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<span>Fuels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fuels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fuels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> 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The specific problem is: <b>Some info in <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a> should be here (or deleted) not there. 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message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_9227_Eraring_Power_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eraring_Power_Station" title="Eraring Power Station">Eraring coal fired power station</a>, Australia's largest power station.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg/220px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg/330px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg/440px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption by source, Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energy in Australia</b> is the production in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity</a>, for consumption or export. <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">politics of Australia</a> as it relates to energy. </p><p>In 2021, Australia was a net exporter of energy commodities, with notable exports in <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG), <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy in Australia is sourced largely from coal and natural gas,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, recently, due to the increasing <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a> and human-induced <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on the global environment, there has been a shift towards <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> both in Australia and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, renewable energy accounted for 35.9% of the total amount of electricity generated in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png/220px-Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png/330px-Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png/440px-Australian_Energy_Flows_2019-20_0.png 2x" data-file-width="4959" data-file-height="3506" /></a><figcaption>Infographic showing Australian energy production, consumption, imports, and exports by fuel type and industry</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Australian <a href="/wiki/Total_primary_energy_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Total primary energy supply">total primary energy supply</a> (TPES) by fuel type (in PJ)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Oil </th> <th>Coal </th> <th>Natural Gas </th> <th>Renewables </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2009-10 </td> <td>2,058 (34.6%) </td> <td>2,229 (37.5%) </td> <td>1,372 (23.1%) </td> <td>286 (4.8%) </td> <td>5,945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010-11 </td> <td>2,195 (36.0%) </td> <td>2,129 (34.9%) </td> <td>1,516 (24.8%) </td> <td>260 (4.3%) </td> <td>6,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2011-12 </td> <td>2,411 (38.9%)</td> <td>2,118 (34.2%) </td> <td>1,399 (22.6%) </td> <td>265 (4.3%) </td> <td>6,194 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2012-13 </td> <td>2,221 (37.7%)</td> <td>1,946 (33.1%) </td> <td>1,386 (23.6%) </td> <td>330 (5.6%) </td> <td>5,884 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2013-14 </td> <td>2,237.8 (38.4%)</td> <td>1,845.6 (31.7%) </td> <td>1,401.9 (24.0%) </td> <td>345.7 (5.9%) </td> <td>5,831.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2014-15 </td> <td>2,237.4 (37.8%)</td> <td>1,907.8 (32.2%) </td> <td>1,431.0 (24.2%) </td> <td>343.3 (5.8%) </td> <td>5,919.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2015-16 </td> <td>2,243.3 (37.0%)</td> <td>1,956.1 (32.2%) </td> <td>1,504.9 (24.8%) </td> <td>361.6 (6.0%) </td> <td>6,065.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2016-17 </td> <td>2,315.4 (37.7%)</td> <td>1,936.9 (31.5%) </td> <td>1,515.0 (24.7%) </td> <td>378.7 (6.2%) </td> <td>6,145.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">2017-18 </td> <td>2,387.8 (38.7%)</td> <td>1,847.2 (29.9%) </td> <td>1,554.6 (25.2%) </td> <td>382.1 (6.2%) </td> <td>6,171.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018-19 </td> <td>2,402.1 (38.8%) </td> <td>1,801.6 (29.1%) </td> <td>1,592.7 (25.7%) </td> <td>399.6 (6.4%) </td> <td>6,196.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-20 </td> <td>2,241.2 (37.3%) </td> <td>1,706.6 (28.4%) </td> <td>1,647.2 (27.4%) </td> <td>418.8 (7.0%) </td> <td>6,013.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-21 </td> <td>2,097.9 (36.2%) </td> <td>1,661.0 (28.7%) </td> <td>1,568.2 (27.1%) </td> <td>462.4 (8.0%) </td> <td>5,789.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021-22 </td> <td>2,103.4 (36.5%) </td> <td>1,586.8 (27.5%) </td> <td>1,559.3 (27.1%) </td> <td>512.5 (8.9%) </td> <td>5,762.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2009, Australia had the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions_per_capita" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita">per capita CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a> in the world. At that time, Maplecroft's CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> Energy Emissions Index (CEEI) showed that Australia releases 20.58 tons of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per person per year, more than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, emissions have since been reduced. From 1990 to 2017, emissions per capita fell by one-third, with most of that drop occurring in the more recent years. Additionally, the emissions intensity of the economy fell by 58.4 percent during the same time period. These are the lowest values in 27 years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy sector in Australia increased its carbon dioxide emissions by 8.2% from 2004 to 2010 on average. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuels">Fuels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Coal in Australia</a></div> <p>In 2003, coal-fired plants produced 58.4% of the total capacity, followed by hydropower (19.1%, of which 17% is <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped storage</a>), natural gas (13.5%), liquid/gas fossil fuel-switching plants (5.4%), oil products (2.9%), wind power (0.4%), biomass (0.2%) and solar (0.