CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>BibTeX - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c9e2631-1b85-423c-968f-db08d205629b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"BibTeX","wgTitle":"BibTeX","wgCurRevisionId":1274908574,"wgRevisionId":693172427,"wgArticleId":239392,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using deprecated source tags","Articles with invalid date parameter in template","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2013","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2013","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Articles containing how-to sections","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters","Articles needing additional references","All articles needing additional references", "Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2013","Articles needing cleanup from April 2009","BibTeX","Bibliography file formats"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"BibTeX","wgRelevantArticleId":239392,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader": true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8029","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/1200px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="387"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/800px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="258"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/640px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="207"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="BibTeX - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-BibTeX rootpage-BibTeX skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=BibTeX&returntoquery=oldid%3D693172427" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=BibTeX&returntoquery=oldid%3D693172427" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=BibTeX&returntoquery=oldid%3D693172427" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=BibTeX&returntoquery=oldid%3D693172427" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basic structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reimplementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reimplementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reimplementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reimplementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographic_information_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographic_information_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographic information file</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliographic_information_file-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliographic information file subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliographic_information_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entry_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Entry types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Field types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_files" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Style files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Author_formatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author_formatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Author formatting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author_formatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-referencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-referencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cross-referencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-referencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_more_than_one_input_file" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_more_than_one_input_file"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Using more than one input file</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_more_than_one_input_file-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-reference_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-reference_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Non-reference sections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-reference_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">BibTeX</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D8%AE" title="بب تخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بب تخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="বিবটেক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবটেক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="بیب‌تک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیب‌تک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibtex" title="Bibtex – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bibtex" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibtex" title="Bibtex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibtex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibtex" title="Bibtex – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bibtex" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bib" title=".bib – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title=".bib" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="BibTeX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/BibTeX" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:BibTeX" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/BibTeX"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=edit&oldid=693172427" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/BibTeX"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=edit&oldid=693172427" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/BibTeX" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/BibTeX" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&oldid=693172427" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=BibTeX&id=693172427&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBibTeX%26oldid%3D693172427"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBibTeX%26oldid%3D693172427"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=BibTeX&returnto=BibTeX&oldid=693172427&writer=rl" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BibTeX" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8029" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:DissidentAggressor" class="mw-userlink" title="User:DissidentAggressor" data-mw-revid="693172427"><bdi>DissidentAggressor</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:DissidentAggressor" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:DissidentAggressor">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/DissidentAggressor" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/DissidentAggressor">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">21:59, 30 November 2015</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Uses">→<bdi dir="ltr">Uses</bdi></a>: </span> urs)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX">current revision</a></span>.