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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schematic_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schematic_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schematic symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schematic_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_transistors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_transistors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison with other transistors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_transistors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mathematical model</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mathematical_model-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mathematical model subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linear_ohmic_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_ohmic_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Linear ohmic region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_ohmic_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constant-current_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constant-current_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Constant-current region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constant-current_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transconductance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transconductance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Transconductance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transconductance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JFET</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ترانزستور حقلي وصلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترانزستور حقلي وصلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperrschicht-Feldeffekttransistor" title="Sperrschicht-Feldeffekttransistor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sperrschicht-Feldeffekttransistor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pn-siirdega_v%C3%A4ljatransistor" title="Pn-siirdega väljatransistor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pn-siirdega väljatransistor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترانزیستور پیوندی اثر میدان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترانزیستور پیوندی اثر میدان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_Field_Effect_Transistor" title="Junction Field Effect Transistor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Junction Field Effect Transistor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="जेफेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेफेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_efek_medan_sambungan" title="Transistor efek medan sambungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transistor efek medan sambungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzystor_polowy_z%C5%82%C4%85czowy" title="Tranzystor polowy złączowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tranzystor polowy złączowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%A2" title="ЈФЕТ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ЈФЕТ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_Field_Effect_Transistor" title="Junction Field Effect Transistor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Junction Field Effect Transistor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFET" title="JFET – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="JFET" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E5%9E%8B%E5%9C%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E7%AE%A1" title="结型场效应管 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="结型场效应管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22JFET%22">"JFET"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22JFET%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22JFET%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22JFET%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22JFET%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22JFET%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of field-effect transistor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">JFET</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JFET_cross_section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JFET_cross_section.svg/270px-JFET_cross_section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JFET_cross_section.svg/405px-JFET_cross_section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/JFET_cross_section.svg/540px-JFET_cross_section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="638" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a> from <i>source</i> to <i>drain</i> in a <b>p-channel JFET</b> is restricted when a <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> is applied to the <i>gate</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Pin names</span></th><td class="infobox-data">drain, gate, source</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_315-1975_(1993)_8.6.10.1.b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/100px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/150px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_315-1975_(1993)_8.6.11.1.b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg/100px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg/150px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg/200px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.11.1.b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>junction field-effect transistor</b> (<b>JFET</b>) is one of the simplest types of <a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">field-effect transistor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JFETs are three-terminal <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> devices that can be used as <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronically</a> controlled <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switches</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_resistor" title="Voltage-controlled resistor">resistors</a>, or to build <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a>. </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar junction