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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spamvertised_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spamvertised_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spamvertised sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spamvertised_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spam techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spam_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spam techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spam_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Image spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blank_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blank_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Blank spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blank_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backscatter_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backscatter_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Backscatter spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backscatter_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deception_and_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception_and_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deception and fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception_and_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theft_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theft_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theft of service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theft_of_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theft of service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theft_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_and_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_and_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Statistics and estimates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics_and_estimates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics and estimates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics_and_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highest_amount_of_spam_received" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_amount_of_spam_received"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Highest amount of spam received</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_amount_of_spam_received-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cost of spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Origin of spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-spam_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-spam_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anti-spam techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-spam_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-spam techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-spam_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collateral_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collateral_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Collateral damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collateral_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_spammers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_spammers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Methods of spammers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_spammers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods of spammers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_spammers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gathering_of_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gathering_of_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Gathering of addresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering_of_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obfuscating_message_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obfuscating_message_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Obfuscating message content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obfuscating_message_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeating_Bayesian_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeating_Bayesian_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Defeating Bayesian filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeating_Bayesian_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam-support_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam-support_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Spam-support services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam-support_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Email spam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بريد غير هام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريد غير هام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ই-মেইল স্প্যাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ই-মেইল স্প্যাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="هرزنامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرزنامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%B8_%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%BC" title="스팸 메일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스팸 메일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Email spam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="דואר זבל אלקטרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דואר זבל אלקטרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಪಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barua_taka" title="Barua taka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barua taka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%A0_(%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB)" title="スパム (メール) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スパム (メール)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_de_email" title="Spam de email – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spam de email" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C5%BEelena_e-po%C5%A1ta" title="Neželena e-pošta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Neželena e-pošta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_sa_email" title="Spam sa email – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Spam sa email" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="எரித மின்னஞ்சல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரித மின்னஞ்சல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="垃圾電郵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="垃圾電郵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E9%9B%BB%E9%83%B5" title="垃圾電郵 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="垃圾電郵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13512320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Email_spam" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spammed-mail-folder.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/300px-Spammed-mail-folder.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/450px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/600px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Email_box" title="Email box">email box</a> folder filled with spam messages.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Email spam</b>, also referred to as <b>junk email</b>, <b>spam mail</b>, or simply <b>spam</b>, refers to unsolicited messages sent in bulk via <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. The term originates from a <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">Monty Python sketch</a>, where the name of a canned meat product, "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">Spam</a>," is used repetitively, mirroring the intrusive nature of unwanted emails.<sup id="cite_ref-DfnSpam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfnSpam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 1990s, spam has grown significantly, with estimates suggesting that by 2014, it comprised around 90% of all global email traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-MAAWG.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAAWG.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JNCA-2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNCA-2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spam is primarily a financial burden for the recipient, who may be required to manage, filter, or delete these unwanted messages. Since the expense of spam is mostly borne by the recipient,<sup id="cite_ref-spam-costs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spam-costs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is effectively a form of "<a href="/wiki/Postage_due" title="Postage due">postage due</a>" <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IRJETS-2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRJETS-2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the recipient bears the cost of unsolicited messages. This cost imposed on recipients, without compensation from the sender, makes spam an example of a "<a href="/wiki/Negative_externality" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative externality">negative externality</a>" (a side effect of an activity that affects others who are not involved in the decision).<sup id="cite_ref-EconSpam2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconSpam2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal definition and status of spam varies from one jurisdiction to another, but laws and lawsuits have not generally been successful in stemming spam.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most email spam messages are commercial in nature. Whether commercial or not, many are not only annoying as a form of <a href="/wiki/Attention_theft" title="Attention theft">attention theft</a>, but also dangerous because they may contain <a href="/wiki/Html_email#Security_vulnerabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Html email">links</a> that lead to <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> web sites or sites that are hosting <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> or include malware as file <a href="/wiki/Email_attachment" title="Email attachment">attachments</a>. </p><p>Spammers collect email addresses from chat rooms, websites, customer lists, newsgroups, and viruses that harvest users' address books. These collected email addresses are sometimes also sold to other spammers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the Internet (the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>), sending of commercial email was prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacy1982_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacy1982-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Thuerk <a href="/wiki/History_of_email_spam" title="History of email spam">sent the first email spam message</a> in 1978 to 600 people. He was reprimanded and told not to do it again.