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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Executive_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Executive_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Executive Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Executive_Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Executive Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Executive_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Executive council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Judicature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Judicature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Judicature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Judicature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>State and local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_in_Australian_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_in_Australian_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ideology in Australian politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_in_Australian_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minor/Third_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor/Third_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Minor/Third parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor/Third_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prime_ministers'_parties_by_time_in_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_ministers'_parties_by_time_in_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Prime ministers' parties by time in office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_ministers'_parties_by_time_in_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives_primary,_two-party_and_seat_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives_primary,_two-party_and_seat_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>House of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives_primary,_two-party_and_seat_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_party_composition_of_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_party_composition_of_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Historical party composition of the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_party_composition_of_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Specific references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Australia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سياسة أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسة أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_d%27Australia" title="Política d'Australia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Política d'Australia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliyan%C4%B1n_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_qurulu%C5%9Fu" title="Avstraliyanın dövlət quruluşu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliyanın dövlət quruluşu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Палітыка Аўстраліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітыка Аўстраліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Държавно устройство на Австралия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно устройство на Австралия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m_Austr%C3%A1lie" title="Politický systém Austrálie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politický systém Austrálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_de_Australia" title="Política de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیاست در استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست در استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politique_en_Australie" title="Politique en Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politique en Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_dell%27Australia" title="Politica dell'Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica dell'Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוליטיקה של אוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של אוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_vun_Australien" title="Politik vun Australien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Politik vun Australien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_politin%C4%97_sistema" title="Australijos politinė sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos politinė sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_di_Australia" title="Politik di Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="د اسټرالیا سیاسي نظام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اسټرالیا سیاسي نظام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustr%C3%B3j_polityczny_Australii" title="Ustrój polityczny Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ustrój polityczny Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Política da Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política da Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Политическая система Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая система Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%C3%ACtica_Australiana" title="Pulìtica Australiana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulìtica Australiana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Politics of Australia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Политички систем Аустралије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политички систем Аустралије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_politiikka" title="Australian politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Australian politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆஸ்திரேலியாவில் அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்திரேலியாவில் அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#222; text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Monarchy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Albanese ministry</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/59px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/88px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/117px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Australian_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/55px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/82px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/109px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="President of the Australian Senate">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sue_Lines" title="Sue Lines">Sue Lines</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Dick" title="Milton Dick">Milton Dick</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Burke" title="Tony Burke">Tony Burke</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a> (LP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_Peter_Dutton" title="Shadow ministry of Peter Dutton">Shadow Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gageler" title="Stephen Gageler">Stephen Gageler</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Keane" title="Patrick Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Gordon" title="Michelle Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edelman" title="James Edelman">Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Steward_(judge)" title="Simon Steward (judge)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Gleeson" title="Jacqueline Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beech-Jones" title="Robert Beech-Jones">Beech-Jones</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Debra_Mortimer" title="Debra Mortimer">Debra Mortimer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Alstergren" title="Will Alstergren">Will Alstergren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia#Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Judiciary of Australia">State and territory courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Australian legal system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>Recent elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Federal electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electoral divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums and plebiscites</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_Australia" title="Voter registration in Australia">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Political funding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">States and territories</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and assemblies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia#State_and_territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="Judiciary of Australia">State courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">State electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Local government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_government_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of local government political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Australia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Australian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Australian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ideology_in_Australian_politics"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Ideologies</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Australia" title="Monarchism in Australia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #00843D;border-bottom:1px solid #00843D;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales" title="Portal:New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Victoria" title="Portal:Victoria">Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Queensland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tasmania" title="Category:Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Category:Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Territory" title="Category:Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>politics