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<span>Acoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tuning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tuning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tuning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tuning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_tunings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_tunings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Specific tunings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_tunings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mbira_dzavadzimu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbira_dzavadzimu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mbira dzavadzimu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbira_dzavadzimu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mbira_Nyunga_Nyunga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbira_Nyunga_Nyunga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mbira Nyunga Nyunga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbira_Nyunga_Nyunga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Njari_mbira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Njari_mbira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Njari mbira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Njari_mbira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nhare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nhare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nhare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nhare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mbira_matepe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbira_matepe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Mbira matepe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbira_matepe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Outside Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>In the diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hugh_Tracey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hugh_Tracey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Hugh Tracey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hugh_Tracey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Related instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Players</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Players-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mbira</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كاليمبا (آلة موسيقية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليمبا (آلة موسيقية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کالیمبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالیمبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мбира – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мбира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansa_(instrument)" title="Sansa (instrument) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sansa (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alangb%C9%94" title="Alangbɔ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Alangbɔ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimbo" title="Kalimbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalimbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EB%B9%84%EB%9D%BC" title="음비라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음비라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Կալիմբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիմբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%27bira" title="M'bira – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="M'bira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="קלימבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלימבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likemb%C3%A9" title="Likembé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likembé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duimpiano" title="Duimpiano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duimpiano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90" title="カリンバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリンバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommelpiano" title="Tommelpiano – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tommelpiano" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanza" title="Zanza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zanza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Калимба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калимба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Калимба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калимба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimba" title="Kalimba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalimba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Калімба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калімба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mbira" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">African musical instrument of the lamellophone family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kalimba" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kalimba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalimba (disambiguation)">Kalimba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Zanza" redirects here. For the Rurouni Kenshin character, see <a href="/wiki/Sagara_Sanosuke" title="Sagara Sanosuke">Sagara Sanosuke</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Mbira</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/223px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/335px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/446px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1678" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mbira dzavadzimu</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d3d3d3">Other instrument</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">finger harp, gourd piano, ikembe, kalimba, kilembe, likembe, likimba, marimbula, mbla, sansa, sansu, sanza, thumb piano, timbrh, zanzu, finger piano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">Lamellophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Plucked Idiophone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">122.1<br />(Plucked <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">clear, percussive, chimelike</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">low</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">Attack</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">fast</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">Decay</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">moderate</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #d3d3d3"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <p>Varies, see <a href="#Tuning">Tuning</a> </p> low to medium</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01541">01541</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/AFR" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR">Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2020 (15th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mbira</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">əm-<span style="font-size:90%">BEER</span>-ə</i></a>) are a family of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>, traditional to the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. They consist of a wooden board (often fitted with a resonator) with attached staggered metal <a href="/wiki/Tine_(structural)" title="Tine (structural)">tines</a>, played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs (at minimum), the right <a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">forefinger</a> (most mbira), and sometimes the left <a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">forefinger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicologists</a> classify it as a <a href="/wiki/Lamellaphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellaphone">lamellaphone</a>, part of the plucked <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophone</a> family of musical instruments. In Eastern and Southern Africa, there are many kinds of mbira, often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Hosho_(instrument)" title="Hosho (instrument)">hosho</a>, a percussion instrument. It is often an important instrument played at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The "Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe" was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists#Representative_list_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern interpretation of the instrument, the <b>kalimba</b>, was commercially produced and exported by <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Hugh Tracey</a> in the late 1950s, popularising similar instruments outside of Africa. Tracey's design was modelled after the <a href="#Mbira_Nyunga_Nyunga">mbira nyunga nyunga</a> and named ''Kalimba'' after an ancient predecessor of the mbira family of instruments. The kalimba is basically a westernised younger version of mbira.