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<div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about the university in France. For the 2009 film, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polytechnique_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polytechnique (film)">Polytechnique (film)</a>. 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Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/École polytechnique">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:École polytechnique">talk page</a>. (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"> <div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left"> You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:École polytechnique (France)">the corresponding article</a> in French. (December 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. </div> <div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Expand_French?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand French">adding a topic</a> to this template: there are already 1,629 articles in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Edit_summary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:École polytechnique (France)]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|École polytechnique (France)}}</code> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Talk:École polytechnique">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique%26action%3Dedit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>. (September 2022) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> École polytechnique (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Polytechnic School'; also known as Polytechnique or l'X <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/French?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/French">[liks]</a>) is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande école">grande école</a> located in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palaiseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>. It specializes in science and engineering and is a founding member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"> <caption class="infobox-title fn org"> École polytechnique </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/130px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/195px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/260px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="2328"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Other name </div></th> <td class="infobox-data nickname">l'X</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Former name </div></th> <td class="infobox-data nickname">École centrale des Travaux publics (Central School of Public Works)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th> <td class="infobox-data">Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Motto in English </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">For the Homeland, Science, and Glory</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grande école</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th> <td class="infobox-data">1794; 230 years ago (1794)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Parent institution </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Academic affiliations </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_des_grandes_%C3%A9coles_(CGE)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conférence des grandes écoles (CGE)">CGE</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conference_of_the_Directors_of_French_Engineering_Schools?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conference of the Directors of French Engineering Schools">CDEFI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_president?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laura_Chaubard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laura Chaubard">Laura Chaubard</a> (by interim)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Director</th> <td class="infobox-data">Laura Chaubard</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th> <td class="infobox-data">3,370<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Undergraduate_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">480<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LaunchBachelorProgram-2">[2]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postgraduate_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">2,000 engineer candidates 500 masters<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctorate">Doctoral students</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">390<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th> <td class="infobox-data adr"> <div style="display:inline" class="locality"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palaiseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a> </div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"> France </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3D%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique%26params%3D48.7125_N_2.2100_E_type:edu_region:FR">48°42′45″N 2°12′36″E / 48.7125°N 2.2100°E / 48.7125; 2.2100</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/School_colors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="School colors">Colors</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red & yellow</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polytechnique.edu/en">polytechnique.edu</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battalion of École polytechnique</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Bataillon de l'École polytechnique</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/130px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/195px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png/260px-POLYTECHNIQUE-IP_PARIS.png 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="2328"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th> <td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1794</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th> <td class="infobox-data">France</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_university?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Research_university?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Research university">research university</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Armed_Forces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th> <td class="infobox-data">Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Wars</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_honour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle honour">Battle honours</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legion_of_Honour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre 1914–1918</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1939%E2%80%931945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix de Guerre 1939–1945">Croix de guerre 1939–1945</a> citation to the order of the army</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commanding Officer</th> <td class="infobox-data">Senior General Armament Engineer François Bouchet</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colonel of the Regiment</th> <td class="infobox-data">Thibault Capdeville head of corps and director of human and military training</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg/170px-Arms_of_the_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique.svg/255px-Arms_of_the_%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Arms_of_the_%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique.svg/340px-Arms_of_the_%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="143"></a> <figcaption> Emblem of the school </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/170px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/255px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG/340px-Statue_X_DSC08329.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="2403"></a> <figcaption> A statue in the courtyard of the school commemorates the cadets of Polytechnique rushing to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">defence of Paris</a> in 1814. A copy was installed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>. </figcaption> </figure> The school was founded in 1794 by mathematician <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaspard_Monge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and was militarized under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> in 1804. It is still supervised by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Armed Forces (France)">French Ministry of Armed Forces</a>. Originally located in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> in central Paris, the institution moved to Palaiseau in 1976, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris-Saclay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris-Saclay">Paris-Saclay technology cluster</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> French engineering students undergo initial military training and have the status of paid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aspirant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aspirant">officer cadets</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The school has also been awarding doctorates since 1985, masters since 2005 and bachelors since 2017.