magazines Published in Kansas from 1854 to 1916</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society" title="Kansas Historical Society">Kansas Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235321/https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/211020/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kansas+Newspapers%3A+A+History+of+the+Newspapers+and+Magazines+Published+in+Kansas+from+1854+to+1916&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Connelley&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fitem%2F211020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 369 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackmar1912" class="citation cs2">Blackmar, Frank W., ed. (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1912/"><i>Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc</i></a>, Standard Publishing Co, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808072534/http://www.ksgenweb.org/archives/1912/">archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansas%3A+A+Cyclopedia+of+State+History%2C+Embracing+Events%2C+Institutions%2C+Industries%2C+Counties%2C+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+Prominent+Persons%2C+Etc&rft.pub=Standard+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksgenweb.org%2Farchives%2F1912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 3 volumes; 2723 pages; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansascyc01blac/">Vol1</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansascycloped02blac/">Vol2</a>), (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansascyclopedia03blac/">Vol3</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverts1887" class="citation cs2">Everts, Louis H., ed. (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/305692"><i>Official State Atlas of Kansas</i></a>, L.H. Everts & Co, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125180029/https://www.kansasmemory.org/item/305692">archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+State+Atlas+of+Kansas&rft.pub=L.H.+Everts+%26+Co&rft.date=1887&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fitem%2F305692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 610 pages.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1883" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, William G., ed. (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109204358/http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/"><i>History of the State of Kansas</i></a>. A.T. Andreas Publisher. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/">the original</a> on November 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+State+of+Kansas&rft.pub=A.T.+Andreas+Publisher&rft.date=1883&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kancoll.org%2Fbooks%2Fcutler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>; 3 volumes; 1616 pages; (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008372811">Hathi Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922061847/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008372811">Archived</a> September 22, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof00andr">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Sara1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Tappan_Doolittle_Robinson" title="Sara Tappan Doolittle Robinson">Robinson, Sara</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kansasitsinterio03robi/"><i>Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life</i></a>. Crosby, Nichols and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansas%3A+Its+Interior+and+Exterior+Life&rft.pub=Crosby%2C+Nichols+and+Company&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkansasitsinterio03robi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kansas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kansas">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kansas" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kansas">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kansas" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kansas">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kansas" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kansas">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kansas" class="extiw" title="voy:Kansas">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126072121/http://www.kansas.gov/">State of Kansas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelks.com/">Kansas Travel and Tourism Division</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233010/http://www.travelks.com/">Archived</a> February 11, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kshs.org/">Kansas Historical Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125141546/http://kshs.org/kansapedia/cool-things-legislative-war-artifacts/10324">Archived</a> January 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasmemory.org/">Kansas Memory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085613/http://www.kansasmemory.org/">Archived</a> May 17, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—documents, photographs, and other primary sources provided by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Historical_Society" title="Kansas Historical Society">Kansas Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godort.libguides.com/kansasdbs">Kansas State Agency Databases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225114009/http://godort.libguides.com/kansasdbs">Archived</a> February 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Kansas state agencies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=KS">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Kansas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230094430/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=KS">Archived</a> December 30, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=20&StateName=Kansas#.U85r6_ldVu0">Kansas State Facts from USDA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221822/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/20000.html#.U85r6_ldVu0">Archived</a> May 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Maps</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksdot.org/maps.asp">Kansas Department of Transportation maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228054900/http://www.ksdot.org/maps.asp">Archived</a> February 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burtransplan/maps/MapsState.asp"><i>Kansas Highway Map</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, KSDOT, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103173743/http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burtransplan/maps/MapsState.asp">archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansas+Highway+Map&rft.pub=KSDOT&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdot.org%2Fbureaus%2Fburtransplan%2Fmaps%2FMapsState.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/BurTransPlan/maps/RRStateMap.asp"><i>Kansas Railroad Map</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, KSDOT, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103173733/http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/BurTransPlan/maps/RRStateMap.asp">archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kansas+Railroad+Map&rft.pub=KSDOT&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksdot.org%2Fbureaus%2FBurTransPlan%2Fmaps%2FRRStateMap.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Access state, county, city, railroad, and other maps", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasmemory.org/category/1277"><i>Kansas Memory</i></a> (digital portal), the Kansas State Historical Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120023025/https://www.kansasmemory.org/category/1277">archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Access+state%2C+county%2C+city%2C+railroad%2C+and+other+maps&rft.btitle=Kansas+Memory&rft.pub=the+Kansas+State+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasmemory.org%2Fcategory%2F1277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161644">Kansas</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Kansas Maps", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/kansas.html"><i>Perry–Castañeda Library</i></a> (map collection), The University of Texas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215014343/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/kansas.html">archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2004</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kansas+Maps&rft.btitle=Perry%E2%80%93Casta%C3%B1eda+Library&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fkansas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKansas" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a> </b><br />Admitted on January 29, 1861 (34th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Kansas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kansas" title="Template:Kansas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kansas" title="Template