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was popularized in the 1960s and early 1970s largely due to the successes of such musicians as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_White" title="Maurice White">Maurice White</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth, Wind and Fire">Earth, Wind and Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These musicians included mbira on stage accompanying modern rock instruments such as electric guitar and bass, drum kit, and horns. Their arrangements included numerous songs directly drawn from traditional mbira repertoire. Other notable influencers bringing mbira music out of Africa are: <a href="/wiki/Dumisani_Maraire" title="Dumisani Maraire">Dumisani Maraire</a>, who brought <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a> and karimba music to the American <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ephat_Mujuru" title="Ephat Mujuru">Ephat Mujuru</a>, who was one of the pioneer teachers of mbira dzavadzimu in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; and the writings and recordings of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean music">Zimbabwean musicians</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist)" title="Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)">Paul Berliner</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Howard" title="Joseph H. Howard">Joseph H. Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babatunde_Olatunji" title="Babatunde Olatunji">Babatunde Olatunji</a> have both suggested that mbira (and other metal lamellaphones) are thoroughly African, being found only in areas populated by Africans or their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-Olatunji_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olatunji-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar instruments were reported to be used in Okpuje, Nsukka area of the south eastern part of Nigeria in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mbira1.png/220px-Mbira1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mbira1.png/330px-Mbira1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mbira1.png/440px-Mbira1.png 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>A Zimbabwean <i>mbira dza vadzimu</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Various kinds of plucked idiophones and lamellaphones have existed in Africa for thousands of years. The tines were originally made of bamboo but over the years metal keys have been developed. These types of instrument appear to have been invented twice in Africa: a wood or bamboo-tined instrument appeared on the west coast of Africa about 3,000 years ago, and metal-tined lamellophones appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> valley around 1,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metal-tined instruments traveled all across the continent, becoming popular among the Shona of Zimbabwe (from which the word mbira comes) and other indigenous groups in Zimbabwe and Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mbira was differentiated in its physical form and social uses as it spread. Kalimba-like instruments came to exist from the northern reaches of North Africa to the southern extent of the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>, and from the east coast to the west coast, though many or most groups of people in Africa did not possess mbiras. There were thousands of different tunings, different note layouts, and different instrument designs, but there is a hypothetical tuning and note layout of the original metal-tined instrument from 1,300 years ago, referred to as the 'kalimba core'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 1950s mbira instruments were the basis for the development of the <i>kalimba</i>, a westernised version designed and marketed by the ethnomusicologist Hugh Tracey, leading to a great expansion of its distribution outside Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acoustics">Acoustics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Acoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lamellophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellophones">Lamellophones</a> are instruments which have little tines, or "lamellae", which are played by plucking. Unlike stringed instruments or air-column instruments like flutes, the <a href="/wiki/Overtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtones">overtones</a> of a plucked lamella are <a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">inharmonic</a>, giving the mbira a characteristic sound. The inharmonic overtones are strongest in the <a href="/wiki/ADSR_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSR envelope">attack</a> and die out rather quickly, leaving an almost pure tone. When a tine is plucked, the adjacent tines also create secondary vibrations that increase the harmonic complexity of an individual note.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mbira music, like much of the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">sub-Saharan African music traditions</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Cross-beat" title="Cross-beat">cross-rhythm</a>. An example from the kutsinhira part of the traditional mbira dzavadzimu piece "Nhema Musasa" is given by David Peñalosa, who observes that the left hand plays the <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a> "bass line," while the right hand plays the upper melody. The composite melody is an embellishment of the 3:2 cross-rhythm (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Hemiola" title="Hemiola">hemiola</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuning">Tuning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tuning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mbira" title="Special:EditPage/Mbira">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mbira" title="Talk:Mbira">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mbira" title="Special:EditPage/Mbira">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Redundancies from merge.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mbira" title="Special:EditPage/Mbira">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png/220px-Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png/330px-Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Kalimba_Alto_Tuning.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Tuning chart for the Tracey 15-note alto kalimba (treble key missing).