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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties_and_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political parties and elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties_and_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International participation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_participation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International participation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Member organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_development_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_development_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sustainable development goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_development_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Lebanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نظام لبنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام لبنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8#রাজনীতি" title="লেবানন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেবানন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Държавно устройство на Ливан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Ливан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisches_System_des_Libanons" title="Politisches System des Libanons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politisches System des Libanons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_del_L%C3%ADbano" title="Política del Líbano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política del Líbano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیاست در لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست در لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_au_Liban" title="Politique au Liban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique au Liban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%94%EB%85%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="레바논의 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레바논의 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Lebanon" title="Politik Lebanon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik Lebanon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פוליטיקה של לבנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של לבנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libano_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Libano politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Libano politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Lubnan" title="Politik Lubnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik Lubnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiek_in_Libanon" title="Politiek in Libanon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politiek in Libanon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="レバノンの政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レバノンの政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Libanu" title="Ustrój polityczny Libanu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Libanu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_do_L%C3%ADbano" title="Política do Líbano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política do Líbano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libanonin_politiikka" title="Libanonin politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libanonin politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22">"Politics of Lebanon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Politics+of+Lebanon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Lebanese Republic</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">الجمهورية اللبنانية</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/100px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/200px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polity type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constitution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meeting place</th><td class="infobox-data">Parliament Building in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presiding officer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive branch</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currently</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> on binding advice of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Council of Ministers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nawaf_Salam" title="Cabinet of Nawaf Salam">Cabinet of Nawaf Salam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deputy leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Lebanon">Deputy Prime Minister</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="vertical-align: middle; background-color:#EBEBEB;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judicial branch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/115px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/173px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg/230px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a></span> </p> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution of 1926</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Executive_branch">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Lebanon" title="List of presidents of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Lebanon" title="List of prime ministers of Lebanon">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cabinets_of_Lebanon" title="List of Cabinets of Lebanon">Past Cabinets</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legislative_branch">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a></span></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Subdivisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Lebanon">Municipalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2008 Lebanese presidential election">2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2014–2016 Lebanese presidential election">2014–2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932025_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2022–2025 Lebanese presidential election">2022–2025</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Emigrants_(Lebanon)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Bou_Habib" title="Abdallah Bou Habib">Abdallah Bou Habib</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions of Lebanon">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Lebanon" title="List of diplomatic missions in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_passport" title="Lebanese passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Lebanese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Lebanon" title="Visa policy of Lebanon">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Template talk:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Lebanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> within the overall framework of <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessionalism</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a> in which the highest offices are proportionately reserved for representatives from certain religious communities. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">constitution of Lebanon</a> grants the people the right to change their government. However, from the mid-1970s until the parliamentary elections in 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990) precluded the exercise of political rights. </p><p>According to the constitution, direct elections must be held for the parliament every four years. However, after the parliamentary election in <a href="/wiki/2009_Lebanese_general_election" title="2009 Lebanese general election">2009</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another election was not held until <a href="/wiki/2018_Lebanese_general_election" title="2018 Lebanese general election">2018</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> elects a <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">president</a> every six years to a single term. The president is not eligible for re-election. The last presidential election was in <a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932025_Lebanese_presidential_election" title="2022–2025 Lebanese presidential election">2025</a>. The president and parliament choose the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">prime minister</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a> may be formed. Most are based on <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> interests. 