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now the ban on spam is enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of Service">Terms of Service</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acceptable_use_policy" title="Acceptable use policy">Acceptable Use Policy</a> (ToS/AUP) of internet service providers (ISPs) and peer pressure. </p><p>Spam is sent by both otherwise reputable organizations and lesser companies. When spam is sent by otherwise reputable companies it is sometimes referred to as <i>Mainsleaze</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-levine_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainsleaze makes up approximately 3% of the spam sent over the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-spambounncer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spambounncer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spamvertised_sites">Spamvertised sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spamvertised sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many spam emails contain URLs to a website or websites. According to a <a href="/wiki/Cyberoam" title="Cyberoam">Cyberoam</a> report in 2014, there are an average of 54 billion spam messages sent every day. "Pharmaceutical products (Viagra and the like) jumped up 45% from last quarter's analysis, leading this quarter's spam pack. Emails purporting to offer jobs with fast, easy cash come in at number two, accounting for approximately 15% of all spam email. And, rounding off at number three are spam emails about diet products (such as Garcinia gummi-gutta or Garcinia Cambogia), accounting for approximately 1%."<sup id="cite_ref-cyberoam_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyberoam-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></div> <p>Spam is also a medium for <a href="/wiki/Fraudster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraudster">fraudsters</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scam</a> users into entering personal information on fake Web sites using emails forged to look like they are from banks or other organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>. This is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a></i>. Targeted phishing, where known information about the recipient is used to create forged emails, is known as <i>spear-phishing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sophos8_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spam_techniques">Spam techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spam techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appending">Appending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_appending" title="Email appending">Email appending</a></div> <p>If a marketer has one database containing names, addresses, and telephone numbers of customers, they can pay to have their database matched against an external database containing email addresses. The company then has the means to send email to people who have not requested email, which may include people who have deliberately withheld their email address.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_spam">Image spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Image spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a>, or image-based spam,<sup id="cite_ref-Image_Based_spam_name_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image_Based_spam_name-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Image_Based_spam_name_2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Image_Based_spam_name_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an obfuscation method by which text of the message is stored as a <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> or <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> image and displayed in the email. This prevents text-based spam filters from detecting and blocking spam messages. Image spam was reportedly used in the mid-2000s to advertise "<a href="/wiki/Pump_and_dump" title="Pump and dump">pump and dump</a>" stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-techtarget_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techtarget-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, image spam contains nonsensical, computer-generated text which simply annoys the reader. However, new technology in some programs tries to read the images by attempting to find text in these images. These programs are not very accurate, and sometimes filter out innocent images of products, such as a box that has words on it. </p><p>A newer technique, however, is to use an animated <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> image that does not contain clear text in its initial frame, or to contort the shapes of letters in the image (as in <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a>) to avoid detection by <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blank_spam">Blank spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Blank spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blank spam is spam lacking a payload advertisement. Often the message body is missing altogether, as well as the subject line. Still, it fits the definition of spam because of its nature as bulk and unsolicited email.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blank spam may be originated in different ways, either intentional or unintentionally: </p> <ol><li>Blank spam can have been sent in a <a href="/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack" title="Directory harvest attack">directory harvest attack</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_attack" title="Dictionary attack">dictionary attack</a> for gathering valid addresses from an email service provider. Since the goal in such an attack is to use the bounces to separate invalid addresses from the valid ones, spammers may dispense with most elements of the header and the entire message body, and still accomplish their goals.</li> <li>Blank spam may also occur when a spammer forgets or otherwise fails to add the payload when they set up the spam run.</li> <li>Often blank spam headers appear truncated, suggesting that computer glitches, such as <a href="/wiki/Software_bugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Software bugs">software bugs</a> or other may have contributed to this problem—from poorly written spam software to malfunctioning relay servers, or any problems that may truncate header lines from the message body.</li> <li>Some spam may appear to be blank when in fact it is not. An example of this is the VBS.Davinia.B email worm<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which propagates through messages that have no subject line and appears blank, when in fact it uses HTML code to download other files.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backscatter_spam">Backscatter spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Backscatter spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(email)" title="Backscatter (email)">Backscatter (email)</a></div> <p>Backscatter is a side-effect of email spam, <a href="/wiki/Computer_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer viruses">viruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">worms</a>. It happens when email servers are misconfigured to send a bogus <a href="/wiki/Bounce_message" title="Bounce message">bounce message</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Envelope_sender" class="mw-redirect" title="Envelope sender">envelope sender</a> when rejecting or quarantining email (rather than simply rejecting the attempt to send the message). </p><p>If the sender's address was forged, then the bounce may go to an innocent party. Since these messages were not solicited by the recipients, are substantially similar to each other, and are delivered in bulk quantities, they qualify as unsolicited bulk email or spam. As such, systems that generate email backscatter can end up being listed on various <a href="/wiki/DNSBL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSBL">DNSBLs</a> and be in violation of <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of Service">Terms of Service</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_countermeasures">Legal countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legal countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Email_spam_legislation_by_country" title="Email spam legislation by country">Email spam legislation by country</a></div> <p>If an individual or organisation can identify harm done to them by spam, and identify who sent it; then they may be able to sue for a <a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">legal remedy</a>, e.g. on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_chattels" title="Trespass to chattels">trespass to chattels</a>. A number of large civil settlements have been won in this way,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although others have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AOL_gives_up_treasure_hunt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOL_gives_up_treasure_hunt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criminal prosecution of spammers under fraud or <a href="/wiki/Computer_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer crime">computer crime</a> statutes is also common, particularly if they illegally accessed other computers to create <a href="/wiki/Botnets" class="mw-redirect" title="Botnets">botnets</a>, or the emails were <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> or other forms of criminal fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in most countries specific legislation is in place to make certain forms of spamming a criminal offence, as outlined below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Privacy_and_Electronic_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications">Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications</a> (2002/58/EC) provides that the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> member states shall take appropriate measures to ensure that unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing are not allowed either without the consent of the subscribers concerned or in respect of subscribers who do not wish to receive these communications, the choice between these options to be determined by national legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, for example, unsolicited emails cannot be sent to an individual subscriber unless prior permission has been obtained or unless there is a pre-existing commercial relationship between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2010 <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Internet_and_Wireless_Spam_Act" title="Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act">Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act</a> (which took effect in 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Canadian legislation meant to fight spam.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spam_Act_2003" title="Spam Act 2003">Spam Act 2003</a>, which covers some types of email and phone spam.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penalties are up to 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Penalty_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Penalty units">penalty units</a>, or 2,000 penalty units for a person other than a body corporate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, many states enacted anti-spam laws during the late 1990s and early 2000s. All of these were subsequently superseded by the <a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act of 2003</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was in many cases less restrictive. CAN-SPAM also preempted any further state legislation, but it left related laws not specific to e-mail intact.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courts have ruled that spam can constitute, for example, trespass to chattels.