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total generating capacity from all sources in 2008-9 was approximately 51 gigawatts (68,000,000 hp) with average capacity utilisation of 52%. Coal-fired plants constituted a majority of generating capacity which in 2008-9 was 29.4 gigawatts (39,400,000 hp). In 2008–9, a total of 143.2 terawatt-hours (516 PJ) of electricity was produced from black coal and 56.9 terawatt-hours (205 PJ) from brown coal. Depending on the cost of coal at the power station, the long-run marginal cost of coal-based electricity at power stations in eastern Australia is between 7 and 8 cents per kWh, which is around $79 per MWh. In 2009, Australia was the fourth-highest coal producer in the world, producing 335 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">megatonnes</a> (Mt) of <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> (black coal) and 64 Mt of <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> (brown coal).<sup id="cite_ref-coal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia was the biggest anthracite exporter, with 31% of global exports (262 Mt out of 836 Mt total). Lignite is not exported. 78% of its 2009 anthracite production was exported (262 Mt out of 335 Mt total). In this respect, Australia is an exception to most anthracite exporters. Australia's global anthracite export share was 14% of all production (836 Mt out of 5,990 Mt total).<sup id="cite_ref-coal2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coal2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Australia was the world's fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Hard_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coal">hard coal</a> producer, following China, India, the United States, and Indonesia. Coal remained important to Australia's energy sector, representing 64% of domestic energy production, 32% of the Total Energy Supply (TES), and 53% of electricity generation. Moreover, Australia had the second-highest usage of coal in energy production and electricity generation among <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) countries. Between 2010 and 2020, the share of coal in energy production dropped from 76% to 65%, in TES from 40% to 30%, and in electricity generation from 71% to 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Australia operated 91 <a href="/wiki/Hard_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coal">hard coal</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> mines, with over 200 coal deposits. Most hard coal mines were in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> (67%) and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (30%), while lignite mines were mainly in Victoria's Gippsland Basin, notably the <a href="/wiki/Latrobe_Valley" title="Latrobe Valley">Latrobe Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AustGasReserves2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Australia, with red circles of various sizes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AustGasReserves2008.png/220px-AustGasReserves2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AustGasReserves2008.png/330px-AustGasReserves2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AustGasReserves2008.png/440px-AustGasReserves2008.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of national total of natural gas reserves, 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MainLineValve7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large yellow pipe going into the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MainLineValve7.jpg/220px-MainLineValve7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MainLineValve7.jpg/330px-MainLineValve7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/MainLineValve7.jpg/440px-MainLineValve7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Natural-gas pipeline in Western Australia, 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia's natural-gas reserves are an estimated 3,921 billion cubic metres (bcm), of which 20% are considered commercially proven (783 bcm). The gas basins with the largest recoverable reserves are the Carnarvon and Browse basins in Western Australia; the <a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Basin" title="Bonaparte Basin">Bonaparte Basin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>; the Gippsland and Otway basins in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Basin" title="Cooper Basin">Cooper</a>-<a href="/wiki/Eromanga_Basin" title="Eromanga Basin">Eromanga</a> basin in South Australia and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. In 2014–2015 Australia produced 66 bcm of natural gas, of which approximately 80% was produced in Western Australia and Queensland regions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia also produces LNG; LNG exports in 2004 were 7.9 Mt (10.7 bcm), 6% of world LNG trade.<sup id="cite_ref-iea131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia also has large deposits of coal seam methane (CSM), most of which are located in the anthracite deposits of Queensland and New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-iea131_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 August 2009, Chinese petroleum company <a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a> signed a A$50 billion deal with American multinational petroleum company <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> to purchase <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> from the Gorgon field in Western Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest contract signed to date between China and Australia. It ensures China a steady supply of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG fuel</a> for 20 years, forming China's largest supply of relatively clean energy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was reached despite <a href="/wiki/Australia_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia – People's Republic of China relations">relations between Australia and China</a> being at their lowest point in years after the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_espionage_case" title="Rio Tinto espionage case">Rio Tinto espionage case</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Film_Festival#Screening_of_controversial_film_and_support_for_Uyghur_spokesperson_Rebiya_Kadeer_by_the_14th_Dalai_Lama" title="Melbourne International Film Festival">granting of an Australian visa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, natural gas was a significant component of Australia's energy sector, making up 29% of its energy production, 28% of the Total Energy Supply (TES), 19% of electricity generation, and 17% of Total Final Consumption (TFC). Sector-wise, natural gas usage was highest in electricity and heat generation at 33.9%, followed by the industrial sector at 23.3%. Residential buildings accounted for 10.8% of natural gas consumption, while service sector buildings and the transport sector had smaller shares at 2.9% and 1.3%, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia's oil production peaked in 2000, after gradually increasing since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-ausep_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Net oil imports rose from 7% of total consumption in 2000 to 39% in 2006. Decreasing domestic oil production is the result of the decline of oil-producing basins and few new fields going online.