2008 saw a new twist to Lebanese politics when the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Agreement_(2008)" title="Doha Agreement (2008)">Doha Agreement</a> set a new trend where the opposition is allowed a veto power in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Council of Ministers</a> and confirmed religious confessionalism in the distribution of political power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>needs to be organized and be more focused. Some content belong to other sections, or to a History section.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Special:EditPage/Politics of Lebanon">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> founded modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the emergence of the post-1943 state and after the destruction of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, national policy has been determined largely by a relatively restricted group of traditional regional and sectarian leaders. </p><p>The 1943 <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, an unwritten agreement that established the political foundations of modern Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">allocated</a> political power on an essentially confessional system based on the 1932 census. Seats in parliament were divided on a 6-to-5 ratio of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christians</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslims</a>. In 1990, the ratio changed to half and half. Positions in the government bureaucracy are allocated on a similar basis. </p><p>The pact by custom allocated public offices along religious lines, with the top three positions in the ruling "troika" distributed as follows: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">president</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christian</a>; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">speaker</a> of the Parliament, a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a Muslim</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">prime minister</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a>. </p><p>Efforts to alter or abolish the confessional system of allocating power have been at the centre of Lebanese politics for decades. Those religious groups most favoured by the 1943 formula sought to preserve it, while those who saw themselves at a disadvantage sought either to revise it after updating key demographic data or to abolish it entirely. Many of the provisions of the national pact were codified in the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>, perpetuating sectarianism as a key element of Lebanese political life. </p><p>Although moderated somewhat under Ta'if, the Constitution gives the president a strong and influential position. The president has the authority to promulgate laws passed by the Parliament, form the government to issue supplementary regulations to ensure the execution of laws, and to negotiate and ratify treaties. </p><p>The Parliament is elected by adult suffrage based on a system of majority or "winner-take-all" for the various confessional groups. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">majority</a> age for voting in elections is 21.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a recent effort to switch to proportional representation which many argue will provide a more accurate assessment of the size of political groups and allow minorities to be heard. Most deputies do not represent political parties as they are known in the West, and rarely form Western-style groups in the assembly. Political blocs are usually based on confessional and local interests or on personal/family allegiance rather than on political affinities. </p><p>The parliament traditionally has played a significant role in financial affairs, since it has the responsibility for levying taxes and passing the budget. It exercises political control over the cabinet through formal questioning of ministers on policy issues and by requesting a confidence debate. </p><p>Lebanon's judicial system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>. Juries are not used in trials. The Lebanese court system has three levels—courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and the court of cassation. There is a system of religious courts having jurisdiction over personal status matters within their own communities, e.g., rules on such matters as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. </p><p>Lebanese political institutions often play a secondary role to highly confessionalized personality-based politics. Powerful families play an independent role in mobilizing votes for both local and parliamentary elections. A lively panoply <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">of domestic political parties</a>, some even predating independence, exists. The largest parties are all religiously aligned. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Patriotic Movement (Lebanon)">Free Patriotic Movement</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kataeb Party (Lebanon)">Kataeb Party</a>, also known as the Phalange Party, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese National Bloc">National Bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a> (now outlawed) each have their own base among Christians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> are the main rivals for the organized <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a</a> vote. The PSP (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a>) is the leading <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> party. Shi'a and Druze parties command fierce loyalty to their respective leaderships. There is more factional infighting among many of the Christian parties. </p><p>Sunni parties have not been the standard vehicle for launching political candidates, and tend to focus across Lebanon's borders on issues that are important to the community at large. Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a> parties include <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Nasserist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Nasserist Organization">Independent Nasserist Organization</a> (INO), the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Unification_Movement" title="Islamic Unification Movement">Al-Tawhid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Ahbash</a>. </p><p>Besides the traditional confessional parties above, new secular parties have emerged, amongst which <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabaa_(Lebanon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabaa (Lebanon) (page does not exist)">Sabaa</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Party of Lebanon</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a new trend in Lebanese politics towards secularism and a truly democratic society. In addition to domestic parties, there are branches of pan-Arab secular parties (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ath">Ba'ath</a> parties, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> parties) that were active in the 1960s and throughout <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">the period of civil war</a>. </p><p>There are differences both between and among Muslim and Christian parties regarding the role of religion in state affairs. There is a very high degree of political activism among religious leaders across the sectarian spectrum. The interplay for position and power among the religious, political, and party leaders and groups produces a political tapestry of extraordinary complexity. </p><p>In the past, the system worked to produce a viable democracy. Events over the last decade and long-term demographic trends have upset the delicate <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Muslim</a>–<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> balance and resulted in greater segregation across the social spectrum. Whether in political parties, places of residence, schools, media outlets, even workplaces, there is a lack of regular interaction across sectarian lines to facilitate the exchange of views and promote understanding. All factions have called for a reform of the political system. </p><p>Some Christians favor political and administrative decentralization of the government, with separate Muslim and Christian sectors operating within the framework of a confederation. Muslims, for the most part, prefer a unified, central government with an enhanced share of power commensurate with their larger share of the population. The reforms of the Ta'if agreement moved in this direction but have not been fully realized. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinian refugees</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a>, whose numbers are estimated at between 160,000 and 225,000, are not active on the domestic political scene. </p><p>In September 2004, the Lebanese Parliament voted 96–29 to amend the constitution to extend President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Lahoud" title="Émile Lahoud">Émile Lahoud</a>'s six-year term, which was about to expire, by another three years. The move was supported by Syria, which maintained a large military presence in Lebanon. </p><p>Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rafic_Hariri" title="Rafic Hariri">Rafic Hariri</a> was assassinated in February 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Syrian troops</a> in April 2005, Lebanon <a href="/wiki/2005_Lebanese_general_election" title="2005 Lebanese general election">held parliamentary elections</a> in four rounds, from 29 May to 19 June. The elections, the first for 33 years without the presence of Syrian military forces, were won by the Quadripartite alliance, which was part the <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri_Martyr_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafik Hariri Martyr List">Rafik Hariri Martyr List</a>, a coalition of several parties and organizations newly opposed to Syrian domination of Lebanese politics. </p><p>In January 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> released a report stating that Lebanon ranked second in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and 98th out of 167 countries worldwide on the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>. The index ranks countries according to election processes, pluralism, government functions, political participation, political cultures and fundamental freedoms. </p><p>From October 2019, there have been mass protests against the government. The October 2019 uprising in Lebanon reignited debate over the country’s political-sectarian system, institutionalized during the French Mandate period, such as through the 1943 National Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests, marked by calls to dismantle this system, reflected decades of growing intersectional activism, with demonstrators demanding a more equitable and accountable government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">a large explosion in Beirut</a> killed at least 204 people and caused at least US$3 billion in property damage. Following the explosion and protests against the government, the prime minister and his cabinet resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, Lebanon <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">held its first election</a> since a painful economic crisis dragged it to the brink of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">failed state</a>. Lebanon's crisis has been so severe that more than 80 percent of the population is now considered poor by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. In the election, the Iran-backed Shia Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> movement and its allies lost their parliamentary majority. Hezbollah did not lose any of its seats, but its allies lost seats.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hezbollah’s ally, President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun's</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a>, was no longer the biggest Christian party after the election. A rival Christian party, led by <a href="/wiki/Samir_Geagea" title="Samir Geagea">Samir Geagea</a>, with close ties to Saudi Arabia, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (LF), made gains. The Sunni <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a>, led by former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Saad_Hariri" title="Saad Hariri">Saad Hariri</a>, did not participate in the election, leaving a political vacuum for other Sunni politicians to fill.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2024, leader of the Free Patriotic Movement, <a href="/wiki/Gebran_Bassil" title="Gebran Bassil">Gebran Bassil</a>, announced that the party was no longer in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024, a <a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">ceasefire deal</a> was signed between Israel and the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah to end 13 months of conflict. According to the agreement, Hezbollah was given 60 days to end its armed presence in southern Lebanon and Israeli forces were obliged to withdraw from the area over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">The fall of Assad’s Baathist regime</a> in Syria was another blow to its Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, which was alredy weakened because of Israeli military actions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syrian regime change in December 2024 was said to start a new chapter in Lebanese politics.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2025, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a>, the Lebanese army commander, was elected Lebanese 14th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">president</a> after a two-year vacancy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2025, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), formed a new government of 24 ministers after two-year caretaker cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Serail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand-Serail.jpg/220px-Grand-Serail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand-Serail.jpg/330px-Grand-Serail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grand-Serail.jpg/440px-Grand-Serail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Grand Serail, also known as the Government Palace, is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Lebanon">prime minister of Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>9 January 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Salam" title="Nawaf Salam">Nawaf Salam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>8 February 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of the Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabih_Berri" title="Nabih Berri">Nabih Berri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> </td> <td>20 October 1992 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Lebanon">president</a> is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> for a six-year term. They cannot be reelected again until six years have passed from the end of their first term.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon">prime minister</a> and deputy prime minister are appointed by the president in consultation with the Parliament. The president is required to be <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">a Maronite</a>, the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">a Sunni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">the speaker</a> of the Parliament <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">a Shi'a</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Najib_Mikati" title="Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati">list</a> of the ministers and their political affiliation for a list of ministers. </p><p>This confessional system is based on 1932 census data, which showed the Maronite Christians as having a substantial majority of the population. The Government of Lebanon continues to refuse to undertake a new census. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President of Lebanon</a></div> <p>Lebanon operates under a parliamentary system, where the president has a wide range of reserve powers but is largely symbolic. The president is not accountable to Parliament, unless for treason, and is elected by the Parliament with a two-thirds majority. The president has the sole power to appoint the prime minister, and may <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">dismiss them at any point, without input from the Chamber of Deputies,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which can force the president to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-Boell2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boell2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, the president lost some powers to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Council of Ministers</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>. Being the sole person who appoints it, however, they <i>de facto</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> still retain all, or most, of their pre-Taif powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeirutParliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/220px-BeirutParliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/330px-BeirutParliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/BeirutParliament.jpg/440px-BeirutParliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Lebanese parliament building at Place de l'Étoile in Beirut</figcaption></figure> <p>Lebanon's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national legislatures">national legislature</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Assembly of Representatives</a> (<i>Majlis al-Nuwab</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>). Since the elections of 1992, the first since the reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a> of 1989 removed the built-in majority previously enjoyed by Christians and distributed the seats equally between Christians and Muslims, the Parliament has had 128 seats. The term was four years, but has recently been extended to five. </p><p>Seats in the Parliament are <i>confessionally distributed</i> but elected by <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.</i> Each religious community has an allotted number of seats in the Parliament. They do not represent only their co-religionists. All candidates in a particular constituency, regardless of religious affiliation, must receive a plurality of the total vote, which includes followers of all confessions. The system was designed to minimize inter-sectarian competition and maximize cross-confessional cooperation: candidates are opposed only by co-religionists, but must seek support from outside of their own faith in order to be elected. </p><p>The opposition <a href="/wiki/Qornet_Shehwan_Gathering" title="Qornet Shehwan Gathering">Qornet Shehwan Gathering</a>, a group opposed to the former pro-<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> government, has claimed that constituency boundaries have been drawn to allow many <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam in Lebanon">Shi'a</a> Muslims to be elected from Shi'a-majority constituencies, where the <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> Party is strong, while allocating many Christian members to Muslim-majority constituencies, forcing Christian politicians to represent Muslim interests. Similar charges, but in reverse, were made against the <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Chamoun</a> administration in the 1950s. </p><p>The following table sets out the confessional allocation of seats in the Parliament before and after the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Parliament of Lebanon seat allocation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Confession </th> <th>Before Taif </th> <th>After Taif </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Catholic</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon">Eastern Orthodox</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Christianity in Lebanon">Melkite Catholic</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Lebanon">Protestant</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minorities_(Lebanon)" title="Minorities (Lebanon)">Other Christian minorities</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Christians</th> <th>54</th> <th>64 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shi'ite</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alawites_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Lebanon">Alawite</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Muslims + Druze</th> <th>45</th> <th>64 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>99</th> <th>128 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_parliament">Current parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_Lebanese_general_election" title="2022 Lebanese general election">2022 Lebanese general election</a></div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lebanon Parliament 2018"><img alt="Lebanon Parliament 2018" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg/360px-Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg/540px-Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg/720px-Lebanon_Parliament_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March_8_Alliance_(caretaker_government)_(60)"><span id="March_8_Alliance_.28caretaker_government.29_.2860.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Third_Cabinet_of_Najib_Mikati" title="Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati">March 8 Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(caretaker government)</span> (60)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: March 8 Alliance (caretaker government) (60)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Lebanon" title="Strong Lebanon">Strong Lebanon Bloc</a> (16) <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6000; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (16)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Liberation" title="Development and Liberation">Development and Liberation Bloc</a> (15) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (14)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#017B48; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_to_the_Resistance_Bloc" title="Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc">Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc</a> (15) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F7DF19; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (13)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#888888; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Affiliates</a> (10) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#888888; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007A3D; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">PNO</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Union Party (Lebanon)">Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA0B02; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">ARF</a> (3)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="March_14_Alliance_(38)"><span id="March_14_Alliance_.2838.29"></span><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (38)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: March 14 Alliance (38)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Republic_(Lebanon)" title="Strong Republic (Lebanon)">Strong Republic Bloc</a> (22) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0001C; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">LF</a> (19)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C89E00; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">NLP</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewal_Bloc" title="Renewal Bloc">Renewal Bloc</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d92025; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#888888; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rifi_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifi Bloc">Sanad Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/National_Dialogue_Party" title="National Dialogue Party">National Dialogue Party</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007FFF; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Ex-Future Movement</a> (8)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#228B22; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> (5)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009900; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic Group</a> (1)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_opposition_(30)"><span id="Other_opposition_.2830.29"></span>Other opposition (30)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other opposition (30)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Change" title="Forces