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Röntgenikiirgus – Vikipeedia
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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Avastamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avastamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Avastamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avastamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ühikud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ühikud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ühikud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ühikud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mõõtmine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mõõtmine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mõõtmine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mõõtmine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Mõõtmine"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mõõtmine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geigeri_loendur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geigeri_loendur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geigeri loendur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geigeri_loendur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rakendus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rakendus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rakendus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rakendus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mõju_tervisele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mõju_tervisele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mõju tervisele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mõju_tervisele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Röntgenikiirgus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 120 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-straal" title="X-straal – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="X-straal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlung" title="Röntgenstrahlung – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Röntgenstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أشعة سينية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشعة سينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="ৰঞ্জন ৰশ্মি – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰঞ্জন ৰশ্মি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayos_X" title="Rayos X – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rayos X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgen_%C5%9F%C3%BCalar%C4%B1" title="Rentgen şüaları – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rentgen şüaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ایکس ایشیغی – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکس ایشیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar-X" title="Sinar-X – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinar-X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar-X" title="Sinar-X – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinar-X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunar-X" title="Sunar-X – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sunar-X" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="রঞ্জন রশ্মি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রঞ্জন রশ্মি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_kng-s%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF" title="X kng-sòaⁿ – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="X kng-sòaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Рэнтгенаўскае выпраменьванне – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэнтгенаўскае выпраменьванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Рэнтгенаўскае выпраменьваньне – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэнтгенаўскае выпраменьваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendgensko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Rendgensko zračenje – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rendgensko zračenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skino%C3%B9_X" title="Skinoù X – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skinoù X" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рентгеново лъчение – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рентгеново лъчение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3_X" title="Radiació X – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radiació X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Рентгенла пайăркалав – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рентгенла пайăркалав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenov%C3%A9_z%C3%A1%C5%99en%C3%AD" title="Rentgenové záření – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rentgenové záření" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelydr-X" title="Pelydr-X – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pelydr-X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenstr%C3%A5ling" title="Røntgenstråling – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Røntgenstråling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstrahlung" title="Röntgenstrahlung – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Röntgenstrahlung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A7" title="Ακτίνες Χ – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακτίνες Χ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayos_X" title="Rayos X – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rayos X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikso-radioj" title="Ikso-radioj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ikso-radioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X izpi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="پرتو ایکس – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرتو ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon_X" title="Rayon X – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rayon X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ghathanna" title="X-ghathanna – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="X-ghathanna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scell-X" title="Scell-X – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Scell-X" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raios X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E5%85%89" title="X光 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="X光" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7-%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%8B" title="ક્ષ-કિરણો – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્ષ-કિરણો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%84%A0" title="엑스선 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엑스선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռենտգենյան ճառագայթներ – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռենտգենյան ճառագայթներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="ऍक्स किरण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍक्स किरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rendgenske zrake" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgen-radio" title="Rentgen-radio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rentgen-radio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgengeislun" title="Röntgengeislun – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Röntgengeislun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggi_X" title="Raggi X – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raggi X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%9F" title="קרני רנטגן – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרני רנטגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar-X" title="Sinar-X – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sinar-X" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕ್ಷ-ಕಿರಣ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಷ-ಕಿರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რენტგენული გამოსხივება – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენტგენული გამოსხივება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A0%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%92" title="اؠکسرے – kašmiiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اؠکسرے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Рентген сәулелері – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рентген сәулелері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Рентген нурлары – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рентген нурлары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksirei" title="Eksirei – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eksirei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyon_X" title="Reyon X – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyon X" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9yon_X" title="Réyon X – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Réyon X" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83" title="Рентгендалул тӀинтту – laki" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Рентгендалул тӀинтту" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="laki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniani_radii" title="Roentgeniani radii – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roentgeniani radii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenstari" title="Rentgenstari – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rentgenstari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgeno_spinduliai" title="Rentgeno spinduliai – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rentgeno spinduliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggi_x" title="Raggi x – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Raggi x" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstraoling" title="Röntgenstraoling – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Röntgenstraoling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgensug%C3%A1rz%C3%A1s" title="Röntgensugárzás – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Röntgensugárzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="एक्स किरण – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="एक्स किरण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рендгенски зраци – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рендгенски зраци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="എക്സ് കിരണം – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എക്സ് കിരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="क्ष-किरण – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्ष-किरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اشعة سينيه – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشعة سينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایکس ری – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایکس ری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_si%C3%A2-si%C3%A1ng" title="X siâ-siáng – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="X siâ-siáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အိတ်ဇ်ရေး – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိတ်ဇ်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstraling" title="Röntgenstraling – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Röntgenstraling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="एक्स-रे – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एक्स-रे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E7%B7%9A" title="X線 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="X線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstrualen" title="Röntgenstrualen – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Röntgenstrualen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenstr%C3%A5ling" title="Røntgenstråling – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Røntgenstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenstr%C3%A5ling" title="Røntgenstråling – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røntgenstråling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF" title="ରଞ୍ଜନରଶ୍ମି – oria" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରଞ୍ଜନରଶ୍ମି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rays" title="X-rays – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="X-rays" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgen_nurlari" title="Rentgen nurlari – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rentgen nurlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਕਸ ਕਿਰਨ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਕਸ ਕਿਰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%92" title="ایکس رے – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکس رے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%92%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%AB%DB%90%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="ايکس وړانګ يا د رېْوْنتګېن وړانګشون – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايکس وړانګ يا د رېْوْنتګېن وړانګشون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchrie" title="Exchrie – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Exchrie" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_X" title="Raj X – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Raj X" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promieniowanie_rentgenowskie" title="Promieniowanie rentgenowskie – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Promieniowanie rentgenowskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raios_X" title="Raios X – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raios X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_X" title="Radiație X – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiație X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-wach%27i" title="X-wach'i – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="X-wach'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рентгеновское излучение – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рентгеновское излучение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Рентген сардаҥалара – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рентген сардаҥалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrezet_rentgen" title="Rrezet rentgen – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrezet rentgen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raggi_X" title="Raggi X – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Raggi X" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="එක්ස් කිරණ – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්ස් කිරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenov%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Röntgenové žiarenie – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Röntgenové žiarenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgenski_%C5%BEarki" title="Rentgenski žarki – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rentgenski žarki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تیشکی ئێکس – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیشکی ئێکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рендгенски зраци – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рендгенски зраци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-zrake" title="X-zrake – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="X-zrake" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinar_X" title="Sinar X – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sinar X" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgens%C3%A4teily" title="Röntgensäteily – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Röntgensäteily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstr%C3%A5lning" title="Röntgenstrålning – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röntgenstrålning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எக்சு-கதிர் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எக்சு-கதிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Рөнтген нурланышы – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рөнтген нурланышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87" title="ఎక్స్-రే – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎక్స్-రే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="รังสีเอกซ์ – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รังสีเอกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_X" title="Tia X – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tia X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="X ışını – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X ışını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Рентгенівське випромінювання – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рентгенівське випромінювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="ایکس شعاع – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایکس شعاع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D9%86%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89" title="X نۇرى – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="X نۇرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongh_X" title="Rongh X – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rongh X" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_X" title="Rais X – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rais X" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%B4%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" title="倫琴射線 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="倫琴射線" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="X-ray" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="X射线" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="רענטגען