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id="toc-Fakhr-al-Din_II_(1591–1635)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fakhr-al-Din_II_(1591–1635)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fakhr-al-Din_II_(1591–1635)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_emirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_emirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Later emirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_emirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shihab_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shihab_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shihab dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shihab_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haydar_al-Shihab_(1697–1732)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haydar_al-Shihab_(1697–1732)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Haydar al-Shihab (1697–1732)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haydar_al-Shihab_(1697–1732)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milhim_al-Shihab_(1732–1753)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milhim_al-Shihab_(1732–1753)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Milhim al-Shihab (1732–1753)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milhim_al-Shihab_(1732–1753)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yusuf_al-Shihab_(1770–1788)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yusuf_al-Shihab_(1770–1788)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Yusuf al-Shihab (1770–1788)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yusuf_al-Shihab_(1770–1788)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bashir_Shihab_II_(1788–1841)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bashir_Shihab_II_(1788–1841)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Bashir Shihab II (1788–1841)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bashir_Shihab_II_(1788–1841)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bashir_Shihab_III_(1841–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bashir_Shihab_III_(1841–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Bashir Shihab III (1841–1842)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bashir_Shihab_III_(1841–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1840–1860_Partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1840–1860_Partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1840–1860 Partition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1840–1860_Partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إمارة جبل لبنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمارة جبل لبنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9Fl%C4%B1q_Livan_%C9%99mirliyi" title="Dağlıq Livan əmirliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dağlıq Livan əmirliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirat_Libanonberg" title="Emirat Libanonberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emirat Libanonberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امارت جبل لبنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امارت جبل لبنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mirat_du_Mont-Liban" title="Émirat du Mont-Liban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émirat du Mont-Liban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirato_del_Monte_Libano" title="Emirato del Monte Libano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emirato del Monte Libano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امارت جبل لبنان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امارت جبل لبنان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Горный Ливан (эмират) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горный Ливан (эмират)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امارت جبل لبنان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امارت جبل لبنان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِمَارَة جَبَل لُبْنَان</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1516–1842</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Emirate of Mount Lebanon"><img alt="Flag of Emirate of Mount Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/115px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/173px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/230px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg/125px-Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg/188px-Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg/250px-Chehab_Emirate_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria,_at_Zenith.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Emirate of Mount Lebanon at its greatest extent under Fakhr al-Din II, circa 1630"><img alt="The Emirate of Mount Lebanon at its greatest extent under Fakhr al-Din II, circa 1630" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png/250px-Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png/375px-Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png/500px-Domains_of_Fakhr_al-Din_in_Ottoman_Syria%2C_at_Zenith.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Emirate of Mount Lebanon at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a>, circa 1630</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baakleen" title="Baakleen">Baakleen</a> (1516–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Qamar" title="Deir al-Qamar">Deir al-Qamar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1811)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beit_ed-Dine" title="Beit ed-Dine">Beit ed-Dine</a> (1811–1840)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze faith">Druze faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)">Ottoman–Mamluk War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_London_(1840)" title="Convention of London (1840)">Convention of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1842</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Ottoman Lira</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Emirate of Mount Lebanon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِمَارَة جَبَل لُبْنَان</span>) was a part of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the mid-16th and the early-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Baakleen" title="Baakleen">Baakleen</a> was the seat of local power during the Ma'an period until <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Din II</a> chose to live in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Qamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Qamar">Deir el Qamar</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water shortage</a> in Baakleen. Deir el Qamar remained the seat until <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bashir Shihab II</a> ascended to the throne and moved its court to the <a href="/wiki/Beiteddine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiteddine">Beiteddine</a> palace. Beiteddine remains the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf District</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p329-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg/220px-Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg/330px-Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg/440px-Borsos_Lebanon_Emir_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="3209" /></a><figcaption><i>Emir of Lebanon</i>, by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Borsos" title="József Borsos">József Borsos</a>, 1843.