of Change">Forces of Change</a> (13) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkgray; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (4)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#65c308; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Taqaddom_(Lebanon)" title="Taqaddom (Lebanon)">Taqaddum</a> (2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5ac5cb; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Alliance_(Lebanon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Alliance (Lebanon) (page does not exist)">Tahalof Watani</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">LCP</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f50025; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ReLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReLebanon (page does not exist)">ReLebanon</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1e40dd; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Tuqawem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beirut Tuqawem (page does not exist)">Beirut Tuqawem</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d60303; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatt_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatt Ahmar (page does not exist)">Khatt Ahmar</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006f66; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lana_(political_party)" title="Lana (political party)">Lana</a> (1)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004eff; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osos_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osos Lebanon (page does not exist)">Osos Lebanon</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Gathering_(Lebanon)" title="Democratic Gathering (Lebanon)">Democratic Gathering Bloc</a> (9) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#860111; color:white;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">PSP</a> (8)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#888888; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (1)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#888888; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (8)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanon is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> country. Its judicial branch is composed of: </p> <ul><li>Ordinary courts: <ul><li>One <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation">Court of Cassation</a> composed of nine chambers <sup id="cite_ref-justice.gov.lb_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice.gov.lb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Courts of Appeal (in the centre of every <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">governorate</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-justice.gov.lb_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice.gov.lb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Courts of First Instance <sup id="cite_ref-justice.gov.lb_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice.gov.lb-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Special courts: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Lebanon)" title="Constitutional Council (Lebanon)">Constitutional Council</a> (called for in the <a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a>) rules on constitutionality of laws</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_(Lebanon)" title="Supreme Council (Lebanon)">Supreme Council</a> hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed.</li> <li>A system of military courts that also has jurisdiction over civilians for the crimes of espionage, treason, and other crimes that are considered to be security-related.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political parties and elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other political parties, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">List of political parties in Lebanon</a>. An overview on elections and election results is included in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Elections in Lebanon</a>.</div> <p>Lebanon <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">has numerous political parties</a>, but they play a much less significant role in Lebanese politics than they do in most parliamentary democracies. Many of the "parties" are simply lists of candidates endorsed by a prominent national or local figure. Loose coalitions, usually organized locally, are formed for electoral purposes by negotiation among clan leaders and candidates representing various religious communities. Such coalitions usually exist only for the election, and rarely form a cohesive block in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament</a> after the election. No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the seats in the Parliament. No coalition of parties has won more than 35 percent. </p><p>Especially outside of the major cities, elections tend to focus more on local than national issues. It is not unusual for a party to join an electoral ticket in one constituency while aligned with a rival party – even an ideologically opposite party – in another constituency. </p><p>It is not uncommon for election times to be accompanied by outbreaks of violence, especially in polling areas where there are people of conflicting political and religious backgrounds. Sectarianism is so ingrained into Lebanese politics and society that citizens supporting their political parties will kill or be killed defending them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_participation">International participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: International participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lebanon participates in the international community through both international organizations and enacting international policy practices, such as the Sustainable development goals and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_organizations">Member organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Member organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ABEDA" class="mw-redirect" title="ABEDA">ABEDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">ACCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Fund_for_Economic_and_Social_Development" title="Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development">AFESD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">AL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Monetary_Fund" title="Arab Monetary Fund">AMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Western_Asia" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia">ESCWA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G-77</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">ICC</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRM</a>, IDA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">IDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a>, IFC<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">IFRCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, IMO<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpol (organization)">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (correspondent), <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a>, OAS<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (observer), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, PCA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">WCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_development_goals">Sustainable development goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sustainable development goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon">Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon">Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon</a> explains major contributions launched in Lebanon towards the advancement of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> SDGs and the 2030 agenda. </p><p>Lebanon adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. It presented its first Voluntary National Review VNR in 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development" title="High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development">High Level Political Forum</a> in New York. A national committee chaired by the Lebanese Prime Minister is leading the work on the SDGs in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Lebanon's overall performance in the SDG Index ranked 6th out of 21 countries in the Arab region.