of Australia</b> operates under the written <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a>, which sets out Australia as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, governed via a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster tradition</a>. Australia is also a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, where power is divided between the federal government and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and is represented locally by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a>. </p><p>The country has maintained a stable <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> political system under its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_constitutions" title="List of national constitutions">the world's tenth oldest</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> in 1901. Australia is the world's sixth oldest continuous democracy and largely operates as a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">voting is compulsory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> rated Australia a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">full democracy</a>" in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-democracy-index_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracy-index-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster-style systems of government</a>, Australia's federal system of government <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">consists of three branches</a>: the legislative (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a>), the executive (the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">cabinet</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers</a>, and government departments), and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">judicature</a> (the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">federal courts</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian government</a> consists of the party or coalition that had majority support in the lower house and exercises both executive (as ministers) and legislative (through control of the House) power. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Government_Structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Australian_Government_Structure.svg/470px-Australian_Government_Structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="470" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Australian_Government_Structure.svg/706px-Australian_Government_Structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Australian_Government_Structure.svg/940px-Australian_Government_Structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the roles of Australian political institutions</figcaption></figure> <p>The federal Parliament (as defined in <a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia">section 1 of the Constitution</a>) comprises the monarch and is bicameral (has two chambers): the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a> (lower house) and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> (upper house).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives has 151 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">members</a>, each representing an individual electoral district of about 165,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate has 76 members: twelve from each of the six states and two each from Australia's internal territories, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> is the principle the power of state should be shared between multiple bodies, in order to avoid the concentration of power in one entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislature proposes and debates laws that the executive then administers, and the judicial arbitrates cases arising from the administration of laws and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. However, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, there is no strict separation between the executive and legislative branches, with ministers required to also be members of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the High Court can deem if a law is constitutional or not.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian system of government combines elements derived from the political systems of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fused executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Written_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Written constitution">written constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">strong bicameralism</a>), along with distinctive local features, and has therefore been characterised as a "Washminster mutation".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:">The three branches of Australia's system of government</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House_at_dusk,_Canberra_ACT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Parliament House, Canberra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/328px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/492px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/656px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The legislature: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photo of His Majesty Charles III, Queen of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/108px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/162px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/216px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The executive: The Head of State and King of Australia, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, who appoints the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photo of Governor-General Samantha Mostyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/109px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/164px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/218px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The executive: The Governor-General, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Mostyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Samantha Mostyn">Samantha Mostyn</a>, who by Section 63 of the Constitution follows the Executive Council's advice</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Albanese_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait photo of Prime Minister Anthony Albanese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/103px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/206px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The executive: The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> which acts through the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Australia_(6769096715).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The High Court of Australia building, Canberra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/328px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="328" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/492px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/656px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The judiciary: the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, the nation's highest court</div></div></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_nature">Federal nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Federal nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, with different powers and responsibilities for the three levels of government: the federal government, the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states and territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government</a>. </p><p>The federal nature and the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the states. Therefore, the most populous state, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, has 48 members, while the least populated, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, has only five.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> is elected on a basis of equality among the states: all states elect 12 senators, regardless of population. This was intended to ensure that smaller states retained influence over legislation and that laws could not be passed with only the support of the more popular states. However due to the emergence of strong parties with senators that very rarely <a href="/wiki/Cross_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross the floor">cross the floor</a>, this role is much less visible.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, the only territories represented in Senate, each elect only two.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal government may only legislate on certain matters, with any remaining areas falling within the responsibility of the states. For example, the federal government has the responsibility for defence, inter-state trade and bankruptcy while the states have responsibility for healthcare and education.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the states can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth government via legislation, as has been done to allow the Commonwealth to regulate corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government can also significantly influence state legislation by making tied grants (money which comes with certain conditions). This is a significant power due to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_imbalance_in_Australia" title="Fiscal imbalance in Australia">vertical fiscal imbalance</a> arising because of the limited revenue raising capabilities of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Australia has several territories, two of which are self-governing: the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. As these territories' legislatures exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth, the Parliament of Australia has the authority to override their legislation and to alter their powers. Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Parliament of Australia, albeit with less representation in the Senate. <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> was self-governing from 1979 until 2015, although it was never represented as such in the Parliament of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other inhabited territories: <a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>, have never been self-governing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third level of governance is <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">local government</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a>, towns or cities. The councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives (known as either <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alderman" title="Alderman">alderman</a>, depending on the state). Their powers are devolved to them by the state or territory in which they are located.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitution">Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></div> <p>The Australian Constitution sets down the powers and responsibilities of many of the institutions of the Australian Commonwealth. However, the prime minister, the cabinet and the other principles of responsible government are not explicitly mentioned in the document, along with most of the realities of exercise of executive power. This reflected the British influence on the document with <a href="/wiki/British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">its unwritten constitution</a>. </p><p>The Parliament of Australia can propose changes to the Constitution. To become effective, the proposals must be put to a <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">referendum</a> of all Australians of voting age and must receive a <i>double majority</i>: a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of states.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a> creates a democratic legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch</a> and two chambers of parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 51</a> of the Constitution provides for the Australian government's legislative powers and allocates certain powers (known as <i>heads of power</i>) to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All remaining legislative power is retained by the six <a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">states</a> (previously separate colonies).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, each state has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven parliaments, with legislative power shared between them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> rules on legal disputes which arise between the federal government and the states and territories, or among the states and territories themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Crown">The Crown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_House_Canberra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/220px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/330px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/440px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Government House, Canberra</a></figcaption></figure><p>The monarch is the symbolic head of Australia and is ceremonially involved in all branches of the government, as a constitutive part of Parliament, formal holder of executive power and the person in whose name most criminal offences are brought. In a broader sense, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> represents the authority of the polity itself.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in all these functions they are represented by the governor-general, whose appointment is the only mandatory function of the monarch. The <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Australia">monarch of Australia</a>, currently <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, is also the monarch of the other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, and the sovereign of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarch is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, however in almost all matters the governor-general performs the functions of the head of state, <a href="/wiki/Australian_head_of_state_dispute" title="Australian head of state dispute">leading some commentators to contend that the governor-general is the head of state</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a>, the role is limited to constitutional and ceremonial duties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the governor-general is the King's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in his name, other powers they independently exercise in their own right. The governor-general also represents Australia internationally, through making and receiving state visits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">passage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">adoption</a> of the <i>Statute of Westminster</i>, the Monarch of Australia (along with the monarchies of the other dominions) is a separate office from the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch of the United Kingdom</a>, despite being held by the same person. As such, in Commonwealth matters, the monarch is only advised by Commonwealth ministers. By the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Style_and_Titles_Act_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Style and Titles Act 1953">Royal Style and Titles Act 1953</a></i>, the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a></i>, and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidei_defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei defensor">Defender of the Faith</a> as well were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> the governor-general's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the governor-general retains some <a href="/wiki/Reserve_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve powers">reserve powers</a>, being powers not subject to the approval of another person or institution.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are rarely exercised, but during the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">Australian constitutional crisis of 1975</a> Governor-General Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(Governor-General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kerr (Governor-General)">John Kerr</a> used them to dismiss the prime minister when he failed to secure supply.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy. In a <a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 referendum</a>, the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal would have removed references to the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen</a> from the Constitution and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> with a president nominated by the prime minister, but subject to the approval of a two-thirds majority of both houses of Parliament. The proposal was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Republican_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Republican Movement">Australian Republican Movement</a> continues to campaign for <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">an end to the monarchy in Australia</a>, opposed by <a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Monarchist_League" title="Australian Monarchist League">Australian Monarchist League</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Parliament">The Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_House_at_dusk,_Canberra_ACT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/220px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/330px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg/440px-Parliament_House_at_dusk%2C_Canberra_ACT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="3670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The Parliament exercises the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> of the Commonwealth by enacting legislation. It also supervises the executive actions of the government, through activities such as question time and Senate estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a> is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> and consists of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Australia">King of Australia</a>, the 76 member <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> (the <i>upper house</i>) and the 151 member <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> (the <i>lower house</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian government</a> is <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible to the Parliament</a>, of which they must be (or shortly become) members. In the Senate, 12 senators are from each State and 2 senators from the ACT and the NT respectively are elected by an <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State senators serve staggered fixed six year terms, with half up for election each three years. Territory senators serve a non fixed term equal to that of the House of Representatives, usually around three years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent general election was on <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">21 May 2022</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg/220px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg/330px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg/440px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_-_Parliament_of_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4202" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> chamber</figcaption></figure><p>In the House of Representatives, also known as the <i>people's house,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> 151 members are elected using <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">full preferential voting</a> in single member electorates (also known as <i>seats</i>). Elections are held once at least every three years, however the prime minister (historically the Cabinet) may request the governor-general call a new election at any time (however, they retain the discretion to refuse if inadequate reasons for the election are given).