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulk commercial email does not violate CAN-SPAM, provided that it meets certain criteria, such as a truthful subject line, no forged information in the headers. If it fails to comply with any of these requirements it is illegal. Those opposing spam greeted the new law with dismay and disappointment, almost immediately dubbing it the "You Can Spam" Act.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, it had a little positive impact. In 2004, less than one percent of spam complied with CAN-SPAM,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a 2005 review by the Federal Trade Commission claimed that the amount of sexually explicit spam had significantly decreased since 2003 and the total volume had begun to level off.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other observers viewed it as having failed,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there have been several high-profile prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deception_and_fraud">Deception and fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deception and fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spammers may engage in deliberate <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> to send out their messages. Spammers often use false names, addresses, phone numbers, and other contact information to set up "disposable" accounts at various Internet service providers. They also often use falsified or stolen <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit card</a> numbers to pay for these accounts. This allows them to move quickly from one account to the next as the host ISPs discover and shut down each one. </p><p>Senders may go to great lengths to conceal the origin of their messages. Large companies may hire another firm to send their messages so that complaints or blocking of email falls on a third party. Others engage in <a href="/wiki/Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">spoofing</a> of email addresses (much easier than <a href="/wiki/IP_address_spoofing" title="IP address spoofing">IP address spoofing</a>). The email protocol (<a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a>) has no authentication by default, so the spammer can pretend to originate a message apparently from any email address. To prevent this, some ISPs and domains require the use of <a href="/wiki/SMTP-AUTH" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP-AUTH">SMTP-AUTH</a>, allowing positive identification of the specific account from which an email originates. </p><p>Senders cannot completely spoof <a href="/wiki/Spam_email_delivery" title="Spam email delivery">email delivery</a> chains (the 'Received' header), since the receiving mailserver records the actual connection from the last mailserver's IP address. To counter this, some spammers forge additional delivery headers to make it appear as if the email had previously traversed many legitimate servers. </p><p>Spoofing can have serious consequences for legitimate email users. Not only can their email inboxes get clogged up with "undeliverable" emails in addition to volumes of spam, but they can mistakenly be identified as a spammer. Not only may they receive irate email from spam victims, but (if spam victims report the email address owner to the ISP, for example) a naïve ISP may terminate their service for spamming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theft_of_service">Theft of service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theft of service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spammers frequently seek out and make use of vulnerable third-party systems such as <a href="/wiki/Open_mail_relay" title="Open mail relay">open mail relays</a> and open <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a>. SMTP forwards mail from one server to another—mail servers that ISPs run commonly require some form of <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> to ensure that the user is a customer of that ISP. </p><p>Increasingly, spammers use networks of malware-infected PCs (<a href="/wiki/Zombie_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie computer">zombies</a>) to send their spam. <a href="/wiki/Zombie_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie computer">Zombie</a> networks are also known as <a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">botnets</a> (such zombifying malware is known as a <i>bot</i>, short for <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>). In June 2006, an estimated 80 percent of email spam was sent by zombie PCs, an increase of 30 percent from the prior year. An estimated 55 billion email spam were sent each day in June 2006, an increase of 25 billion per day from June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-ironport_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ironport-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first quarter of 2010, an estimated 305,000 newly activated zombie PCs were brought online each day for malicious activity. This number is slightly lower than the 312,000 of the fourth quarter of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-commtouch_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commtouch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil produced the most zombies in the first quarter of 2010. Brazil was the source of 20 percent of all zombies, which is down from 14 percent from the fourth quarter of 2009. India had 10 percent, with Vietnam at 8 percent, and the Russian Federation at 7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-commtouch_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commtouch-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>To combat the problems posed by botnets, open relays, and proxy servers, many email server administrators pre-emptively block dynamic IP ranges and impose stringent requirements on other servers wishing to deliver mail. <a href="/wiki/Forward-confirmed_reverse_DNS" title="Forward-confirmed reverse DNS">Forward-confirmed reverse DNS</a> must be correctly set for the outgoing mail server and large swaths of IP addresses are blocked, sometimes pre-emptively, to prevent spam. These measures can pose problems for those wanting to run a small email server off an inexpensive domestic connection. Blacklisting of IP ranges due to spam emanating from them also causes problems for legitimate email servers in the same IP range. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics_and_estimates">Statistics and estimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Statistics and estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total volume of email spam has been consistently growing, but in 2011 the trend seemed to reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of spam that users see in their mailboxes is only a portion of total spam sent, since spammers' lists often contain a large percentage of invalid addresses and many spam filters simply delete or reject "obvious spam". </p><p>The first known spam email, advertising a DEC product presentation, was sent in 1978 by Gary Thuerk to 600 addresses, the total number of users on <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> was 2600 at the time though software limitations meant only slightly more than half of the intended recipients actually received it.<sup id="cite_ref-templetonsreact_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-templetonsreact-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2010, the number of spam messages sent per day was estimated to be around 200 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-TG_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 97% of all emails sent over the Internet in 2008 were unwanted, according to a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> security report.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MAAWG estimates that 85% of incoming mail is "abusive email", as of the second half of 2007. The sample size for the MAAWG's study was over 100 million mailboxes.<sup id="cite_ref-maawgpdf7_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maawgpdf7-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maawgpdf1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maawgpdf1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maawgpdf2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maawgpdf2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 with growing affiliation networks & email frauds worldwide about 90% of global email traffic is spam as per IPwarmup.com study, which also effects legitimate email senders to achieve inbox delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-IPWarmup.com_-_Study_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPWarmup.com_-_Study-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 survey of US and European email users showed that 46% of the respondents had opened spam messages, although only 11% had clicked on a link.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, 160 billion spam messages were sent every day. The US sends the most spam messages (8 billion per day), followed by China (7.6 billion per day). The main topic is delivery service messages (in the US in the first half of 2023 more than 1.1 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest_amount_of_spam_received">Highest amount of spam received</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Highest amount of spam received"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> in 2004, Microsoft founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> receives four million emails per year, most of them spam.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was originally incorrectly reported as "per day".<sup id="cite_ref-acme1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acme1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time <a href="/wiki/Jef_Poskanzer" title="Jef Poskanzer">Jef Poskanzer</a>, owner of the domain name acme.com, was receiving over one million spam emails per day.<sup id="cite_ref-acme2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acme2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_spam">Cost of spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cost of spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2004 survey estimated that lost productivity costs Internet users in the United States $21.58 billion annually, while another reported the cost at $17 billion, up from $11 billion in 2003. In 2004, the worldwide productivity cost of spam has been estimated to be $50 billion in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, 56.2 million people lost a total of $25.4 billion, with victims losing an average of $452. The amount lost and the number of victims has increased significantly over the past decade, with 18 million people losing a total of $8.6 billion in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_spam">Origin of spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Origin of spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1274038083">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0;border-spacing:0px}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tbody{display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{display:block;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart tr:not(:first-child):hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff)}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{border:dashed 1pt grey}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>E-mail spam relayed by country in Q2 2007 (% of total)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">United States </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">19.6</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">EU (Top 5) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">17.