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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Author-date style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author-date_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_bibliography_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_bibliography_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Notes and bibliography style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_bibliography_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_printed_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_printed_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent printed editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_printed_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88" title="دليل أسلوب شيكاغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دليل أسلوب شيكاغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εγχειρίδιο μορφοποίησης του πανεπιστημίου του Σικάγου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εγχειρίδιο μορφοποίησης του πανεπιστημίου του Σικάγου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_de_estilo_de_Chicago" title="Manual de estilo de Chicago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manual de estilo de Chicago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagoko_Estilo_Eskuliburua" title="Chicagoko Estilo Eskuliburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chicagoko Estilo Eskuliburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88" title="شیوه‌نامه شیکاگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوه‌نامه شیکاگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_de_estilo_Chicago" title="Manual de estilo Chicago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manual de estilo Chicago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%B4%EA%B3%A0_%EB%A7%A4%EB%89%B4%EC%96%BC_%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%BC" title="시카고 매뉴얼 오브 스타일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시카고 매뉴얼 오브 스타일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95" title="מדריך הסגנון של שיקגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדריך הסגנון של שיקגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="シカゴ・マニュアル・オブ・スタイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカゴ・マニュアル・オブ・スタイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Чикагское руководство по стилю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чикагское руководство по стилю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD" title="චිකාගෝ ශෛලීය අත්පොත – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිකාගෝ ශෛලීය අත්පොත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="The Chicago Manual of Style" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="芝加哥格式手册 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="芝加哥格式手册" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Chicago Manual of Style <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.date=1906%E2%80%932024&rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Chicago+Press%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=1%2C146"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/220px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/330px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/440px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i>, 18th ed. (2024)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1906–2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">1,146</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058">9780226287058</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">808/.0270973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Z253 .U69 2017</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOS_1906_Edition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CMOS_1906_Edition.png/250px-CMOS_1906_Edition.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CMOS_1906_Edition.png/375px-CMOS_1906_Edition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/CMOS_1906_Edition.png/500px-CMOS_1906_Edition.png 2x" data-file-width="6150" data-file-height="9300" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the first edition of the <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> (1906)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guides</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-style: italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACS_style" title="ACS style">ACS style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIP_style" title="AIP style">AIP style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">The ASA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">The Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_Style_Handbook" title="The Business Style Handbook">The Business Style Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Guide_to_English_Usage" title="The Cambridge Guide to English Usage">The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citing_Medicine" title="Citing Medicine">Citing Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" title="MHRA Style Guide">MHRA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Manual_of_Style" title="Microsoft Manual of Style">Microsoft Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook">MLA Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities" title="Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities">Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">Turabian: A Manual for Writers</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guide_abbreviations" title="List of style guide abbreviations">List of style guide abbreviations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Styles" title="Template:Styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Styles" title="Template talk:Styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Chicago Manual of Style</b></i> (abbreviated as <i><b>CMOS</b></i>, <i><b>TCM</b></i>, or <i><b>CMS</b></i>, or sometimes as <i><b>Chicago</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> for <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> published since 1906 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a> styles widely used in publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online.</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability_and_uses">Availability and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Availability and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text of the 16th through 18th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the online content of the manual (access to the Q&A, however, is free, as are various editing tools).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many publishers throughout the world adopt "Chicago" as their style. It is used in some social science publications, most North American historical journals,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains the basis for the <i>Style Guide of the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a></i>, the <i>Style Sheet</i> for the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a>, and corporate style guides, including the <i>Apple Style Guide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and journals. It is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. <a href="/wiki/Kate_L._Turabian" title="Kate L. Turabian">Kate L. Turabian's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</a></i> also reflects Chicago style.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Chicago</i> style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent. For instance, the 15th edition of <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> permits the use of both in-text <a href="/wiki/Citation#Systems" title="Citation">citation systems</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">footnotes or endnotes</a>, including use of "content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by page number (such as <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a>) or by year of publication (like <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>); it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table_of_contents_(18th_ed.)"