<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Senate elections must occur only during certain periods and as it is generally politically advantageous (while not legally required) to hold House elections at the same time,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elections are generally restricted to a ten month window between August and May every three years, with the last split election in <a href="/wiki/1970_Australian_Senate_election" title="1970 Australian Senate election">1970</a> and <a href="/wiki/1972_Australian_federal_election" title="1972 Australian federal election">1972</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in the Senate, in which each state is represented equally, each state has a number of seats roughly proportional to its population. The prime minister is selected from the House, needing the support of the majority of members in order to be invited to form a government.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each chamber of Parliament has equal powers, with the exception that the Senate may not introduce "money bills" (new taxes or laws authorising expenditure).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Senate can still block <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">supply</a> (the annual bill authorising government expenditure), but this has only happened once, during the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentarians belong to either the government, the opposition or sit on the cross-bench (which includes independents and members of minor parties). The opposition consists of members of the second largest party or coalition in the House of Representatives. The Leader of the Opposition heads shadow cabinet, composed of shadow ministers who mirror, scrutinise and oppose government ministers and act as the government in waiting. Although the government, by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the Parliament, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the House, the opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day-to-day business of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Australia">House of Representatives</a> is usually negotiated between the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a>, appointed by the prime minister, and the <a href="/wiki/Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_House_(Australia)" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia)">Manager of Opposition Business in the House</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Executive_Government">The Executive Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Executive Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_House_Canberra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/220px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/330px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Government_House_Canberra.JPG/440px-Government_House_Canberra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Government House, Canberra</a>, also known as "Yarralumla", is the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The executive's primary role is to implement the laws passed by the Parliament. Unlike the other two branches of government however, membership of the executive is not clearly defined. One definition describes the executive as a pyramid, consisting of three layers. At the top stands The King, as the symbolic apex and formal repository of executive power. Below him lies a second layer made up of the prime-minister, cabinet and other ministers who in practice lead the executive. Finally, the bottom layer includes public servants, police, government departments and independent statutory bodies who directly implement policy and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Executive power is also difficult to clearly define. In the British context, it was defined by John Locke as all government power not legislative or judicial in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key distinction is that while legislative power involves setting down rules of general application, executive power involves applying those rules to specific situations. In practice however, this definition is difficult to apply as many actions by executive agencies are wide ranging, binding and conducted independently of Parliament. Ultimately whether a power is executive or legislative is determined on a case by case basis, and involves the weighing up of various factors, rather than the application of a strict test.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_council">Executive council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Executive council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council (Australia)</a></div> <p>The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions. All ministers are members of the council and are entitled to be styled <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> for life. The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> usually presides at council meetings, but in his or her absence another minister nominated as the <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a> presides at the meeting of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1 June 2022, the vice-president of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator <a href="/wiki/Katy_Gallagher" title="Katy Gallagher">Katy Gallagher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a></div> <p>The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior ministers, responsible to the Parliament. The ministers are appointed by the governor-general, on the advice of the prime minister, who serve at the former's pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers, called <i>assistant ministers</i> (formally <i>parliamentary secretaries</i>), responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Australian_Democracy_at_Old_Parliament_House-2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Australian_Democracy_at_Old_Parliament_House-2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution of Australia does not explicitly mention Cabinet; it existing solely by convention, with its decisions not in and of themselves having legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a>, which is Australia's highest formal executive governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the governor-general is nominal presiding officer, they almost never attends Executive Council meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of vice-president of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the governor-general.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the <a href="/wiki/Front_bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Front bench">front bench</a>. This practice has been continued by all governments except the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Australian_Democracy_at_Old_Parliament_House-2015_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Australian_Democracy_at_Old_Parliament_House-2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the non-Labor parties are in power, the prime minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> and its predecessors (the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>) have been in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party</a> or its predecessor the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> first held office under <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a>, Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the parliamentary Labor Party, (the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_Caucus" title="Australian Labor Party Caucus">Caucus</a>) and the prime minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Australian general election">2007 general election</a>, the then Leader of the Opposition, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become prime minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in return for changes restricting the ability of Caucus to select the prime minister, in 2013 the right of Caucus to choose the ministry was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Caucus rules are not public,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i> has reported that ministerial positions are allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Left" title="Labor Left">Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labor_Right" title="Labor Right">Right</a> factions on a proportional basis according to their representation in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Left selects their ministers nationally, whilst the Right assigns ministers according to state based quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliament_Offices,_Sydney" title="Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney">Commonwealth Parliament Offices</a> in each state capital, with those in Sydney located in <a href="/wiki/1_Bligh_Street" title="1 Bligh Street">1 Bligh Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Judicature">The Judicature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Judicature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Australian court hierarchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_(85856224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg/220px-High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg/330px-High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg/440px-High_Court_of_Australia_from_lake_%2885856224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>High Court building, view from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As a federation, in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts. However, unlike the <a href="/wiki/UK_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK law">UK's multiple legal systems</a> there is only one legal system and like <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Canada</a> and unlike the <a href="/wiki/US_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US law">US</a> there is only one common law of the nation, rather than a common law for each state.