</b><span id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 21:59, 30 November 2015 by <a href="/wiki/User:DissidentAggressor" class="mw-userlink" title="User:DissidentAggressor" data-mw-revid="693172427"><bdi>DissidentAggressor</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:DissidentAggressor" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:DissidentAggressor">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/DissidentAggressor" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/DissidentAggressor">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Uses">→<bdi dir="ltr">Uses</bdi></a>: </span> urs)</span></span></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&diff=prev&oldid=693172427" title="BibTeX">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&direction=prev&oldid=693172427" title="BibTeX">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&diff=cur&oldid=693172427" title="BibTeX">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&direction=next&oldid=693172427" title="BibTeX">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&diff=next&oldid=693172427" title="BibTeX">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/BibTeX" title="Special:EditPage/BibTeX">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:BibTeX" title="Talk:BibTeX">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">BibTeX</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BibTeX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/200px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/300px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BibTeX_logo.svg/400px-BibTeX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Patashnik" title="Oren Patashnik">Oren Patashnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Patashnik" title="Oren Patashnik">Oren Patashnik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1985<span class="noprint">; 39 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">0.99d / March 2010<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-03</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/WEB" class="mw-redirect" title="WEB">WEB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctan.org/pkg/bibtex">www<wbr />.ctan<wbr />.org<wbr />/pkg<wbr />/bibtex</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8029?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>BibTeX</b> is <a href="/wiki/Reference_management_software" title="Reference management software">reference management software</a> for formatting <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">lists of references</a>. The BibTeX tool is typically used together with the <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {B{\scriptstyle {IB}}\!T\!_{\displaystyle E}\!X} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathrm {B{\scriptstyle {IB}}\!T\!_{\displaystyle E}\!X} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ffb8ee6fa48a176c2cac65bbfc9f15b354ea85e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.478ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {B{\scriptstyle {IB}}\!T\!_{\displaystyle E}\!X} }}"></span>. The name is a portmanteau of the abbreviation of "bibliography" and TeX. </p><p>BibTeX makes it easy to cite sources in a consistent manner, by separating bibliographic information from the presentation of this information, similarly to the separation of content and presentation/style supported by LaTeX itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_structure">Basic structure</h2></div> <p>In the words of the program’s author: </p> <blockquote> <p>Here’s how BibTeX works. It takes as input </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li>an <code class="file">.aux</code> file produced by LaTeX on an earlier run;</li><li>a <code class="file">.bst</code> file (the style file), which specifies the general reference-list style and specifies how to format individual entries, and which is written by a style designer [..] in a special-purpose language [..], and</li><li><code class="file">.bib</code> file(s) constituting a database of all reference-list entries the user might ever hope to use.</li></ol></div> <p>BibTeX chooses from the <code class="file">.bib</code> file(s) only those entries specified by the <code class="file">.aux</code> file (that is, those given by LaTeX's <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code> commands), and creates as output a <code class="file">.bbl</code> file containing these entries together with the formatting commands specified by the <code class="file">.bst</code> file [..]. LaTeX will use the <code class="file">.bbl</code> file, perhaps edited by the user, to produce the reference list.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>BibTeX was created by <a href="/wiki/Oren_Patashnik" title="Oren Patashnik">Oren Patashnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> in 1985. It is written in WEB/Pascal. </p><p>Version 0.98f was released in March 1985. </p><p>With version 0.99c (released February 1988), a stationary state was reached for 22 years. </p><p>In March 2010, version 0.99d was released. Further releases were announced.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reimplementations">Reimplementations</h2></div> <p>During the period following BibTeX's implementation in 1985, several reimplementations have been published: </p> <dl><dt>BibTeXu</dt> <dd>A reimplementation of bibtex (by Yannis Haralambous and his students) that supports the UTF-8 character set. Taco Hoekwater of the <a href="/wiki/LuaTeX" title="LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a> team has criticized it <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.tex.live/26044">[1]</a>.</dd> <dt>bibtex8</dt> <dd>A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets.</dd> <dt>CL-BibTeX</dt> <dd>A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, capable of using bibtex .bst files directly or converting them into human-readable Lisp .lbst files. CL-BibTeX supports <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> in Unicode Lisp implementations, using any character set that Lisp knows about.</dd> <dt>MLBibTeX</dt> <dd>A reimplementation of BibTeX focusing on multilingual features, by Jean-Michel Hufflen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/mlbibtex-architecture">[2]</a></dd> <dt>biblatex</dt> <dd>A complete reimplementation. "It redesigns the way in which LaTeX interacts with BibTeX at a fairly fundamental level. With biblatex, BibTeX is only used to sort the bibliography and to generate labels. Instead of being implemented in BibTeX's style files, the formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by TeX macros."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Biber</dt> <dd>A bibliography processing program for biblatex with a superset of BibTeX functionality, including Unicode 6.0 support, locale-sensitive sorting and UTF-8 citekeys. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://biblatex-biber.sourceforge.net/">[3]</a></dd> <dt>Bibulous</dt> <dd>A drop-in BibTeX replacement based on style templates, including full Unicode support, written in Python. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nzhagen.github.io/bibulous/">[4]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographic_information_file">Bibliographic information file</h2></div> <p>BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> for lists of bibliography items, such as articles, books, and theses. BibTeX bibliography file names usually end in <code>.bib</code>. </p><p>A BibTeX database contained in a <code>.bib</code> file is formed by "entries" (each corresponding to a bibliographical item, e.g. a journal paper or a conference paper) and each entry is formed by "fields" (e.g., "author", "year", "title"). The types of entries and fields used in virtually all BibTeX styles BibTeX are listed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_types">Entry types</h3></div> <p>A BibTeX database can contain the following types of entries: </p> <dl><dt><tt>article</tt></dt> <dd>An article from a journal or magazine.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, journal, year, volume</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">number, pages, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>book</tt></dt> <dd>A book with an explicit publisher.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author/editor, title, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">volume/number, series, address, edition, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>booklet</tt></dt> <dd>A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>conference</tt></dt> <dd>The same as <tt>inproceedings</tt>, included for <a href="/wiki/Scribe_(markup_language)" title="Scribe (markup language)">Scribe</a> compatibility.</dd> <dt><tt>inbook</tt></dt> <dd>A part of a book, usually untitled. May be a chapter (or section, etc.) and/or a range of pages.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author/editor, title, chapter/pages, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">volume/number, series, type, address, edition, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>incollection</tt></dt> <dd>A part of a book having its own title.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, booktitle, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, type, chapter, pages, address, edition, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>inproceedings</tt></dt> <dd>An article in a conference proceedings.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, booktitle, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, pages, address, month, organization, publisher, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>manual</tt></dt> <dd>Technical documentation.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>mastersthesis</tt></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, school, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, address, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>misc</tt></dt> <dd>For use when nothing else fits.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">none</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>phdthesis</tt></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> thesis.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, school, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, address, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>proceedings</tt></dt> <dd>The proceedings of a conference.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, address, month, publisher, organization, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>techreport</tt></dt> <dd>A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, institution, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, number, address, month, note, key</span></dd> <dt><tt>unpublished</tt></dt> <dd>A document having an author and title, but not formally published.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, note</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">month, year, key</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_types">Field types</h3></div> <p>A BibTeX entry can contain various types of fields. The following types are recognized by the default bibliography styles; some third-party styles may accept additional ones: </p> <dl><dt><tt>address</tt></dt> <dd>Publisher's address (usually just the city, but can be the full address for lesser-known publishers)</dd> <dt><tt>annote</tt></dt> <dd>An annotation for annotated bibliography styles (not typical)</dd> <dt><tt>author</tt></dt> <dd>The name(s) of the author(s) (in the case of more than one author, separated by <tt>and</tt></dd> <dt><tt>booktitle</tt></dt> <dd>The title of the book, if only part of it is being cited</dd> <dt><tt>chapter</tt></dt> <dd>The chapter number</dd> <dt><tt>crossref</tt></dt> <dd>The key of the cross-referenced entry</dd> <dt><tt>edition</tt></dt> <dd>The edition of a book, long form (such as "First" or "Second")</dd> <dt><tt>editor</tt></dt> <dd>The name(s) of the editor(s)</dd> <dt><tt>howpublished</tt></dt> <dd>How it was published, if the publishing method is nonstandard</dd> <dt><tt>institution</tt></dt> <dd>The institution that was involved in the publishing, but not necessarily the publisher</dd> <dt><tt>journal</tt></dt> <dd>The journal or magazine the work was published in</dd> <dt><tt>key</tt></dt> <dd>A hidden field used for specifying or overriding the alphabetical order of entries (when the "author" and "editor" fields are missing). Note that this is very different from the key (mentioned just after this list) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry.</dd> <dt><tt>month</tt></dt> <dd>The month of publication (or, if unpublished, the month of creation)</dd> <dt><tt>note</tt></dt> <dd>Miscellaneous extra information</dd> <dt><tt>number</tt></dt> <dd>The "(issue) number" of a journal, magazine, or tech-report, if applicable. (Most publications have a "volume", but no "number" field.)</dd> <dt><tt>organization</tt></dt> <dd>The conference sponsor</dd> <dt><tt>pages</tt></dt> <dd>Page numbers, separated either by commas or double-hyphens.