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Din II</a>, the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> tribal leader at the end of the 16th century, was given leeway by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> to subdue other provincial leaderships in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> on their behalf, and was himself subdued in the end, to make way for a firmer control by the Ottoman central administration over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyalets" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalets">eyalets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lebanese nationalist narratives, he is celebrated as establishing a sort of <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druzes</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a> that is often portrayed as the embryo of Lebanese statehood and national identity. Historians and intellectuals such as Salibi and Beydoun have questioned many of these assumptions, suggesting a more balanced and less ideological approach to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maan and Shihab government of different parts of Mount Lebanon, between 1667 and 1841, was an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">iltizam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tax_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farm">tax farm</a>, rather than a dynastic principality, and the <a href="/wiki/Multazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Multazim">multazims</a> were never reigning princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations between the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> and the Shihab emirs revolved around the payment of taxes, and the official legitimation of their position as multazims.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such was the precariousness of their position that over the more than three centuries of the two dynasties (1516–1840) only two significantly strong leaders emerged, Fakhr-Al-Din I (1516–1544) and his grandson Fakhr al-Din II (1591–1635). <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bashir Shihab II</a> (1788–1840) was also an important prince but he was viewed as a tyrant at the period rather than a leader. That led to the 1840 revolution against Bashir and his Egyptian allies.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Lebanese nationalist historiographies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Such as? (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> tended to portray the Emirate as a sort of historical precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> established in 1861, later historians and intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a> and Ahmad Beydoun have contested these narratives, and argued that the devolution of functions to local rulers was nothing exceptional in the framework of indirect administration in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partisan narratives gave different names to this entity (including "Shuf Emirate", "Emirate of Jabal Druze", "Emirate of Mount Lebanon", as well as "Ma'an Emirate"),<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p329-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose boundaries were not well defined,<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p329-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly because of its rather vague juridical and administrative status. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maanid_dynasty">Maanid dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Maanid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Maan family">Maan family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/220px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/330px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg/440px-Maanid_Emirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Ma'n Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ma‘ans came to power in the early 16th century, and both Fakhr al-Din I and Fakhr al-Din II greatly expanded the territory while acting as the principal local tax farmer (multazim) for the Ottoman state.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the tax-farming system meant that the multazims always served at the sultan's pleasure, and given this degree of insecurity they would try to collect as much tax as they could, within the limits of the taxpayers' physical ability to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fakhr_al-Din_I_(1516–1544)"><span id="Fakhr_al-Din_I_.281516.E2.80.931544.29"></span>Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fakhr al-Din I (1516–1544)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_I" title="Fakhr al-Din I">Fakhr al-Din I</a> (1516–1544), was supposedly awarded with the emirate of the Shuf after fighting on the side of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, he emerged soon afterwards as a local force, and was the first member of the Ma'an dynasty to serve the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans divided the territories they conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> into <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahiya">nahiyas</a>, and assigned <a href="/wiki/Qadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadis">qadis</a> and military governors to the larger administrative divisions. However, they farmed out the task of tax collection to powerful local leaders, who maintained their positions by a combination of bribing local Ottoman officials and asserting themselves over less local power-holders.