talk:Kansas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kansas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kansas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Kansas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kansas" title="Outline of Kansas">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kansas-related_articles" title="Index of Kansas-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kansas" title="Abortion in Kansas">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Kansas" title="Cannabis in Kansas">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kansas_culture" title="Category:Kansas culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kansas" title="Climate change in Kansas">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kansas" title="Crime in Kansas">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Kansas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Kansas">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kansas" title="Education in Kansas">Education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Kansas" title="Gun laws in Kansas">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kansas_history" title="Timeline of Kansas history">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Kansas">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_landmarks" title="List of Kansas landmarks">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kansas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kansas" title="List of people from Kansas">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Kansas">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_state_symbols" title="List of Kansas state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Kansas" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Kansas">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Kansas">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Kansas" title="Constitutions of Kansas">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_of_Kansas" title="Category:Capitals of Kansas">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitols_of_Kansas" title="Category:Capitols of Kansas">Capitols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kansas" title="List of governors of Kansas">Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Kansas" title="Category:Regions of Kansas">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Strip_(Kansas)" title="Cherokee Strip (Kansas)">Cherokee Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers" title="Cross Timbers">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Kansas" title="East-Central Kansas">East Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_State_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Four State Area">Four State Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills" title="Flint Hills">Flint Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">KC metro area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Kansas" title="North Central Kansas">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Plains" title="Osage Plains">Osage Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_(Kansas)" title="Red Hills (Kansas)">Red Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hills" title="Smoky Hills">Smoky Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Kansas" title="Southeast Kansas">Southeast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Kansas" title="List of counties in Kansas">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_County,_Kansas" title="Allen County, Kansas">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_Kansas" title="Anderson County, Kansas">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchison_County,_Kansas" title="Atchison County, Kansas">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_County,_Kansas" title="Barber County, Kansas">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_County,_Kansas" title="Barton County, Kansas">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_County,_Kansas" title="Bourbon County, Kansas">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Kansas" title="Brown County, Kansas">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Kansas" title="Butler County, Kansas">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_County,_Kansas" title="Chase County, Kansas">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_Kansas" title="Chautauqua County, Kansas">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Kansas" title="Cherokee County, Kansas">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_County,_Kansas" title="Cheyenne County, Kansas">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Kansas" title="Clark County, Kansas">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Kansas" title="Clay County, Kansas">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_County,_Kansas" title="Cloud County, Kansas">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffey_County,_Kansas" title="Coffey County, Kansas">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_County,_Kansas" title="Comanche County, Kansas">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowley_County,_Kansas" title="Cowley County, Kansas">Cowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Kansas" title="Crawford County, Kansas">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Kansas" title="Decatur County, Kansas">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_County,_Kansas" title="Dickinson County, Kansas">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doniphan_County,_Kansas" title="Doniphan County, Kansas">Doniphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Kansas" title="Douglas County, Kansas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_County,_Kansas" title="Edwards County, Kansas">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Kansas" title="Elk County, Kansas">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_County,_Kansas" title="Ellis County, Kansas">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_County,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth County, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finney_County,_Kansas" title="Finney County, Kansas">Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_County,_Kansas" title="Ford County, Kansas">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Kansas" title="Franklin County, Kansas">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_County,_Kansas" title="Geary County, Kansas">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gove_County,_Kansas" title="Gove County, Kansas">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_Kansas" title="Graham County, Kansas">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Kansas" title="Grant County, Kansas">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_County,_Kansas" title="Gray County, Kansas">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeley_County,_Kansas" title="Greeley County, Kansas">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood_County,_Kansas" title="Greenwood County, Kansas">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Kansas" title="Hamilton County, Kansas">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_County,_Kansas" title="Harper County, Kansas">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_County,_Kansas" title="Harvey County, Kansas">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_County,_Kansas" title="Haskell County, Kansas">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgeman_County,_Kansas" title="Hodgeman County, Kansas">Hodgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Kansas" title="Jackson County, Kansas">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kansas" title="Jefferson County, Kansas">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewell_County,_Kansas" title="Jewell County, Kansas">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kansas" title="Johnson County, Kansas">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearny_County,_Kansas" title="Kearny County, Kansas">Kearny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_County,_Kansas" title="Kingman County, Kansas">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_County,_Kansas" title="Kiowa County, Kansas">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labette_County,_Kansas" title="Labette County, Kansas">Labette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_County,_Kansas" title="Lane County, Kansas">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth_County,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth County, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Kansas" title="Lincoln County, Kansas">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_County,_Kansas" title="Linn County, Kansas">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Kansas" title="Logan County, Kansas">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Kansas" title="Lyon County, Kansas">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Kansas" title="Marion County, Kansas">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Kansas" title="Marshall