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, unlike Canada and the US, there is no distinct federal common law.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federal judicial power is vested in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> and such other federal courts created by the Parliament, including the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Family Court of Australia">Family Court of Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit Court of Australia">Federal Circuit Court of Australia</a>. Additionally, the Parliament has the power to enact laws which vest federal authority in state courts.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level, only courts may exercise federal judicial power; and conversely, non-judicial functions cannot be vested in courts.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State judicial power is exercised by each state's supreme court, and such other courts and tribunals created by the state parliaments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Australian court hierarchy</a> and the final <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeal">court of appeal</a> in Australia. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, has the power of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states</a>, and interprets the Constitution of Australia. The High Court is mandated by <a href="/wiki/Section_71_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 71 of the Constitution of Australia">section 71 of the Constitution</a>, which vests in it the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial power</a> of the Commonwealth of Australia. The High Court was constituted by the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_1903" title="Judiciary Act 1903"><i>Judiciary Act 1903</i> (Cth)</a>. The High Court is composed of seven Justices: the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">Chief Justice of Australia</a>, presently <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gageler" title="Stephen Gageler">Stephen Gageler</a>, and six other Justices. </p><p>The state supreme courts are also considered to be superior courts, those with unlimited jurisdiction to hear disputes and which are the pinnacle of the court hierarchy within their jurisdictions. They were created by means of the constitutions of their respective states or the self government Acts for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>. Appeals may be made from state supreme courts to the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>. </p><p>Inferior courts are secondary to superior courts. Their existence stems from legislation and they only have the power to decide on matters which Parliament has granted them. Decisions in inferior courts can be appealed to the superior court in that area, and then to the High Court of Australia. </p><p>Until the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></i>, by the Australian and UK parliaments, some Australian cases could be referred to the British <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> for final appeal. With this act, Australian law was made fully independent, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> was confirmed as the highest court of appeal. The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Australian_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian electoral system">Australian electoral system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg/220px-Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg/330px-Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg/440px-Julia_Gillard_August_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> from 2010 to 2013 and the first female Prime Minister of the country.</figcaption></figure> <p>Federal elections are held at least once every three years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> can advise the governor-general to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a>. Although it is possible to hold elections for the House and Senate separately, it is the convention to hold simultaneous elections for both houses; every national election since <a href="/wiki/1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">1974</a> has been for both the House and the Senate. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Voting has been compulsory</a> federally since 1924, except for Indigenous Australians. All restrictions on Indigenous people's right to vote were removed in 1962, but this right remained optional until both voting and enrolment became compulsory in 1984. Federal enrolment for non-Indigenous Australians has been compulsory since 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compulsory voting laws are actively enforced, with a failure to vote attracting a $20 fine.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All non-Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women gained the right to vote</a> in federal elections in 1902 and in all states by 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All seats in the House of Representatives are contested in each election. Members are elected using <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential voting</a>, in which the winning candidate obtains over 50% of votes after distribution of preferences; therefore, preference flows from lower-polling candidates are frequently significant in electoral outcomes. Senate elections are contested by half the senators from each state, except in the case of a double dissolution where all senators contest the election; senators representing the territories are elected and sworn into office simultaneously with the House of Representatives rather than the rest of the Senate. All senators are elected using the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">single transferable voting</a> system of proportional representation, which has resulted in a greater presence of minor parties in the Senate. With the exception of a three-year period from 2005 to 2008, no party or coalition has held a majority in the Senate since 1981; this has required governments to frequently seek the support of minor parties or independent senators holding the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> in order to secure their legislative agenda. </p><p>Because the Senate's system of single transferable voting requires a lower quota than the House in order to obtain a seat, minor parties have often focused their election efforts on the upper house. This is true also at state level (only the two territories and Queensland are <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a>). Historically it has been comparatively rarer for minor parties and independents to win seats in the House of Representatives, although the size of the crossbench has been on an increasing trend since the <a href="/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election" title="1990 Australian federal election">1990 federal election</a> The most recent Australian federal election, which took place on <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">21 May 2022</a>, saw the election of a historically large crossbench in the House of Representatives consisting of six minor party members and ten independents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_and_local_government">State and local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: State and local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local government in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Australia_(governing_political_parties).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg/220px-States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg/330px-States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg/440px-States_of_Australia_%28governing_political_parties%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the jurisdictions of Australia and their governing political parties as of October 2024. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cd1f26; color:white;"> </span> Labor</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#17407e; color:white;"> </span> Coalition</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Color_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Australia_Color_Map.svg/220px-Australia_Color_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Australia_Color_Map.svg/330px-Australia_Color_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Australia_Color_Map.svg/440px-Australia_Color_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>States and territories of Australia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australia's six states and the two largest territories</a> are structured within a political framework similar to that of the Commonwealth. Each state has its own bicameral parliament, with the exception of Queensland and the two territories, whose parliaments are unicameral. Each state has a <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">governor</a>, who undertakes a role equivalent to that of the governor-general at the federal level, and a <a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">premier</a>, who is the head of government and is equivalent to the prime minister. Each state also has its own supreme court, from which appeals can be made to the High Court of Australia. </p><p>State and territory elections occur every four years using <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed terms</a> (except for Tasmania, where the premier decides the date of the election).