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ma'an family holdings (<a href="/wiki/Muqata%27ah" title="Muqata'ah">muqata'ah</a>) were originally divided among the three wilayas of <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Sidon">Sidon</a>. The family had not been prominent under the Mamluks, but was strong enough under the Ottomans to be in charge of dividing the tax-farms assigned to it among a number of lesser local notables. By the end of his reign, Fakhr al-Din I's authority extended from the borders of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korkmaz_(1544–1585)"><span id="Korkmaz_.281544.E2.80.931585.29"></span>Korkmaz (1544–1585)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Korkmaz (1544–1585)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fakhr al-Din was succeeded by his son Korkmaz, who was involved in frequent conflicts both with his neighbours and with the Ottomans, as the tax-farming system involved constant power struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1544 the emir Qurqumaz succeeded his father Fakhr al-Din. In 1585, a caravan transporting the taxes collected in Egypt and Syria was plundered at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Djun_%27Akkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djun 'Akkar (page does not exist)">Djun 'Akkar</a>. The Ottomans, suspecting the Ma‘an of complicity and of having sheltered the criminals, <a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">invaded Mount Lebanon</a>. The emir Qurqumaz shut himself up in the inaccessible rock of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakif_Tirun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakif Tirun (page does not exist)">Shakif Tirun</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a> and died there, 'of chagrin or poison', in 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma1993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma1993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qurqumaz was succeeded by his thirteen-year-old son, who became Fakhr al-Din II in 1591, after a hiatus of six years.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fakhr-al-Din_II_(1591–1635)"><span id="Fakhr-al-Din_II_.281591.E2.80.931635.29"></span>Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fakhr-al-Din II (1591–1635)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._;_de_La_Haye_fils_(sculp.)_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg/220px-Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg/330px-Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg/440px-Carte_de_la_Phoenicie_et_des_environs_de_Damas_-_dress%C3%A9e_en_1752_par_le_Sr._d%27Anville..._%3B_de_La_Haye_fils_%28sculp.%29_-_btv1b8592888h.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6215" data-file-height="8543" /></a><figcaption>1752 map of the region</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II" title="Fakhr al-Din II">Fakhr al-Din II</a> (1591–1635) was the most renowned of the Maanid rulers, although his position was as precarious as that of his predecessors and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1587, with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> power began to revive, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Ottoman–Persian Wars</a> were soon resumed. In Syria, the Safavids could use local Shiite political leverage against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reduce the Shiite danger, the Ottomans turned to the Maans, who stood chastened and subservient after the successful Ottoman expedition sent against them in 1586. Their choice fell on Fakhr al-Din Maan, the son of Qurqumaz. In about 1590, Fakhr al-Din was appointed governor of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjak_of_Sidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjak of Sidon (page does not exist)">Sanjak of Sidon</a>, to which the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjak_of_Beirut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjak of Beirut (page does not exist)">Sanjak of Beirut</a> was subsequently attached. In 1598, as the wars between the Safavids and the Ottomans broke out again, he was also appointed governor of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Safad">Sanjak of Safad</a>, which gave him direct control over the pro-Safavid Shiites of Jabal Amil.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1610s he defeated his two principal opponents, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Sayfa" title="Yusuf Sayfa">Yusuf Sayfa</a> and Amir <a href="/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Furaykh" title="Mansur ibn Furaykh">Mansur ibn Furaykh</a>. This, coupled with his attack on <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1607 (together with other local lords), evidently alarmed the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to achieve independence for Lebanon, he concluded a secret agreement with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I of Tuscany">Ferdinand I of Tuscany</a>, pledging to support each other against the Ottomans. After discovering the agreement, the Ottomans ordered <a href="/wiki/Haf%C4%B1z_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hafız Ahmed Pasha">Ahmad al Hafiz</a>, governor of Damascus, to attack him.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolland2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fakhr al-Din temporarily abdicated in favour of his brother Yunus and his son Ali, and spent the next five years in exile in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He only returned when his friend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silihdar_Mehmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silihdar Mehmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Silihdar Mehmed Pasha</a> became governor of Damascus in 1618.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolland2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he returned to Lebanon he ruled more or less unchallenged for the next fifteen years, as the Ottomans were too engrossed in their wars with the Safavids to give any serious attention to the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1623, Mustafa Pasha, the new governor of Damascus, engaged him in battle, and was decisively defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar" title="Battle of Anjar">Battle of Anjar</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a> in the Biqa Valley. Impressed by the victory, the Ottoman Sultan gave him the title of "Sultan al Barr" (Sultan of the Mountain).