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">China (+ Hong Kong) </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">8.4</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">South Korea </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">6.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Poland </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Germany </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4.2</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Brazil </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">4.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">France </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3.3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Russia </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3.1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Turkey </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2.9</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">United Kingdom </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Italy </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2.8</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">India </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2.5</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Because of the international nature of spam, the spammer, the hijacked spam-sending computer, the spamvertised server, and the user target of the spam are all often located in different countries. As much as 80% of spam received by Internet users in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> can be traced to fewer than 200 spammers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>In terms of volume of spam:</b> According to <a href="/wiki/Sophos" title="Sophos">Sophos</a>, the major sources of spam in the fourth quarter of 2008 (October to December) were:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos8_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos8-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos6_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos6-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos7_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos9_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos9-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sophos10_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sophos10-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The United States (the origin of 19.8% of spam messages, up from 18.9% in Q3)</li> <li>China (9.9%, up from 5.4%)</li> <li>Russia (6.4%, down from 8.3%)</li> <li>Brazil (6.3%, up from 4.5%)</li> <li>Turkey (4.4%, down from 8.2%)</li></ul> <p>When grouped by continents, spam comes mostly from: </p> <ul><li>Asia (37.8%, down from 39.8%)</li> <li>North America (23.6%, up from 21.8%)</li> <li>Europe (23.4%, down from 23.9%)</li> <li>South America (12.9%, down from 13.2%)</li></ul> <p><b>In terms of number of IP addresses:</b> the <a href="/wiki/Spamhaus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus Project</a> ranks the top three as the United States, China, and Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-spaumhaus1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaumhaus1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Japan, Canada, and South Korea. </p><p><b>In terms of networks:</b> As of 13 December 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the three networks hosting the most spammers are <a href="/wiki/China_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="China Telecommunications Corporation">ChinaNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Airtel">Airtel India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-spam_techniques">Anti-spam techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anti-spam techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam techniques</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spam.png/220px-Spam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spam.png/330px-Spam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spam.png/440px-Spam.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Mozilla Thunderbird alerting a user that an email could be spam</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Department of Energy <a href="/wiki/Computer_Incident_Advisory_Capability" title="Computer Incident Advisory Capability">Computer Incident Advisory Capability</a> (CIAC) has provided specific countermeasures against email spamming.<sup id="cite_ref-ciac_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciac-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some popular methods for filtering and refusing spam include <a href="/wiki/Email_filtering" title="Email filtering">email filtering</a> based on the content of the email, DNS-based blackhole lists (<a href="/wiki/DNSBL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSBL">DNSBL</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greylisting_(email)" title="Greylisting (email)">greylisting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spamtrap" title="Spamtrap">spamtraps</a>, enforcing technical requirements of email (<a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>), checksumming systems to detect bulk email, and by putting some sort of cost on the sender via a <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work system">proof-of-work system</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micropayment</a>. Each method has strengths and weaknesses and each is controversial because of its weaknesses. For example, one company's offer to "[remove] some spamtrap and honeypot addresses" from email lists defeats the ability for those methods to identify spammers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques#Outbound_spam_protection" title="Anti-spam techniques">Outbound spam protection</a> combines many of the techniques to scan messages exiting out of a service provider's network, identify spam, and taking action such as blocking the message or shutting off the source of the message. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a> to prevent "From:" address spoofing became popular in the 2010s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collateral_damage">Collateral damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Collateral damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Measures to protect against spam can cause collateral damage. This includes: </p> <ul><li>The measures may consume resources, both in the server and on the network.</li> <li>When legitimate messages are rejected, the sender needs to contact the recipient out of channel.</li> <li>When legitimate messages are relegated to a spam folder, the sender is not notified of this.</li> <li>If a recipient periodically checks their spam folder, that will cost them time and if there is a lot of spam it is easy to overlook the few legitimate messages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_spammers">Methods of spammers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Methods of spammers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Email_spam" title="Special:EditPage/Email spam">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gathering_of_addresses">Gathering of addresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gathering of addresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_address_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Email address harvesting">Email address harvesting</a></div> <p>In order to send spam, spammers need to obtain the email addresses of the intended recipients. To this end, both spammers themselves and <i>list merchants</i> gather huge lists of potential email addresses. Since spam is, by definition, unsolicited, this <i>address harvesting</i> is done without the consent (and sometimes against the expressed will) of the address owners. A single spam run may target tens of millions of possible addresses – many of which are invalid, malformed, or undeliverable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obfuscating_message_content">Obfuscating message content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Obfuscating message content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many spam-filtering techniques work by searching for patterns in the headers or bodies of messages. For instance, a user may decide that all email they receive with the word "<a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">Viagra</a>" in the subject line is spam, and instruct their mail program to automatically delete all such messages. To defeat such filters, the spammer may intentionally misspell commonly filtered words or insert other characters, often in a style similar to <a href="/wiki/Leetspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Leetspeak">leetspeak</a>, as in the following examples: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">V1agra</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Via'gra</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Vi@graa</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">vi*gra</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">\/iagra</span>. This also allows for many different ways to express a given word, making identifying them all more difficult for filter software. </p><p>The principle of this method is to leave the word readable to humans (who can easily recognize the intended word for such misspellings), but not likely to be recognized by a computer program. This is only somewhat effective, because modern filter patterns have been designed to recognize blacklisted terms in the various iterations of misspelling. Other filters target the actual obfuscation methods, such as the non-standard use of punctuation or numerals into unusual places. Similarly, HTML-based email gives the spammer more tools to obfuscate text. Inserting HTML comments between letters can foil some filters. Another common ploy involves presenting the text as an image, which is either sent along or loaded from a remote server. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeating_Bayesian_filters">Defeating Bayesian filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Defeating Bayesian filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_spam_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayesian spam filtering">Bayesian filtering</a> has become popular as a spam-filtering technique, spammers have started using methods to weaken it. To a rough approximation, Bayesian filters rely on word probabilities. If a message contains many words that are used only in spam, and few that are never used in spam, it is likely to be spam. To weaken Bayesian filters, some spammers, alongside the sales pitch, now include lines of irrelevant, random words, in a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Bayesian_poisoning" title="Bayesian poisoning">Bayesian poisoning</a>. More broadly machine learning can be used to identify and filter spam.