<sup id="cite_ref-ausep_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ausep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, oil comprises 52% of the Total Final Consumption (TFC) and 32% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). It contributes to 4% of domestic energy production and 1.8% of electricity generation. Oil consumption in 2020 was 892.3 thousand barrels per day (kb/d), with domestic transport consuming 65.4% of this amount. Industry, including non-energy consumption, accounted for 22.4%, international bunkering for 9.1%, buildings for 2.4%, and electricity and heat generation for 0.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_shale">Oil shale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oil shale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Australia" title="Oil shale in Australia">Oil shale in Australia</a></div> <p>Australia's <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> resources are estimated at 58 billion barrels, or 4,531 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a>. The deposits are located in the eastern and southern states, with the greatest feasibility in the eastern Queensland deposits. Between 1862 and 1952, Australia mined four million tonnes of oil shale. The mining stopped when government support ceased. Since the 1970s, oil companies have been exploring possible reserves. From 2000 to 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Oil_Shale_Project" title="Stuart Oil Shale Project">Stuart Oil Shale Project</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone, Queensland</a> produced over 1.5 million barrels of oil. The facility, in operable condition, is on <a href="/wiki/Care_and_maintenance" title="Care and maintenance">care and maintenance</a> and its operator (<a href="/wiki/Queensland_Energy_Resources" title="Queensland Energy Resources">Queensland Energy Resources</a>) is conducting research and design studies for the next phase of its oil-shale operations.<sup id="cite_ref-aimr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aimr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A campaign by <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a> opposed to the exploitation of oil-shale reserves may also have been a factor in its closure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, Australia no longer engages in the commercial production of oil shale.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass">Biomass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biomass power</a> plants use crops and other vegetative by-products to produce power similar to the way coal-fired power plants work. Another product of biomass is extracting ethanol from sugar mill by-products. The GGAP subsidies for biomass include ethanol extraction with funds of $7.4M and petrol/ethanol fuel with funds of $8.8 million. The total $16.2M subsidy is considered a renewable energy source subsidy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biodiesel is an alternative to fossil fuel diesel that can be used in cars and other internal <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">combustion engine</a> vehicles. It is produced from vegetable or animal fats and is the only other type of fuel that can run in current unmodified vehicle engines. </p><p>Subsidies given to ethanol oils totaled $15 million in 2003–2004, $44 million in 2004–2005, $76 million in 2005–2006 and $99 million in 2006–2007. The cost for establishing these subsidies were $1 million in 2005–2006 and $41 million in 2006–2007.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, with the introduction of the Fuel Tax Bill, grants and subsidies for using biodiesel have been cut leaving the public to continue using diesel instead.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grants were cut by up to 50% by 2010–2014. Previously the grants given to users of ethanol-based biofuels were $0.38 per litre, which were reduced to $0.19 in 2010–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geothermal">Geothermal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geothermal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Geothermal power in Australia</a></div> <p>There are vast deep-seated granite systems, mainly in central Australia, that have high temperatures at depth and these are being drilled by 19 companies across Australia in 141 areas. They are spending A$654 million on exploration programs. South Australia has been described as "Australia's hot rock haven" and this emissions-free and renewable energy form could provide an estimated 6.8% of Australia's baseload power needs by 2030. According to an estimate by the Centre for International Economics, Australia has enough <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal energy</a> to contribute electricity for 450 years.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium">Uranium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Uranium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_Australia" title="Uranium mining in Australia">Uranium mining in Australia</a></div> <p>Australia has many Uranium deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Australia does not have any nuclear power plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity"><span class="anchor" id="Control_and_politics"></span>Electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Australia" title="Electricity sector in Australia">Electricity sector in Australia</a></div><p>Since 2005, wind power and rooftop solar have led to an increasing share of renewable energy in total electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-SotEM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SotEM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its large size and the location of its population, Australia lacks a single grid.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Australian electricity generation, by fuel type (in GWh)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Black Coal </th> <th>Natural Gas </th> <th>Brown Coal </th> <th>Oil </th> <th>Other </th> <th>Fossil <br />Fuels </th> <th>Solar </th> <th>Wind </th> <th>Hydro </th> <th>Bio Energy </th> <th>Renew-<br />ables </th></tr> <tr> <td>2009-10 </td> <td>51.5% (124,478) </td> <td>15.0% (36,223) </td> <td>23.2% (55,968) </td> <td>1.1% (2,691) </td> <td>1.0% (2,496) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">91.8% </td> <td>0.1% (278) </td> <td>2.0% (4,798) </td> <td>5.2% (12,522) </td> <td>0.9% (2,113) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010-11 </td> <td>46.3% (116,949) </td> <td>19.4% (48,996) </td> <td>21.9% (55,298) </td> <td>1.2% (3,094) </td> <td>1.1% (2,716) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">89.9% </td> <td>0.3% (850) </td> <td>2.3% (5,807) </td> <td>6.7% (16,807) </td> <td>0.8% (2,102) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">10.