<sup id="cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolland2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fakhr al-Din, in his later years, came to control the whole territory of modern Lebanon. Even then, the Shuf remained his power base. The control of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Safad">Sanjak of Safad</a>, and also of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjak_of_Ajlun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjak of Ajlun (page does not exist)">Sanjak of Ajlun</a> and other parts of Transjordan, were at least as important, politically, as the control of the sanjaks of Beirut and Sidon, or the different mountain nahiyas of the Sanjak of Tripoli, in the <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Tripoli">Eyalet of Tripoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, however, the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wāli</a> of Damascus, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCc%C3%BCk_Ahmed_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kücük Ahmed Pasha (page does not exist)">Kücük Ahmed Pasha</a>, was despatched at the head of an army against Fakhr al-Din, who was defeated, captured and taken to Istanbul, where he was executed in 1635 along with Yunus and Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_emirs">Later emirs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later emirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dynasty continued, greatly weakened, until the death of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ma%27n" title="Ahmad Ma'n">Ahmad</a> (reigned 1658–1697) when its functions were taken over by the Shihab family.<sup id="cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shihab_dynasty">Shihab dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shihab dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihab dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chehab_family_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chehab_family_flag.svg/220px-Chehab_family_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chehab_family_flag.svg/330px-Chehab_family_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chehab_family_flag.svg/440px-Chehab_family_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Shihab dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shihab Emirs: </p> <ul><li>Bashir I Shihab (1697–1706)</li> <li>Haydar Shihab (1706–1729)</li> <li>Milhim Shihab (1729–1754)</li> <li>Ahmad and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shihab" title="Mansur Shihab">Mansur Shihab</a> (1754–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Shihab" title="Yusuf Shihab">Yusuf Shihab</a> (1763–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bashir Shihab II</a> (1788–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_III" title="Bashir III">Bashir Shihab III</a> (1841)</li></ul> <p>When the last male descendant in the Maan family line died in 1697, his vassals chose <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_al-Shihab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar al-Shihab (page does not exist)">Haydar al-Shihab</a> as emir. The Shihab (or Chehab) family was somewhat unusual in a region politically dominated by Druze dynasties, as they were nominally practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shihabs, starting in 1711, introduced a unique system of fiscal cantons in the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan, and later in the northern Lebanon, giving their regime a special character within the Ottoman system. The Shihab emirs were appointed as multazims of their territories on an annual basis, and their position in this respect was always precarious, yet they remained at the top of the feudal hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under their government, the Druze and Maronite sheikhs of the different cantons worked in cooperation. Even the Druze sheikhs who were most vehemently opposed to the Shihab regime could not find a workable alternative to the Shihab system, for as long as this system remained in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/220px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/330px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/440px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Shuf Mountains</a>: Historically; the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Druzes and the Christians</a> in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Druze-Christian alliance</a>" during this century was the major factor enabling the <a href="/wiki/Shehab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shehab dynasty">Shehab dynasty</a> to maintain power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle years of the eighteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Shehab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shehab dynasty">Shihabi amirs</a> converted to Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so did several Druze amirs and prominent Druze clans,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the originally Druze <a href="/wiki/Abillama_dynasty" title="Abillama dynasty">Abillama clan</a> (a Druze family who was a close ally of the Shihabs) which also converted to Christianity and joined the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Shehab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shehab dynasty">Shehab dynasty</a> converted to Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-Khairallah111_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khairallah111-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Druze lost most of their political and feudal powers. Also, the Druze formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and allowed <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> to enter Mount Lebanon, creating tension between them and the native <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haydar_al-Shihab_(1697–1732)"><span id="Haydar_al-Shihab_.281697.E2.80.931732.29"></span>Haydar al-Shihab (1697–1732)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Haydar al-Shihab (1697–1732)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haydar was a Sunni, though his mother was a Druze from the Maan clan. He spent the next decade trying to win the support of various Druze and Shia clans in southern and central Lebanon. His rivals called in help from the Ottomans in 1711, but before the Ottoman expeditionary force could arrive, Haydar defeated his local rivals at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a> and seized the former Mann capital of Deir el Qamar.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through intermarriage, Haydar effected an alliance with two powerful Druze groups, the Abu-Lamma family and the Janbulad Family. That alliance lasted for most of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milhim_al-Shihab_(1732–1753)"><span id="Milhim_al-Shihab_.281732.E2.80.931753.29"></span>Milhim al-Shihab (1732–1753)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Milhim al-Shihab (1732–1753)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milhim_al-Shihab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milhim al-Shihab (page does not exist)">Milhim al-Shihab</a> succeeded Haydar in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milhim repeatedly succeeded in avoiding the payment of the regular amount of taxes to the Ottoman authorities, and in 1748 the governor of Damascus launched a punitive expedition against him.