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Playford_IV" title="Thomas Playford IV">Thomas Playford</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">Premier of South Australia</a> and leader of the Liberal and Country League (LCL) from 5 November 1938 to 10 March 1965 (26 years). <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_heads_of_government_by_time_in_office#Historical_heads_of_government" title="List of Australian heads of government by time in office">it was the longest term of any elected government leader in Australian history</a>. </p><p>Labor winning government in New South Wales on <a href="/wiki/2023_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2023 New South Wales state election">25 March 2023</a> marked the second time in history that the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> gained control of the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a> at the federal and mainland state levels simultaneously (leaving <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> as the only state with a Liberal government), a feat that had last been achieved in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Slade_2023_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slade_2023-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bongiorno_2023_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bongiorno_2023-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would last until <a href="/wiki/2024_Northern_Territory_general_election" title="2024 Northern Territory general election">24 August 2024</a> when Labor lost government in the Northern Territory to the <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal Party</a> (CLP) opposition. The <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Liberal–National Coalition</a> has never achieved this feat (control of the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a> at the federal and mainland state levels simultaneously) as of 2024. </p><p>Queensland is regarded as comparatively <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Megalogenis-2010_1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalogenis-2010_1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory are regarded as comparatively <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left of centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Megalogenis-2010_1_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalogenis-2010_1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Megalogenis-2010_2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalogenis-2010_2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New South Wales, the largest state by population, as well as South Australia have often been regarded as politically moderate <a href="/wiki/Bellwether" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-Megalogenis-2010_2_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalogenis-2010_2-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Megalogenis-2010_1_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megalogenis-2010_1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Australia, by contrast, tends to be more politically volatile; regarded as the most conservative state during the 2000–10s,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has lately swung to rank amongst the most left-leaning states in the country. It is also known for historical secessionist sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local government in Australia is the lowest tier of government. Local governments are subject to the relevant <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states and territories</a>. There is only one level of local government in Australia; with none of the distinctive local government types seen in other <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">anglophone</a> nations. Most local governments within the states have equivalent powers to each other; styles such as <i>shire</i> or <i>city</i> have only historical meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_in_Australian_politics">Ideology in Australian politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ideology in Australian politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism in Australia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gough_Whitlam_1972_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/347px-Gough_Whitlam_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> of the Labor party, that party's longest-serving parliamentary leader</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/174px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/261px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg/348px-Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="4971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a> of the Liberal party, Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister</figcaption></figure> <p>The Australian party system has been described by political scientists as more ideologically driven than other similar anglophone countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early Australian political history, class interests played a significant role in the division between the then-<a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> and a series of anti-Labor parties drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">conservative</a> traditions (the predecessors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Nationals</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary Australian political culture, the Coalition (Liberal and National parties) is considered centre-right and the Australian Labor Party is considered centre-left.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australian conservatism</a> is largely represented by the Coalition, along with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australian liberalism</a>. The Labor Party categorises itself as <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it has pursued a liberal economic and social policy since the prime ministership of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parliamentary Labor Party members such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Leigh" title="Andrew Leigh">Andrew Leigh</a> have argued that the ALP should be reclassified as <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labor Party still maintains its socialist objective in its constitution; however, it is seen by some as an ideological <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a> within the party.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades there has been a marked shift amongst the Australian electorate in providing their first preference votes to candidates not belonging to either of the two major parties. At the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 federal election</a> 31% gave their preference to a non-major party candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">List of political parties in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">List of historical political parties in Australia</a></div> <p>Organised, national political parties have dominated Australia's political landscape since federation. The late 19th century saw the rise of the Australian Labor Party, which represented organised workers. Opposing interests coalesced into two main parties: a centre-right party with a base in business and the middle classes that has been predominantly conservative and moderate, now the Liberal Party of Australia; and a rural or agrarian conservative party, now the National Party of Australia. While there are a small number of other political parties that have achieved parliamentary representation, these main three dominate organised politics everywhere in Australia and only on rare occasions have any other parties or independent members of parliament played any role at all in the formation or maintenance of governments. </p><p>Australian politics operates as a two-party system, as a result of the permanent coalition between the Liberal Party and National Party. Internal party discipline has historically been tight, unlike the situation in other countries such as the United States. Australia's political system has not always been a two-party system (e.g. <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901</a> to <a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">1910</a>) but nor has it always been as internally stable as in recent decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party (ALP)</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> party. It is a left leaning party with tendency towards social welfare and government assistance programs. It was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Australian labour movement</a> and broadly represents the urban working and middle classes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> is a party of the centre-right which broadly represents businesses, the middle classes and many rural people. Its permanent coalition partner at national level is the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a>, formerly known as the Country