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a game of escalation between spammers and anti-spam identification and filtering systems where spammers adjust to attempt to evade new identification and filtering techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spam-support_services">Spam-support services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Spam-support services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of other online activities and business practices are considered by anti-spam activists to be connected to spamming. These are sometimes termed <b>spam-support services</b>: business services, other than the actual sending of spam itself, which permit the spammer to continue operating. Spam-support services can include processing orders for goods advertised in spam, hosting Web sites or <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> records referenced in spam messages, or a number of specific services as follows: </p><p>Some Internet hosting firms advertise <b>bulk-friendly</b> or <b>bulletproof hosting</b>. This means that, unlike most ISPs, they will not terminate a customer for spamming. These hosting firms operate as clients of larger ISPs, and many have eventually been taken offline by these larger ISPs as a result of complaints regarding spam activity. Thus, while a firm may advertise bulletproof hosting, it is ultimately unable to deliver without the connivance of its upstream ISP. However, some spammers have managed to get what is called a <a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">pink contract</a> (see below) – a contract with the ISP that allows them to spam without being disconnected. </p><p>A few companies produce <b><a href="/wiki/Spamware" title="Spamware">spamware</a></b>, or software designed for spammers. Spamware varies widely, but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously, and to make use of open relays. The sale of spamware is illegal in eight U.S. states.<sup id="cite_ref-spamsights1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spamsights1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spaumhaus3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaumhaus3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bitpipe_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bitpipe-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So-called <b>millions CDs</b> are commonly advertised in spam. These are <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> purportedly containing lists of email addresses, for use in sending spam to these addresses. Such lists are also sold directly online, frequently with the false claim that the owners of the listed addresses have requested (or "opted in") to be included. Such lists often contain invalid addresses. In recent years, these have fallen almost entirely out of use due to the low quality email addresses available on them, and because some email lists exceed 20GB in size. The <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM#Capacity" title="CD-ROM">amount you can fit on a CD</a> is no longer substantial. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/DNSBL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSBL">DNS blacklists</a> (DNSBLs), including the MAPS RBL, Spamhaus SBL, SORBS and SPEWS, target the providers of spam-support services as well as spammers. DNSBLs blacklist IPs or ranges of IPs to persuade ISPs to terminate services with known customers who are spammers or resell to spammers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_vocabulary">Related vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Related vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Unsolicited bulk email (UBE)</dt> <dd>A synonym for email spam.</dd> <dt>Unsolicited commercial email (UCE)</dt> <dd>Spam promoting a commercial service or product. This is the most common type of spam, but it excludes spams that are hoaxes (e.g. virus warnings), political advocacy, religious messages, and <a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">chain letters</a> sent by a person to many other people. The term UCE may be most common in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-caube_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caube-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Pink contract</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">pink contract</a> is a service contract offered by an ISP which offers bulk email service to spamming clients, in violation of that ISP's publicly posted acceptable use policy.</dd> <dt>Spamvertising</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spamvertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Spamvertising">Spamvertising</a> is advertising through the medium of spam.</dd> <dt>Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opt_in_email" class="mw-redirect" title="Opt in email">Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out</a> refers to whether the people on a mailing list are given the option to be put in, or taken out, of the list. Confirmation (and "double", in marketing speak) refers to an email address transmitted e.g. through a web form being confirmed to actually request joining a mailing list, instead of being added to the list without verification.</dd> <dt>Final, Ultimate Solution for the Spam Problem (FUSSP)</dt> <dd>An <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">ironic</a> reference to naïve developers who believe they have invented the perfect spam filter, which will stop all spam from reaching users' inboxes while deleting no legitimate email accidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_email_spam" title="History of email spam">History of email spam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulder_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder Pledge">Boulder Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAUCE" title="CAUCE">CAUCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act of 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_email" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain email">Chain email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Marketing_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Marketing Associations">Direct Marketing Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_address_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Email address harvesting">Email address harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_v._Virtumundo,_Inc." title="Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.">Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy99" title="Happy99">Happy99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_poisoning" title="List poisoning">List poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_money_fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Make money fast">Make money fast</a>, the infamous Dave Rhodes chain letter that jumped to email.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiquette">Netiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News.admin.net-abuse.email" title="News.admin.net-abuse.email">news.admin.net-abuse.email</a> newsgroup</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud">Nigerian spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Honey_Pot" title="Project Honey Pot">Project Honey Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_and_dump#Scam" title="Pump and dump">Pump-and-dump stock fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_email" title="Shotgun email">Shotgun email</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SPAMasterpiece_Theater" title="SPAMasterpiece Theater">SPAMasterpiece Theater</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamusement!" title="Spamusement!">Spamusement!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">Spambot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamtrap" title="Spamtrap">Spamtrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamware" title="Spamware">Spamware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_trap" title="Spider trap">Spider trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">SPIT (SPam over Internet Telephony)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DfnSpam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DfnSpam_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spam">"spam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=spam&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fspam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAAWG.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAAWG.org_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maawg.org/email_metrics_report">"M<sup>3</sup>AAWG Email Metrics Program: The Network Operators' Perspective; Report #16 – 1st Quarter 2012 through 2nd Quarter 2014"</a>. Messaging, Malware and Mobile Anti-Abuse Working Group (M<sup>3</sup>AAWG). November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403181626/https://www.m3aawg.org/email_and_bot_metrics_report">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%3Csup%3E3%3C%2Fsup%3EAAWG+Email+Metrics+Program%3A+The+Network+Operators%27+Perspective%3B+Report+%2316+%E2%80%93+1st+Quarter+2012+through+2nd+Quarter+2014&rft.pub=Messaging%2C+Malware+and+Mobile+Anti-Abuse+Working+Group+%28M%3Csup%3E3%3C%2Fsup%3EAAWG%29&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maawg.org%2Femail_metrics_report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JNCA-2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JNCA-2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuLinLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fu, JuiHsi; Lin, PoChing; Lee, SingLing (2014-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804514000630">"Detecting spamming activities in a campus network using incremental learning"</a>. <i>Journal of Network and Computer Applications</i>. <b>43</b>: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnca.2014.03.010">10.1016/j.jnca.2014.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-8045">1084-8045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430111059/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804514000630">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2025</span>. <q>Spam is effectively <a href="/wiki/Postage_due" title="Postage due">postage due</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> because the recipient bears the majority of the cost.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Research+Journal+of+Modernization+in+Engineering+Technology+and+Science+%28IRJETS%29&rft.atitle=Spam+email+classifier&rft.volume=05&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2365-%3C%2Fspan%3E2369&rft.date=2023-10&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shraddha&rft.au=Amritphale%2C+Meenal+D.&rft.au=Vijayvargiya%2C+Krish&rft.au=Akhand%2C+Harshwardhan&rft.au=Kataria%2C+Jinisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irjmets.com%2Fuploadedfiles%2Fpaper%2F%2Fissue_10_october_2023%2F45571%2Ffinal%2Ffin_irjmets1698428185.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconSpam2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconSpam2012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaoReiley2012" class="citation cs2">Rao, Justin M.; Reiley, David H. 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Clueless Mailers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cluelessmailers.org/articles/2008-01-19-gettingitwrong.html">the original</a> on April 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+it+Wrong%3A+Corporate+America+Spams+the+Afterlife&rft.pub=Clueless+Mailers&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft.au=Bob+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cluelessmailers.org%2Farticles%2F2008-01-19-gettingitwrong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Image_Based_spam_name-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Image_Based_spam_name_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgio Fumera, Ignazio Pillai, Fabio Roli,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFumera2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fumera, Giorgio (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/v7/fumera06a.html">"Spam filtering based on the analysis of text information embedded into images"</a>. <i>Journal of Machine Learning Research</i>. <b>7</b> (98): <span class="nowrap">2699–</span>2720. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103301/http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/papers/v7/fumera06a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Machine+Learning+Research&rft.atitle=Spam+filtering+based+on+the+analysis+of+text+information+embedded+into+images&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=98&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2699-%3C%2Fspan%3E2720&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fumera&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjmlr.csail.mit.edu%2Fpapers%2Fv7%2Ffumera06a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span> Journal of Machine Learning Research (special issue on Machine Learning in Computer Security), vol. 7, pp. 2699-2720, 12/2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Image_Based_spam_name_2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Image_Based_spam_name_2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Battista Biggio, Giorgio Fumera, Ignazio Pillai, Fabio Roli,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiggioFumeraPillaiRoli2011" class="citation journal cs1">Biggio, Battista; Fumera, Giorgio; Pillai, Ignazio; Roli, Fabio (2011). "A survey and experimental evaluation of image spam filtering techniques". <i>Pattern Recognition Letters</i>. <b>32</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1436–</span>1446. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PaReL..32.1436B">2011PaReL..32.1436B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.patrec.2011.03.022">10.1016/j.patrec.2011.03.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pattern+Recognition+Letters&rft.atitle=A+survey+and+experimental+evaluation+of+image+spam+filtering+techniques&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1436-%3C%2Fspan%3E1446&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.patrec.2011.03.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PaReL..32.1436B&rft.aulast=Biggio&rft.aufirst=Battista&rft.au=Fumera%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Pillai%2C+Ignazio&rft.au=Roli%2C+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span> Volume 32, Issue 10, 15 July 2011, Pages 1436-1446, ISSN 0167-8655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techtarget-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techtarget_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEric_B._Parizo2006" class="citation news cs1">Eric B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Image+spam+paints+a+troubling+picture&rft.date=2006-07-26&rft.au=Eric+B.+Parizo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchsecurity.techtarget.com%2ForiginalContent%2F0%2C289142%2Csid14_gci1204126%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/dealing-with-blank-spam/">"Dealing with blank spam"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. September 2, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230039/http://www.cnet.com/news/dealing-with-blank-spam/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Dealing+with+blank+spam&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fdealing-with-blank-spam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120184413/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2001-020713-3220-99">"Symantec"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Broadcom#Symantec_enterprise_security" title="Broadcom">Symantec</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2001-020713-3220-99">the original</a> on 2012-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symantec&rft.pub=Symantec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.symantec.com%2Fsecurity_response%2Fwriteup.jsp%3Fdocid%3D2001-020713-3220-99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/CompuServe_Inc._v._Cyber_Promotions,_Inc." title="CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.">CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts_v._Kuprewicz" title="School of Visual Arts v. Kuprewicz">School of Visual Arts v. Kuprewicz</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_7a7b6e00-fba9-5039-bfcb-974b92647deb.html"><i>Clinton Internet provider wins $11B suit against spammer</i></a>, QC Times, 4 January 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044637/https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_7a7b6e00-fba9-5039-bfcb-974b92647deb.html">archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinton+Internet+provider+wins+%2411B+suit+against+spammer&rft.pub=QC+Times&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqctimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle_7a7b6e00-fba9-5039-bfcb-974b92647deb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOL_gives_up_treasure_hunt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AOL_gives_up_treasure_hunt_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonherald.com/business/general/view.bg?articleid=1013094&srvc=biz"><i>AOL gives up treasure hunt</i></a>, Boston Herald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806143424/http://www.bostonherald.com/business/general/view.bg?articleid=1013094&srvc=biz">archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AOL+gives+up+treasure+hunt&rft.pub=Boston+Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonherald.com%2Fbusiness%2Fgeneral%2Fview.bg%3Farticleid%3D1013094%26srvc%3Dbiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Wallace" title="Sanford Wallace">Sanford Wallace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2016/02/26/bronx-man-leader-bank-fraud-scam-convicted/81002016/">"Bronx man, 'leader' of bank-fraud scam, convicted"</a>. <i>Iohud</i>. 26 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308101301/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/crime/2016/02/26/bronx-man-leader-bank-fraud-scam-convicted/81002016/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iohud&rft.atitle=Bronx+man%2C+%27leader%27+of+bank-fraud+scam%2C+convicted&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lohud.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fbronx-man-leader-bank-fraud-scam-convicted%2F81002016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/06/23/Spam-King-pleads-guilty-in-Detroit/UPI-18071245770825/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Spam King' pleads guilty in Detroit"</a>. UPI. 2009-06-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626111014/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/06/23/Spam-King-pleads-guilty-in-Detroit/UPI-18071245770825">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Spam+King%27+pleads+guilty+in+Detroit&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2F2009%2F06%2F23%2FSpam-King-pleads-guilty-in-Detroit%2FUPI-18071245770825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/148780/top_spammer_sentenced_to_nearly_four_years.html">"Top Spammer Sentenced to Nearly Four Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="PC World (magazine)">PC World</a></i>. 2008-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Top+Spammer+Sentenced+to+Nearly+Four+Years&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F148780%2Ftop_spammer_sentenced_to_nearly_four_years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32002L0058"><i>Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications)</i></a>, vol. 201, 2002-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directive+2002%2F58%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+12+July+2002+concerning+the+processing+of+personal+data+and+the+protection+of+privacy+in+the+electronic+communications+sector+%28Directive+on+privacy+and+electronic+communications%29&rft.date=2002-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FTXT%2F%3Furi%3Dcelex%3A32002L0058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_and_Electronic_Communications_(EC_Directive)_Regulations_2003" title="Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003">Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ico.org.uk/enforcement"><i>Enforcement</i></a>, ICO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116204857/http://ico.org.uk/enforcement">archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enforcement&rft.pub=ICO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fico.org.uk%2Fenforcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=4547728&&File=50"><i>Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act</i></a>, CA: GC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Internet+and+Wireless+Spam+Act&rft.place=CA&rft.pub=GC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FHousePublications%2FPublication.aspx%3FDocid%3D4547728%26%26File%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/20101215_canada_anti_spam_bill_c_28_is_the_law_of_the_land"><i>Canada's Anti-spam Bill C-28 is the Law of the Land</i></a>, Circle ID, 2010-12-15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003851/http://www.circleid.com/posts/20101215_canada_anti_spam_bill_c_28_is_the_law_of_the_land">archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Anti-spam+Bill+C-28+is+the+Law+of+the+Land&rft.pub=Circle+ID&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2F20101215_canada_anti_spam_bill_c_28_is_the_law_of_the_land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sa200366/sch2.html">"Commonwealth Consolidated Acts: Spam Act 2003 – Schedule 2"</a>. Sydney, AU: AustLII, Faculty of Law, University of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518153309/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sa200366/sch2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Consolidated+Acts%3A+Spam+Act+2003+%E2%80%93+Schedule+2&rft.place=Sydney%2C+AU&rft.pub=AustLII%2C+Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fconsol_act%2Fsa200366%2Fsch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But see, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9837985979753739551&q=hypertouch+v+valueclick&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5&as_vis=1">Hypertouch v. ValueClick, Inc. et al., Cal.App.4th</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415075651/http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9837985979753739551&q=hypertouch+v+valueclick&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5&as_vis=1">Archived</a> 2017-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Google Scholar: January 18, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"SEC. 8. EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/2007/11/canspam.pdf"><i>PUBLIC LAW 108-187--DEC. 16, 2003 117 STAT. 2699</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, FTC, <q>(2) STATE LAW NOT SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC ~ZL.--This Act shall not be construed to preempt the applicability of(A) State laws that are not specific to electronic mail, including State trespass, contract, or tot~ law; or (B) other State laws to the extent that those laws relate to acts of fraud or computer crime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SEC.+8.+EFFECT+ON+OTHER+LAWS&rft.btitle=PUBLIC+LAW+108-187--DEC.+16%2C+2003+117+STAT.+2699&rft.pub=FTC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcases%2F2007%2F11%2Fcanspam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._SchwartzJoseph_F._Marinelli2004" class="citation cs2">Daniel J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblog.infoworld.com/gripeline/2003/11/24.