transistors">bipolar junction transistors</a>, JFETs are exclusively <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>-controlled in that they do not need a <a href="/wiki/Biasing" title="Biasing">biasing current</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a> flows through a <a href="/wiki/Semiconducting" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconducting">semiconducting</a> channel between <i>source</i> and <i>drain</i> <a href="/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)" title="Terminal (electronics)">terminals</a>. By applying a reverse bias <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> to a <i>gate</i> terminal, the channel is <i><a href="/wiki/Channel_length_modulation" title="Channel length modulation">pinched</a></i>, so that the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> is impeded or switched off completely. A JFET is usually conducting when there is zero voltage between its gate and source terminals. If a potential difference of the proper <a href="/wiki/Electrical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical polarity">polarity</a> is applied between its gate and source terminals, the JFET will be more <a href="/wiki/Resistive" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistive">resistive</a> to current flow, which means less current would flow in the channel between the source and drain terminals. </p><p>JFETs are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Depletion-mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion-mode">depletion-mode</a> devices, as they rely on the principle of a <a href="/wiki/Depletion_region" title="Depletion region">depletion region</a>, which is devoid of majority <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a>. The depletion region has to be closed to enable current to flow. </p><p>JFETs can have an <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type</a> or <a href="/wiki/P-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="P-type semiconductor">p-type</a> channel. In the n-type, if the voltage applied to the gate is negative with respect to the source, the current will be reduced (similarly in the p-type, if the voltage applied to the gate is positive with respect to the source). Because a JFET in a <a href="/wiki/Common_source" title="Common source">common source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_drain" title="Common drain">common drain</a> configuration has a large <a href="/wiki/Input_impedance" title="Input impedance">input impedance</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes on the order of 10<sup>10</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a>), little current is drawn from circuits used as input to the gate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A succession of FET-like devices was patented by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Edgar_Lilienfeld" title="Julius Edgar Lilienfeld">Julius Lilienfeld</a> in the 1920s and 1930s. However, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> and fabrication technology would require decades of advances before FETs could actually be manufactured. </p><p>JFET was first patented by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Welker" title="Heinrich Welker">Heinrich Welker</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s, researchers <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> were trying to build a FET, but failed in their repeated attempts. They discovered the <a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">point-contact transistor</a> in the course of trying to diagnose the reasons for their failures. Following Shockley's theoretical treatment on JFET in 1952, a working practical JFET was made in 1953 by <a href="/wiki/George_C._Dacey" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Dacey">George C. Dacey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_Ross" title="Ian Munro Ross">Ian M. Ross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese engineers <a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a> and Y. Watanabe applied for a patent for a similar device in 1950 termed <a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">static induction transistor</a> (SIT). The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel.<sup id="cite_ref-sit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-speed, high-voltage switching with JFETs became technically feasible following the commercial introduction of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide#Power_electronic_devices" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a> (SiC) <a href="/wiki/Wide-bandgap_semiconductor" title="Wide-bandgap semiconductor">wide-bandgap</a> devices in 2008. Due to early difficulties in manufacturing — in particular, inconsistencies and low yield — SiC JFETs remained a niche product at first, with correspondingly high costs. By 2018, these manufacturing issues had been mostly resolved. By then, SiC JFETs were also commonly used in conjunction with conventional low-voltage Silicon MOSFETs.<sup id="cite_ref-Flaherty2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flaherty2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this combination, SiC JFET + Si MOSFET devices have the advantages of wide band-gap devices as well as the easy gate drive of MOSFETs.<sup id="cite_ref-Flaherty2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flaherty2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The JFET is a long channel of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> material, <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doped</a> to contain an abundance of positive <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charge</a> carriers or <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">holes</a> (<i>p-type</i>), or of negative carriers or <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> (<i>n-type</i>). <a href="/wiki/Ohmic_contact" title="Ohmic contact">Ohmic contacts</a> at each end form the source (S) and the drain (D). A <a href="/wiki/P-N_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="P-N junction">pn-junction</a> is formed on one or both sides of the channel, or surrounding it using a region with doping opposite to that of the channel, and biased using an ohmic gate contact (G). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFET_n-channel_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JFET_n-channel_en.svg/280px-JFET_n-channel_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JFET_n-channel_en.svg/420px-JFET_n-channel_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/JFET_n-channel_en.svg/560px-JFET_n-channel_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>I–V characteristics and output plot of an n-channel JFET</figcaption></figure> <p>JFET operation can be compared to that of a <a href="/wiki/Garden_hose" title="Garden hose">garden hose</a>. The flow of water through a hose can be controlled by squeezing it to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross section</a> and the flow of <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> through a JFET is controlled by constricting the current-carrying channel. The current also depends on the electric field between source and drain (analogous to the difference in <a href="/wiki/Fluid_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid pressure">pressure</a> on either end of the hose). This current dependency is not supported by the characteristics shown in the diagram above a certain applied voltage. This is the <i>saturation region</i>, and the JFET is normally operated in this constant-current region where device current is virtually unaffected by drain-source voltage. The JFET shares this constant-current characteristic with junction transistors and with thermionic tube (valve) tetrodes and pentodes. </p><p>Constriction of the conducting channel is accomplished using the <a href="/wiki/Field_effect_(semiconductor)" title="Field effect (semiconductor)">field effect</a>: a voltage between the gate and the source is applied to reverse bias the gate-source pn-junction, thereby widening the <a href="/wiki/Depletion_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Depletion layer">depletion layer</a> of this junction (see top figure), encroaching upon the conducting channel and restricting its cross-sectional area. The depletion layer is so-called because it is depleted of mobile carriers and so is electrically non-conducting for practical purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-JFET_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFET-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the depletion layer spans the width of the conduction channel, <i>pinch-off</i> is achieved and drain-to-source conduction stops. Pinch-off occurs at a particular reverse bias (<i>V</i><sub>GS</sub>) of the gate–source junction. The <i>pinch-off voltage</i> (V<sub>p</sub>) (also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Threshold_voltage" title="Threshold voltage">threshold voltage</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>cut-off voltage</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) varies considerably, even among devices of the same type. For example, <i>V</i><sub>GS(off)</sub> for the Temic J202 device varies from <span class="nowrap">−0.8 V</span> to <span class="nowrap">−4 V</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i>V</i><sub>GS(off)</sub> for the J308 varies between <span class="nowrap">−1 V</span> and <span class="nowrap">−6.5 V</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Confusingly, the term <i>pinch-off voltage</i> is also used to refer to the <i>V</i><sub>DS</sub> value that separates the linear and saturation regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>To switch off an <b>n</b>-channel device requires a <b>n</b>egative gate–source voltage (<i>V</i><sub>GS</sub>). Conversely, to switch off a <b>p</b>-channel device requires <b>p</b>ositive <i>V</i><sub>GS</sub>. </p><p>In normal operation, the electric field developed by the gate blocks source–drain conduction to some extent. </p><p>Some JFET devices are symmetrical with respect to the source and drain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schematic_symbols">Schematic symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Schematic symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg/100px-JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg/150px-JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg/200px-JFET_N-dep_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="78" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Circuit symbol</a> for an n-channel JFET</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg/100px-JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg/150px-JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg/200px-JFET_P-dep_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="78" /></a><figcaption>Circuit symbol for a p-channel JFET</figcaption></figure> <p>The JFET gate is sometimes drawn in the middle of the channel (instead of at the drain or source electrode as in these examples). This symmetry suggests that "drain" and "source" are interchangeable, so the symbol should be used only for those JFETs where they are indeed interchangeable. </p><p>The symbol may be drawn inside a circle (representing the envelope of a discrete device) if the enclosure is important to circuit function, such as dual matched components in the same package.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In every case the arrow head shows the polarity of the P–N junction formed between the channel and the gate. As with an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a>, the arrow points from P to N, the direction of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current#Conventional_current" title="Electric current">conventional current</a> when forward-biased. An English <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> is that the arrow of an N-channel device "points i<b>n</b>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_transistors">Comparison with other transistors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with other transistors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At room temperature, JFET gate current (the reverse leakage of the gate-to-channel <a href="/wiki/P-n_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="P-n junction">junction</a>) is comparable to that of a <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> (which has insulating oxide between gate and channel), but much less than the base current of a <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar junction transistor</a>. The JFET has higher gain (<a href="/wiki/Transconductance" title="Transconductance">transconductance</a>) than the MOSFET, as well as lower <a href="/wiki/Flicker_noise" title="Flicker noise">flicker noise</a>, and is therefore used in some low-<a href="/wiki/Noise_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (physics)">noise</a>, high input-impedance <a href="/wiki/Operational_amplifier" title="Operational amplifier">op-amps</a>. Additionally the JFET is less susceptible to damage from static charge buildup.