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011-12 </td> <td>47.4% (120,302) </td> <td>19.3% (48,892) </td> <td>21.7% (55,060) </td> <td>1.2% (3,070) </td> <td>1.0% (2,500) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">90.6% </td> <td>0.6% (1,489) </td> <td>2.4% (6,113) </td> <td>5.5% (14,083) </td> <td>0.9% (2,343) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">9.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012-13 </td> <td>44.8% (111,491) </td> <td>20.5% (51,053) </td> <td>19.1% (47,555) </td> <td>1.8% (4,464) </td> <td>0.8% (1,945) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">86.9% </td> <td>1.5% (3,817) </td> <td>2.9% (7,328) </td> <td>7.3% (18,270) </td> <td>1.3% (3,151) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">13.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-14 </td> <td>42.6% (105,772.4) </td> <td>21.9% (54,393.9) </td> <td>18.6% (46,076.2) </td> <td>2.0% (5,012.4) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">85.1% </td> <td>2.0% (4,857.5) </td> <td>4.1% (10,252.0) </td> <td>7.4% (18,421.0) </td> <td>1.4% (3,511.3) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">14.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014-15 </td> <td>42.7% (107,639) </td> <td>20.8% (52,463) </td> <td>20.2% (50,970) </td> <td>2.7% (6,799) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">86.3% </td> <td>2.4% (5,968) </td> <td>4.5% (11,467) </td> <td>5.3% (13,445) </td> <td>1.4% (3,608) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">13.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015-16 </td> <td>44.4% (114,295) </td> <td>19.6% (50,536) </td> <td>19.0% (48,796) </td> <td>2.2% (5,656) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">85.2% </td> <td>2.7% (6,838) </td> <td>4.7% (12,199) </td> <td>6.0% (15,318) </td> <td>1.5% (3,790) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">14.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016-17 </td> <td>45.8% (118,272) </td> <td>19.6% (50,460) </td> <td>16.9% (43,558) </td> <td>1.9% (4,904) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">84.3% </td> <td>3.1% (8,072) </td> <td>4.9% (12,597) </td> <td>6.3% (16,285) </td> <td>1.4% (3,501) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">15.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017-18 </td> <td>46.6% (121,702) </td> <td>20.6% (53,882) </td> <td>13.8% (36,008) </td> <td>1.9% (4,904) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">82.9% </td> <td>3.8% (9,930) </td> <td>5.8% (15,174) </td> <td>6.1% (16,021) </td> <td>1.3% (3,518) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">17.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018-19 </td> <td>45.4% (119,845) </td> <td>20.0% (52,775) </td> <td>13.1% (34,460) </td> <td>1.9% (4,923) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">80.3% </td> <td>5.6% (14,849) </td> <td>6.7% (17,712) </td> <td>6.0% (15,967) </td> <td>1.3% (3,496) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">19.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-20 </td> <td>42.2% (111,873) </td> <td>20.8% (55,216) </td> <td>12.7% (33,649) </td> <td>1.7% (4,509) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">77.4% </td> <td>7.9% (21,033) </td> <td>7.7% (20,396) </td> <td>5.7% (15,150) </td> <td>1.3% (3,352) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">22.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-21 </td> <td>40.0% (106,251) </td> <td>18.7% (49,783) </td> <td>12.8% (34,060) </td> <td>1.8% (4,662) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">73.3% </td> <td>10.4% (27,717) </td> <td>9.2% (24,535) </td> <td>5.7% (15,200) </td> <td>1.3% (3,346) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">26.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021-22 </td> <td>37.2% (101,076.2) </td> <td>18.1% (49,280.2) </td> <td>12.0% (32,515.6) </td> <td>1.7% (4,664.0) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">69.1% </td> <td>12.8% (34,686.7) </td> <td>10.7% (29,107.8) </td> <td>6.3% (17,010.9) </td> <td>1.2% (3,190.3) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">30.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022-23 </td> <td>35.0% (96,173.9) </td> <td>17.8% (48,865.2) </td> <td>11.5% (31,459.1) </td> <td>1.8% (4,864.4) </td> <td>- </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">66.1% </td> <td>15.3% (41,968.5) </td> <td>11.4% (31,384.9) </td> <td>6.1% (16,666.1) </td> <td>1.1% (3,092.8) </td> <td style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);">33.9% </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#B2DF8A; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1444.5585503933px; border-left-color:lightblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lightblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 205.75905061887px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 42.529898085737px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:84.767793608508px 53.051118430673px 0 0; border-top-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:78.239081057659px 62.278778048811px 0 0; border-top-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:17.502305897528px 98.456433452921px 0 0; border-top-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 72.654252800536px 100px 0; border-right-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Australian Electricity Generation by Type FY 2022-2023 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> Black Coal (35.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Natural Gas (17.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> Brown Coal (11.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Oil (1.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> Solar (15.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Wind (11.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightblue; color:black;"> </span> Hydro (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> Bio Energy (1.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Australia_electricity_production.svg/330px-Australia_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Australia_electricity_production.svg/495px-Australia_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Australia_electricity_production.svg/660px-Australia_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Australia electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_supply"><span class="anchor" id="Electricity_Supply"></span>Electricity supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electricity supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Electricity_Generation,_by_type,_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png/440px-Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png/660px-Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png/880px-Australian_Electricity_Generation%2C_by_type%2C_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Australian Electricity Generation in 2017 (Data from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-statistics-table-o-electricity-generation-fuel-type-2017-18-and-2018">Australian Government Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>As of 2011, electricity producers in Australia were not building gas-fired power stations,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the four major banks were unwilling to make loans for coal-fired power stations, according to <a href="/wiki/EnergyAustralia" title="EnergyAustralia">EnergyAustralia</a> (formerly TRUenergy).