><span id="Table_of_contents_.2818th_ed..29"></span>Table of contents (18th ed.)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Table of contents (18th ed.)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>List of Figures<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>List of Tables</li></ul> <ul><li>Preface</li> <li>Acknowledgments</li> <li><b>Part I · Publishing and Editing</b> <ul><li>1. Books and Journals</li> <li>2. Manuscript Preparation, Manuscript Editing, and Proofreading</li> <li>3. Illustrations and Tables</li> <li>4. Rights, Permissions, and Copyright Administration <i>by William S. Strong</i></li></ul></li> <li><b>Part II · Style and Usage</b> <ul><li>5. Grammar and Usage <i>by Bryan A. Garner</i></li> <li>6. Punctuation</li> <li>7. Spelling, Distinctive Treatment of Words, and Compounds</li> <li>8. Names, Terms, and Titles of Works</li> <li>9. Numbers</li> <li>10. Abbreviations</li> <li>11. Languages Other than English</li> <li>12. Quotations and Dialogue</li></ul></li> <li><b>Part III · Source Citations and Indexes</b> <ul><li>13. Source Citations: Overview</li> <li>14. Source Citations: Examples</li> <li>15. Indexes</li></ul></li> <li>Glossary</li> <li>Bibliography of Additional Resources</li> <li>Index</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation_styles">Citation styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citation styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author-date_style">Author-date style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Author-date style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using author-date style,<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-cmos4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016).</div></blockquote> <p>When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication <em>after</em> an interposed comma.<sup id="cite_ref-cmos4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016, 24).</div></blockquote> <p>If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly (2016).</div></blockquote> <p>In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for <a href="/wiki/Block_quotation" title="Block quotation">block quotations</a>, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date <i>following</i> the author(s) name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. 2015. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i> <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">17</a> <a href="/wiki/Issue_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issue (periodical)">(3)</a>: e62. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.2196/jmir.4069.</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_and_bibliography_style">Notes and bibliography style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes and bibliography style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using notes and bibliography style,<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sourced text is indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscripted</a> note number that corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name.<sup id="cite_ref-cmos2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">1. James M. Heilman and Andrew G. West, "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language," <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i> <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issue_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issue (periodical)">no. 3</a> (2015): e62, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.2196/jmir.4069.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i> <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issue_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issue (periodical)">no. 3</a> (2015): e62. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:10.2196/jmir.4069.</div> <p>In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are: </p> <ul><li>The author(s), with the first author's name inverted in the bibliography entry<sup id="cite_ref-cmos2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmos2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West");</li> <li>The article title inside <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>");</li> <li>The journal title in <a href="/wiki/Italics" class="mw-redirect" title="Italics">italics</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "<i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>);</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">volume</a><sup id="cite_ref-vol_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "17");</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">issue</a> preceded by "no."<sup id="cite_ref-vol_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "no. 3");</li> <li>The year and, if specified, month, inside parentheses<sup id="cite_ref-vol_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "(2015)");</li> <li>The page numbers, with notes listing the current reference's specific page number and bibliography entries listing the overall page range<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "e62" since the example was published electronically without page numbers); and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifier</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in this case "doi:10.2196/jmir.4069").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What now is known as <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> was first published in 1906 under the title <i>Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use</i>. From its first 203-page edition,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>CMOS</i> evolved into a comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition.<sup id="cite_ref-spencer2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencer2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Unreliable source per WP:SPS / WP:RS/SPS. (September 2023)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> It was one of the first editorial style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology standardization, notably <a href="/wiki/Citation#Citation_styles" title="Citation">citation style</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it was printed.<sup id="cite_ref-abouthistory_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abouthistory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, with the publication of the 13th edition, it was officially retitled <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i>, adopting the informal name already in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-abouthistory_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abouthistory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include a chapter on American English grammar and use,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a revised treatment of mathematical copy.<sup id="cite_ref-CMOSOnline_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMOSOnline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the first time in the manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). The 16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters and <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-spencer2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spencer2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based content and <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of electronic <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> and offered a primer on the use of <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic</a> and print publishing. The <i>Chicago</i> system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOIs</a> to citing <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking site">social networking sites</a>. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters. </p><p>In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Deusto" title="University of Deusto">University of Deusto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2016, the publisher released <i>The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Bryan A. Garner</a>'s expansion of his <i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of the new edition of <i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>. </p><p>The 17th edition was published in September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and the long-standing recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing. </p><p>The 18th edition was the first to recommend omitting publication locations from citations. It added citation styles for A.I. generated text and images, increased the scope of usage of singular and non-binary "they," and abandoned its efforts (since 1969) of writing "Roman" in "Roman numerals" in lowercase.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It removed the chapter on mathematics in type (citing low usage) but increased its coverage of citations of Indigenous languages (now with capital "I") and of Korean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_printed_editions">Recent printed editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent printed editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 627px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png" class="mw-file-description" title="15th"><img alt="15th" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png/119px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png/179px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png/239px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_15th_edition.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">15th</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="16th"><img alt="16th" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif/132px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif/199px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_16th_edition.gif 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="17th"><img alt="17th" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif/132px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif/198px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif/265px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_17th_edition_cover.gif 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th"><img alt="18th" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/132px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/199px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg/265px-The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style_18th_edition_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00univ_0"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a></span> (15th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226104034" title="Special:BookSources/9780226104034"><bdi>9780226104034</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003001860">2003001860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003001860&rft.isbn=9780226104034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagomanualofs00univ_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226104201" title="Special:BookSources/9780226104201"><bdi>9780226104201</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009053612">2009053612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009053612&rft.isbn=9780226104201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (18th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226817972" title="Special:BookSources/9780226817972"><bdi>9780226817972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780226817972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">Hart's Rules</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia's Manual of Style</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As used with periodical/journal articles.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctl.yale.edu/writing/using-sources/why-are-there-different-citation-styles">"Why Are there Different Citation Styles?"</a>. <i>Center for Teaching and Learning</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. June 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Teaching+and+Learning&rft.atitle=Why+Are+there+Different+Citation+Styles%3F&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctl.yale.edu%2Fwriting%2Fusing-sources%2Fwhy-are-there-different-citation-styles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire2017" class="citation journal cs1">Claire, T. R. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6">"Bryan A. Garner: The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation"</a>. <i>Publishing Research Quarterly</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 345–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12109-017-9531-6">10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148846427">148846427</a> – via Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishing+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Bryan+A.+Garner%3A+The+Chicago+Guide+to+Grammar%2C+Usage%2C+and+Punctuation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-347&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12109-017-9531-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148846427%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Claire&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12109-017-9531-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/">"The Chicago Manual of Style"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i> (17th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollak2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pollak, Oliver B. (June 11, 2007). "The Decline and Fall of Bottom Notes, op. cit., loc. cit., and a Century of the Chicago Manual of Style". <i>Journal of Scholarly Publishing</i>. <b>38</b>: 20–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fjsp.38.1.14">10.3138/jsp.38.1.14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.atitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+Bottom+Notes%2C+op.+cit.%2C+loc.+cit.%2C+and+a+Century+of+the+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2007-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fjsp.38.1.14&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Oliver+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.apple.com/applestyleguide/#/apsg1eef9171">"About the guide"</a>. <i>Apple Style Guide</i>. Apple Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Style+Guide&rft.atitle=About+the+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.apple.com%2Fapplestyleguide%2F%23%2Fapsg1eef9171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/book/ed18/frontmatter/toc.html">"Chicago Manual of Style Contents"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Contents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fbook%2Fed18%2Ffrontmatter%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmos4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmos4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmos4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15: Author-Date References". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Text citations—basic form. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Author-Date+References&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+22%3A+Text+citations%E2%80%94basic+form&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15: Author-Date References". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 5: The author-date system—overview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Author-Date+References&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+5%3A+The+author-date+system%E2%80%94overview&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15: Author-Date References". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 25: Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Author-Date+References&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+25%3A+Text+citations+in+relation+to+surrounding+text+and+punctuation&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-Date Reference</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 6: Basic structure of a reference list entry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style%3A+Chapter+15%3A+Author-Date+Reference&rft.pages=Section+6%3A+Basic+structure+of+a+reference+list+entry&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15: Author-Date References". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 14: Placement of dates in reference list entries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+Author-Date+References&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+14%3A+Placement+of+dates+in+reference+list+entries&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 20: Basic structure of a note. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+20%3A+Basic+structure+of+a+note&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmos2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmos2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmos2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+21%3A+Basic+structure+of+a+bibliography+entry&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 167: Basic structure of a periodical citation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+167%3A+Basic+structure+of+a+periodical+citation&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 169: Journal article—title. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+169%3A+Journal+article%E2%80%94title&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 170: Title of journal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+170%3A+Title+of+journal&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vol_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 171: Journal volume, issue, and date. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+171%3A+Journal+volume%2C+issue%2C+and+date&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Page numbers and other locators. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+22%3A+Page+numbers+and+other+locators&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 174: Journal page references. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+174%3A+Journal+page+references&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"14: Notes and Bibliography". <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 8: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226287058" title="Special:BookSources/9780226287058"><bdi>9780226287058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020712">2017020712</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055308068">1055308068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14%3A+Notes+and+Bibliography&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=Section+8%3A+Digital+Object+Identifiers+%28DOIs%29&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055308068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017020712&rft.isbn=9780226287058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/manualofstylebei00univrich"><i>Manual of style, being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of types in use</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. November 1906. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft75t3q405">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t75t3q405</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/681493869">681493869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+style%2C+being+a+compilation+of+the+typographical+rules+in+force+at+the+University+of+Chicago+Press%2C+to+which+are+appended+specimens+of+types+in+use&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1906-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft75t3q405&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F681493869&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofstylebei00univrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spencer2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spencer2011_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spencer2011_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2011" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Dave (February 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glyphic.design/chicago-manual-of-style-16th-edition-2/">"Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition"</a>. <i>glyphic.design</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glyphic.design&rft.atitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+16th+Edition&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglyphic.design%2Fchicago-manual-of-style-16th-edition-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abouthistory-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abouthistory_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abouthistory_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214142319/http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about16_history.html">"The History of The Chicago Manual of Style"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i>. University of Chicago Press. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about16_history.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=The+History+of+The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fabout16_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2005" class="citation web cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001869.html">"The Chicago Manual of Style — And Grammar"</a>. <i>Language Log</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+%E2%80%94+And+Grammar&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F001869.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMOSOnline-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMOSOnline_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217154429/http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15.html">"What's New in the Fifteenth Edition of The Chicago Manual of Style"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i>. University of Chicago Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15.html">the original</a> on February 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+the+Fifteenth+Edition+of+The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fabout15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deusto-publicaciones.es/index.php/main/libro/994/es">"Manual de estilo Chicago-Deusto"</a>. <i>Publicaciones</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Deusto" title="University of Deusto">University of Deusto</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publicaciones&rft.atitle=Manual+de+estilo+Chicago-Deusto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deusto-publicaciones.es%2Findex.php%2Fmain%2Flibro%2F994%2Fes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chicago+Manual+of+Style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManual2024" class="citation web cs1">Manual, Chicago (April 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmosshoptalk.com/2024/04/16/announcing-the-chicago-manual-of-style-18th-edition/">"Announcing The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition"</a>. <i>CMOS Shop Talk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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