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg/420px-Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg/630px-Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg/840px-Mbira_tuning_key_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption><div align="center"><b>mbira dzavadzimu tuning and key layout</b></div><br />* Same color keys are the same notes (usually octaves)<br />* Key “1” is the lowest note, ascending to the highest note key “23”<br />* Key “2” is often only found on the mavembe tuning<br />* Some mbira have extra keys (e.g. extra “17” on left side, or higher notes on the right beyond key “23” are most common)<br />* Note intervals can vary, but all the octaves are divided into a heptatonic scale, many being diatonic or at least nearly diatonic<br />* This diagram does not represent every mbira dzavadzimu, but does represent the most common layout<br />* The key numbering and color codes portrayed here are arbitrary and simply to communicate the layout (not traditional approach)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is common on African mbira and other lamellophones to have the lowest notes in the centre with higher notes to the far left and the far right—this is an ergonomic nicety, in that the thumb can pivot such that all the tines are easy to reach. However, traditional African tunings use notes that do not lie on the grid of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">Western tempered scale</a>, and traditional mbira note layouts are often idiosyncratic, sometimes with adjacent tines making part of a scale, but then an odd note thrown in that defies the pattern. </p><p>Historically, mbira tunings have not mapped exactly onto Western scales; it is not unusual for a seven-note sequence on a mbira to be "<a href="/wiki/Stretched_octave" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretched octave">stretched</a>" over a greater range of frequencies than a Western octave and for the intervals between notes to be different from those in a Western scale. Tunings have often been idiosyncratic with variations over time and from one player to another. A mbira key produces a rich complex of overtones that varies from one instrument to another depending on its maker's intentions and accidents of fabrication, such that some instruments simply sound better when some notes of a familiar tuning are pushed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increased popularity of the mbira dzavadzimu in North America, Europe, and Japan in recent decades, Zimbabwean mbira makers have tended to tune their instruments more uniformly for export, but much variation is still found among mbira in their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tunings vary from family to family referring to relative interval relationships and not to absolute pitches. The most common tuning played throughout Zimbabwe and among non-Zimbabwean mbira players worldwide is Nyamaropa, similar to the western <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Names may also vary between different families; <a href="/wiki/Garikayi_Tirikoti" title="Garikayi Tirikoti">Garikayi Tirikoti</a> has developed a "mbira orchestra" that has seven different tunings, each starting on a different interval of the same seven-note scale, where it is possible to play all instruments in a single performance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven tunings that Garikayi uses are: Bangidza, Nyabango, Nhemamusasa, Chakwi, Taireva, Mahororo, and Mavembe (all of which are also names of traditional songs save for Mavembe and Nyabango). The closest to what is commonly named "Nyamaropa" is his "Nhemamusasa" tuning.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_tunings">Specific tunings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specific tunings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common names for tunings are: </p> <ul><li><b>Nyamaropa</b> (close to <a href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian mode</a>) (considered the oldest and most representative in Shona culture) It emphasizes togetherness through music, creating polyrhythms through having two Mbira players at once, having singing styles accompany an <i>Mbira</i> such as <i>Huro</i> (High emotional notes that are at the top of a singer's range) & <i>Mahon'era</i> (a soft breathy voice at the bottom of the singer's range) or both elements. A single Mbira is considered incomplete for a performance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Kalimba_Nyamaropa_(C_Mixolydian_mode).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Kalimba_Nyamaropa_%28C_Mixolydian_mode%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Kalimba_Nyamaropa_%28C_Mixolydian_mode%29.ogg/Kalimba_Nyamaropa_%28C_Mixolydian_mode%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li> <li><b>Dambatsoko</b> (close to <a href="/wiki/Ionian_mode" title="Ionian mode">Ionian mode</a>), played by the Mujuru family. The name refers to their ancestral burial grounds.</li> <li><b>Dongonda</b>, usually a Nyamaropa tuned mbira with the right side notes the same octave as the left (an octave lower than usual).</li> <li><b>Katsanzaira</b> (close to <a href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</a>), the highest pitch of the traditional mbira tunings. The name means "the gentle rain before the storm hits". <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Kalimba_Katsanzaira.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Kalimba_Katsanzaira.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Kalimba_Katsanzaira.ogg/Kalimba_Katsanzaira.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li> <li><b>Mavembe</b> (also: Gandanga) (close to <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian mode</a>), Sekuru Gora claims to have invented this tuning at a funeral ceremony. The mourners were singing a familiar song with an unfamiliar melody and he went outside the hut and tuned his mbira to match the vocal lines. Other mbira players dispute that he invented it. <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Kalimba_Mavembe_(C_Phrygian_Mode).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Kalimba_Mavembe_%28C_Phrygian_Mode%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Kalimba_Mavembe_%28C_Phrygian_Mode%29.ogg/Kalimba_Mavembe_%28C_Phrygian_Mode%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li> <li><b>Nemakonde</b> (close to Phrygian mode), same musical relationship as the mavembe, but the nemakonde tuning is a very low pitched version. <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Kalimba_Nemakonde_(C_Phrygian_Mode_Low_Octave).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Kalimba_Nemakonde_%28C_Phrygian_Mode_Low_Octave%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Kalimba_Nemakonde_%28C_Phrygian_Mode_Low_Octave%29.ogg/Kalimba_Nemakonde_%28C_Phrygian_Mode_Low_Octave%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li> <li><b>Saungweme</b> (flattened whole tone, approaching seven tone equal temperament). <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Kalimba_Saungweme.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Kalimba_Saungweme.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Kalimba_Saungweme.ogg/Kalimba_Saungweme.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbira_dzavadzimu">Mbira dzavadzimu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mbira dzavadzimu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg/220px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg/330px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg/440px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_in_deze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>Mbira dzavadzimu in a <a href="/wiki/Deze" title="Deze">deze</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Shona_music" title="Shona music">Shona music</a>, the mbira dzavadzimu (<i>"voice of the ancestors"</i>, or <i>"mbira of the ancestral spirits</i>", national instrument of Zimbabwe<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a musical instrument that has been played by the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> for thousands of years. The <i>mbira dzavadzimu</i> is frequently played at religious ceremonies and social gatherings called <i>mapira</i> (sing. "<i>bira</i>"). The <i>mbira dzavadzimu</i> can be used to play over one hundred songs, such as <i>Kariga mombe</i>. </p><p>A typical <i>mbira dzavadzimu</i> consists of between 22 and 28 keys constructed from hot- or cold-<a href="/wiki/Forged" class="mw-redirect" title="Forged">forged</a> metal affixed to a hardwood <a href="/wiki/Sound_board_(music)" title="Sound board (music)">soundboard</a> (<i>gwariva</i>) in three different registers—two on the left, one on the right. </p><p>While playing, the <a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a> of the right hand is placed through a hole in the bottom right corner of the soundboard, with the little finger entering from the front of sound board, and the <a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">ring finger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">middle finger</a> reaching around the back to stabilise the instrument. This leaves the thumb and index finger of the right hand open to <a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">stroke</a> the keys in the right register from above (thumb) and below (index finger). The fingers of the left hand stabilise the left side of the instrument, with most fingers reaching slightly behind the instrument. Both registers on the left side of the instrument are played with the left thumb. Some mbira possess an extra key in the upper left register which is hit from below by the left index finger. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cap" title="Bottle cap">Bottle caps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, or other objects ("<i>machachara</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-williams_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are often affixed to the soundboard to create a buzzing sound when the instrument is played. In a traditional setting, this sound is considered extremely important, as it is believed to attract <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral spirits">ancestral spirits</a>. </p><p>During a public performance, an <i>mbira dzavadzimu</i> is frequently placed in a <i><a href="/wiki/Deze" title="Deze">deze</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> resonator) to amplify its sound. </p><p>The <i>mbira dza vadzimu</i> is very significant in <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shona religion (page does not exist)">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shona_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shona culture">culture</a>, considered a sacred instrument by the Shona people. It is usually played to facilitate communication with ancestral spirits, bringing the spirit of the dead back on its homestead.<sup id="cite_ref-Reporter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Shona tradition, the mbira may be played with paired performers in which the <i><a href="/wiki/Kushaura" title="Kushaura">kushaura</a></i>, the caller, leads the performed piece as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kutsinhira" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutsinhira">kutsinhira</a></i>, the responder, "interlocks" a subsequent part.<sup id="cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soul_of_Mbira-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual is known as the <i>Bira.</i> During these all-night ceremonies, people call upon the spirits to answer questions. The variations of notes in an <i>Mbira</i> piece aid the participants in going into trance, which in Shona culture aids the spirits in taking over the participant's body.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Chimedza" title="Albert Chimedza">Albert Chimedza</a>, director of the Mbira Centre in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>, has estimated that "there are at most ten thousand people in the world who play mbira."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbira_Nyunga_Nyunga">Mbira Nyunga Nyunga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mbira Nyunga Nyunga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nyunga nyunga which normally has 15 keys, originated from <a href="/wiki/Manicaland_Province" title="Manicaland Province">Manicaland</a> where it traditionally played the entertainment role during social gatherings and commemorations.<sup id="cite_ref-Reporter_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeke (Jack) Tapera introduced the <b>mbira nyunga nyunga</b> in the 1960s from Tete province of Mozambique to Kwanongoma College of African music (now United College of Music) in Bulawayo. Two keys were then added to make fifteen (Chirimumimba, 2007), in two rows. The mbira nyunga nyunga is similar in construction to the mbira dzavadzimu, but has no hole in the soundboard. Key pitch radiates out from the center, rather than from left to right. </p><p>Zimbabwe's <a href="/wiki/Dumisani_Maraire" title="Dumisani Maraire">Dumisani Maraire</a> originated mbira nyunga nyunga number notation. The upper row keys (from left) are keys 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 while the bottom row keys are notated as 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15. Maraire brought awareness of this instrument to the United States when he came to the University of Washington as a visiting artist from 1968 to 1972. </p><p>Recently a <a href="/wiki/Midlands_State_University" title="Midlands State University">Midlands State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</a>, Zimbabwe) lecturer in the department of music and musicology has suggested a letter notation; the upper keys as (from first left upper key) E, D, C, F, C, D, and E and the lower or bottom keys as (from the first lower key) A, G, F, A, F, C, D, and E. But the Maraire number notation has remained the internationally accepted system (Chirimumimba, 2007). </p><p>Dutch composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maarten_Regtien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maarten Regtien (page does not exist)">Maarten Regtien</a> (1963) uses a Mbira Nyunga Nyunga in the electronic composition <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regtien.info/pages/computer.html">Daddy Mbira - Mbira Penguin Talks</a> (2014), creating soundscapes and using western composition techniques like the canon, impossible to play on a mbira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Njari_mbira">Njari mbira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Njari mbira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Njari mbira has 30 to 32 keys and was also originated from Zimbabwe particularly Masvingo and Makonde.<sup id="cite_ref-Reporter_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nhare">Nhare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nhare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nhare has 23 to 24 keys and was originated from Zimbabwe. In the Zimbabwean tradition, nhare was used for rituals of communicating with Musikavanhu or Nyadenga (God).<sup id="cite_ref-Reporter_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbira_matepe">Mbira matepe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mbira matepe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matepe" title="Matepe">Matepe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matepe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Matepe.jpg/220px-Matepe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Matepe.jpg/330px-Matepe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Matepe.jpg/440px-Matepe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>A Zimbabwean <i>matepe</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mbira matepe which has 26 keys originated from along the borders of Zimbabwe and Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-Reporter_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Africa">Outside Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Outside Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_diaspora">In the diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marimbula" class="mw-redirect" title="Marimbula">marimbula</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playing_the_Marimba,_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/220px-Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/330px-Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg/440px-Playing_the_Marimba%2C_da_Cole%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Brasiliana_Iconogr%C3%A1fica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>A Kalimba player in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hildebrandt" title="Eduard Hildebrandt">Eduard Hildebrandt</a> (1846)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first documentation of Kalimbas in Brazil dates back to 1723 where they are referred to as marimbas (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimbas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seem to have faded into obscurity as they didn't make it to the present day, although "modern" Kalimbas now exist in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marimbol-haitiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marimbol-haitiano.jpg/220px-Marimbol-haitiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Marimbol-haitiano.jpg/330px-Marimbol-haitiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Marimbol-haitiano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An