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, an oversupply of generation was expected to persist until 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a report published in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Market_Operator" title="Australian Energy Market Operator">Australian Energy Market Operator</a> projected that energy supply in 2018 and 2019 is expected to meet demands, with a risk of supply falling short at peak demand times.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2003 to 2013 real electric prices for households increased by an average of 72%. Much of this increase in price has been attributed to over-investment in increasing distribution networks and capacity. Further price increases are predicted to be moderate over the next few years (2017 on) due to changes in the regulation of transmission and distribution networks as well as increased competition in electricity wholesale markets as supply and demand merge.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Australia generated a total of 265 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity. The breakdown of the electricity generation mix was as follows: coal at 52.9%, natural gas at 18.8%, solar at 10.5%, wind at 9.3%, hydro at 5.6%, oil at 1.8%, and <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a> and waste at 1.3%. Electricity consumption for the year was 239 TWh, with the industry sector consuming 43%, residential buildings and service sector buildings each contributing 27% to the total consumption, and the transport sector accounting for 3%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy"><span class="anchor" id="Renewable_energy_in_Australia"></span>Renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Renewable energy in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Australia" title="Wind power in Australia">Wind power in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariffs_in_Australia" title="Feed-in tariffs in Australia">Feed-in tariffs in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Solar power in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy_in_Australia" title="Solar thermal energy in Australia">Solar thermal energy in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water_in_Australia" title="Solar hot water in Australia">Solar hot water in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png/220px-Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png/330px-Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png/440px-Reneweable_energy_generation_by_state_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Renewable Energy by State in Australia<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Renewable energy has potential in Australia, and the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Authority" title="Climate Change Authority">Climate Change Authority</a> is reviewing the 20-percent Renewable Energy Target (RET). The production of 50 megawatts of wind power (power for nearly 21,000 homes annually) creates about 50 construction jobs and five staff positions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, wind and solar power have been the fastest growing source of energy in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a> is also growing, but at the present time, it only accounts for a small portion of energy in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower energy use could save A$25 billion, or A$840 per electricity customer, according to EnergyAustralia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png/220px-Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png/330px-Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png/440px-Tmean.aus.0112.2825.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Graph of Australian temperature variability.</figcaption></figure> <p>Australian total emissions in 2007 were 396 million tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>. That year, the country was among the top polluter nations of the world per capita. Australian <a href="/wiki/Per-capita_emissions_of_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Per-capita emissions of carbon dioxide">per-capita emissions of carbon dioxide</a> in 2007 were 18.8 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>, compared to the EU average of 7.9 tons. The change in emissions from 1990 to 2007 was +52.5 percent, compared to the EU's -3.3 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The per-capita <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> in Australia was rated 12th in the world by <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to climate change, Australia is expected to experience harsher extreme weather events, mainly bush-fires and floods during summer.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising sea levels are of particular concern for Australia, because most of the population lives on the coast (around 85%).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph, with a dip followed by a rise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg/220px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg/330px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg/440px-ABS-6291.0.55.003-LabourForceAustraliaDetailedQuarterly-EmployedPersonsByIndustrySubdivisionSex-EmployedTotal-ElectricitySupply-Persons-A2546153X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Total employment in the electricity-supply industry (thousands of people) since 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg/220px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg/330px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg/440px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7364_Electricity_gas_water_and_waste_services_Total.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of adult population employed in the electricity, gas, water, and waste services industries by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census</figcaption></figure> <p>When analysing employment data, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> classifies the electricity and gas supply industry as part of the Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Division.