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Multi-stakeholder forums were held by different UN agencies including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> Global Compact Network in Lebanon during the late 2010s for the advancement of Global Goals and their Impact on Businesses in Lebanon. The latest two were held in October 2018 and October 2019 under the title of connecting the global goals to Local Businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon_:26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon_:26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/pro-western-coalition-declares-victory-in-lebanon/article1172689/">"Pro-Western coalition declares victory in Lebanon – The Globe and Mail"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pro-Western+coalition+declares+victory+in+Lebanon+%E2%80%93+The+Globe+and+Mail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpro-western-coalition-declares-victory-in-lebanon%2Farticle1172689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). <i>Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Liban+%3A+information+sur+l%27%C3%A2ge+de+la+majorit%C3%A9%2C+en+particulier+chez+les+femmes%3B+droits+de+garde+du+p%C3%A8re+sur+les+enfants+de+sexe+f%C3%A9minin&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F469cda4dc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.executive-magazine.com/cover-story/the-anti-establishment">"The anti-establishment - Executive Magazine"</a>. 13 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+anti-establishment+-+Executive+Magazine&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.executive-magazine.com%2Fcover-story%2Fthe-anti-establishment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913001458/http://wamu.org/programs/dr/05/02/21.php">"WAMU and Farid Abboud discuss Hariri's assassination"</a>. 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elections in Lebanon, does political change stand a chance?"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=After+elections+in+Lebanon%2C+does+political+change+stand+a+chance%3F&rft.aulast=Chehayeb&rft.aufirst=Kareem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F5%2F19%2Fwhat-stands-next-for-lebanon-after-key-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehayeb" class="citation news cs1">Chehayeb, Kareem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5073914-bassil-disavows-hezbollah-blames-it-israeli-assault-lebanon">"Bassil Disavows Hezbollah, Blames it for Israeli Assault on Lebanon"</a>. <i>english.aawsat.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=english.aawsat.com&rft.atitle=Bassil+Disavows+Hezbollah%2C+Blames+it+for+Israeli+Assault+on+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aawsat.com%2Farab-world%2F5073914-bassil-disavows-hezbollah-blames-it-israeli-assault-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2d3gj9ewxo">"Lebanon 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href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2024/12/what-assads-fall-means-lebanon">"What Assad's Fall Means for Lebanon"</a>. <i>United States Institute of Peace</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=What+Assad%E2%80%99s+Fall+Means+for+Lebanon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2024%2F12%2Fwhat-assads-fall-means-lebanon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation news cs1">Staff, Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/9/who-is-joseph-aoun-the-new-president-of-lebanon">"Who is Joseph Aoun, the new 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Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"</a>. <i>sustainabledevelopment.un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230064134/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/lebanon">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Compact_Network_Lebanon_(GCNL)2015" class="citation web cs1">Global Compact Network Lebanon (GCNL) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalcompact-lebanon.com/about/">"Our Mission"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Mission&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Global+Compact+Network+Lebanon+%28GCNL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalcompact-lebanon.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Lebanon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanon_topics" title="Template talk:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Arab_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Arab era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Crusader_kingdoms" title="History of Lebanon">Crusader era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Mamluk_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Mamluk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Emirate of Mount Lebanon">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lebanon" title="Category:Lebanon">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon292" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Lebanon&#124;link=Lebanon_Political_parties_in_Lebanon292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties in Lebanon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Lebanon" title="Council of Ministers of Lebanon">Ministers</a> (24)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (16)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party" title="Lebanese Democratic Party">Lebanese Democratic Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (5)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>PM's share (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">National Assembly</a> (128)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_8_Alliance" title="March 8 Alliance">March 8 Alliance</a> (60)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal Movement</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_in_Lebanon" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon">Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">Ba'ath Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_Movement" title="Dignity Movement">Dignity Movement</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Union Party (Lebanon)">Union Party</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/March_14_Alliance" title="March 14 Alliance">March 14 Alliance</a> (38)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Movement" title="Future Movement">Future Movement</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Group_(Lebanon)" title="Islamic Group (Lebanon)">Islamic group</a> (1)</li> <li>Independent (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em"><a href="/wiki/17_October_Revolution" title="17 October Revolution">17 October Revolution</a> (13)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqaddom_(Lebanon)" title="Taqaddom (Lebanon)">Taqaddom</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Communist_Party" title="Lebanese Communist Party">Lebanese Communist Party</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Tuqawem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beirut Tuqawem (page does not exist)">Beirut Tuqawem</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahalof_Watani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahalof Watani (page does not exist)">Tahalof Watani</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatt_Ahmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatt Ahmar (page does not exist)">Khatt Ahmar</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lana_(political_party)" title="Lana (political party)">Lana</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osos_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osos Lebanon (page does not exist)">Osos Lebanon</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ReLebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReLebanon (page does not exist)">ReLebanon</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em">Others (10)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization" title="Popular Nasserist Organization">Popular Nasserist Organization</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Dialogue_Party" title="National Dialogue Party">National Dialogue Party</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Asia412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia 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