example of a Marimbula in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> African <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophones</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n" title="Cajón">Cajón</a> influenced the origins of the marimbula, whose history is poorly documented but is suspected to have originated in eastern Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hugh_Tracey">Hugh Tracey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hugh Tracey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Hugh Tracey</a> kalimbas are tuned <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_and_chromatic" title="Diatonic and chromatic">diatonically</a> in the key of G. The arrangement of the notes on the Hugh Tracey kalimba borrows from the typical scheme with the lowest notes in the center and the upper notes on the left and the right, with the notes in the ascending scale alternating strictly right-left and going outwards towards the two sides. </p><p>The diatonic western kalimba tuning which Tracey used was practical for a worldwide instrument—with hundreds of African kalimba tunings, the chosen Western standard would maximise the number of people who would immediately connect with the kalimba. The practicality of this note arrangement, with notes going up the scale in a right-left-right-left progression, is that modal 1-3-5 or 1-3-5-7 chords are made by playing adjacent tines. If chords are played in the lower octave, the same notes will appear on the opposite side of the kalimba in the upper octave, which makes it very easy to simultaneously play a melody in the upper octave and an accompanying harmony in the lower octave. So, the arrangement of notes on the Hugh Tracey kalimba (and on virtually any kalimba that copies the instrument) makes certain complex musical operations very simple.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative tunings are possible, as the tines of most kalimbas are easily pushed in and out to sharpen or flatten their pitch. Some alternative tunings simply change the key of the kalimba, without changing the note layout scheme. C major is a popular tuning, sold by multiple manufacturers. Other alternative tunings move the kalimba to non-modal scales (such as Middle-Eastern scales). Each note of the kalimba can be tuned independently (unlike a guitar), so any scale, western or non-western, is possible, and traditional African scales are still accessible to this modern African instrument. Composer <a href="/wiki/Georg_Hajdu" title="Georg Hajdu">Georg Hajdu</a> has tuned the Hugh Tracey alto kalimba to the chromatic steps of the <a href="/wiki/Bohlen%E2%80%93Pierce_scale" title="Bohlen–Pierce scale">Bohlen–Pierce scale</a> in a piece called <i>Just Her – Jester – Gesture</i>. The Bohlen–Pierce scale subdivides the just twelfth into 13 steps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TrebleKalimba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugh Tracey treble kalimba"><img alt="Hugh Tracey treble kalimba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg/200px-TrebleKalimba.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hugh Tracey treble kalimba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An octagonal mbira of high craftsmanship which spans two octaves."><img alt="An octagonal mbira of high craftsmanship which spans two octaves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg/150px-OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg/225px-OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg/300px-OctagonalTwoOctaveMbira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="4640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An octagonal mbira of high craftsmanship which spans two octaves.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market,_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaya Street Sunday Market, Kota Kinabalu"><img alt="Gaya Street Sunday Market, Kota Kinabalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg/150px-Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg/225px-Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg/300px-Photowalk_at_Gaya_Street_Sunday_Market%2C_Kota_Kinabalu_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="3337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gaya Street Sunday Market, Kota Kinabalu</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_instruments">Related instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sanza.jpg/200px-Sanza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sanza.jpg/300px-Sanza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sanza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Sanza</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravikord.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gravikord.JPG/125px-Gravikord.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gravikord.JPG/188px-Gravikord.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gravikord.JPG/250px-Gravikord.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>Signature Series Gravikord</figcaption></figure> <p>Instruments related to or inspired by the mbira include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_mbira" title="Array mbira">Array mbira</a>, a modern invention consisting of as many as 150 tines configured in a special order based on the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">Gravikord</a>, an electrified double harp that is a modern <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> and kalimba hybrid, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Cross_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross rhythm">cross rhythms</a> of the mbira. The Gravikord was invented in 1986 by Bob Grawi, an American musician and artist. It is also tuned in the key of G major/E minor in an extended version of the Hugh Tracey kalimba tone layout with a range of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> octaves. Music and playing techniques learned on this kalimba can be easily transferred and played on the Gravikord.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitaret" title="Guitaret">Guitaret</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Electric_lamellophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lamellophones">electric lamellophone</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Hohner" title="Hohner">Hohner</a> and invented by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Zacharias" title="Ernst Zacharias">Ernst Zacharias</a>, in 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikembe" title="Ikembe">Ikembe</a>, an instrument common among the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>.</li> <li>Modern kalimba, the mbira inspired instruments of Hugh Tracey. Named after the original kalimba (ancestor of mbira).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisanji" title="Kisanji">Kisanji</a> among <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Ngala-speaking</a> people of western <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo Republic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoom_Otieno" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoom Otieno">Thoom Otieno</a> (also tom, thom or toom), popular in <a href="/wiki/Gambela_Region" title="Gambela Region">Gambela Region</a>, in Western Ethiopia on the border of South Sudan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADmbula" title="Marímbula">Marímbula</a> (also Marimból), a bass instrument used in the Caribbean and Mexico.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswanan</a> setting, the 1980 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_Must_Be_Crazy" title="The Gods Must Be Crazy">The Gods Must Be Crazy</a></i> features a character playing the mbira.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_Returns" title="Donkey Kong Country Returns">Donkey Kong Country Returns</a></i>, one of main antagonists of the game is named Krazy Kalimba. Being a member of the musical instrument-themed Tiki Tak Tribe, his design features a "crown" evoking the keys of a kalimba, and he plays kalimba music as part of his hypnotic chant used to make various animals do his bidding.