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That division is the smallest industry in Australia in terms of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2017, the number of people employed in electricity supply, which includes electricity generation, transmission and distribution, was 64,200 (47,700 males, 16,600 females).<sup id="cite_ref-LabourForceNov17Table06_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabourForceNov17Table06-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of people employed in gas supply was 11,200 (9,000 males, 2,200 females).<sup id="cite_ref-LabourForceNov17Table06_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabourForceNov17Table06-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of persons employed in electricity and gas supply industries was 75,400.<sup id="cite_ref-LabourForceNov17Table06_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabourForceNov17Table06-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents about 0.67 percent of all employed persons in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-round1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-round1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the major occupations in this division were truck drivers (9,900), electricians (7,700), electrical distribution trades workers (5,400), and electrical engineers (4,400).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-round1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-round1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_in_renewable_energy_activities">Employment in renewable energy activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Employment in renewable energy activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015–16, annual <a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">direct</a> <a href="/wiki/Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalent</a> employment in renewable energy in Australia was estimated at 11,150. Employment in renewables peaked in 2011–12, probably due to the employment of construction workers to build renewable energy facilities. However, it decreased by 36 percent in 2014–15, and by a further 16 percent in 2015–16. The decline is attributed to a decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_photovoltaic_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooftop photovoltaic power station">roof-top solar photovoltaic systems</a> being installed on houses. Once construction of renewable energy facilities is completed, and only ongoing maintenance is required, employment falls quite significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most Australian states and territories the major contributor to employment in renewable energy is <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>. Employment in roof-top solar photovoltaic systems, including <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water_in_Australia" title="Solar hot water in Australia">solar hot water systems</a>, comprised half of all employment in renewable energy in 2015–16. Employment in large scale solar and wind power is driven primarily by installation activity, rather than ongoing operation and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, 93 percent of all jobs in renewable energy are in solar power. The proportion of employment in <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> is significantly greater in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> (42 percent), where the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">sugar industry</a> makes great use of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> to generate electricity for sugar milling and to feed into the grid. Most jobs in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>'s renewable energy industry are in <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> (87 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmploymentinRenewableEnergyActivities-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jobs in the renewable energy industry are forecast to grow substantially by 2030, driven by growth in electricity demand and new renewable energy capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateCouncilRE_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateCouncilRE-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Conversely, jobs associated with <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">coal-fired power stations</a> are forecast to decline as those plants age and close. Such job losses would disproportionately affect some regional areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Latrobe_Valley" title="Latrobe Valley">Latrobe Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Region" title="Hunter Region">Hunter Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladstone,_Queensland" title="Gladstone, Queensland">Gladstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockhampton" title="Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collie,_Western_Australia" title="Collie, Western Australia">Collie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. However, it is expected that the number of jobs created in renewable energy will far exceed the number of jobs lost in coal-based generation.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateCouncilRE_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateCouncilRE-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_policy_of_Australia">Energy policy of Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy policy of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_phase-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel phase-out">Fossil-fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coal-fired_power_stations_in_Australia" title="List of coal-fired power stations in Australia">List of coal-fired power stations in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fired_power_stations_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of natural gas fired power stations in Australia">List of natural gas fired power stations in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="Australian Renewable Energy Agency">Australian Renewable Energy Agency </a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-round1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-round1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-round1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These figures are rounded to the nearest 100 persons</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/australia-2023">"Australia 2023 – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Australia+2023+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Faustralia-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/australia/AustraliaCountryAnalysisBrief.shtml">"Australia Country Analysis Brief"</a>. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402162924/http://geni.org/globalenergy/library/national_energy_grid/australia/AustraliaCountryAnalysisBrief.