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Most Polytechnique engineering graduates go on to become top executives in companies, senior civil servants, military officers, or researchers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of École Polytechnique alumni">Its alumni</a> from the engineering graduate program include three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel_prize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fields_Medal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalist</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidents_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of France">Presidents of France</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and many CEOs of French and international companies. The school has produced renowned mathematicians such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaspard-Gustave_de_Coriolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis">Coriolis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurent Schwartz">Laurent Schwartz</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a>, physicists such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Becquerel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Fresnel</a>, and economists <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Allais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Tirole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a>. French <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marshal_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marshal of France">Marshals</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Joffre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Joffre">Joffre</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Foch">Foch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Fayolle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Fayolle">Fayolle</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel-Joseph_Maunoury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel-Joseph Maunoury">Maunoury</a> were also notable Polytechnique engineering graduates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foundation_and_early_years">1.1 Foundation and early years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_French_Second_Empire">1.2 The French Second Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_World_Wars">1.3 The World Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#From_post-war_to_today">1.4 From post-war to today</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Locations">2 Locations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_locations">2.1 Early locations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Montagne_Saint-Genevi%C3%A8ve_(1805%E2%80%931976)">2.2 Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Palaiseau_(from_1976)">2.3 Palaiseau (from 1976)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organization_and_administration">3 Organization and administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Specific_status">3.1 Specific status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Activities_and_teaching_staff">3.2 Activities and teaching staff</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Academic_programs">4 Academic programs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program">4.1 The 'Polytechnicien Engineer' program</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Admission">4.1.1 Admission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Curriculum">4.1.2 Curriculum</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Class_rank_and_career_path">4.1.3 Class rank and career path</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tuition_and_financial_obligations">4.1.4 Tuition and financial obligations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bachelor_program">4.2 Bachelor program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Master's_program">4.3 Master's program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doctoral_program">4.4 Doctoral program</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_centres">4.5 Research centres</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Student_life">5 Student life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports">6 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_people">7 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rankings">8 Rankings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_rankings">8.1 General rankings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_performance">8.2 Research performance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_rankings">8.3 Other rankings</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criticisms">9 Criticisms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery">10 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Paris,_%C3%89cole_polytechnique,_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_(J_David,_1904)_-_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="564"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/330px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg/440px-Paris%2C_%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_Amphith%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Chimie_%28J_David%2C_1904%29_-_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The chemistry auditorium in the old building in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartier_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a>, photographed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_David_(photographer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules David (photographer)">Jules David</a> in 1904 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%C3%89cole_polytechnique,_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly,_Paris_5e.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/220px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5333" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/220px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/330px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg/440px-%C3%89cole_polytechnique%2C_place_Jacqueline-de-Romilly%2C_Paris_5e.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pediment of historical buildings, rue Descartes in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Foundation_and_early_years">Foundation and early years</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Foundation and early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the Revolution of 1789, the royal engineering schools were closed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-%25C3%2589lie_Lamblardie" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques-Élie Lamblardie">Jacques-Élie Lamblardie</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaspard_Monge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazare_Carnot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a>, the founding fathers of the School, were charged with organizing a new "École centrale des travaux publics" (Central School of Public Works)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> which was officially created on 7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vend%C3%A9miaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vendémiaire">Vendémiaire</a>, Year III (September 28, 1794) and opened to students on 1 Nivôse, Year III (December 21, 1794).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The aim of the school was to train civil and military engineers. The school quickly welcomed 400 students of different levels. During the first three months, "revolutionary courses" were given in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathematics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, after which they took exams to see if they could enter the civil service directly, or if they should continue their studies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The school was renamed "École polytechnique" a year later. The neologism "polytechnique" is composed of "poly" which means "many" and reflects the plurality of techniques taught in the School. The change of name reflects the change of vocation of the school, which now prepares students for other specialized schools such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_du_g%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="École du génie (page does not exist)">École du génie</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mines_Paris_-_PSL?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines Paris - PSL">École des mines</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_ponts_ParisTech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École des ponts ParisTech">École des ponts et chaussées</a>. The curriculum lasted 3 years, the "regular courses" replaced the "revolutionary courses" and there were only 120 new students each year. The school was placed under the supervision of the Ministries of War and the Interior.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> A Journal Polytechnique (former name of "Journal de l'École polytechnique" ) was created in 1795.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1799, the course was reduced from three to two years. In 1805, Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoléon</a> I transferred the School to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montagne_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montagne Sainte-Geneviève">Montagne Sainte-Geneviève</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartier_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a> of central Paris to become a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military academy">military academy</a> and gave it its motto: Pour la Patrie, les Sciences et la Gloire (For the Nation, Science, and Glory).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> In 1804, after the militarization of the school, its atmosphere changed significantly from a rather free spirit to a meticulous bureaucracy. Militarization was motivated by Napoleon's favorable opinion of the polytechnicians who had contributed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egyptian expedition</a> and by his admiration for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaspard_Monge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Militarization was accompanied by a specialization of teaching towards mathematics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chappey_223%E2%80%93227-20">[20]</a> In 1814, students participated in the fighting to defend Paris against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixth_Coalition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a>. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">the restoration</a> of 1816, the number of students was reduced to about seventy-five and the 'military arts' course was abolished.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> In 1817, King Louis XVIII demilitarized the École polytechnique and placed it under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1830, fifty students participated in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/July_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> Various decrees were issued until 1832.