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1750s, Milhim attempted to acquire a <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> confirming his authority over the Shuf and that of his nephew Quasim over Byblios, but the attempt failed, as the political climate in Istanbul changed after the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a> in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his abdication in 1753, the administration was run by Mansur and Ahmad al-Shihab for several years (1753–1763), and then by Qasim al-Shihab. A power struggle ensued, and in the 1760s Yusuf al-Shihab emerged as administrator of the Shuf.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yusuf_al-Shihab_(1770–1788)"><span id="Yusuf_al-Shihab_.281770.E2.80.931788.29"></span>Yusuf al-Shihab (1770–1788)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yusuf al-Shihab (1770–1788)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Shihab" title="Yusuf Shihab">Yusuf Shihab</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Shihab" title="Yusuf Shihab">Yusuf</a>, son of Mulhim, gained the title of emir in 1770. It is not clear whether or not Yusuf converted to Christianity, as he participated in both Muslim and Christian religious services and visited Druze and Christian shrines. During this period, the Lebanese mountains were relatively quiet, although feuds between individual families still frequently flared into violence. The status quo was shattered with the <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bey_Al-Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Bey Al-Kabir">Mamluk invasion of Syria</a> in 1770. Yusuf al-Shihab aided the Mamluks and his troops even briefly occupied Damascus. But in the aftermath of the Mamluk withdrawal, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Cezzar_Ahmed_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezzar Ahmed Pasha">Cezzar Ahmed Pasha</a> to the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a>. From his stronghold in Acre, Cezzar Ahmed steadily acquired territories that had been held by vassals of the Shihab clan.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, when there was an attempted coup against Cezzar Ahmed, he became convinced that Yusuf al-Shihab was behind it. In reprisal, he moved his army into Lebanon where he defeated the Shihabs in a battle in the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a>. In defeat, Yusuf abdicated, and his vassals then chose his cousin Bashir.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bashir_Shihab_II_(1788–1841)"><span id="Bashir_Shihab_II_.281788.E2.80.931841.29"></span>Bashir Shihab II (1788–1841)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bashir Shihab II (1788–1841)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Bashir Shihab II</a></div> <p>Bashir (usually referred to as Bashir II to distinguish him from Haydar's father) was emir until 1841, making him the longest-reigning emir of the Lebanese mountains. He was viewed as a just but tough prince at the time. In this period, Lebanon began to modernize its administrative institutions. He made the Emirate stronger because he eliminated bickering petty feudal leaders and united the country with a tight grip. Bashir openly acknowledged that he was a Christian but at the same time he respected his Muslim subjects reminding them of Qureishi roots of Shihab princes. The Abi-Lamma clan, a Druze family who was a close ally of the Shihabs, also <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">became Christians</a> around the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Cezzar Ahmed in 1804, Bashir II moved to destroy the feudal families his predecessors had relied upon as allies.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a> moved his army into Syria in 1831, Bashir II offered his allegiance to the Egyptian forces and was granted extensive authority over much of Lebanon. He used his power to channelize taxes to create an effective military and administrative structure, which were extremely unpopular measures for a portion of the Lebanese feudal chiefs that led to wide-scale revolts by Druze and Christian tribal groups which he successfully suppressed. However, Bashir II was deposed by the British fleet anchored off Beirut and went into exile to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to this day his descendants live in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bashir_Shihab_III_(1841–1842)"><span id="Bashir_Shihab_III_.281841.E2.80.931842.29"></span>Bashir Shihab III (1841–1842)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bashir Shihab III (1841–1842)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bashir_III" title="Bashir III">Bashir III</a></div> <p>After Bashir II went into exile, the Ottoman sultan appointed Bashir III, Bashir II's distant cousin, as emir in 1841, but it was not a popular choice. Not long after his appointment the new emir called the principal Druze families to Deir el Qamar to discuss his tax policies. The families showed up armed and besieged him in his palace in October 1841. The stalemate ended in January 1842 when the sultan withdrew his appointment and Bashir III went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With that, the Shihab dynasty collapsed. There were attempts to restore Bashir III as Emir after the civil unrest in Lebanon in 1861, but they were unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1840–1860_Partition"><span id="1840.E2.80.931860_Partition"></span>1840–1860 Partition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1840–1860 Partition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1840_Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 Lebanon conflict">1840 Lebanon conflict</a></div> <p>In the mid-1840s, the population of the Emirate was estimated at around 300,000, of which less than 100,000 lived in "mixed districts".<sup id="cite_ref-Ismail1975vol9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismail1975vol9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Districts </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>Druses </th> <th>Muslims </th></tr> <tr> <td>Matn</td> <td>10,990</td> <td>2,105</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arqoub</td> <td>2,760</td> <td>2,790</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two Choufs</td> <td>4,290</td> <td>8,695</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two Gharbs</td> <td>3,675</td> <td>3,940</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jezzin</td> <td>5,330</td> <td>65</td> <td>560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jurd</td> <td>2,410</td> <td>1,820</td> <td>3,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kharroub</td> <td>3,390</td> <td>45</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manassif</td> <td>1,195</td> <td>1,695</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shahhar</td> <td>3,970</td> <td>1,050</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sahil</td> <td>7,395</td> <td>75</td> <td>899 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuffah</td> <td>4,815</td> <td>5</td> <td>105 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deir el-Qamar</td> <td>4,385</td> <td>1,979</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>54,606</b></td> <td><b>24,264</b></td> <td><b>4,894</b> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:70%;" align="left">1844 estimates from M. Bouree to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, Paris, 30 July 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-Ismail1975vol7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismail1975vol7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garnier,_F._A.,_Turquie,_Syrie,_Liban,_Caucase._1862._(C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg/220px-Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg/330px-Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg/440px-Garnier%2C_F._A.