</dd> <dt><tt>publisher</tt></dt> <dd>The publisher's name</dd> <dt><tt>school</tt></dt> <dd>The school where the thesis was written</dd> <dt><tt>series</tt></dt> <dd>The series of books the book was published in (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/The_Hardy_Boys" title="The Hardy Boys">The Hardy Boys</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science" title="Lecture Notes in Computer Science">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a>")</dd> <dt><tt>title</tt></dt> <dd>The title of the work</dd> <dt><tt>type</tt></dt> <dd>The field overriding the default type of publication (e.g. "Research Note" for techreport, "{PhD} dissertation" for phdthesis, "Section" for inbook/incollection)</dd> <dt><tt>volume</tt></dt> <dd>The volume of a journal or multi-volume book</dd> <dt><tt>year</tt></dt> <dd>The year of publication (or, if unpublished, the year of creation)</dd></dl> <p><br /> In addition, each entry contains a key (Bibtexkey) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry. This key is the first item in a BibTeX entry, and is not part of any field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_files">Style files</h2></div> <p>BibTeX formats bibliographic items according to a style file, typically by generating TeX or LaTeX formatting commands. However, style files for generating <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> output also exist. BibTeX style files, for which the suffix <code>.bst</code> is common, are written in a simple, stack-based programming language (dubbed "BibTeX Anonymous Forth-Like Language", or "BAFLL", by Drew McDermott) that describes how bibliography items should be formatted. There are some packages which can generate <code>.bst</code> files automatically (like custom-bib or Bib-it). </p><p>Most journals or publishers that support LaTeX have a customized bibliographic style file for the convenience of the authors. This ensures that the bibliographic style meets the guidelines of the publisher with minimal effort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div> <p>A <code>.bib</code> file might contain the following entry, which describes a mathematical handbook: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bibtex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nc">@Book</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">abramowitz+stegun</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Milton {Abramowitz} and Irene A. {Stegun}"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Handbook of Mathematical Functions with</span> <span class="s"> Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Dover"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">year</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">1964</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">address</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"New York"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">edition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing"</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>If a document references this handbook, the bibliographic information may be formatted in different ways depending on which <a href="/wiki/Citation#Styles" title="Citation">citation style</a> (<a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_style_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA style manual">MLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago</a> etc.) is employed. The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">\cite</span></code> commands and the desired bibliography style in the LaTeX document. If the command <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="k">\cite</span><span class="nb">{</span>abramowitz+stegun<span class="nb">}</span></code> appears inside a LaTeX document, the <code>bibtex</code> program will include this book in the list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code. When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this: </p> <dl><dd>Abramowitz, Milton and Irene A. Stegun (1964), <i>Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables.</i> New York: Dover.</dd></dl> <p>Depending on the style file, BibTeX may rearrange authors' last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the <code>.bib</code> file, format text in italics, add punctuation, etc. Since the same style file is used for an entire list of references, these are all formatted consistently with minimal effort required from authors or editors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author_formatting">Author formatting</h3></div> <p>Last name prefixes such as <i>von</i>, <i>van</i> and <i>der</i> are handled automatically, provided they are in lower case to distinguish them from middle names. Multiple word last names are distinguished from first and middle names by placing the last names first, then a comma, then the first and middle names. Name suffixes such as Jr., Sr., and III are generally handled by using two comma separators as in the following example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bibtex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nc">@Book</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">hicks2001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"von Hicks, III, Michael"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Design of a Carbon Fiber Composite Grid Structure for the GLAST</span> <span class="s"> Spacecraft Using a Novel Manufacturing Technique"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Stanford Press"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">year</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">address</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Palo Alto"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">edition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"1st"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>If the author does not use a comma to separate the name suffix from the last name, then curly brackets {Hicks III} may be used instead. </p><p>Multiple authors should be separated with an <b>and</b>, not with commas: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bibtex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nc">@Book</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">Torre2008</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Joe Torre and Tom Verducci"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">publisher</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Doubleday"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"The Yankee Years"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">year</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2008</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-referencing">Cross-referencing</h3></div> <p>BibTeX allows referring to other publications via the crossref field. In the following example the 'author:06' publication references to 'conference:06'. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bibtex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nc">@INPROCEEDINGS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">author:06</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{Some publication title}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">author</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{First Author and Second Author}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">crossref</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{conference:06}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">pages</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{330--331}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="nc">@PROCEEDINGS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">conference:06</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">editor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{First Editor and Second Editor}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">booktitle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">{Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ}</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">year</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2006</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="na">month</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">oct</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>The referred entry must stand below the referring one. Remember to add <i>booktitle</i> to the proceedings entry in order to avoid 'empty booktitle' BibTex warning. The LaTeX output of this input might look like: </p> <dl><dd>Author, First and Author, Second (October 2006), Some publication title, in: Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ, pp 330-331.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_more_than_one_input_file">Using more than one input file</h3></div> <p>Having more than one input file, it is recommended to use the command <code>\bibliography</code> only once and insert the various files separated by commas (and no spaces) inside the curly brackets. Example: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">\bibliography</span><span class="nb">{</span>bibliography<span class="nb">_</span>1,bibliography<span class="nb">_</span>2,bibliography<span class="nb">_</span>3<span class="nb">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-reference_sections">Non-reference sections</h3></div> <ul><li>@COMMENT {...} - allows comments to be present in the file, but not to be interpreted by BibTeX. Similarly, the '%' operator can be used. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/BibTeX" title="Special:EditPage/BibTeX">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22BibTeX%22">"BibTeX"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22BibTeX%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22BibTeX%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22BibTeX%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22BibTeX%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22BibTeX%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">NASA Astrophysics Data System</a> – The ADS is an online database of over eight million astronomy and physics papers and provides BibTeX format citations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACL_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="ACL Anthology">ACL Anthology</a> – A Digital Archive of Research Papers in Computational Linguistics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BibSonomy" title="BibSonomy">BibSonomy</a> – A social bookmark and publication management system based on BibTeX.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citavi" title="Citavi">Citavi</a> - Reference manager. Works with various TeX-Editors and supports BibTeX input and output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a> – An online database of research publications which can produce BibTeX format citations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CiteULike" title="CiteULike">CiteULike</a> – A community based bibliography database with BibTeX input and output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collection_of_Computer_Science_Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies">The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies</a> – uses BibTeX as internal data format, search results and contributions primarily in BibTeX.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connotea" title="Connotea">Connotea</a> – Open-source social bookmark style publication management system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Bibliography_%26_Library_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Bibliography & Library Project">Digital Bibliography & Library Project</a> – A bibliography website that lists more than 910,000 articles in the computer science field.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> - The bibliographic information for each book is exportable in BibTeX format via the 'Export Citation' feature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> – Google's system for searching scholarly literature provides BibTeX format citations if you enable the option in 'Scholar Preferences'.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HubMed" title="HubMed">HubMed</a> – A versatile <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> interface including BibTeX output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathSciNet" title="MathSciNet">MathSciNet</a> – Database by the American Mathematical Society (subscription), choose BibTeX in the "Select alternative format" box</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a> – Reference Manager, for collecting papers. It supports exporting collections into bib files and keep them synchronized with its own database. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendeley.com/blog/tipstricks/howto-use-mendeley-to-create-citations-using-latex-and-bibtex/">Mendeley on creating and exporting bib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiqqa" title="Qiqqa">Qiqqa</a> – Provides a fully featured BibTeX editor and validator, along with tools for automatically populating BibTeX records for your PDFs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refbase" title="Refbase">refbase</a> – Open source reference manager for institutional repositories and self archiving with BibTeX input and output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RefTeX" title="RefTeX">RefTeX</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> based reference manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a> – The INSPIRE High-Energy Physics literature database with BibTeX support.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikindx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikindx (page does not exist)">Wikindx</a> – Open source Virtual Research Environment/enhanced bibliography manager including BibTeX input and output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentralblatt_MATH" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralblatt MATH">Zentralblatt MATH</a> – Database by the <a href="/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society" title="European Mathematical Society">European Mathematical Society</a>, FIZ Karlsruhe and Heidelberg Academy (subscription, 3 free entries); choose BibTeX button or format.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotero" title="Zotero">Zotero</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a> plugin with advanced features such as synchronization between different computers, social bookmarking, searching inside saved <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">PDFs</a> and BibTeX output.