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 21, 2020, as part of Zimbabwe Culture Week, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> honoured the mbira with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">doodle</a> which included a button allowing users to hear and play the instrument virtually. The doodle also featured the <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> story of a young girl who learns to play the mbira, later inspiring a new generation of mbira players after becoming an established artiste herself as an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Players">Players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mbira_players" title="List of mbira players">List of mbira players</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_lamellophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric lamellophone">Electric lamellophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">Gravikord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophone</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541">"Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe"</a>. <i>Intangible Cultural Heritage</i>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=Art+of+crafting+and+playing+Mbira%2FSansi%2C+the+finger-plucking+traditional+musical+instrument+in+Malawi+and+Zimbabwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fart-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalimbahq.com/kalimba-vs-mbira/">"What is Kalimba"</a>. <i>kalimbahq.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kalimbahq.com%2F&rft.atitle=What+is+Kalimba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalimbahq.com%2Fkalimba-vs-mbira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27939869">"Making music: Zimbabwe's mbira"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Making+music%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+mbira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-27939869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olatunji-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olatunji_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlatunji1965" class="citation book cs1">Olatunji, Babatunde (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diet"><i>Musical Instruments of Africa: Their Nature, Use, and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York, New York: John Day Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diet/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-381-97013-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-381-97013-2"><bdi>0-381-97013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments+of+Africa%3A+Their+Nature%2C+Use%2C+and+Place+in+the+Life+of+a+Deeply+Musical+People&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=48&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Day+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-381-97013-2&rft.aulast=Olatunji&rft.aufirst=Babatunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalinstrumen00diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529010324/http://collections.nmmusd.org/Africa/SubSaharanAfrica.html">"Sub-Saharan African Instruments at the National Music Museum"</a>. <i>collections.nmmusd.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.nmmusd.org/Africa/SubSaharanAfrica.html">the original</a> on 2020-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.nmmusd.org&rft.atitle=Sub-Saharan+African+Instruments+at+the+National+Music+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.nmmusd.org%2FAfrica%2FSubSaharanAfrica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubik, Gerhard (1998) Kalimba – Nsansi – Mbira. Lamellophone in Afrika. With CD. Berlin: Museum für Völkerkunde <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2000" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (2000). <i>African Cultures and Societies Before 1885</i>. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 274–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89089-769-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89089-769-7"><bdi>0-89089-769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultures+and+Societies+Before+1885&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=274-275&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89089-769-7&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimenez Amoros, Luis; <i>Tracing the Mbira Sound Archive in Zimbabwe</i>; Routledge; Abdingdon-on-THames, Oxfordshire, England: 2018. 144 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138585102" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138585102">978-1138585102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berliner, Paul F.; <i>Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe</i>; University of California Press; Oakland, California: 1979. 280 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520033153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520033153">978-0520033153</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalimbamagic.com/blog/item/my-story-of-hugh-tracey">"My Story of Hugh Tracey – Kalimba Magic"</a>. <i>www.kalimbamagic.com</i>. 13 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kalimbamagic.com&rft.atitle=My+Story+of+Hugh+Tracey+%E2%80%93+Kalimba+Magic&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalimbamagic.com%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fmy-story-of-hugh-tracey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804000835/https://www.danmoi.com/melodious-tongues/kalimba-and-mbira/hugh-tracey-kalimba.html">"Hugh Tracey Kalimbas"</a>. <i>www.danmoi.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danmoi.com/melodious-tongues/kalimba-and-mbira/hugh-tracey-kalimba.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.danmoi.com&rft.atitle=Hugh+Tracey+Kalimbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danmoi.com%2Fmelodious-tongues%2Fkalimba-and-mbira%2Fhugh-tracey-kalimba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, David M. F. (January 2012). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/094c/74473f16d8af049eee1daa85b1a009a6c0e8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Vibrational+frequencies+and+tuning+of+the+African+mbira&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1169-1178&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24997642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ASAJ..123.1169M&rft.issn=0001-4966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.2828063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18247916&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=L.+E.&rft.au=Mitran%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F094c%2F74473f16d8af049eee1daa85b1a009a6c0e8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Kalimba-Portable-Finger-Locking-Instruction/dp/B07CL9T767">"Amazon.com: Kalimba Thumb Piano 17 Key, Portable Finger Piano/Mbira/Sanza Kit for Kids and Adults, Solid KOA With Key Locking System, Tune Hammer, Study Instruction, Cloth Bag, Study Guide Sticke: Musical Instruments"</a>. <i>www.amazon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.kenyon.edu&rft.atitle=Mbira%3A+Constraint+and+Mobility+in+Shona+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kenyon.edu%2Fprojects%2Fottenhoff%2Fpaper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2009" class="citation book cs1">Alves, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofpeoplesof00alve/page/66"><i>Music of the Peoples of the World</i></a>. Boston, MA: Schirmer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofpeoplesof00alve/page/66">66–67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50384-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50384-2"><bdi>978-0-495-50384-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Peoples+of+the+World&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50384-2&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofpeoplesof00alve%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226003847/http://www.nai.uu.se/research/areas/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/music/">"Music in Zimbabwe"</a>. <i>Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</i>. March 16, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nai.uu.se/research/areas/cultural_images_in_and_of/zimbabwe/music/">the original</a> on December 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2007</span>. <q>The instrument is, in slightly varying forms, several centuries old and is found in many parts of Africa, but only in Zimbabwe has it risen to become a national instrument</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordiska+Afrikainstitutet&rft.atitle=Music+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nai.uu.se%2Fresearch%2Fareas%2Fcultural_images_in_and_of%2Fzimbabwe%2Fmusic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, B. Michael. (2001) Learning Mbira: A Beginning. Everett, PA: HoneyRock. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9634060-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9634060-4-3">0-9634060-4-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reporter-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reporter_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reporter_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reporter_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reporter_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reporter_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Reporter2016" class="citation web cs1">Staff Reporter (29 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernafrican.news/2016/02/29/the-irony-of-mbira-instrument/">"The irony of mbira instrument"</a>. <i>Southern Times Africa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Times+Africa&rft.atitle=The+irony+of+mbira+instrument&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.au=Staff+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthernafrican.news%2F2016%2F02%2F29%2Fthe-irony-of-mbira-instrument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soul_of_Mbira-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner1978" class="citation book cs1">Berliner, Paul (1978). <i>The Soul of Mbira</i> (1st Paperback ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04268-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04268-9"><bdi>0-520-04268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Mbira&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+London&rft.pages=17-18&rft.edition=1st+Paperback&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-520-04268-9&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves2009" class="citation book cs1">Alves, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofpeoplesof00alve/page/64"><i>Music of the Peoples of the World</i></a>. Boston, MA: Schirmer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicofpeoplesof00alve/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50384-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50384-2"><bdi>978-0-495-50384-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Peoples+of+the+World&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50384-2&rft.aulast=Alves&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicofpeoplesof00alve%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sppo.osu.edu/events/between-marimba-thumb-piano-and-grand-piano-musicians-and-black-musicalities-19th-century">"Between the Marimba Thumb Piano and the Grand Piano: Musicians and Black Musicalities in 19th-century Brazil with Dr. Rafael Galante"</a>. <i>sppo.osu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sppo.osu.edu&rft.atitle=Between+the+Marimba+Thumb+Piano+and+the+Grand+Piano%3A+Musicians+and+Black+Musicalities+in+19th-century+Brazil+with+Dr.+Rafael+Galante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsppo.osu.edu%2Fevents%2Fbetween-marimba-thumb-piano-and-grand-piano-musicians-and-black-musicalities-19th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://silo.tips/download/the-kalimba-a-brief-history-of-an-ancient-instrument-from-africa-mark-holdaway-p&ved=2ahUKEwjJnImdy9XyAhVfRTABHdjyC2cQFnoECAcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1q4_JofG8An-vdDJOT8gP2">"Kalimba history in Brazil"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Kalimba+history+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsilo.tips%2Fdownload%2Fthe-kalimba-a-brief-history-of-an-ancient-instrument-from-africa-mark-holdaway-p%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjJnImdy9XyAhVfRTABHdjyC2cQFnoECAcQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1q4_JofG8An-vdDJOT8gP2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829065527/https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_601901%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjoyf30y9XyAhWDQzABHfaRDxIQFnoECCsQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Nh9ELn1RuZMKnwsNonbEB">"Marimbula history and origin"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_601901%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjoyf30y9XyAhWDQzABHfaRDxIQFnoECCsQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Nh9ELn1RuZMKnwsNonbEB">the original</a> on 2021-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Marimbula+history+and+origin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_601901%2526ved%253D2ahUKEwjoyf30y9XyAhWDQzABHfaRDxIQFnoECCsQAQ%2526usg%253DAOvVaw0Nh9ELn1RuZMKnwsNonbEB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalimbamagic.com/blog/item/chords-on-the-17-note-kalimba-in-c">"Chords on the 17-Note Kalimba in C - Kalimba Magic"</a>. <i>www.kalimbamagic.com</i>. 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kalimbamagic.com&rft.atitle=Chords+on+the+17-Note+Kalimba+in+C+-+Kalimba+Magic&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalimbamagic.com%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fchords-on-the-17-note-kalimba-in-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuJZa6DWugM">"Gods Must Be Crazy, 1980 song"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/RuJZa6DWugM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Gods+Must+Be+Crazy%2C+1980+song&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRuJZa6DWugM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mariowiki.com/Tiki_Tak_Tribe#High-ranking">"Tiki Tak Tribe"</a>. <i>Super Mario Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Super+Mario+Wiki&rft.atitle=Tiki+Tak+Tribe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mariowiki.com%2FTiki_Tak_Tribe%23High-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/celebrating-mbira/?hl=en">Celebrating Mbira</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinerc._1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist)" title="Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)">Berliner, Paul</a> (c. 1978). <i>The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Mbira%3A+Music+and+Traditions+of+the+Shona+People+of+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andy-fowler-07546721/">Fowler, Andy</a> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gum.co/discover-mbira">Discover Mbira : Ancient Zimbabwean Trance Music</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbiramagic.com">Mbira Magic</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andy-fowler-07546721/">Fowler, Andy</a> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gum.co/unlockcomplete">Unlocking Mbira : Chord Progression and System of Mbira Workbook</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbiramagic.com">Mbira Magic</a>.</li> <li>Gahadzikwa, Fungai; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andy-fowler-07546721/">Fowler, Andy</a> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gum.co/fungai">Traditional Mbira Song Book</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbiramagic.com">Mbira Magic</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Howard" title="Joseph H. Howard">Howard, Joseph H.