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_model">Mathematical model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematical model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_ohmic_region">Linear ohmic region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Linear ohmic region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current in N-JFET due to a small voltage <i>V</i><sub>DS</sub> (that is, in the <i>linear</i> or <i>ohmic</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>triode region</i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is given by treating the channel as a rectangular bar of material of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle qN_{d}\mu _{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle qN_{d}\mu _{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67d44dc69e6f7cca6f75d521b395d6963689593a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.648ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle qN_{d}\mu _{n}}" /></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>D</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/212c55859b6c2637eb0d4050feadb20c0134df71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.93ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}},}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><i>I</i><sub>D</sub> = drain–source current,</dd> <dd><i>b</i> = channel thickness for a given gate voltage,</dd> <dd><i>W</i> = channel width,</dd> <dd><i>L</i> = channel length,</dd> <dd><i>q</i> = electron charge = 1.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> C,</dd> <dd><i>μ<sub>n</sub></i> = <a href="/wiki/Electron_mobility" title="Electron mobility">electron mobility</a>,</dd> <dd><i>N<sub>d</sub></i> = n-type doping (donor) concentration,</dd> <dd><i>V</i><sub>P</sub> = pinch-off voltage.</dd></dl> <p>Then the drain current in the <i>linear region</i> can be approximated as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}}={\frac {aW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>D</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> <mi>L</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}}={\frac {aW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c972d4e59b709d84f290600d4e19bd8687654bee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:54.344ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {bW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}V_{\text{DS}}={\frac {aW}{L}}qN_{d}\mu _{n}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>In terms of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{DSS}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DSS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{DSS}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b2b11ce0da80dc3a17c0d38de29cedba88d31eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.339ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{DSS}}}" /></span>, the drain current can be expressed as<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{V_{\text{P}}^{2}}}\left(V_{\text{GS}}-V_{\text{P}}-{\frac {V_{\text{DS}}}{2}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>D</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DSS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{V_{\text{P}}^{2}}}\left(V_{\text{GS}}-V_{\text{P}}-{\frac {V_{\text{DS}}}{2}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bfe8d47c24ed2137a228f37f9aeb84f4218a450e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:37.318ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{D}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{V_{\text{P}}^{2}}}\left(V_{\text{GS}}-V_{\text{P}}-{\frac {V_{\text{DS}}}{2}}\right)V_{\text{DS}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constant-current_region">Constant-current region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constant-current region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drain current in the <i>saturation</i> or <i>active</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>pinch-off region</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often approximated in terms of gate bias as<sup id="cite_ref-kumar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{DS}}=I_{\text{DSS}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right)^{2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DSS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{DS}}=I_{\text{DSS}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right)^{2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddc0425596d37511e9ab55feda915beddf877193" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.615ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{DS}}=I_{\text{DSS}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right)^{2},}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>I</i><sub>DSS</sub> is the saturation current at zero gate–source voltage, i.e. the maximum current that can flow through the FET from drain to source at any (permissible) drain-to-source voltage (see, e. g., the <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> characteristics diagram above). </p><p>In the <i>saturation region</i>, the JFET drain current is most significantly affected by the gate–source voltage and barely affected by the drain–source voltage. </p><p>If the channel doping is uniform, such that the depletion region thickness will grow in proportion to the square root of the absolute value of the gate–source voltage, then the channel thickness <i>b</i> can be expressed in terms of the zero-bias channel thickness <i>a</i> as<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b=a\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b=a\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/947f037eda891cd0821ad5d158014bbc9f16ec0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:21.382ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b=a\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}}\right),}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><i>V</i><sub>P</sub> is the pinch-off voltage –  the gate–source voltage at which the channel thickness goes to zero,</dd> <dd><i>a</i> is the channel thickness at zero gate–source voltage.