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antinuclear.net&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+says+goodbye+to+coal+power&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantinuclear.net%2F2015%2F08%2F07%2Fnew-zealand-says-goodbye-to-coal-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2013/sep/13/china-starts-moving-away-from-coal-based-energy/">"China starts moving away from coal based energy"</a>. <i>Spokesman.com</i>. 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spokesman.com&rft.atitle=China+starts+moving+away+from+coal+based+energy&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokesman.com%2Fstories%2F2013%2Fsep%2F13%2Fchina-starts-moving-away-from-coal-based-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClean_Energy_Council_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Clean Energy Council Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/Clean-Energy-Australia-Report-2023.pdf">"Clean Energy Australia Report 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Clean Energy Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clean+Energy+Australia&rft.atitle=Clean+Energy+Australia+Report+2023&rft.au=Clean+Energy+Council+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au%2Fdocuments%2FClean-Energy-Australia-Report-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov.au/government-priorities/energy-data/australian-energy-statistics">"Australian Energy Statistics | energy.gov.au"</a>. <i>www.energy.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.energy.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Energy+Statistics+%7C+energy.gov.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov.au%2Fgovernment-priorities%2Fenergy-data%2Faustralian-energy-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewecologist.com/2009/10/the-worlds-biggest-polluters/">"The World's Biggest Polluters"</a>. <i>The New Ecologist</i>. 15 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Australian Bureau of Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=4631.0+-+Employment+in+Renewable+Energy+Activities%2C+Australia%2C+2015-16&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fmf%2F4631.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClimateCouncilRE-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClimateCouncilRE_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClimateCouncilRE_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClimate_Council_of_Australia2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Climate_Council" title="Climate Council">Climate Council of Australia</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/uploads/7b40d7bbefbdd94979ce4de2fad52414.pdf"><i>Renewable Energy Jobs: Future Growth in Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Climate Council of Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9945973-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9945973-3-5"><bdi>978-0-9945973-3-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewable+Energy+Jobs%3A+Future+Growth+in+Australia&rft.pub=Climate+Council+of+Australia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9945973-3-5&rft.au=Climate+Council+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecouncil.org.au%2Fuploads%2F7b40d7bbefbdd94979ce4de2fad52414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_Australia" title="Template:Energy in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Energy in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Energy_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fossil fuel<br /> industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage_in_Australia" title="Carbon capture and storage in Australia">Carbon capture and storage in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Coal in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Australia" title="Electricity sector in Australia">Electricity sector in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Western_Australia" title="Petroleum industry in Western Australia">Petroleum industry in Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Renewable energy<br /> industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_Australia" title="Biofuel in Australia">Biofuel in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_Australia" title="Green electricity in Australia">Green electricity in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Renewable energy in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water_in_Australia" title="Solar hot water in Australia">Solar hot water in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Solar power in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy_in_Australia" title="Solar thermal energy in Australia">Solar thermal energy in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_in_Australia" title="Wave power in Australia">Wave power in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Australia" title="Wind power in Australia">Wind power in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br /> targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Emissions_Trading_Forum" title="Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum">Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">Carbon pricing in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Efficient_Homes_Package" title="Energy Efficient Homes Package">Energy Efficient Homes Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariffs_in_Australia" title="Feed-in tariffs in Australia">Feed-in tariffs in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Australia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia">Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_renewable_energy_target" title="Mandatory renewable energy target">Mandatory renewable energy targets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Cities_in_Australia" title="Solar Cities in Australia">Solar Cities in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Transition_Decade" title="The Transition Decade">The Transition Decade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Australia" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Australia">Anti-nuclear movement in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Uranium_Association" title="Australian Uranium Association">Australian Uranium Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Fuel_Cycle_Royal_Commission" title="Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission">Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Nuclear power in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Council" title="Uranium Council">Uranium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_Australia" title="Uranium mining in Australia">Uranium mining in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Australian Atomic Energy Commission">Australian Atomic Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Market_Commission" title="Australian Energy Market