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Above all, the school came under the administration of the Ministry of War,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> thus regaining its military status. The republican ideal prevailed at the school, as shown by the active participation of students in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_French_Second_Empire">The French Second Empire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The French Second Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Because of the tension between revolutionary ideas and the service of the State, the republican ideal gradually disappeared after 1851. The Polytechnicians even found themselves on the side of the Versaillese when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_Commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> was crushed in 1871. During the years 1871–1872, the number of students admitted per year doubled from 140 to 280.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> The Polytechnicians sought above all to strengthen their position in the spheres of power to compensate for their loss of influence in the technical field. While they could have turned to an engineering profession associated with industry, the Polytechnicians instead reinforced their sovereign vocation by joining the "state nobility" of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_French_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a>, whose origins, interests and convictions they gradually shared. The years 1860–1870 marked an important evolution since the School became more of a "conservatory of sciences" than a center of research and innovation, while extending its hold on the management of the industrial apparatus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chappey_223%E2%80%93227-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_World_Wars">The World Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The World Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the students were mobilized and the school building was transformed into a hospital. No national entrance exam was held in 1915. More than eight hundred students died during the war. In 1921, students of foreign nationalities were allowed to take the entrance exam for the first time. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the École polytechnique was transferred to Lyon in the free zone, lost its military status, and its Parisian buildings were given to the Red Cross. More than four hundred students died during the war (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_French?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Resistance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi camps</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="From_post-war_to_today">From post-war to today</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: From post-war to today" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1944, the School was again placed under the administration of the Ministry of War.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1970, the School became a state-sponsored civilian institution under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> The first female students were admitted in 1972. One woman, Anne Chopinet, was class <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valedictorian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> In 1976, the School moved from the center of Paris to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palaiseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palaiseau">Palaiseau</a>, in the southern suburbs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> In 1985, it began awarding doctoral degrees.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> In 1994, the bicentennial celebration was presided over by President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> In 1995, a new entrance exam was set up for international students and in 2000, the Ingénieur Polytechnicien was extended from 3 to 4 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-23">[23]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/330px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG/440px-Entr%C3%A9e_Ecole_polytechnique.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Historical entrance of the École polytechnique Paris campus at the junction of the rue de la Montagne Saint-Genevieve and rue Descartes </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Campus_Polytechnique.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/220px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="2261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/220px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/330px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Campus_Polytechnique.svg/440px-Campus_Polytechnique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of the École polytechnique campus in Palaiseau </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_locations">Early locations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1794, École polytechnique was first housed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palais_Bourbon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palais Bourbon">Palais Bourbon</a>. A year later, it moved to the Hôtel de Lassay, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_particulier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hôtel particulier">hôtel particulier</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7th_arrondissement_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7th arrondissement of Paris">7th arrondissement of Paris</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Montagne_Saint-Geneviève_(1805–1976)">Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Montagne Saint-Geneviève (1805–1976)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1805, when he placed the School under military administration, Napoleon transferred it to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quartier_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartier Latin">Quartier Latin</a>, in the former premises of the colleges of Navarre, Tournai and Boncourt, now the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minister_of_Higher_Education,_Research_and_Innovation_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)">Ministry of Higher Education and Research</a>. The Paris campus was located near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a>, at 5 rue Descartes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and was nicknamed "Carva" by the students. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Palaiseau_(from_1976)">Palaiseau (from 1976)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Palaiseau (from 1976)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Located in the suburbs of Paris, about 14 km (9 miles) from the city center, École polytechnique is a campus-based institution. It offers teaching facilities, student housing, dining and hospitality services, and a range of sports facilities dedicated to the 4,600 people who live on campus. The nearest regional train station is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lozère station">Lozère</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RER_B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RER B">line B</a>, zone 4 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Express_R%C3%A9gional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réseau Express Régional">RER network</a>). Several buses also connect École polytechnique to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massy-Palaiseau_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Massy-Palaiseau station">Massy-Palaiseau</a> RER station and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massy_TGV_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massy TGV station">Massy TGV</a> station.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The campus is close to other scientific institutions in Saclay (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique_et_aux_%C3%A9nergies_alternatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives">Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives</a>), Orsay (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris-Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris-Sud">Université Paris-Sud</a>) and Bures (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_scientifiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut des hautes études scientifiques">Institut des hautes études scientifiques</a> and some laboratories of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">Centre national de la recherche scientifique</a>). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Organization_and_administration">Organization and administration</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Organization and administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Specific_status">Specific status</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Specific status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/330px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg/440px-0539-14072010-_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Polytechnique <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colour_guard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colour guard">color guard</a> at the 2010 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bastille_Day_Military_Parade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille Day Military Parade">Bastille Day Military Parade</a> </figcaption> </figure> École polytechnique is an institution of higher education<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> under the supervision of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (France)">French Ministry of Defence</a>, through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Directorate_for_Armament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="General Directorate for Armament">General Directorate for Armament</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> (administratively speaking, it is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Établissement public à caractère administratif">national public establishment of an administrative character</a>). It has a dual status, being an engineering school that trains civilian engineers and scientists, but also officers for the three French armies. The aim is to provide the French state with a scientific and technical elite. The number of graduates becoming civil servants and officers has weakened since 1950: today, only 10 to 20% of the school's students join the ranks of the administration or the army, while 20% go into research and the rest into engineering or management.