שטראלן – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רענטגען שטראלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E5%85%89" title="X光 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="X光" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentgena_sp%C4%97ndol%C4%93" title="Rentgena spėndolē – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rentgena spėndolē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="X射线" data-language-autonym="中文" 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Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><p><b>Röntgenikiirgus</b> on <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetkiirgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetkiirgus">elektromagnetkiirgus</a> <a href="/wiki/Laine" title="Laine">lainepikkuste</a> vahemikus 0,01–10 <a href="/wiki/Nanomeeter" title="Nanomeeter">nm</a>. Seega on röntgenikiirgus väiksema lainepikkuse ja suurema <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energiaga</a> kui <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4htav_valgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nähtav valgus">nähtav valgus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolettkiirgus" title="Ultraviolettkiirgus">ultraviolettkiirgus</a> ning suurema lainepikkuse ja väiksema energiaga kui <a href="/wiki/Gammakiirgus" title="Gammakiirgus">gammakiirgus</a>. </p><p>Kuna röntgenikiirguse energia on suurem ja lainepikkus väiksem kui nähtaval valgusel, siis läheb see ainetest paremini läbi kui valgus, võimaldades näha seda, mida valguse abil näha ei saa. Seetõttu on röntgenikiirgus kõige tuntum kasutuse tõttu <a href="/wiki/Meditsiin" title="Meditsiin">meditsiinis</a>, kus sellega tehakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenipilt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röntgenipilt (pole veel kirjutatud)">röntgenipilte</a>. Röntgenikiirgus on nimetuse saanud <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgeni</a> järgi, kes seda nähtust esimesena põhjalikumalt uuris. </p><p>Röntgenikiirgus liigitatakse pidurdus- ehk pärsskiirguseks ja karakteristlikuks kiirguseks. </p><p><b>Pärsskiirgus</b> tekib suure energiaga <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronide</a> pidurdumisel metallis, näiteks <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenitoru" title="Röntgenitoru">röntgenitoru</a> <a href="/wiki/Anood" title="Anood">anoodis</a>, kui elektron annab osa oma kineetilisest energiast ära röntgenikiirgust kandvatele <a href="/wiki/Footon" title="Footon">footonitele</a>. Pärsskiirguse <a href="/wiki/Spekter" class="mw-disambig" title="Spekter">spekter</a> on pidev. </p><p>Kui langeva elektroni energia on piisav <a href="/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom">aatomi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ioniseerimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioniseerimine">ioniseerimiseks</a>, siis jääb aatomi sisemisest elektronkihist lahkunud elektronist alles auk. Mingi väga lühikese (femtosekundi suuruses) aja pärast täidab selle augu mõni kõrgema energiaga elektron ja kaotatud energia antakse ära <b>karakteristliku kiirguse</b> footonina. Kuna aines <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiht" title="Elektronkiht">elektronkihtidel</a> olevate elektronide energia on <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvanditud</a>, siis on ka tekkiva kiirguse spekter diskreetne. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avastamine">Avastamine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Avastamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Avastamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Röntgenikiirgus avastati katsetes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crookesi_toru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crookesi toru (pole veel kirjutatud)">Crookesi toruga</a>, mille konstrueeris umbes 1870. aastal inglise füüsik <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crookes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crookes (pole veel kirjutatud)">William Crookes</a>. See on klaastoru, kus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katoodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katoodi (pole veel kirjutatud)">katoodi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Anood" title="Anood">anoodi</a> vahele rakendatakse kõrge pinge, et siis jälgida <a href="/wiki/Gaaslahendus" title="Gaaslahendus">gaaslahendust</a>. Tugevas väljas kiirendatakse elektrone suure energiani ja kui need tabavad anoodi või seadme korpust, tekkib kõrvalmõjuna röntgenikiirgus. </p><p>Röntgenikiirgusega kaasnevaid efekte märkasid juba toonased teadlased. Näiteks märkasid mitmed teadlased sõltumatult, et läheduses olnud fotoplaatidele tekkisid varjud. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Hittorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Hittorf (pole veel kirjutatud)">Johann Hittorfi</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crookes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crookes (pole veel kirjutatud)">William Crookesi</a> konstrueeritud <a href="/wiki/Elektronkiiretoru" title="Elektronkiiretoru">elektronkiiretorudes</a>, mida ka <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> oma katsetes kasutas, tekib röntgenikiirgus, mida tõestati Crookesi ning alates <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a>. aastast <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertzi</a> ja tema õpilase <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenardi</a> katsetes fotoplaatide mustumisega, ilmselt aga teadvustamata avastuse tähtsust. Ka <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> katsetas alates <a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a>. aastast