Commission">Australian Energy Market Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Market_Operator" title="Australian Energy Market Operator">Australian Energy Market Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Regulator" title="Australian Energy Regulator">Australian Energy Regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Nuclear_Science_and_Technology_Organisation" title="Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation">Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Radiation_Protection_and_Nuclear_Safety_Agency" title="Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency">Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Climate_Change,_Energy,_the_Environment_and_Water" title="Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water">Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Offshore_Petroleum_Safety_and_Environmental_Management_Authority" title="National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority">National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Institute_of_Australia" title="Energy Policy Institute of Australia">Energy Policy Institute of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnaut_Climate_Change_Review" title="Garnaut Climate Change Review">Garnaut Climate Change Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_engineering_in_Australia" title="Photovoltaic engineering in Australia">Photovoltaic engineering in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy in Australia by state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Australia" title="Energy in South Australia">Energy in South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Queensland" title="Energy in Queensland">Energy in Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tasmania" title="Energy in Tasmania">Energy in Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Western_Australia" title="Energy in Western Australia">Energy in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Victoria" title="Energy in Victoria">Energy in Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Australia" title="Category:Energy in Australia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Banking crisis of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_pillars_policy" title="Four pillars policy">Four pillars policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Australia" title="Privatisation in Australia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme" title="Snowy Mountains Scheme">Snowy Mountains Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_South_Wales" title="Economy of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Economy of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Queensland" title="Economy of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tasmania" title="Economy of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Economy of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_in_Australia" title="Seafood in Australia">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_market" title="Australian property market">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Australia" title="List of ports in Australia">Ports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_Australia" title="Fuel taxes in Australia">Fuel taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Australia)" title="Goods and services tax (Australia)">Goods & Services Tax</a> (<a href="/wiki/GST_distribution_dispute" title="GST distribution dispute">dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_Car_Tax" title="Luxury Car Tax">Luxury Car Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Resource_Rent_Tax" title="Minerals Resource Rent Tax">Minerals Resource Rent Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_Movement_Charge" title="Passenger Movement Charge">Passenger Movement Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_return_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax return (Australia)">Tax return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Australia" title="Banking in Australia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Australia" title="Financial system in Australia">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_cash_rate" title="Official cash rate">Official cash rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Australian Securities Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%26P/ASX_200" title="S&P/ASX 200">S&P/ASX 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Ordinaries" title="All Ordinaries">All Ordinaries</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Competition & Consumer Commission">ACCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Prudential_Regulation_Authority" title="Australian Prudential Regulation Authority">APRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_%26_Investments_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Securities & Investments Commission">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">Corporations power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission" title="Fair Work Commission">FWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_Australia" title="Biofuel in Australia">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">Carbon pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_rating" title="Energy efficiency rating">Energy efficiency rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_Australia" title="Green electricity in Australia">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electricity_Market" title="National Electricity Market">National Electricity Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Australia" title="Wind power in Australia">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">Government debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in Australia">Income in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Australia">Social class in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in Australia">Wealth in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">ACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Labour movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Australia" title="Free trade agreements of Australia">Trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Chile_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Chile FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Korea FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Australia–New Zealand FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">China–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Australia_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Indonesia–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United Kingdom FTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Australia" title="Category:Economy of Australia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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