County, Kansas">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McPherson_County,_Kansas" title="McPherson County, Kansas">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_County,_Kansas" title="Meade County, Kansas">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Kansas" title="Miami County, Kansas">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Kansas" title="Mitchell County, Kansas">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Kansas" title="Montgomery County, Kansas">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_County,_Kansas" title="Morris County, Kansas">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_County,_Kansas" title="Morton County, Kansas">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_County,_Kansas" title="Nemaha County, Kansas">Nemaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosho_County,_Kansas" title="Neosho County, Kansas">Neosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_County,_Kansas" title="Ness County, Kansas">Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_County,_Kansas" title="Norton County, Kansas">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Kansas" title="Osage County, Kansas">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_County,_Kansas" title="Osborne County, Kansas">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Kansas" title="Ottawa County, Kansas">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_County,_Kansas" title="Pawnee County, Kansas">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_County,_Kansas" title="Phillips County, Kansas">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_County,_Kansas" title="Pottawatomie County, Kansas">Pottawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_County,_Kansas" title="Pratt County, Kansas">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawlins_County,_Kansas" title="Rawlins County, Kansas">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_County,_Kansas" title="Reno County, Kansas">Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_County,_Kansas" title="Republic County, Kansas">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_County,_Kansas" title="Rice County, Kansas">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_County,_Kansas" title="Riley County, Kansas">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooks_County,_Kansas" title="Rooks County, Kansas">Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_County,_Kansas" title="Rush County, Kansas">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_County,_Kansas" title="Russell County, Kansas">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Kansas" title="Saline County, Kansas">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Kansas" title="Scott County, Kansas">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_County,_Kansas" title="Sedgwick County, Kansas">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_County,_Kansas" title="Seward County, Kansas">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_County,_Kansas" title="Shawnee County, Kansas">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Kansas" title="Sheridan County, Kansas">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_County,_Kansas" title="Sherman County, Kansas">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Kansas" title="Smith County, Kansas">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_County,_Kansas" title="Stafford County, Kansas">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_County,_Kansas" title="Stanton County, Kansas">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_County,_Kansas" title="Stevens County, Kansas">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Kansas" title="Sumner County, Kansas">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_County,_Kansas" title="Thomas County, Kansas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trego_County,_Kansas" title="Trego County, Kansas">Trego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabaunsee_County,_Kansas" title="Wabaunsee County, Kansas">Wabaunsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_County,_Kansas" title="Wallace County, Kansas">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Kansas" title="Washington County, Kansas">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_County,_Kansas" title="Wichita County, Kansas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Kansas" title="Wilson County, Kansas">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodson_County,_Kansas" title="Woodson County, Kansas">Woodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_County,_Kansas" title="Wyandotte County, Kansas">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kansas" title="List of cities in Kansas">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Kansas" title="List of townships in Kansas">Townships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Kansas" title="List of census-designated places in Kansas">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Kansas" title="List of unincorporated communities in Kansas">Unincorporated communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Kansas" title="List of ghost towns in Kansas">Ghost towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kansas" title="Portal:Kansas">Kansas portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_KansasThe_Sunflower_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_KansasThe_Sunflower_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Kansas</span><br /><i>The Sunflower State</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Kansas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kansas" title="Template:Protected areas of Kansas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Kansas" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Kansas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Kansas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Kansas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Kansas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National Historic Sites and Historical Park</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education_National_Historical_Park" title="Brown v. Board of Education National Historical Park"><i>Brown v. Board of Education</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Larned_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Larned National Historic Site">Fort Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Scott National Historic Site">Fort Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_National_Historic_Site" title="Nicodemus National Historic Site">Nicodemus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Hills_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge">Flint Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirwin_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kirwin National Wildlife Refuge">Kirwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge">Marais des Cygnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quivira_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Quivira National Wildlife Refuge">Quivira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_grassland" title="National grassland">National Grasslands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_National_Grassland" title="Cimarron National Grassland">Cimarron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other Protected Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Basin_Prairie_Preserve" title="Big Basin Prairie Preserve">Big Basin Prairie Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_National_Preserve" title="Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve">Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="State_Parks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kansas_state_parks" title="List of Kansas state parks">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Bluff_State_Park" title="Cedar Bluff State Park">Cedar Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheney_State_Park" title="Cheney State Park">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_State_Park" title="Clinton State Park">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_State_Park_(Kansas)" title="Crawford State Park (Kansas)">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Timbers_State_Park" title="Cross Timbers State Park">Cross Timbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_State_Park_(Kansas)" title="Eisenhower State Park (Kansas)">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_State_Park" title="El Dorado State Park">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_City_State_Park" title="Elk City State Park">Elk City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River_State_Park" title="Fall River State Park">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waconda_Lake" title="Waconda Lake">Glen Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_State_Park" title="Hillsdale State Park">Hillsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_River_State_Park" title="Kaw River State Park">Kaw River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanopolis_State_Park" title="Kanopolis