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is headed by a general officer (since 2012, by a <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%25C3%25A9nieur_du_corps_de_l%2527armement" class="extiw" title="fr:Ingénieur du corps de l'armement">General engineer of Armament</a>, whereas previous directors were generally army generals), and employs military personnel in leadership, administrative and sport training positions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> French undergraduate polytechniciens, both male and female, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cadet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadet">cadets</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and have to go through a period of military training before beginning their studies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However, the military dimension of the school faded over time, with a reduced period of preliminary military training, and fewer and fewer students choosing a career as an officer. On special occasions, such as the military parade on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bastille_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, the polytechniciens wear the 19th-century-style Grand Uniforme, including a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicorne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a>, but students no longer wear uniforms on campus since the abolition of the 'internal uniform' in the mid-1980s. Students also wear the Grand Uniforme for special events on campus, such as conferences and ceremonies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Activities_and_teaching_staff">Activities and teaching staff</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Activities and teaching staff" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> École polytechnique has a general engineering curriculum at the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as a doctoral school. In addition to the faculty coming from its local laboratories, it employs many researchers and professors from other institutions, including laboratories such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">CNRS</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">CEA</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/INRIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a>, as well as from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> and nearby institutions such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_d%27optique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure d'optique">Institut d'Optique</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris-Sud_11_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris-Sud 11 University">Université Paris-Sud</a>, thus creating a varied and high-level teaching environment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Contrary to French public universities, the teachers at École polytechnique are not civil servants (fonctionnaires)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> but contract employees. In addition to full-time professors who do research at the École polytechnique in addition to their full teaching duties, there are part-time professors who have only a partial teaching load.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Part-time teachers are often recruited from research organizations (CNRS, CEA, INRIA, etc.) which carry out their activities on the School's campus, in the Paris region, or sometimes even in the provinces. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Academic_programs">Academic programs</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Academic programs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/220px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/220px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/330px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg/440px-Mandelbrot_p1130876.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoît Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> during his speech at the ceremony when he was made an officer of the Legion of Honour on 11 September 2006, at the École polytechnique </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_'Polytechnicien_Engineer'_program">The 'Polytechnicien Engineer' program</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The 'Polytechnicien Engineer' program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The program awards the prestigious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27ing%C3%A9nieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'ingénieur">diplôme d'ingénieur</a> degree, and is selective upon entry. The subjects covered often go beyond the student's specialty, and the course is focused on generalized education allowing cross-fertilization between different fields. In addition to the 2,000 polytechnicien engineering students (500 students per year), the institution has approximately 439 master's students and 572 doctoral students, for a total of 2,900 enrolled.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Admission">Admission</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Admission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/220px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/330px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg/440px-0094_dre_28092_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Foreign students of the École </figcaption> </figure> There are two ways to enter the Polytechnicien Engineer program. The first way is through a very selective competitive examination that requires at least two years of intensive preparation after high school in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classes_pr%C3%A9paratoires?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes préparatoires">classes préparatoires</a>. The second way is to do undergraduate studies at another university. There is a week of written exams in the spring, followed by oral exams in the summer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> About 400 French students are admitted to the school each year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Foreign students who have completed a classe préparatoire can also enter through the same competitive examination. In total, there are about 100 foreign students admitted to this cycle each year. Foreign students from European or American universities can also be admitted as part of an exchange program for a semester or a year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Curriculum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Four years of study are required for the engineering degree:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> one year of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military service">military service</a> (for French nationals only) and a scientific "common curriculum" (eight months and four months, respectively), one year of multidisciplinary studies, and one year of specialized studies ("majors"). Since the reform of the curriculum in 2000, students complete a fourth year of study in a partner institution. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/270px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg/360px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_au_drapeau_2012_%C3%89cole_polytechnique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Students wearing the uniform of Polytechnique </figcaption> </figure> <dl> <dt> First year </dt> </dl> The curriculum begins with eight months of mandatory military service for students of French nationality. In the past, this service lasted 12 months and was compulsory for all French students; the abolition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conscription?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conscription">draft</a> in France made this requirement of Polytechnique somewhat anachronistic, and the service was reformulated as a period of "human and military training." All French students spend a month together at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Courtine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Courtine">La Courtine</a> in a military training center. By the end of this month, they are assigned either to a civilian service or to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Army">Army</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Air_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">Air Force</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gendarmerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a>. Students who are assigned to military service undergo two months of military training at French officer schools such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_Navale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École Navale">École Navale</a>. Finally, they are assigned to a wide range of units for a five-month tour of duty in a French military unit (which may include, but is not limited to, infantry and artillery regiments, warships, and air bases).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pdfguide-39">[39]</a> While French students remain under military status during their studies at Polytechnique, and participate in various ceremonies and other military events, such as national ceremonies like Bastille Day or the anniversaries of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice">armistices</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a>, they do not undergo actual military training after completing their first-year service.