Party, a conservative party which represents rural interests. These two parties are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>. In only Queensland, the two parties have officially merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National Party</a>, and in the Northern Territory, the National Party is known as the <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minor/Third_parties"><span id="Minor.2FThird_parties"></span>Minor/Third parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minor/Third parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minor parties in Australian politics include a <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green</a> party, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a> (the largest of the minor parties since 2004); a <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> party, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> agrarian party, <a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian Party</a>. Other significant parties in recent years have included the <a href="/wiki/Clive_Palmer" title="Clive Palmer">Clive Palmer</a> led <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a> (not to be confused with the historical incarnation that was the predecessor to the Liberal party) and the <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First Party</a>, among others. Historically significant parties have included the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic Labor Party</a> (1950s–1970s), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a>, the socially liberal <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> (1970s–1990s) among others. </p><p>A notable election result for a third party other then Labor or the Liberal, Nationals, was in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Queensland_state_election" title="1998 Queensland state election">1998 Queensland state election</a>. Where One Nation with nearly 23% of the vote, gained the highest percentage of the vote than any other third party (i.e. not Labor, <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>, or independents) at the state or territory level since Federation 1901. This was also the only election at which a third party gained more votes than both the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Queensland_Division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Australia (Queensland Division)">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia_%E2%80%93_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party of Australia – Queensland">National Party</a> considered separately. This was One Nation's highest ever recorded election result in its history. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2010_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2010 Tasmanian state election">2010 Tasmanian state election</a>, the Greens party secured 21.6% of the primary vote. This is The highest ever vote the greens party has ever recorded in any state/federal election as of 2024. </p><p>A collection of climate conscious and <a href="/wiki/Economically_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically liberal">economically liberal</a> independents known as the <a href="/wiki/Teal_independents" title="Teal independents">teals</a> were elected in the 2022 election, taking many seats previously held by moderate Liberal Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since federation, there have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Australia">31 prime ministers of Australia</a>. The longest-serving prime minister was <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a> of the Liberal Party, who served for 19 years from 1939 to 1941, and again from 1949 to 1966. The only other prime minister to serve for longer than a decade was <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>, also of the Liberal Party, who led for more than 11 years from 1996 to 2007. The Coalition and its direct predecessors have governed at the federal level for a large majority of Australia's history since federation: 30,791 days as compared to Labor's 14,537 days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_ministers'_parties_by_time_in_office"><span id="Prime_ministers.27_parties_by_time_in_office"></span>Prime ministers' parties by time in office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prime ministers' parties by time in office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> – 18513 days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> – 14537 days as of 24 November 2024</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist Party</a> – 5142 days <i>(Party Deregistered)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> – 3505 days <i>(Party Deregistered)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a> – 2442 days <i>(Party Deregistered)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a> – 783 days <i>(Party Deregistered)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a> – 322 days <i>(Party Deregistered)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> – 84 days <i>(Party Renamed) </i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_koe49mmgxf57lfvax1dqzg0pxxoe1r4"><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Minister%20of%20Australian%20Capital%20Territory" coords="0,273,50,263" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Minister%20of%20Northern%20Territory" coords="0,246,50,236" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20Tasmania" coords="0,219,50,209" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20South%20Australia" coords="0,192,50,182" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20Western%20Australia" coords="0,165,50,155" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20Queensland" coords="0,139,50,129" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20Victoria" coords="0,112,50,102" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiers%20of%20New%20South%20Wales" coords="0,85,50,75" alt="" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20Australia" coords="0,58,50,48" alt="" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_koe49mmgxf57lfvax1dqzg0pxxoe1r4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/koe49mmgxf57lfvax1dqzg0pxxoe1r4.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Representatives_primary,_two-party_and_seat_results"><span id="House_of_Representatives_primary.2C_two-party_and_seat_results"></span>House of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: House of Representatives primary, two-party and seat results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> has existed in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> since the two non-Labor parties merged in 1909. The <a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">1910 election</a> was the first to elect a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> concurrently winning the first <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> majority. Prior to 1909 a three-party system existed in the chamber. A <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">two-party-preferred vote</a> (2PP) has been calculated since the 1919 change from <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> to <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential voting</a> and subsequent introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>. ALP = Australian Labor Party, L+NP = grouping of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">CLP</a> Coalition parties (and predecessors), Oth = <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">other parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politics)">independents</a>. </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto; clear:both;" border="0" align="left"> <caption><b>House of Representatives results</b> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Election<br />Year </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labour</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Other<br />parties </th> <th rowspan="2">Total<br />seats </th></tr> <tr> <td height="4" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F00011;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD425;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#1E90FF;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="20"><a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1st</a> </th> <th width="40">1901 </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>31</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Election<br />Year </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labour</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Other<br />parties </th> <th rowspan="2">Total<br />seats </th></tr> <tr> <td height="4" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F00011;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD425;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#1E90FF;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">2nd</a> </th> <th>1903 </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>26</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="width:30px; text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Tariff_Party_(Tasmania)" title="Revenue Tariff Party (Tasmania)">Revenue Tariff</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Election<br />Year </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labour</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Anti-Socialist</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Other<br />parties </th> <th rowspan="2">Total<br />seats </th></tr> <tr> <td height="4" colspan="2" style="background-color:#F00011;"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFD425;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#1E90FF;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_federal_election" title="1906 Australian