%2C_Turquie%2C_Syrie%2C_Liban%2C_Caucase._1862._%28C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary map showing the division between Maronites and Druze between 1840–60</figcaption></figure> <p>Following continued animosity and fighting between the Maronites and the Druze, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> powers proposed to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a> that the Lebanon be partitioned into Christian and Druze sections. The Sublime Porte was finally compelled to relinquish its plans for the direct rule of the Lebanon, and on December 7, 1842, the sultan adopted prince <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel,_Prince_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich">Metternich</a>'s proposal and asked Assad Pasha, the governor (<a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, to divide the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, into two districts: a northern district under a Christian <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">Kaymakam</a> and a southern district under a Druze Kaymakam, both chosen among tribal leaders. Both officials were to report to the governor of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, who resided in Beirut.<sup id="cite_ref-M_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LOC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Mount_Lebanon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Salibi2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi2003_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKamal_Salibi2003" class="citation book cs1">Kamal Salibi (2003-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC&pg=PA126"><i>A house of many mansions: the history of Lebanon reconsidered</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-912-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-912-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-912-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+house+of+many+mansions%3A+the+history+of+Lebanon+reconsidered&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2003-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-912-7&rft.au=Kamal+Salibi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_amYLJq4SQC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p329-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p329_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_SluglettStefan_Weber2010" class="citation book cs1">Peter Sluglett; Stefan Weber (2010-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aY46oohf9LEC&pg=PA329"><i>Syria and Bilad Al-Sham Under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq</i></a>. BRILL. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18193-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18193-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Bilad+Al-Sham+Under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Abdul+Karim+Rafeq&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18193-9&rft.au=Peter+Sluglett&rft.au=Stefan+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaY46oohf9LEC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2009" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA530"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+%C3%81goston&rft.au=Bruce+Alan+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeuwen1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeuwen1994_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Van_Leeuwen1994" class="citation book cs1">R. Van Leeuwen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFDkfiE-ZUcC&pg=PA56"><i>Notables and Clergy in Mount Lebanon: The Khāzin Sheikhs and the Maronite Church, 1736-1840</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09978-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09978-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09978-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notables+and+Clergy+in+Mount+Lebanon%3A+The+Kh%C4%81zin+Sheikhs+and+the+Maronite+Church%2C+1736-1840&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09978-4&rft.au=R.+Van+Leeuwen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFDkfiE-ZUcC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SluglettWeber2010p21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SluglettWeber2010p21_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_SluglettStefan_Weber2010" class="citation book cs1">Peter Sluglett; Stefan Weber (2010-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aY46oohf9LEC&pg=PA21"><i>Syria and Bilad Al-Sham Under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18193-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18193-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Bilad+Al-Sham+Under+Ottoman+Rule%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Abdul+Karim+Rafeq&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18193-9&rft.au=Peter+Sluglett&rft.au=Stefan+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaY46oohf9LEC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma1993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma1993_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Th._Houtsma1993" class="citation book cs1">M. Th. Houtsma (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA226"><i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936</i></a>. BRILL. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09791-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09791-9"><bdi>978-90-04-09791-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913-1936&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09791-9&rft.au=M.+Th.