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gripe+Line+Weblog&rft.atitle=The+%27Yes%2C+You+Can+Spam%27+Act+of+2003&rft.date=2003-11-24&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblog.infoworld.com%2Fgripeline%2F2003%2F11%2F24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/news.lasso?article=150">"United States set to Legalize Spamming on January 1, 2004"</a>. Spamhaus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112121235/http://www.spamhaus.org/news.lasso?article=150">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ACME Laboratories republication of article appearing in Detroit Free Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100917102049/http://acme.com/mail_filtering/article_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sophos. 2006-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+reveals+%27dirty+dozen%27+spam+relaying+countries&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2006%2F07%2Fdirtydozjul06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos3-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos3_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2007/04/dirtydozapr07.html">"Sophos research reveals dirty dozen spam-relaying nations"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2007-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+research+reveals+dirty+dozen+spam-relaying+nations&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007%2F04%2Fdirtydozapr07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos4-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos4_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2007/07/dirtydozjul07.html">"Sophos reveals 'Dirty Dozen' spam producing countries, July 2007"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2007-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+reveals+%27Dirty+Dozen%27+spam+producing+countries%2C+July+2007&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007%2F07%2Fdirtydozjul07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos5_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2007/10/dirtydozoct07.html">"Sophos reveals 'Dirty Dozen' spam producing countries for Q3 2007"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2007-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+reveals+%27Dirty+Dozen%27+spam+producing+countries+for+Q3+2007&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2007-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2Fdirtydozoct07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos6-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos6_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2008/02/dirtydozfeb08.html">"Sophos details dirty dozen spam-relaying countries for Q4 2007"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2008-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+details+dirty+dozen+spam-relaying+countries+for+Q4+2007&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2008%2F02%2Fdirtydozfeb08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos7-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos7_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2008/04/dirtydozapr08.html">"Sophos details dirty dozen spam-relaying countries for Q1 2008"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2008-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sophos+details+dirty+dozen+spam-relaying+countries+for+Q1+2008&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2Fdirtydozapr08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos9-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos9_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2008/10/spamreport.html">"Eight times more malicious email attachments spammed out in Q3 2008"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2008-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+times+more+malicious+email+attachments+spammed+out+in+Q3+2008&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2008%2F10%2Fspamreport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sophos10-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sophos10_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophos.com/pressoffice/news/articles/2009/01/dirty-dozen.html">"Spammers defy Bill Gates's death-of-spam prophecy"</a> (Press release). Sophos. 2009-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spammers+defy+Bill+Gates%27s+death-of-spam+prophecy&rft.pub=Sophos&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophos.com%2Fpressoffice%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2009%2F01%2Fdirty-dozen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaumhaus1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spaumhaus1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/statistics/countries.lasso">"Spamhaus Statistics: The Top 10"</a>. <i>Spamhaus Blocklist (SBL) database</i> (dynamic report). The Spamhaus Project Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110202452/http://www.spamhaus.org/statistics/countries.lasso">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spamhaus+Blocklist+%28SBL%29+database&rft.atitle=Spamhaus+Statistics%3A+The+Top+10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamhaus.org%2Fstatistics%2Fcountries.lasso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022120417/https://www.spamhaus.org/statistics/botnet-isp/">"The Spamhaus Project - the Top 10 Worst Botnet Countries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spamhaus.org/statistics/botnet-isp">the original</a> on 2021-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spamhaus+Project+-+the+Top+10+Worst+Botnet+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamhaus.org%2Fstatistics%2Fbotnet-isp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciac-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ciac_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawn_HernanJames_R._CutlerDavid_Harris1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Shawn Hernan; James R. Cutler; David Harris (1997-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104065059/http://www.ciac.org/ciac/bulletins/i-005c.shtml">"I-005c: E-Mail Spamming countermeasures: Detection and prevention of E-Mail spamming"</a>. <i>Computer Incident Advisory Capability Information Bulletins</i>. United States Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2007-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Incident+Advisory+Capability+Information+Bulletins&rft.atitle=I-005c%3A+E-Mail+Spamming+countermeasures%3A+Detection+and+prevention+of+E-Mail+spamming&rft.date=1997-11-25&rft.au=Shawn+Hernan&rft.au=James+R.+Cutler&rft.au=David+Harris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciac.org%2Fciac%2Fbulletins%2Fi-005c.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDada2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dada, Emmanuel Gbenga (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844018353404">"Machine learning for email spam filtering: review, approaches and open research problems"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i>. <b>5</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Machine+learning+for+email+spam+filtering%3A+review%2C+approaches+and+open+research+problems&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dada&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Gbenga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2405844018353404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlanzieri2008" class="citation journal cs1">Blanzieri, Enrico (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/1070/1/056.pdf">"A Survey of Learning-Based Techniques of Email Spam Filtering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Trento Technical Reports</i> (Technical Report # DIT-06-056).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Trento+Technical+Reports&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Learning-Based+Techniques+of+Email+Spam+Filtering&rft.issue=Technical+Report+%23+DIT-06-056&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Blanzieri&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.biblio.unitn.it%2F1070%2F1%2F056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spamsights1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spamsights1_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSapient_Fridge2005" class="citation web cs1">Sapient Fridge (2005-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamsights.org/">"Spamware vendor list"</a>. Spam Sights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811004652/http://www.spamsights.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spamware+vendor+list&rft.pub=Spam+Sights&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.au=Sapient+Fridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamsights.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaumhaus3-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spaumhaus3_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl/policy.html">"SBL Policy & Listing Criteria"</a>. The Spamhaus Project. 2006-12-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105194103/http://www.spamhaus.org/SBL/policy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SBL+Policy+%26+Listing+Criteria&rft.pub=The+Spamhaus+Project&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamhaus.org%2Fsbl%2Fpolicy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span> <i>original location was at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl/sbl-rationale.html"></a></cite></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl/sbl-rationale.html">SBL rationale<i></i></a><i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010234532/http://www.spamhaus.org/sbl/sbl-rationale.html">archived</a> from the original on 2004-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-10-12</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SBL+rationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamhaus.org%2Fsbl%2Fsbl-rationale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>; the referenced page is an auto-redirect target from the original location</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitpipe-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bitpipe_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123082102/http://www.bitpipe.com/detail/RES/1097086148_134.html">"Spamware – Email Address Harvesting Tools and Anonymous Bulk Emailing Software"</a>. MX Logic (abstract hosted by Bit Pipe). 2004-10-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitpipe.com/detail/RES/1097086148_134.html">the original</a> on 2007-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spamware+%E2%80%93+Email+Address+Harvesting+Tools+and+Anonymous+Bulk+Emailing+Software&rft.pub=MX+Logic+%28abstract+hosted+by+Bit+Pipe%29&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitpipe.com%2Fdetail%2FRES%2F1097086148_134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span> <i>the link here is to an abstract of a white paper; registration with the authoring organization is required to obtain the full white paper</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caube-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caube_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106050512/http://www.caube.org.au/whatis.htm">"Definitions of Words We Use"</a>. Coalition Against Unsolicited Bulk Email, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caube.org.au/whatis.