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Free software">Free software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_style_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation style language">Citation style language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">Comparison of reference management software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web">http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web</a> From the program's WEB source, version 0.99d, as of May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web">http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web</a> source code as of May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Description of the package biblatex from Debian's wheezy distribution as of May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibtex.org/Format/">"Bibtex Format"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibtex+Format&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibtex.org%2FFormat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibTeX" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:LaTeX">LaTeX</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Bibliography_Management" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:LaTeX/Bibliography Management">Bibliography Management</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/base/btxdoc.pdf">BibTeXing</a>. The original manual (1988) by the co-author of BibTeX, Oren Patashnik.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dmoz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Dmoz (page does not exist)">Template:Dmoz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2006-4/fenn/">Managing Citations and Your Bibliography with BibTeX</a> by Jürgen Fenn (The <a href="/wiki/PracTeX_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="PracTeX Journal">PracTeX Journal</a> 2006, number 4).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibtexsearch.com/">BibTeX search</a>. A searchable database of BibTeX records.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial3.html">BibTeX tutorial</a>. Section from <i>Getting to Grips with LaTeX</i> tutorials.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/bibliographies/jacobsen-bibtex.html">The BibTeX Format</a>. Description of the BibTeX format.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.jhu.edu/~jkramer/bibtex">BibTeX in WinEdt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/~markey/BibTeX/doc/ttb_en.pdf">Tame the BeaST</a>. Detailed explanation of the BibTeX format and how to write bst files.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/cl-bibtex/">CL-BibTeX</a>. The CL-BibTeX web site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/biblatex.html">biblatex -- The TeX Catalogue OnLine, Entry for biblatex, Ctan Edition</a>. A LaTeX package that is a complete reimplementation of the bibliographic facilities provided by LaTeX in conjunction with BibTeX.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://verbosus.com/bibtex-style-examples.html">BibTeX Style Examples</a>. A list of all possible BibTeX entries showing the LaTeX code and the generated result.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4544350-6">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&oldid=693172427">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&oldid=693172427</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_February_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2013 (page does not exist)">Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_April_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from April 2009 (page does not exist)">Articles needing cleanup from April 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BibTeX" title="Category:BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliography_file_formats" title="Category:Bibliography file formats">Bibliography file formats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_deprecated_source_tags" title="Category:Pages using deprecated source tags">Pages using deprecated source tags</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_invalid_date_parameter_in_template" title="Category:Articles with invalid date parameter in template">Articles with invalid date parameter in template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_February_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2013">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2013">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_how-to_sections" title="Category:Articles containing how-to sections">Articles containing how-to sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Infobox_software_with_unknown_parameters" title="Category:Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters">Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:Articles needing additional references">Articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2015, at 21:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. Besides normal editing, the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies, vandalism, or material not compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>.</span></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BibTeX&oldid=693172427&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">BibTeX</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>26 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-v47bn","wgBackendResponseTime":1164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.422","walltime":"0.914","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1846,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60689,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11661,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":31550,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 807.723 1 -total"," 18.26% 147.483 2 Template:Infobox"," 15.78% 127.473 1 Template:Infobox_software"," 11.53% 93.157 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 9.75% 78.753 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.41% 67.901 1 Template:Cite_web"," 7.80% 63.042 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.59% 53.204 4 Template:Ambox"," 4.79% 38.682 1 Template:External_links"," 3.55% 28.649 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.254","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4572239,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-v47bn","timestamp":"20250217085034","ttl":1004971,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"BibTeX","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BibTeX","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8029","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8029","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-03T12:41:09Z","dateModified":"2015-11-30T21:59:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/30\/BibTeX_logo.svg","headline":"reference management software for formatting lists of references"}</script> </body> </html>