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pdfguide-39">[39]</a> They receive at the end of the first year the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uniform">full dress uniform</a>, which comprises black trousers with a red stripe (a skirt for females), a coat with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brass">brass</a> buttons and a belt, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small_sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Small sword">small sword</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cocked_hat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocked hat">cocked hat</a> (officially called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicorne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a>). French-speaking foreign students perform civil service. Civil service can, for example, consist of being an assistant in a high school in a disadvantaged French suburb. Then begins a four-month period during which all students take the same five courses: Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science and Economics. <dl> <dt> Second year </dt> </dl> The second year is a year of multidisciplinary studies. The set of disciplines covers most of the scientific fields (mathematics, applied mathematics, mechanics, computer science, biology, physics, chemistry, economics) and some areas of the humanities (foreign languages, general humanities...). Students must choose twelve courses in at least five different disciplines. <dl> <dt> Third year </dt> </dl> In the third year, students must choose a specialization (programme d'approfondissement), which often focuses on a discipline or sometimes an interdisciplinary subject. This year ends with a research internship (four to six months). Students also earn a Master's degree in engineering, science and technology in their third year. <dl> <dt> Fourth year </dt> </dl> The fourth year is the beginning of more specialized studies: students who do not enter a State Corps must enter either a Master's degree or a doctorate, a partner college or institute such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mines_ParisTech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École des mines de Paris</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27administration_%C3%A9conomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique">ENSAE</a>, or a specialization institute such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supa%C3%A9ro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supaéro">Supaéro</a> in Toulouse or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IFP_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IFP School">ENSPM</a> in Rueil-Malmaison. The reason for this is that the generic education provided at Polytechnique is more focused on developing thinking skills than on preparing students for the transition to a real engineering career, which requires more advanced technical training. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Class_rank_and_career_path">Class rank and career path</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Class rank and career path" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The grades of the second year of the curriculum are used to rank the students. Traditionally, this individual exit ranking was very important for the French students of the École polytechnique, and certain peculiarities in the organization of studies and ranking can be attributed to the need for equity among students. For French nationals, this ranking is part of a government recruitment program: a certain number of places in civil or military Corps, including elite civil servant such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_des_Mines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps des Mines">Corps des Mines</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_of_Bridges,_Waters_and_Forests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests">Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests</a>, are open to students each year. These specific corps of civil servants, which provide the senior executives of the public administration, are open only to students of the École polytechnique and to rare students of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Normale Supérieure">Ecole Normale Supérieure</a>. At some point in their studies, students make a list of the corps they wish to enter in order of preference, and they are enrolled in the highest corps according to their ranking. The next step for these French polytechnicians is to join one of the four technical schools of the civil service: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mines_ParisTech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech">École des mines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_des_Ponts_et_Chauss%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées">École des ponts et chaussées</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_ParisTech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Télécom ParisTech">Télécom ParisTech</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ENSTA_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ENSTA Paris">ENSTA Paris</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_la_statistique_et_de_l%27administration_%C3%A9conomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique">ENSAE</a>, thus joining one of the civil service bodies known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Civil_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Great_corps_of_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Service">grands corps techniques de l'État</a>. Those who follow this path are called as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X-Mines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Mines">X-Mines</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X-Ponts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ponts">X-Ponts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=X-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9coms&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="X-Télécoms (page does not exist)">X-Télécoms</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X-INSEE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="X-INSEE">X-INSEE</a> respectively. Since the X2000 reform, the importance of rank has diminished. With the exception of the corps curriculum, the universities and schools where polytechniciens complete their training now base their acceptance decisions on the transcripts of all grades. Of the 47% of graduates who decide to pursue a professional career in the private sector, the majority (58%) are based in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris metropolitan area">Greater Paris</a> area, 8% in the rest of France, while 34% are based outside France. Only 12% of the cohort work under a non-French employment contract. École polytechnique students earn an average of €44,000 per year after graduation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Tuition_and_financial_obligations">Tuition and financial obligations</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tuition and financial obligations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> French students admitted to the École polytechnique do not pay tuition fees and receive a salary as officer cadets. Through the student board, they redistribute part of this sum to foreign students. There is no particular financial obligation for students who complete the program and then enter an application school or graduate program accredited by the École polytechnique. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bachelor_program">Bachelor program</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bachelor program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Bachelor is a three-year program fully taught in English which opened in 2017. Either French nationals or international students are eligible. Applications are opened to final year high school students. Selection is made through an online application file and an oral interview.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> During the first year of the programme, students follow a pluridisciplinary curriculum based on mathematics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Master's_program">Master's program</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Master's program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> École polytechnique organizes various master's programs, more specialized than the polytechnic engineering program, alone or in association with other schools and universities, on a wide variety of subjects. The school offers programs in AI, computer vision, economics, finance, environmental science, energy, and data science. Some degrees in entrepreneurship are delivered in partnership with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HEC_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/220px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/220px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/330px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg/440px-Campus_Ecole_polytechnique_de_palaiseau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Aerial view of the École polytechnique campus </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Doctoral_program">Doctoral program</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Doctoral program" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The school also has a doctoral program open to students with a master's degree or equivalent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Doctoral students generally work in the school's laboratories; they may also work in external institutes or institutions that cannot or will not award a doctorate. About 40% of doctoral students come from abroad.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Research_centres">Research centres</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research centres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> École polytechnique has many research laboratories operating in various scientific fields (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physics">physics</a>, mathematics, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, economics, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biology">biology</a>, etc.), most operated in association with national scientific institutions such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_National_de_la_Recherche_Scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique">CNRS</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%89nergie_Atomique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique">CEA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inserm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inserm">Inserm</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">Inria</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Student life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Students are represented by a board of 16 students known as "la Kès", elected each November. La Kès manages the relationships with teachers, management, alumni and partners. It publishes a weekly students paper, InfoKès. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Sports are an important part of student life, as all students are required to play 6 hours of sports per week. There are competitive and club sports ranging from skydiving and judo to circus and hiking. There are two swimming pools, dojo and fencing rooms, and an equestrian center on campus. The "Jumping de l'X" is an international show jumping competition organized by the school. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/146px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="3553"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/146px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="146" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/219px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/292px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Becquerel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (X1872), Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/140px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="5600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/140px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="140" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/210px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg/280px-Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn_1932.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="André Citroën">André Citroën</a> (X1898), founder of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_alumni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of École Polytechnique alumni">List of École Polytechnique alumni</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_faculty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of École Polytechnique faculty">List of École Polytechnique faculty</a> </div> Many École polytechnique graduates hold important positions in government, industry and research in France. Its alumni include three Nobel prizes winners, three presidents of the French Republic, and several business and industry leaders. Researchers at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a> have found that most business executives in France are traditionally alumni of the École polytechnique.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lesdirigeants-44">[44]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rankings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General_rankings">General rankings</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General rankings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In international rankings, the École polytechnique is ranked as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polytechnic Institute of Paris">Polytechnic Institute of Paris</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Research_performance">Research performance</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research performance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2020, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a> ranked the university at 475th globally with its "Engineering Subjects" placed at 451–500th in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In 2020, it is ranked 509th in the world by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_rankings">Other rankings</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other rankings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 2015 Times Higher Education Small Universities Rankings, École polytechnique ranks third, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caltech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure (Paris)</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>QS Rank (Change)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>41</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>35 ( <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>40 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>53 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  13)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>59 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>65 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  6)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>60 ( <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>61 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mines_ParisTech_:_Professional_Ranking_World_Universities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities">Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities</a>, which looks at the education of the Fortune 500 CEOs, ranks École polytechnique seventh in the world in its 2011 ranking (1st being Harvard University), second among French institutions behind <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HEC_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Rank (Change)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>4 ( <noscript> <img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" data-alt="Steady" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  0)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>15 ( <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  11)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>14 ( <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  1)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>12 ( <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  2)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>7 ( <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  5)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criticisms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The French <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">grandes écoles</a>, including the École polytechnique, are criticized for their "elitism" and therefore their lack of diversity. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/INSEE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> has found that the children of executives and teachers are more likely to enter the écoles than children from lower-income families.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A more recent report found that children of employees are 50 times more likely to enter the Ecole polytechnique than the children of workers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Polytechnique_logo.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The Arms of the École polytechnique"> <noscript> <img alt="The Arms of the École polytechnique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/112px-Polytechnique_logo.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1007"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/112px-Polytechnique_logo.png" data-alt="The Arms of the École polytechnique" data-width="112" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/168px-Polytechnique_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polytechnique_logo.png/224px-Polytechnique_logo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The Arms of the École polytechnique </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The main hall seen from the lake"> <noscript> <img alt="The main hall seen from the lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/120px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/120px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG" data-alt="The main hall seen from the lake" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/180px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG/240px-Ecole_Polytechnique_France_seen_from_lake_DSC03389.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The main hall seen from the lake </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Cadets of Polytechnique at the Bastille Day Military Parade"> <noscript> <img alt="Cadets of Polytechnique at the Bastille Day Military Parade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/120px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/120px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg" data-alt="Cadets of Polytechnique at the Bastille Day Military Parade" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/180px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg/240px-0119-14juillet_preview_ecran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Cadets of Polytechnique at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bastille_Day_Military_Parade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastille Day Military Parade">Bastille Day Military Parade</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The bicorne hat of Polytechnique"> <noscript> <img alt="The bicorne hat of Polytechnique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/120px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2384"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/120px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg" data-alt="The bicorne hat of Polytechnique" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/180px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg/240px-Bicorne_hat_Ecole_Polytechnique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicorne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicorne">bicorne</a> hat of Polytechnique </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WebsiteAbout-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WebsiteAbout_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/study-at-ecole-polytechnique/">"Study at École polytechnique"</a>. École polytechnique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=Study+at+%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fstudy-at-ecole-polytechnique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-LaunchBachelorProgram-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LaunchBachelorProgram_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/content/applications-bachelor-program-open-november-25th">"Applications for the Bachelor program open on November 25th"</a>. École polytechnique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=Applications+for+the+Bachelor+program+open+on+November+25th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fapplications-bachelor-program-open-november-25th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%252FWAspad%252FUnTexteDeJorf%253Fnumjo%253DESRS2036012A">"Arrêté du 25 février 2021 fixant la liste des écoles accréditées à délivrer un titre d'ingénieur diplômé – Légifrance"</a>. archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+du+25+f%C3%A9vrier+2021+fixant+la+liste+des+%C3%A9coles+accr%C3%A9dit%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+d%C3%A9livrer+un+titre+d%27ing%C3%A9nieur+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+L%C3%A9gifrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%252FWAspad%252FUnTexteDeJorf%253Fnumjo%253DESRS2036012A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bretagne.ens-cachan.fr/version-francaise/l-ecole/histoire/les-ecoles-de-l-an-iii-106752.kjsp?RH%3D1189690570769">Michel Nusimovici, Les écoles de l'an III, 2010.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polytechnique.edu/en/school/history">"History - École polytechnique"</a>. www.polytechnique.edu. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=History+-+%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fschool%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polytechnique.edu/ecole/gouvernance/actes-officiels/textes-officiels/les-eleves">"Les élèves"</a>. École polytechnique, école d'ingénieur (in French). Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique%2C+%C3%A9cole+d%27ing%C3%A9nieur&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9l%C3%A8ves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fecole%2Fgouvernance%2Factes-officiels%2Ftextes-officiels%2Fles-eleves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/en/bachelor/bachelor-of-science">"Bachelor of Science"</a>. programmes.polytechnique.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programmes.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=Bachelor+of+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogrammes.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fbachelor%2Fbachelor-of-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/en/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/about-the-ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/career-paths">"Career Paths"</a>. programmes.polytechnique.edu. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programmes.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=Career+Paths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprogrammes.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fingenieur-polytechnicien-program%2Fabout-the-ingenieur-polytechnicien-program%2Fcareer-paths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Becquerel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Allais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Tirole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Yoccoz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Christophe Yoccoz">Jean-Christophe Yoccoz</a> (1994) ; Yoccoz was not a student at Polytechnique because he chose to be educated at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a> (1975–1979), but he completed his Ph.D. under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Herman_(mathematician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Herman (mathematician)">Michael Herman</a> in 1985 in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Centre_de_math%C3%A9matiques_Laurent_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz (page does not exist)">Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_math%25C3%25A9matiques_Laurent_Schwartz" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre de mathématiques Laurent Schwartz">fr</a>] of École polytechnique, a research centre which had been created by another Field medalist and a professor at Polytechnique : <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurent_Schwartz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurent Schwartz">Laurent Schwartz</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a> (who was the nephew of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot the physicist</a> and the grandson of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazare_Carnot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazare Carnot">Carnot the École founder</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Lebrun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Lebrun">Lebrun</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://programmes.polytechnique.edu/a-propos">"Présentation de l'École"</a>. programmes.polytechnique.edu. 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The American Mathematical Monthly. 112 (3): 233–250. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F30037440">10.2307/30037440</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9890">0002-9890</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037440">30037440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+%22Ecole+Polytechnique%22%2C+1794%E2%80%931850%3A+Differences+over+Educational+Purpose+and+Teaching+Practice&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-250&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.issn=0002-9890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30037440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30037440&rft.aulast=Grattan-Guinness&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F30037440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1889" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Henri (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bec.1889.447566">"Recherches sur les débuts de l'imprimerie à Provins"</a>. 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École polytechnique. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft.atitle=From+1958+to+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fen%2Fschool%2Fhistory%2F1958-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/fr/histoire-de-l-ecole-polytechnique-45762">"Histoire de l'École polytechnique"</a>. enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%89cole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr%2Ffr%2Fhistoire-de-l-ecole-polytechnique-45762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/accueil/vie-sur-le-campus">École polytechnique – Un cadre unique</a>. Polytechnique.edu. Retrieved on 16 June 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006525297">Code de l'éducation, L675-1</a></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006245718%26cidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006052532">Arrêté du 12 septembre 2005</a> relatif à l'exercice de la tutelle du ministre de la défense sur divers organismes publics confiés à la délégation générale pour l'armement, article 1</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006542786%26cidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000005622333">Décret n°96-1124 du 20 décembre 1996</a> relatif à l'organisation et au régime administratif et financier de l'École polytechnique</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000019478016">Décret n° 2008-960 du 12 septembre 2008</a> fixant certaines dispositions d'ordre statutaire applicables aux élèves français de l'École polytechnique</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID%3D173">First Period : General Education</a>, web site</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000591004">Arrêté du 14 août 2001</a> relatif à la formation militaire et à la formation à l'exercice des responsabilités des élèves français de l'École polytechnique prévues à l'article 2 du décret n° 2000-900 du 14 septembre 2000 fixant certaines dispositions d'ordre statutaire applicables aux élèves français de l'École polytechnique</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID%3D30">Partners</a>, official web site</li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexteArticle.do?idArticle%3DLEGIARTI000006369988%26cidTexte%3DLEGITEXT000006065849">Décret 87-16 du 14 janvier 1987</a>: by exception to the general rule that staff in public establishments of an administrative character are civil servants, the teaching staff of Polytechnique is hired on contracts.</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000400226">Décret n°2000-497 du 5 juin 2000</a> fixant les dispositions applicables aux personnels enseignants de l'École polytechnique</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID%3D29">The French 'Grandes Écoles'</a>, École Poytechnique web site</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> Until 1988, the number of newly admitted French students was around 300 on a yearly basis ; and until 1952, it was between 200 and 250.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID%3D35">International Exchange Program</a></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/home/curriculum-and-programs/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program/ingenieur-polytechnicien-program-24180.kjsp?RH%3D1255531167452">Ingénieur Polytechnicien Program</a>, an English-language page from the school's website, describing the engineering degree.</li> <li id="cite_note-pdfguide-39">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pdfguide_39-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pdfguide_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polymedia.polytechnique.fr/EnLignes/Files/ens_07_08_US.pdf">"Ingenieur Polytechnicien"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ingenieur+Polytechnicien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polymedia.polytechnique.fr%2FEnLignes%2FFiles%2Fens_07_08_US.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"> (5.79 MB) p. 74</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://start.lesechos.fr/etudes-formations/universites-grandes-ecoles/top-20-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-qui-paient-le-mieux-a-la-sortie-7372.php">"Top 20 des écoles d'ingénieurs qui paient le mieux à la sortie"</a>. Les Echos. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Echos&rft.atitle=Top+20+des+%C3%A9coles+d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs+qui+paient+le+mieux+%C3%A0+la+sortie&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstart.lesechos.fr%2Fetudes-formations%2Funiversites-grandes-ecoles%2Ftop-20-des-ecoles-d-ingenieurs-qui-paient-le-mieux-a-la-sortie-7372.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://portail.polytechnique.edu/bachelor/en/admissions/interview">"Admissions Criteria and Procedures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admissions+Criteria+and+Procedures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportail.polytechnique.edu%2Fbachelor%2Fen%2Fadmissions%2Finterview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/annuaire/712-msc-x-hec-entrepreneurs-admission-inscription-prix/">MSc X-HEC Entrepreneurs : admission, inscription, prix...</a></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polytechnique.edu/page.php?MID%3D21">Admission</a> École polytechnique web site</li> <li id="cite_note-lesdirigeants-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lesdirigeants_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoly2012" class="citation journal cs1">Joly, Hervé (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3917%252Fvin.114.0016">"Les dirigeants des grandes entreprises industrielles françaises au 20e siècle"</a>. Vingtième Siècle. 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Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nturanking.csti.tw&rft.atitle=Ecole+polytechnique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnturanking.csti.tw%2Franking%2FbySchoolName%2FEcole%2520Polytechnique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/World_Ranking_2019-2020">"URAP – University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance"</a>. www.urapcenter.org. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urapcenter.org&rft.atitle=URAP+%E2%80%93+University+Ranking+by+Academic+Academic+Performance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urapcenter.org%2FRankings%2F2019-2020%2FWorld_Ranking_2019-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/worlds-best-small-universities-2016">The world's best small universities 2016</a>, 25 January 2016</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/ecole-polytechnique%23wurs">"QS Top Universities 2021: Ecole polytechnique"</a>. QS Top Universities. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+Top+Universities+2021%3A+Ecole+polytechnique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversities%2Fecole-polytechnique%23wurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218132959/http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1375870/es361b.pdf">Les inégalités sociales d'accès aux grandes écoles – Insee</a> (PDF). INSEE. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+in%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s+sociales+d%27acc%C3%A8s+aux+grandes+%C3%A9coles+%E2%80%93+Insee&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2Ffichier%2F1375870%2Fes361b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.inegalites.fr/Des-classes-preparatoires-et-des-grandes-ecoles-toujours-aussi-fermees">"Des classes préparatoires et des grandes écoles toujours aussi fermées"</a>. Inegalites. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegalites&rft.atitle=Des+classes+pr%C3%A9paratoires+et+des+grandes+%C3%A9coles+toujours+aussi+ferm%C3%A9es&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegalites.fr%2FDes-classes-preparatoires-et-des-grandes-ecoles-toujours-aussi-fermees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1993" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Burton R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Do_bnKr1RDcgC%26q%3DThe%2BResearch%2BFoundations%2Bof%2BGraduate%2BEducation:%2BGermany,%2BBritain,%2BFrance,%2BUnited%2BStates,%2BJapan,">The Research Foundations of Graduate Education: Germany, Britain, France, United States, Japan</a>. University of California Press. p. 412. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07997-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07997-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07997-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Research+Foundations+of+Graduate+Education%3A+Germany%2C+Britain%2C+France%2C+United+States%2C+Japan&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07997-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Burton+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_bnKr1RDcgC%26q%3DThe%2BResearch%2BFoundations%2Bof%2BGraduate%2BEducation%3A%2BGermany%2C%2BBritain%2C%2BFrance%2C%2BUnited%2BStates%2C%2BJapan%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillispie2004" class="citation book cs1">Gillispie, Charles C. (2004). Science and Polity in France, the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Years. Princeton Universitv Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11541-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11541-2"><bdi>978-0-691-11541-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Polity+in+France%2C+the+Revolutionary+and+Napoleonic+Years&rft.pub=Princeton+Universitv+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11541-2&rft.aulast=Gillispie&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan-Guinness2005" class="citation news cs1">Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (March 2005). "The "Ecole Polytechnique", 1794–1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice". The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 112, no. 3. Published by: Mathematical Association of America. pp. 233–250. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30037440">30037440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+%22Ecole+Polytechnique%22%2C+1794%E2%80%931850%3A+Differences+over+Educational+Purpose+and+Teaching+Practice&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-250&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30037440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grattan-Guinness&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89cole+polytechnique" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/business/worldbusiness/17france.html?_r%3D1%26scp%3D1%26sq%3Dpolytechnique%26st%3Dnyt%26oref%3Dslogin">"In France, the Heads No Longer Roll"</a>, The New York Times, Sunday, 17 February 2008</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_polytechnique&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_(%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7)" title="المدرسة متعددة التقنيات (فرنسا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المدرسة متعددة التقنيات (فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa_Politexnik_M%25C9%2599kt%25C9%2599bi" title="Fransa Politexnik Məktəbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa Politexnik Məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Екол политекник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екол политекник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique_(Frankrig)" title="École Polytechnique (Frankrig) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="École Polytechnique (Frankrig)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2583" title="پوليطيكنيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پوليطيكنيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CF%2585%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2587%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25A3%25CF%2587%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE_(%25CE%2593%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1)" title="Πολυτεχνική Σχολή (Γαλλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυτεχνική Σχολή (Γαλλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Politeknika_Lernejo" title="Franca Politeknika Lernejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca Politeknika Lernejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587_%25D9%25BE%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AA%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9" title="مدرسه پلی‌تکنیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه پلی‌تکنیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique_(France)" title="École polytechnique (France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École polytechnique (France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2597%2590%25EC%25BD%259C_%25ED%258F%25B4%25EB%25A6%25AC%25ED%2585%258C%25ED%2581%25AC%25EB%258B%2588%25ED%2581%25AC" title="에콜 폴리테크니크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에콜 폴리테크니크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2589%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595" title="इकोल पॉलीतेक्निक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इकोल पॉलीतेक्निक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C_%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7" title="אקול פוליטקניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקול פוליטקניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schola_Polytechnica_Francica" title="Schola Polytechnica Francica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Schola Polytechnica Francica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Политехничка школа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политехничка школа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D9%2584_%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2583" title="ايكول پوليتيكنيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكول پوليتيكنيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A8%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%259D%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%2586%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25AF" title="エコール・ポリテクニーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコール・ポリテクニーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a 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title="École polytechnique – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25B8%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2585%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2580" title="សាលាប៉ូលីតិចនិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាលាប៉ូលីតិចនិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%25C3%25B2la_polit%25C3%25A9cnica" title="Scòla politécnica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scòla politécnica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Polit%25C3%25A9cnica_(Fran%25C3%25A7a)" title="Escola Politécnica (França) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola Politécnica (França)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B6)" title="Политехническая школа (Париж) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политехническая школа (Париж)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique_(Franca)" title="École polytechnique (Franca) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="École polytechnique (Franca)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25DB%2586%25D9%2584_%25D9%25BE%25DB%2586%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25DB%258E%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9" title="ئیکۆل پۆلیتێکنیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیکۆل پۆلیتێکنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinml_Tagtiqnit_(Fransa)" title="Tinml Tagtiqnit (Fransa) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tinml Tagtiqnit (Fransa)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politexnik_m%25C3%25A4kt%25C3%25A4p_(Parij)" title="Politexnik mäktäp (Parij) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Politexnik mäktäp (Parij)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="École Polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> 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class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Dng_B%25C3%25A1ch_khoa_Paris" title="Trường Bách khoa Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường Bách khoa Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="École polytechnique" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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