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+Words+We+Use&rft.pub=Coalition+Against+Unsolicited+Bulk+Email%2C+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caube.org.au%2Fwhatis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhyolite.com/anti-spam/you-might-be.html">"Vernon Schryver: You Might Be An Anti-Spam Kook If"</a>. Rhyolite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014121719/http://www.rhyolite.com/anti-spam/you-might-be.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vernon+Schryver%3A+You+Might+Be+An+Anti-Spam+Kook+If&rft.pub=Rhyolite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhyolite.com%2Fanti-spam%2Fyou-might-be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richi.co.uk/blog/2006/04/tips-for-your-new-anti-spam-idea.html">"Richi'Blog"</a>. <i>richi.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515192747/http://richi.co.uk/blog/2006/04/tips-for-your-new-anti-spam-idea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=richi.co.uk&rft.atitle=Richi%27Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichi.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2006%2F04%2Ftips-for-your-new-anti-spam-idea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhaleraoIngle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bhalerao, Diksha M.; Ingle, Dayanand R. (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijritcc.org/index.php/ijritcc/article/download/1566/1566/1541">"Novel Survey on Email Spam Filtering Methods"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>International Journal of Research in Innovative Technology and Computer Communication (IJRITCC)</i>. <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>306<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Research+in+Innovative+Technology+and+Computer+Communication+%28IJRITCC%29&rft.atitle=Novel+Survey+on+Email+Spam+Filtering+Methods&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2018-04&rft.aulast=Bhalerao&rft.aufirst=Diksha+M.&rft.au=Ingle%2C+Dayanand+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijritcc.org%2Findex.php%2Fijritcc%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1566%2F1566%2F1541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowSerenkoTurelWong2006" class="citation cs2">Dow, K; Serenko, A; Turel, O; Wong, J (2006), "Antecedents and consequences of user satisfaction with email systems", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aserenko.com/papers/JeC_Dow.pdf"><i>International Journal of e-Collaboration</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. 2, pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>64</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antecedents+and+consequences+of+user+satisfaction+with+email+systems&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+e-Collaboration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Serenko%2C+A&rft.au=Turel%2C+O&rft.au=Wong%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aserenko.com%2Fpapers%2FJeC_Dow.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuranikPagarePatidar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Puranik, Atharva; Pagare, Atharva; Patidar, Bhumika (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijrpr.com/uploads/V4ISSUE4/IJRPR11791.pdf">"Spam Email/SMS Classifier (S.E.C)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>International Journal of Research and Publication in Engineering and Technology (IJRPR)</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">2984–</span>2986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Research+and+Publication+in+Engineering+and+Technology+%28IJRPR%29&rft.atitle=Spam+Email%2FSMS+Classifier+%28S.E.C%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2984-%3C%2Fspan%3E2986&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Puranik&rft.aufirst=Atharva&rft.au=Pagare%2C+Atharva&rft.au=Patidar%2C+Bhumika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijrpr.com%2Fuploads%2FV4ISSUE4%2FIJRPR11791.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSjouwermanPosluns2004" class="citation book cs1">Sjouwerman, Stu; Posluns, Jeffrey (November 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gsUeCcA7qMC"><i>Inside the spam cartel: trade secrets from the dark side</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>/Syngress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932266-86-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932266-86-3"><bdi>978-1-932266-86-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+spam+cartel%3A+trade+secrets+from+the+dark+side&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSyngress&rft.date=2004-11-27&rft.isbn=978-1-932266-86-3&rft.aulast=Sjouwerman&rft.aufirst=Stu&rft.au=Posluns%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1gsUeCcA7qMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Spam info</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=13851721">"Can the Spam: How Spam is Bad for the Environment"</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, June 15, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Can+the+Spam%3A+How+Spam+is+Bad+for+the+Environment&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D13851721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <p><b>Spam reports</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barracudacentral.com/index.cgi?p=spam"><i>Worldwide Email Threat Activity</i></a>, Barracuda Central</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Email+Threat+Activity&rft.pub=Barracuda+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barracudacentral.com%2Findex.cgi%3Fp%3Dspam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <p><b>Government reports and industry white papers</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128052940/http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2005/11/spamharvest.pdf"><i>Email Address Harvesting and the Effectiveness of Anti-SPAM Filters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, United States: FTC, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2005/11/spamharvest.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 Oct</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Email+Address+Harvesting+and+the+Effectiveness+of+Anti-SPAM+Filters&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=FTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fopa%2F2005%2F11%2Fspamharvest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706171420/http://www.eff.org/spam/">The Electronic Frontier Foundation's spam page</a> which contains legislation, analysis, and litigation histories</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004024511/http://www.spamhelp.org/articles/030319spamreport.pdf"><i>Why Am I Getting All This Spam? Unsolicited Commercial Email Research Six Month Report</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> by Center for Democracy & Technology from the author of <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Mail" title="Pegasus Mail">Pegasus Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Mail_Transport_System" title="Mercury Mail Transport System">Mercury Mail Transport System</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(software_developer)" title="David Harris (software developer)">David Harris</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128052944/http://www.pegasusmail.tk/upload/SPAM_white_paper.pdf"><i>Spam White Paper – Drowning in Sewage</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Pegasus Mail, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasusmail.tk/upload/SPAM_white_paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spam+White+Paper+%E2%80%93+Drowning+in+Sewage&rft.pub=Pegasus+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegasusmail.tk%2Fupload%2FSPAM_white_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmail+spam" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsolicited_digital_communication148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spamming" title="Template:Spamming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spamming" title="Template talk:Spamming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsolicited_digital_communication148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Unsolicited digital communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Email spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_email_software" title="Bulk email software">Bulk email software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack" title="Directory harvest attack">Directory harvest attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_blocklist" title="Domain Name System blocklist">DNSBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSWL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSWL">DNSWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_job" title="Joe job">Joe job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">Pink contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email-address_harvesting" title="Email-address harvesting">Spambot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_dialer" title="Auto dialer">Auto dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robocall" title="Robocall">Robocall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">Spambot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_(users)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spam techniques (users)">Client-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response_spam_filtering" title="Challenge–response spam filtering">Challenge–response spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_filtering" title="Context filtering">Context filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Checksum_Clearinghouse" title="Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse">Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_authentication" title="Email authentication">Email authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greylisting_(email)" title="Greylisting (email)">Greylisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_poisoning" title="List poisoning">List poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naive_Bayes_spam_filtering" title="Naive Bayes spam filtering">Naive Bayes spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_and_Open_Relay_Blocking_System" title="Spam and Open Relay Blocking System">SORBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">Spamdexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Blog spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking" title="Cloaking">Cloaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorway_page" title="Doorway page">Doorway page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_spam" title="Forum spam">Forum spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyword_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword stuffing">Keyword stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_farm" title="Link farm">Link farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referrer_spam" title="Referrer spam">Referrer spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_site" title="Scraper site">Scraper site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">Social spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sping" title="Sping">Sping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">Advance-fee scam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&oldid=1279354148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Email_spam&oldid=1279354148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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