elektronkiiretorudega ja tekitas seejuures röntgenikiirgust, kuid ei avaldanud oma tulemusi. Väidetakse ka, et röntgenikiired avastas juba <a href="/wiki/1881" title="1881">1881</a>. aastal ukraina päritolu Austria teadlane <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Puluj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Puluj (pole veel kirjutatud)">Johann Puluj</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Roentgen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/220px-Roentgen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/330px-Roentgen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roentgen2.jpg/440px-Roentgen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, röntgenikiirte avastaja</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> avastas röntgenikiirguse eespool nimetatud teadlastest sõltumatult. Ta vaatles röntgenikiirgust esimest korda <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrzburgi_Julius_Maximiliani_%C3%9Clikool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Würzburgi Julius Maximiliani Ülikool (pole veel kirjutatud)">Würzburgi Julius Maximiliani Ülikooli</a> füüsikainstituudis hilisel reede õhtul <a href="/wiki/8._november" title="8. november">8. novembril</a> <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a>, kui teenindavat personali enam majas ei olnud. Elektronkiiretoru lähedal <a href="/wiki/Fluorestsents" title="Fluorestsents">fluorestseerus</a> selle töötamise ajal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baariumplaatinats%C3%BCaniid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baariumplaatinatsüaniid (pole veel kirjutatud)">baariumplaatinatsüaniidist</a> ekraan. Helendus ei lakanud ka siis, kui ta toru musta papiga kinni kattis. Järgnenud seitsme palavikulise nädala jooksul, mil Röntgen harva laborist lahkus, selgus, et põhjuseks on kiirgus, mis lähtub sirgjooni mööda gaaslahendustorust, see heidab varje, magnet ei kalluta seda kõrvale ja palju muud. <a href="/wiki/28._detsember" title="28. detsember">28. detsembril</a> <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a> esitas Röntgen avaldamiseks töö "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen".<sup id="cite_ref-KMtSZ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMtSZ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3LsYx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3LsYx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Röntgeni teene on see, et ta sai vastavastatud kiirte tähtsusest kohe aru ning uuris neid esimesena teaduslikult. Röntgeni kuulsusele aitas kindlasti kaasa see, et ta tegi röntgeniülesvõtte oma abikaasa käelabast, mis sisaldus tema esimeses publikatsioonis röntgenikiirguse kohta. See kuulsus tõi talle <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobeli_f%C3%BC%C3%BCsikaauhind" title="Nobeli füüsikaauhind">Nobeli füüsikaauhinna</a>, kusjuures Nobeli auhinna komitee tõstis esile avastuse praktilist tähtsust. Röntgen nimetas oma avastuse <b>X-kiirteks</b>. X - sest ta ei teadnud, kas kiirgus on elektromagnetiline või aineosakestest koosnev. </p><p>Enne 1912. aasta niinimetatud <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> eksperimenti (teostasid Walter Friedrich ja tema assistent Paul Knipping), kristalli kiiritamist röntgenkiirgusega, polnud (teadlastele) selge, kas röntgenkiirgus on üks elektromagnetkiirgustest või mitte. (Arvati, et tegemist on mingite osakeste vooga vms) Alles siis selgus, et kiirgus tekitab mineraalide kristallstruktuuri tõttu difraktsiooni. Selle teema kohta saab lähemalt lugeda artiklist <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstruktuuranal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgenstruktuuranalüüs">röntgenstruktuuranalüüs</a>. </p><p>Nimetus "röntgenikiired" pärineb <a href="/wiki/Anatoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoom">anatoom</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert von Kölliker (pole veel kirjutatud)">Albert von Köllikerilt</a>, kes pani selle ette <a href="/wiki/23._jaanuar" title="23. jaanuar">23. jaanuaril</a> <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a>. Ajendiks oli Röntgeni esimene avalik ettekanne Köllikeri asutatud Würzburgi füüsika-meditsiiniseltsi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Physikalisch-medizinische_Gesellschaft_zu_W%C3%BCrzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physikalisch-medizinische Gesellschaft zu Würzburg (pole veel kirjutatud)">Physikalisch-medizinische Gesellschaft zu Würzburg</a>) kutsel. Mõnes keeles, sealhulgas <a href="/wiki/Inglise_keel" title="Inglise keel">inglise keeles</a>, on jäädud esialgse nimetuse juurde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ühikud"><span id=".C3.9Chikud"></span>Ühikud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühikud"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Ühikud" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuna röntgenikiirgus on <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetkiirgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetkiirgus">elektromagnetkiirgus</a>, võib analoogiliselt mõõta röntgenikiirguse <a href="/wiki/Footon" title="Footon">footoni</a> energiat või kiirguse <a href="/wiki/Radiomeetria" title="Radiomeetria">radiomeetrilisi</a> suurusi, näiteks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiirguse_intensiivsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiirguse intensiivsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">intensiivsust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Im1GF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Im1GF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Röntgenikiirguse puhul mõõdetakse veel kiirguse ioniseerimisvõimet <a href="/wiki/SI-%C3%BChikud" class="mw-redirect" title="SI-ühikud">SI-ühikutes</a> <a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">kulonit</a> kilogrammi kohta. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Röntgen">Röntgen</a> (R) on iganenud traditsiooniline <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiiritatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiiritatus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kiiritatuse</a> ühik, mis vastab kiiritatusele, mis tekitab ühikulise elektrostaatilise laengu kuupsentimeetris kuivas õhus (1,00 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Röntgen">R</a> = 2,58×10–4 <a href="/wiki/Kulon" title="Kulon">C</a>/kg). </p><p>Neeldunud energia doosi mõõdetakse <a href="/wiki/Grei" title="Grei">greides</a> (Gy = <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEaul" title="Džaul">J</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kilogramm" title="Kilogramm">kg</a>), mis on võrdne neeldunud energiaga ühikulise massiga kehas. </p><p>Meditsiinis on tähtsam mõõta kiirguse mõju kui kiirgusega kantavat energiat. Mõõdetakse kahte suurust: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekvivalentdoos" title="Ekvivalentdoos">ekvivalentdoos</a> <i>= neeldunud doos × kiirguse kaalufaktor</i>. Neeldunud doos on võrdeline neeldunud energiaga. Kiirguse kaalufaktor röntgenikiirguse, <a href="/wiki/Gammakiirgus" title="Gammakiirgus">gammakiirguse</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Beetakiirgus" title="Beetakiirgus">beetakiirguse</a> jaoks on 1. Ekvivalentdoosi ühik on <a href="/wiki/Siivert" title="Siivert">siivert</a> tähisega "Sv" rootsi füüsiku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert (pole veel kirjutatud)">Rolf Maximilian Sieverti</a> järgi;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efektiivdoos" title="Efektiivdoos">efektiivdoos</a> iseloomustab kiirguse mõju konkreetsele koetüübile. Mõõdetakse samuti siivertites. Saadakse ekvivalentdoosi korrutamisel koe tüüpi iseloomustava faktoriga.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mõõtmine"><span id="M.C3.B5.C3.B5tmine"></span>Mõõtmine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Mõõtmine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Mõõtmine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Röntgenikiirguse detektorid põhinevad kolmel tööpõhimõttel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotokeemiline_reaktsioon" title="Fotokeemiline reaktsioon">fotokeemiline reaktsioon</a> – kiirguse kvandi mõjul toimub keemiline reaktsioon. Näiteks <a href="/wiki/Fotofilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotofilm">fotofilmil</a> või <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoplaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoplaat (pole veel kirjutatud)">fotoplaadil</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotoluminestsents" title="Fotoluminestsents">fotoluminestsents</a> – aine võib neelata langeva röntgenifootoni ja kiirata uue footoni mõne teise lainepikkusega. Tekkinud kiirgus võib olla ka nähtavas piirkonnas;</li> <li>sisemine või väline <a href="/wiki/Fotoefekt" title="Fotoefekt">fotoefekt</a> – langev kiirgus lööb elektroni <a href="/wiki/Anood" title="Anood">anoodist</a> välja või viib elektroni kõrgemale <a href="/wiki/Energianivoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Energianivoo">energianivoole</a>.</li></ul> <p>Kõigepealt töötati välja fotokeemilised meetodid. Nendega seotud suurim probleem oli vajalike keemiliste ühendite kõrge hind (muuhulgas läks vaja hõbedat), kui ka kõrge kiirguse tase, mida läks fotokeemilise reaktsiooni läbiviimiseks vaja. Meditsiinirakendustes on tänapäeval kasutusel fotoluminestsents ja pooljuhid kombineeritult. Röntgenikiired langevad plaadile, kus need neelatakse ja saadud energiaga kiiratakse nähtava valguse footoneid, mida saab <a href="/wiki/CCD" class="mw-redirect" title="CCD">CCD</a>-kaameratega jäädvustada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geigeri_loendur">Geigeri loendur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Geigeri loendur"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Geigeri loendur" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg/220px-Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg/330px-Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg/440px-Geiger_Mueller_Counter_with_Circuit-et.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Geigeri loenduri tööpõhimõtte skeem</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geigeri-M%C3%BClleri_loendur" class="mw-redirect" title="Geigeri-Mülleri loendur">Geigeri-Mülleri loendur</a> töötab välise fotoefekti põhimõttel.<sup id="cite_ref-S1YYE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S1YYE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinnises anumas on gaas, silindriline <a href="/wiki/Katood" title="Katood">katood</a> ja juhe <a href="/wiki/Anood" title="Anood">anoodiks</a>. Anoodi ja katoodi vahele rakendatakse suur pinge ning kui röntgeni footon siseneb anumasse ja <a href="/wiki/Ionisatsioon" title="Ionisatsioon">ioniseerib</a> gaasi, tekib <a href="/wiki/Ioon" title="Ioon">ioon</a> ja elektron, mida väli kiirendab anoodi suunas. Kiirenev elektron põrkub teel veel teiste gaasimolekulidega ka neid ioniseerides. Nii tekib hetkeks vool ja neid vooluimpulsse Geigeri-Mülleri loendur loendab. Kui anuma sisendava ette panna <a href="/wiki/Difraktsiooniv%C3%B5re" title="Difraktsioonivõre">difraktsioonivõre</a>, on võimalik loendurisse jõudvaid footoneid eraldada energia järgi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rakendus">Rakendus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Rakendus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Röntgenikiirgusel on suur tähtsus meditsiinis, kus organismi eri kudede erineva neelamisteguri tõttu on võimalik näha siseelundeid. Veel kasutatakse röntgenikiirgust ravis vähi vastu, proovides tugeva kiirgusega lõhkuda vähirakkude struktuuri.