+Houtsma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVa6oSxzojzoC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolland2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolland2003_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Rolland2003" class="citation book cs1">John Rolland (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-JVOKeNkllgC&pg=PA41"><i>Lebanon: Current Issues and Background</i></a>. Nova Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-871-1"><bdi>978-1-59033-871-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+Current+Issues+and+Background&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-871-1&rft.au=John+Rolland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JVOKeNkllgC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobby (1985). <i>Near East/South Asia Report</i>. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. <q>the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+East%2FSouth+Asia+Report&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Firro1952" class="citation book cs1">El-Firro, Kais (1952). <i>A History of the Druzes</i>. Brill Publishers. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004094376" title="Special:BookSources/9789004094376"><bdi>9789004094376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9789004094376&rft.aulast=El-Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Khazen2000" class="citation book cs1">El-Khazen, Farid (2000). <i>The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967-1976</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674081055" title="Special:BookSources/9780674081055"><bdi>9780674081055</bdi></a>. <q>Soon afterwards, the Shihabi amirs converted to Christianity and identified with the Maronite community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakdown+of+the+State+in+Lebanon%2C+1967-1976&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674081055&rft.aulast=El-Khazen&rft.aufirst=Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa1986" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (1986). <i>The Maronites in History</i>. Syracuse University Press. p. 283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815623656" title="Special:BookSources/9780815623656"><bdi>9780815623656</bdi></a>. <q>turning point in the history of the Shihabis when the Amir Ali al - Shihabi became converted to Christianity and joined the Maronite Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+History&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780815623656&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Frazee2006" class="citation book cs1">A. Frazee, Charles (2006). <i>Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>. <q>the conversion to Christianity of several Muslim and Druze families aided this growth immeasurably</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=A.+Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Harik2017" class="citation book cs1">F. Harik, Iliya (2017). <i>Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400886869" title="Special:BookSources/9781400886869"><bdi>9781400886869</bdi></a>. <q>the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Change+in+a+Traditional+Society%3A+Lebanon+1711-1845&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781400886869&rft.aulast=F.+Harik&rft.aufirst=Iliya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khairallah111-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khairallah111_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhairallah1996" class="citation book cs1">Khairallah, Shereen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVzaAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sisters of Men: Lebanese Women in History</i></a>. Institute for Women Studies in the Arab World. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sisters+of+Men%3A+Lebanese+Women+in+History&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Institute+for+Women+Studies+in+the+Arab+World&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Khairallah&rft.aufirst=Shereen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVzaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Harik2017" class="citation book cs1">F. Harik, Iliya (2017). <i>Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400886869" title="Special:BookSources/9781400886869"><bdi>9781400886869</bdi></a>. <q>the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Change+in+a+Traditional+Society%3A+Lebanon+1711-1845&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781400886869&rft.aulast=F.+Harik&rft.aufirst=Iliya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShwayri2016" class="citation book cs1">Shwayri, Raif (2016). <i>Beirut on the Bayou: Alfred Nicola, Louisiana, and the Making of Modern Lebanon</i>. SUNY Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438460956" title="Special:BookSources/9781438460956"><bdi>9781438460956</bdi></a>. <q>The Abillamah, by the way, also converted to Christianity when the Metn Mountains came to be densely inhabited by Christians, a second conversion for them, given that they already turned Druze earlier, relinquishing the Sunni religion</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beirut+on+the+Bayou%3A+Alfred+Nicola%2C+Louisiana%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Lebanon&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781438460956&rft.aulast=Shwayri&rft.aufirst=Raif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2004" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2004). <i>The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)</i>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135759520" title="Special:BookSources/9781135759520"><bdi>9781135759520</bdi></a>. <q>Other earlier converts were the Abillamah Druze Emirs and Harfush Shiite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+Lebanon%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Etienne+Sakr+%28Abu-Arz%29&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135759520&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-_H̲azīn2000" class="citation book cs1">al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000). <i>The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674081055" title="Special:BookSources/9780674081055"><bdi>9780674081055</bdi></a>. <q>So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakdown+of+the+State+in+Lebanon%2C+1967%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674081055&rft.aulast=al-+H%CC%B2az%C4%ABn&rft.aufirst=Far%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1900" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal (1900). <i>A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</i>. University of California Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520071964" title="Special:BookSources/9780520071964"><bdi>9780520071964</bdi></a>. <q>namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=9780520071964&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, Philip</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53848"><i>Lebanon in History</i></a>. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+in+History&rft.place=India&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.53848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ismail1975vol9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ismail1975vol9_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻĀdil_Ismāʻīl1976" class="citation journal cs1">ʻĀdil Ismāʻīl (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOENAQAAIAAJ">"Documents diplomatiques et consulaires relatifs à l'histoire du Liban: et des pays du Proche-Orient du XVIIo siècle à nos jours"</a>. <b>9</b>. Èditions des oeuvres politiques et historiques: 175. <q>M. Bouree to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, Paris, 26 Dec 1847, "Les 338.426 âmes, deduction faite de la population attribute a ces cinq districts, se réduisent donc d'un trait de plume au chiffre de 277.263. La carte ci-jointe ne donne au meme territoire qu'une population de 193.935 âmes, qui se divide ainsi: 129.545 pour les districts chrétiens; 64.390 pour les districts mixies... L'auteur du travail auquel je fais allusion porte a 85.723 ames la population de ces districts mixtes."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Documents+diplomatiques+et+consulaires+relatifs+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+du+Liban%3A+et+des+pays+du+Proche-Orient+du+XVIIo+si%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1976&rft.au=%CA%BB%C4%80dil+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOENAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ismail1975vol7-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ismail1975vol7_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFʻĀdil_Ismāʻīl1976" class="citation journal cs1">ʻĀdil Ismāʻīl (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOENAQAAIAAJ">"Documents diplomatiques et consulaires relatifs à l'histoire du Liban: et des pays du Proche-Orient du XVIIo siècle à nos jours"</a>. <b>7</b>. Èditions des oeuvres politiques et historiques: 402. <q>Il ya quatorze districts mixtes au Liban, comprenant celui de Deir el-Kamar. Voici les noms de ces districts et l'état comparatif des populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Documents+diplomatiques+et+consulaires+relatifs+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+du+Liban%3A+et+des+pays+du+Proche-Orient+du+XVIIo+si%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=402&rft.date=1976&rft.au=%CA%BB%C4%80dil+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOENAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutsky1969" class="citation web cs1">Lutsky, Vladimir Borisovich (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/arab-world/lutsky/ch09.htm">"Modern History of the Arab Countries"</a>. Progress Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+History+of+the+Arab+Countries&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lutsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Borisovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Farab-world%2Flutsky%2Fch09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Library_of_Congress_-_Federal_Research_Division2004" class="citation book cs1">United States Library of Congress - Federal Research Division (2004). <i>Lebanon A Country Study</i>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-2943-8"><bdi>978-1-4191-2943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-2943-8&rft.au=United+States+Library+of+Congress+-+Federal+Research+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmirate+of+Mount+Lebanon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lebanon_topics" title="Template talk:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lebanon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lebanon_articles533" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Lebanon" title="Outline of Lebanon">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Lebanon" title="History of ancient Lebanon">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Hellenistic_rule" title="Phoenicia under Hellenistic rule">Hellenistic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Arab_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Arab era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Crusader_kingdoms" title="History of Lebanon">Crusader era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon#Mamluk_rule" title="History of Lebanon">Mamluk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Qaim-Maqamate_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon">Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">French mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War_spillover_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon">Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon" title="Geography of Lebanon">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Lebanon" title="Template:Borders of Lebanon">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Lebanon" title="List of cities and towns in Lebanon">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Lebanon" title="Districts of Lebanon">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon" title="Governorates of Lebanon">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Lebanon" title="Wildlife of Lebanon">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lebanon" title="Foreign relations of Lebanon">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Lebanon" title="List of political parties in Lebanon">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lebanon" title="President of Lebanon">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lebanon" title="Prime Minister of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon" title="Agriculture in Lebanon">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_du_Liban" title="Banque du Liban">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Lebanon" title="International rankings of Lebanon">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Pound <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon" title="Tourism in Lebanon">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Lebanon" title="Transport in Lebanon">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_economy_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug economy in Lebanon">Drug industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lebanon" title="Architecture of Lebanon">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lebanon" title="Demographics of Lebanon">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Lebanon" title="Public holidays in Lebanon">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Lebanon" title="Sport in Lebanon">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Lebanon" title="Television in Lebanon">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Women</a></li></ul> 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