State Park">Kanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Scott_State_Park" title="Lake Scott State Park">Lake Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovewell_State_Park" title="Lovewell State Park">Lovewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_State_Park" title="Meade State Park">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford_State_Park" title="Milford State Park">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_Rock_State_Park" title="Mushroom Rock State Park">Mushroom Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_State_Park" title="Perry State Park">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_State_Park" title="Pomona State Park">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Dog_State_Park" title="Prairie Dog State Park">Prairie Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Spirit_Trail_State_Park" title="Prairie Spirit Trail State Park">Prairie Spirit Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Hills_State_Park" title="Sand Hills State Park">Sand Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Creek_Lake" title="Tuttle Creek Lake">Tuttle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_State_Park" title="Webster State Park">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_State_Park_(Kansas)" title="Wilson State Park (Kansas)">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Department_of_Wildlife,_Parks_and_Tourism" title="Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism">Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Midwestern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Midwestern_United_States" title="Template talk:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Midwestern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Midwestern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Culture" title="Midwestern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Physical_geography" title="Midwestern United States">Geography</a></li> <li>Economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Political_trends" title="Midwestern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History</a></li> <li>Sports</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Northern Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">East North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">West North Central states</a></li> <li><a href="#Cultural_overlap">Southern Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">Sioux Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">State capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_France" title="Template:New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_France" title="Template talk:New France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history" title="Timeline of New France history">Timeline of New France history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Beginnings–1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the French-Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1604–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (1608–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre-Neuve</a> (1662–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (1682–1763, 1801–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a> (1713–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_New_France" title="List of towns and villages in New France">Towns and<br /> villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Détroit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Île Royale <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="History of Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of French forts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Fort Rouillé">Fort Rouillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Buade" title="Fort de Buade">Fort de Buade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres" title="Fort de Chartres">Fort de Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Conde">Fort Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park" title="Starved Rock State Park">Fort St. Louis (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort St. Louis (Texas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France" title="Governor General of New France">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant_of_New_France" title="Intendant of New France">Intendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Quebec" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec">Bishop of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="List of governors of Trois-Rivières">Governor of Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Montreal" title="Governor of Montreal">Governor of Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Acadie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Terre-Neuve <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Governors_of_Plaisance,_1655–1713" title="List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">Governor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiane <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">Seigneurial system of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice_in_New_France" title="Criminal justice in New France">Criminal justice in New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Superior Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provostship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Officiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">Bailiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%A9chauss%C3%A9e" title="Maréchaussée">Maréchaussée</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">Fur trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureur des bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of 100 Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Crozat" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Crozat">Crozat's Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of New France">Population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1666_census_of_New_France" title="1666 census of New France">1666 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canadiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Daughters" title="King's Daughters">King's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casquette_girl" title="Casquette girl">Casquette girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Gens de couleur libres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_France" title="Alcohol in New France">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_livre" title="New France livre">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Card_money_in_New_France" title="Card money in New France">card money</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France_Intellectual_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="New France Intellectual Life">Intellectual life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Récollets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns" title="Grey Nuns">Grey Nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Priests_of_Saint_Sulpice" title="Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice">Sulpicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">Military of New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">Intercolonial Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">French and Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">Schenectady Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">Deerfield Raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_France" title="Category:New France">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1558#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403930633">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152389568">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/762163709898329700002">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204323/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114131-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007369">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120658452">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120658452">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628402">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kansas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138175&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455331">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000656529&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000406606">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202010952">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552529805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514552206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c747e5a9-3ac7-4dfb-888f-193ff598c62f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04856342?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/176543422">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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