<sup id="cite_ref-BRq2O_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRq2O-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Röntgenikiirguse detekteerimisel on ka suur tähtsus <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus">radioaktiivsete ainete</a> uurimisel ja <a href="/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia">astronoomial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Difraktsiooniv%C3%B5re" title="Difraktsioonivõre">Difraktsioonivõre</a> tööpõhimõtte abil saab röntgenikiirgusega uurida kristallide siseehitust (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenstruktuuranal%C3%BC%C3%BCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgenstruktuuranalüüs">röntgenstruktuuranalüüs</a>). Samuti kasutas röntgenikiirgust edukalt eelmise sajandi alguses <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley" title="Henry Moseley">Henry Moseley</a> uurides <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">keemiliste elementide</a> <a href="/wiki/Aatom" title="Aatom">aatomite</a> ehitust. Ta leidis keemiliste elementide, peamiselt metallide, aatomeid suure energiaga elektronidega pommitades (kiire elektron lööb tuumale lähimast elektronkihist elektroni välja, mille täidab peagi elektron välimistest kihtidest, kiirates iseloomulikku ehk karakteerset röntgenikiirgust) kindla seaduspärasuse, Moseley seaduse – vastava keemilise elemendi kiiratav karakteerne (just sellele keemilisele elemendile ainuomane) röntgenikiirgus, täpsemalt selle kiirguse sageduse ruutjuur on kindlas lineaarses seoses elementide järjekorranumbriga <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>. Ehk teisisõnu: karakteerne kiirgus oleneb üksnes <a href="/wiki/Aatomituum" title="Aatomituum">aatomituumas</a> olevast laengust. Ta leidis, et Z, aatomnumber, perioodilisustabeli järjekorra number ongi tuuma laengu arv, millest sõltuvad sisekihi elektronide kiirguse lainepikkused. Selle abil parandas ja selgitas ta <a href="/wiki/Keemiliste_elementide_perioodilisuss%C3%BCsteem" title="Keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteem">keemiliste elementide perioodilisussüsteemi</a>. Ta kinnitas füüsika poolepealt <a href="/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia">keemia</a> seisukohti, seletades faktiliselt, katsetega tolleaegsete tippfüüsikute <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherfordi</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonius_van_den_Broek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonius van den Broek (pole veel kirjutatud)">Antonius van den Broeki</a> ettekujutusi, mudeleid ja <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCpotees" title="Hüpotees">hüpoteese</a> aatomi ehituse kohta. </p><p>Röntgenikiirgust kasutatakse veel järgmistes valdkondades: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia">astronoomias</a> uuritakse taevakehade ehitust nende kiirguse abil;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenmikroskoopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Röntgenmikroskoopia (pole veel kirjutatud)">röntgenmikroskoopia</a> kasutab väga väikeste objektide vaatlemiseks röntgenikiirgust;</li> <li>tööstuslik radiograafia kasutab röntgenikiirgust tööstuslike detailide kontrollimiseks – näiteks keevituste kvaliteedi hindamiseks;</li> <li>röntgenikiirgusega saab leida ülevärvitud maalide värvikihtide alt esialgseid pilte, sest mõned kasutatud värvid sisaldavad röntgenikiirgust paremini neelavaid <a href="/wiki/Raskmetallid" title="Raskmetallid">raskmetalle</a>;</li> <li>riigipiiridel ja lennujaamades kasutatakse tihti röntgenikiiri, et pagasi ja sõidukite seest kiirelt leida keelatud esemeid;</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mõju_tervisele"><span id="M.C3.B5ju_tervisele"></span>Mõju tervisele</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Mõju tervisele"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Mõju tervisele" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiirguse mõju tervisele jaotatakse otseseks ja kaudseks. Mõlemad kahjustavad <a href="/wiki/Valgud" title="Valgud">valkude</a> struktuuri: </p> <ul><li>otsene mõju on kiirguse neeldumisel vabanenud suure energiaga osakeste mõju otse valkude ja DNA molekulidele;</li> <li>kaudseks mõjuks nimetatakse kiirete elektronide mõju molekulidele. Tekib <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vee_radiol%C3%BC%C3%BCs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vee radiolüüs (pole veel kirjutatud)">vee radiolüüs</a> ja vabad <a href="/wiki/Radikaal" title="Radikaal">radikaalid</a> kahjustavad valgumolekule.</li></ul> <p>Suure doosi tagajärjeks on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiiritushaigus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiiritushaigus (pole veel kirjutatud)">kiiritushaigus</a> ja surm<sup id="cite_ref-BwX6S_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BwX6S-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Väikse doosi mõju on esmapilgul väga raske märgata. Kahjustus võib olla ühes rakus ja toime võib hilineda. </p><p>Juba 1910. aastal teati, et röntgenikiirgus võib põhjustada <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4hk_(haigus)" title="Vähk (haigus)">vähki</a> haigestumist.<sup id="cite_ref-ha0xn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha0xn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et kaitsta inimesi või seadmeid röntgenikiirte eest, kasutatakse tihti <a href="/wiki/Plii" title="Plii">pliist</a> varjestust, sest see on ühtaegu tihe ja kättesaadav. Mida tihedam on aine, seda suurem on tõenäosus interaktsiooniks footoni ja aatomi vahel ning seda paremat varjestust see pakub. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenfilter" title="Röntgenfilter">Röntgenfilter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KMtSZ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-KMtSZ_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. C. Röntgen. Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. (Vorläufige Mittheilung.) – <i>Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft</i>, Würzburg 1895. (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:Ueber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen_(Vorl%C3%A4ufige_Mittheilung)" class="extiw" title="de:s:Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (Vorläufige Mittheilung)">de:s:Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (Vorläufige Mittheilung)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3LsYx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3LsYx_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilhelmconradroentgen.de/staette.htm">Röntgen-Gedächtnisstätte Würzburg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Im1GF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Im1GF_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_Viik_(astronoom)" title="Tõnu Viik (astronoom)">Tõnu Viik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enn_Realo" title="Enn Realo">Enn Realo</a> (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiirguskeskus.ee/image/avalik/sonastik.pdf">Kiirguskaitse sõnastik</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuni 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup></i> (vaadatud 2012-01-05)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S1YYE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-S1YYE_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6066747">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaivo_Rajame" class="citation web cs1">Raivo Rajame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiirguskeskus.ee/image/nelijarve/5.pdf">"Kiirguse mõõtmine ja mõõtevahendid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. Loenguslaidid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiirguse+m%C3%B5%C3%B5tmine+ja+m%C3%B5%C3%B5tevahendid&rft.pages=loenguslaidid&rft.au=Raivo+Rajame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiirguskeskus.ee%2Fimage%2Fnelijarve%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuni 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRq2O-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BRq2O_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6066747"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiirguskeskus.ee/image/kiirguskeskond.pdf"><i>Kiirgus, inimesed ja keskkond</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. tõlkija Ruth Hint, toimetajad Kristel Kõiv, Merle Lust, Tõnu Viik. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Vaadatud 5.01.2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiirgus%2C+inimesed+ja+keskkond&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiirguskeskus.ee%2Fimage%2Fkiirguskeskond.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fet.wikipedia.org%3AR%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Mall:Cite_book" title="Mall:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 hooldus: teised (<a href="/wiki/Kategooria:CS1_hooldus:_teised" title="Kategooria:CS1 hooldus: teised">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:K%C3%B5dulingid#alaline" title="Vikipeedia:Kõdulingid"><span title=" Kõdulink (juuni 2022)">alaline kõdulink</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BwX6S-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BwX6S_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inimene.ee/?disease=k&sisu=disease&did=720&idr=i-n-2xe5p1AHEmvo38NHj2x22f8">Kiiritushaigus</a> inimene.ee</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ha0xn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ha0xn_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ANN DALLY, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1043871/pdf/medhist00028-0078.pdf">Status Lymphaticus: Sudden Death in Children from "Visitation of God" to Cot Death</a>, Medical History, 1997, 41: 70–85, lk 78, veebiversioon (vaadatud 19.10.2014) (<i>inglise keeles</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6ntgenikiirgus&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8kex8rzR5A">Röntgenitoru tööpõhimõtet selgitav õppevideo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow5XgVDSva0">Karakteristliku röntgenikiirguse teke ja kasutus elementanalüüsiks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/moseley.html#c2">Keemiliste elementide karakteersete röntgenikiirguste arvväärtused</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inimene.ee/?disease=k&sisu=disease&did=720&idr=i-n-2xe5p1AHEmvo38NHj2x22f8">inimene.ee</a> – kiiritushaigusest</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alara.ee/radiation.php">alara.ee</a> – veel selgitust röntgenikiirgusest üldiselt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loodusajakiri.ee/eesti_loodus/artikkel1116_1091.html">"Nähtamatu ohuallikas Eestimaa pinnases"</a> Eesti Loodus 2005/5 – looduslikest kiirgusallikatest Eestis</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐d6x9v Cached time: 20241115040608 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.179 seconds Real time usage: 0.240 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 795/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8447/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1834/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8783/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.091/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2803955/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 191.280 1 -total 100.00% 191.280 1 Mall:Viited 47.33% 90.539 1 Mall:Netiviide 39.57% 75.683 3 Mall:Kõdulink 27.71% 53.006 3 Mall:Fix 24.86% 47.554 6 Mall:Category_handler 6.13% 11.723 1 Mall:Cite_book 5.22% 9.988 3 Mall:Fix/category 2.80% 5.362 6 Mall:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key etwiki:pcache:idhash:262359-0!canonical and timestamp 20241115040608 and revision id 6374134. 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