</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drumsinamericas00howa"><i>Drums in the Americas</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Oak Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drums+in+the+Americas&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oak+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrumsinamericas00howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Kwenda" title="Forward Kwenda">Kwenda, Forward</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andy-fowler-07546721/">Fowler, Andy</a> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gum.co/learnmbira">Learn to Play Mbira : Traditional Songs and Improvisation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbiramagic.com">Mbira Magic</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutwa1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vusamazulu_Credo_Mutwa" title="Vusamazulu Credo Mutwa">Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu</a> (1969). <i>My people: the incredible writings of Credo Vusa'mazulu Mutwa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>: Blue Crane Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+people%3A+the+incredible+writings+of+Credo+Vusa%27mazulu+Mutwa&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Blue+Crane+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mutwa&rft.aufirst=Credo+Vusa%27mazulu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tracey" title="Andrew Tracey">Tracey, Andrew</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rattletree.com/The_Matepe_Mbira_Music_of_Rhodesia.pdf">"The Matepe Mbira Music of Rhodesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Music Society Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 37–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v4i4.1681">10.21504/amj.v4i4.1681</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Music+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Matepe+Mbira+Music+of+Rhodesia&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=37-61&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21504%2Famj.v4i4.1681&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frattletree.com%2FThe_Matepe_Mbira_Music_of_Rhodesia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span> <small>(Note: this article is the original source of the Matepe song <i>Siti</i>, as played by <a href="/wiki/Marimba#Zimbabwean" title="Marimba">Zimbabwean Marimba</a> band Musango.)</small></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Tracey, Hugh</a> (1961). <i>The evolution of African music and its function in the present day</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>: Institute for the Study of Man in Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+African+music+and+its+function+in+the+present+day&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Man+in+Africa&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Tracey, Hugh</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v4i3.1439">"The Mbira class of African Instruments in Rhodesia (1932)"</a>. <i>African Music Society Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 78–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v4i3.1439">10.21504/amj.v4i3.1439</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Music+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Mbira+class+of+African+Instruments+in+Rhodesia+%281932%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=78-95&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21504%2Famj.v4i3.1439&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21504%252Famj.v4i3.1439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner_DietzOlatunji1965" class="citation book cs1">Warner Dietz, Betty; <a href="/wiki/Babatunde_Olatunji" title="Babatunde Olatunji">Olatunji, Michael Babatunde</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00diet"><i>Musical Instruments of Africa; Their Nature, Use, and Place in the Life of a Deeply Musical People</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Day_Company" title="John Day Company">John Day Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Instruments+of+Africa%3B+Their+Nature%2C+Use%2C+and+Place+in+the+Life+of+a+Deeply+Musical+People&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=John+Day+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Warner+Dietz&rft.aufirst=Betty&rft.au=Olatunji%2C+Michael+Babatunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicalinstrumen00diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbira" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbira&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbira.org">Mbira.org</a>, "the non-profit organization devoted to Shona mbira music", based in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sympathetic-resonances.org"><i>sympathetic-resonances.org</i></a>: A free online platform featuring computer-generated playback and visualisation of mbira transcriptions, with the long-term goal of cultural preservation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbiramagic.com">MbiraMagic.Com</a> Mbira Education Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbira.online">Mbira.Online</a> : Mbira Masters Video and Notation Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regtien.info/pages/computer.html">Daddy Mbira - Mbira Penguin Talks</a> (2014), electronic mbira composition by M.Regtien.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zimfest.org/">Zimfest.org</a>, a Zimbabwean Music Festival held annually in North America that offers many opportunities to learn and listen to mbira.</li></ul><p> Archived Link - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824155712/http://mbira.co.zw/">Mbira.co.zw</a>, "A community of mbira players, researchers, makers & lovers, for the enhancement of the Mbira, music & fashion. Mbira Transfiguration & Permanence", based in <a href="/wiki/Harare,_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Harare, Zimbabwe">Harare</a>, Zimbabwe</p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plucked_idiophones_(lamellophones)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plucked_idiophones" title="Template:Plucked idiophones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plucked_idiophones" title="Template talk:Plucked idiophones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plucked_idiophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plucked idiophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plucked_idiophones_(lamellophones)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">Plucked idiophones</a> (lamellophones)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricri" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricri">Cricri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Guimbardes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Idioglot (<a href="/wiki/Angkuoch" title="Angkuoch">angkuoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_m%C3%B4i" title="Đàn môi">đàn môi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genggong" title="Genggong">genggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gogona" title="Gogona">gogona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kubing" title="Kubing">kubing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukkuri" title="Mukkuri">mukkuri</a>)</li> <li>Heteroglot (<a href="/wiki/Temir_komuz" title="Temir komuz">khomuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouxian" title="Kouxian">kouxian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">morsing</a>) <ul><li>Individual</li> <li>Sets</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laced lamellae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Without resonator</li> <li>With resonator (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">mbira</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cut-out lamellae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">Comb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">Music box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467960#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1467960#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1012984/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mbira"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082478">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mbila"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145721839">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sanza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982141v">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mbila"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb145721839">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sanza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11982141v">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558268705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mbira"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/4dc550d6-973f-42bd-8c9b-7dfd09bd3f6e">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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