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transconductance">Transconductance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transconductance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transconductance for the junction FET is given by </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{\text{m}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{|V_{\text{P}}|}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DSS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GS</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{\text{m}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{|V_{\text{P}}|}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9798b239f05c3d46e65803cd5d9ba1ef311408c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.619ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{\text{m}}={\frac {2I_{\text{DSS}}}{|V_{\text{P}}|}}\left(1-{\frac {V_{\text{GS}}}{V_{\text{P}}}}\right),}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>P</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c3702faa22c97bfb125d0ae0f4327a428af3849" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.707ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{P}}}" /></span> is the pinchoff voltage, and <i>I</i><sub>DSS</sub> is the maximum drain current. This is also called <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g_{\text{fs}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fs</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g_{\text{fs}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cfc7c6eb2880fc9b1ef32eb4744f544b2bad427" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.493ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g_{\text{fs}}}" /></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y_{\text{fs}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>fs</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle y_{\text{fs}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b2ceaf2aa340186b701d729b8808908aa0282fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.523ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y_{\text{fs}}}" /></span> (for <a href="/wiki/Transadmittance" class="mw-redirect" title="Transadmittance">transadmittance</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetron" title="Fetron">Fetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESFET" title="MESFET">MESFET</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall" class="citation web cs1">Hall, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linearsystems.com/lsdata/others/LIS_White_Paper_Consider_Discrete_JFET.pdf">"Discrete JFET"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>linearsystems.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.linearsystems.com/lsdata/others/LIS_White_Paper_Consider_Discrete_JFET.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linearsystems.com&rft.atitle=Discrete+JFET&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linearsystems.com%2Flsdata%2Fothers%2FLIS_White_Paper_Consider_Discrete_JFET.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html">"Junction Field Effect Transistor"</a>. <i>Electronics Tutorials</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131124209/https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Tutorials&rft.atitle=Junction+Field+Effect+Transistor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-tutorials.ws%2Ftransistor%2Ftran_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrundmann,_Marius2010" class="citation book cs1">Grundmann, Marius (2010). <i>The Physics of Semiconductors</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13884-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-13884-3"><bdi>978-3-642-13884-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Semiconductors&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-13884-3&rft.au=Grundmann%2C+Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-7263-9_11#page-1">Junction Field-Effect Devices</a>, <i>Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning</i>, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flaherty2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flaherty2018_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flaherty2018_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2018" class="citation cs2">Flaherty, Nick (October 18, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eenewspower.com/news/third-generation-sic-jfet-adds-1200-v-and-650-v-options">"Third generation SiC JFET adds 1200 V and 650 V options"</a>, <i>EeNews Power Management</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EeNews+Power+Management&rft.atitle=Third+generation+SiC+JFET+adds+1200+V+and+650+V+options&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenewspower.com%2Fnews%2Fthird-generation-sic-jfet-adds-1200-v-and-650-v-options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFET-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JFET_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a discussion of JFET structure and operation, see for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD._Chattopadhyay2006" class="citation book cs1">D. Chattopadhyay (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0rf9_2ckeYC&pg=PA269">"§13.2 Junction field-effect transistor (JFET)"</a>. <i>Electronics (fundamentals and applications)</i>. New Age International. pp. 269 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122417807" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122417807"><bdi>978-8122417807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A713.2+Junction+field-effect+transistor+%28JFET%29&rft.btitle=Electronics+%28fundamentals+and+applications%29&rft.pages=269+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8122417807&rft.au=D.+Chattopadhyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0rf9_2ckeYC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coefs.uncc.edu/dlsharer/files/2012/04/J3a.pdf">"Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ETEE3212 Lecture Notes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://coefs.uncc.edu/dlsharer/files/2012/04/J3a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09. <q>value of <i>v</i><sub>GS</sub> ... for which the channel is completely depleted ... is called the <b>threshold</b>, or <b>pinch-off</b>, voltage and occurs at <i>v</i><sub>GS</sub> = <i>V</i><sub>GS(OFF)</sub>. ... This linear region of operation is called <b>ohmic</b> (or sometimes triode) ... Beyond the knee of the ohmic region, the curves become essentially flat in the <b>active</b> (or <b>saturation</b>) <b>region</b> of operation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETEE3212+Lecture+Notes&rft.atitle=Junction+Field+Effect+Transistor+%28JFET%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoefs.uncc.edu%2Fdlsharer%2Ffiles%2F2012%2F04%2FJ3a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedraSmith" class="citation book cs1">Sedra, Adel S.; Smith, Kenneth C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780199339136/pdf/bonustopics.pdf">"5.11 THE JUNCTION FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Microelectronic Circuits</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780199339136/pdf/bonustopics.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09. <q>At this value of <i>v</i><sub>GS</sub> the channel is completely depleted ... For JFETs the threshold voltage is called the <b>pinch-off voltage</b> and is denoted <i>V</i><sub>P</sub>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.11+THE+JUNCTION+FIELD-EFFECT+TRANSISTOR+%28JFET%29&rft.btitle=Microelectronic+Circuits&rft.aulast=Sedra&rft.aufirst=Adel+S.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcompanion.websites%2Ffdscontent%2Fuscompanion%2Fus%2Fstatic%2Fcompanion.websites%2F9780199339136%2Fpdf%2Fbonustopics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzHill1989" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19125711"><i>The art of electronics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37095-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37095-7"><bdi>0-521-37095-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19125711">19125711</a>. <q>For JFETs the gate-source voltage at which drain current approaches zero is called the "gate-source cutoff voltage", <i>V</i><sub>GS(OFF)</sub>, or the "pinch-off voltage", <i>V</i><sub>P</sub> ... For enhancement-mode MOSFETs the analogous quantity is the "threshold voltage"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+electronics&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19125711&rft.isbn=0-521-37095-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hill%2C+Winfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F19125711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehtaMehta2008" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, V. K.; Mehta, Rohit (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkingelectronics.com/Download%20eBooks/Principles%20of%20electronics/CH-19.pdf">"19 Field Effect Transistors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741256429"><i>Principles of electronics</i></a> (11th ed.). S. Chand. pp. <span class="nowrap">513–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121924504" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121924504"><bdi>978-8121924504</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741256429">741256429</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.talkingelectronics.com/Download%20eBooks/Principles%20of%20electronics/CH-19.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09. <q><b>Pinch off Voltage (<i>V</i><sub>P</sub>).</b> It is the minimum drain–source voltage at which the drain current essentially becomes constant. ... <b>Gate–source cut off voltage <i>V</i><sub>GS (off)</sub>.</b> It is the gate–source voltage where the channel is completely cut off and the drain current becomes zero.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19+Field+Effect+Transistors&rft.btitle=Principles+of+electronics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741256429&rft.isbn=978-8121924504&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=V.+K.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+Rohit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkingelectronics.com%2FDownload%2520eBooks%2FPrinciples%2520of%2520electronics%2FCH-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU._A._BakshiAtul_P._Godse2008" class="citation book cs1">U. A. Bakshi; Atul P. Godse (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLqqbq2ypZQC"><i>Electronics Engineering</i></a>. Technical Publications. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8431-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8431-503-5"><bdi>978-81-8431-503-5</bdi></a>. <q>Do not confuse cutoff with pinch off. The <b>pinch-off voltage</b> <i>V</i><sub>P</sub> is the value of the <i>V</i><sub>DS</sub> at which the drain current reaches a constant value for a given value of <i>V</i><sub>GS</sub>. ... The cutoff voltage <i>V</i><sub>GS(off)</sub> is the value of <i>V</i><sub>GS</sub> at which the drain current is 0.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronics+Engineering&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Technical+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8431-503-5&rft.au=U.+A.+Bakshi&rft.au=Atul+P.+Godse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLqqbq2ypZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs-europe.origin.electrocomponents.com/webdocs/0027/0900766b80027bd1.pdf">"J201 data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://docs-europe.origin.electrocomponents.com/webdocs/0027/0900766b80027bd1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J201+data+sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs-europe.origin.electrocomponents.com%2Fwebdocs%2F0027%2F0900766b80027bd1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linearsystems.com/_files/ugd/7e8069_1d25831e77cf4fa6acf32aa92dff50a2.pdf">"U/J/SST308 series—Single N-Channel High Frequency JFET Amplifier"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2019-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U%2FJ%2FSST308+series%E2%80%94Single+N-Channel+High+Frequency+JFET+Amplifier&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linearsystems.com%2F_files%2Fugd%2F7e8069_1d25831e77cf4fa6acf32aa92dff50a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"A4.11 Envelope or Enclosure". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.julesbartow.com/Construction/ANSI%20Y32.2-1975.pdf"><i>ANSI Y32.2-1975</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.julesbartow.com/Construction/ANSI%20Y32.2-1975.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09. <q>The envelope or enclosure symbol may be omitted from a symbol referencing this paragraph, where confusion would not result</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A4.11+Envelope+or+Enclosure&rft.btitle=ANSI+Y32.2-1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.julesbartow.com%2FConstruction%2FANSI%2520Y32.2-1975.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKopp2019" class="citation web cs1">Kopp, Emilie (2019-01-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerelectronictips.com/whats-difference-between-a-mosfet-jfet-faq/">"What's the difference between a MOSFET and a JFET?"</a>. <i>Power Electronic Tips</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517223931/https://www.powerelectronictips.com/whats-difference-between-a-mosfet-jfet-faq/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Power+Electronic+Tips&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+a+MOSFET+and+a+JFET%3F&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerelectronictips.com%2Fwhats-difference-between-a-mosfet-jfet-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/What-is-the-ohmic-region-of-a-FET-transistor">"What is the Ohmic Region of a FET Transistor"</a>. <i>www.learningaboutelectronics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>. <q>ohmic region ... also called the linear region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.learningaboutelectronics.com&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Ohmic+Region+of+a+FET+Transistor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learningaboutelectronics.com%2FArticles%2FWhat-is-the-ohmic-region-of-a-FET-transistor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalbir_Kumar_and_Shail_B._Jain2013" class="citation book cs1">Balbir Kumar and Shail B. Jain (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jr5nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Electronic Devices and Circuits</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">342–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120348448" title="Special:BookSources/9788120348448"><bdi>9788120348448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Devices+and+Circuits&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788120348448&rft.au=Balbir+Kumar+and+Shail+B.+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djr5nAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html">"Junction Field Effect Transistor"</a>. <i>Electronics Tutorials</i>. <q>Saturation or Active Region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronics+Tutorials&rft.atitle=Junction+Field+Effect+Transistor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-tutorials.ws%2Ftransistor%2Ftran_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScholberg2017" class="citation web cs1">Scholberg, Kate (2017-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webhome.phy.duke.edu/~schol/phy271/faqs/faq17/node7.html">"What is the meaning of "pinch-off region"?"</a>. <q>The "pinch-off region" (or "saturation region") refers to operation of a FET with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{ds}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{ds}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a9197ca6dd33c6589dc11e7e127d93cde04acee7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.218ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{ds}}" /></span> more than a few volts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+meaning+of+%22pinch-off+region%22%3F&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=Scholberg&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebhome.phy.duke.edu%2F~schol%2Fphy271%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq17%2Fnode7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorr2013" class="citation web cs1">Storr, Wayne (2013-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html">"Junction Field Effect Transistor or JFET Tutorial"</a>. <i>Basic Electronics Tutorials</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Electronics+Tutorials&rft.atitle=Junction+Field+Effect+Transistor+or+JFET+Tutorial&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronics-tutorials.ws%2Ftransistor%2Ftran_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirt_Blattenberger_RF_Cafe" class="citation news cs1">Kirt Blattenberger RF Cafe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfcafe.com/references/radio-electronics/jfets-radio-electronics-may-1969.htm">"JFETS: How They Work, How to Use Them, May 1969 Radio-Electronics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-04</span></span>. <q><b>y<sub>fs</sub></b> – Small-signal, common-source, forward transadmittance (sometimes called g<sub>fs</sub>-transconductance)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=JFETS%3A+How+They+Work%2C+How+to+Use+Them%2C+May+1969+Radio-Electronics&rft.au=Kirt+Blattenberger+RF+Cafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfcafe.com%2Freferences%2Fradio-electronics%2Fjfets-radio-electronics-may-1969.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJFET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFET&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IEEE_315-1975_(1993)_8.6.10.1.b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/90px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/135px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg/180px-IEEE_315-1975_%281993%29_8.6.10.1.b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction 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title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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