federal election">3rd</a> </th> <th>1906 </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>21</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="width:30px; text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Party" title="Western Australian Party">Western Australian</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible toccolours" align="left" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin-right: .5em; margin-top: .4em;font-size: 90%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#; text-align:center;"> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#; text-align:center;">Primary vote </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">2PP vote</a> </th> <th colspan="4" style="background:#; text-align:center;">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#; text-align:center;"> </th> <th style="background:#f66; text-align:center;">ALP </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; text-align:center;">L+NP </th> <th style="background:#ff0; text-align:center;">Oth. </th> <th style="background:#f66; text-align:center;">ALP </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; text-align:center;">L+NP </th> <th style="background:#f66; text-align:center;">ALP </th> <th style="background:#00bfff; text-align:center;">L+NP </th> <th style="background:#ff0; text-align:center;">Oth. </th> <th style="background:#; text-align:center;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">13 April 1910 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">4.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">42 </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_federal_election" title="1913 Australian federal election">31 May 1913 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">37 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">5 September 1914 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">42 </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_federal_election" title="1917 Australian federal election">5 May 1917 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">54.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">22 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">53 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1919_Australian_federal_election" title="1919 Australian federal election">13 December 1919 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">54.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">3.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">54.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">38 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1922_Australian_federal_election" title="1922 Australian federal election">16 December 1922 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">9.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">51.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">40 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1925_Australian_federal_election" title="1925 Australian federal election">14 November 1925 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">53.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">53.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">17 November 1928 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">51.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1929_Australian_federal_election" title="1929 Australian federal election">12 October 1929 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">7.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">56.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center; bgcolor=">43.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">46 </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">19 December 1931 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">27.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">24.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">41.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">58.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">11 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">75 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">15 September 1934 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">26.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">27.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">53.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">18 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">42 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">14 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">74 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">23 October 1937 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">7.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">43 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">74 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">21 September 1940 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">40.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">15.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">74 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">21 August 1943 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">23.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">27.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">58.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">41.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">49 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">19 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">74 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_federal_election" title="1946 Australian federal election">28 September 1946 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">39.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">11.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">54.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">43 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">74 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">10 December 1949 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">3.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">51.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">121 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_federal_election" title="1951 Australian federal election">28 April 1951 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">52 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">121 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1954_Australian_federal_election" title="1954 Australian federal election">29 May 1954 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">3.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">57 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">121 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1955_Australian_federal_election" title="1955 Australian federal election">10 December 1955 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">7.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">54.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">122 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1958_Australian_federal_election" title="1958 Australian federal election">22 November 1958 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">10.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">54.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">122 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1961_Australian_federal_election" title="1961 Australian federal election">9 December 1961 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">10.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">62 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">122 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1963_Australian_federal_election" title="1963 Australian federal election">30 November 1963 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">8.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">52.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">122 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_federal_election" title="1966 Australian federal election">26 November 1966 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">40.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">10.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">56.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">41 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">124 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1969_Australian_federal_election" title="1969 Australian federal election">25 October 1969 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">9.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">59 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">125 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1972_Australian_federal_election" title="1972 Australian federal election">2 December 1972 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">41.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">8.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">52.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">67 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">125 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">18 May 1974 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">51.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">61 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">127 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">13 December 1975 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">53.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">4.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">55.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">127 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_federal_election" title="1977 Australian federal election">10 December 1977 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">39.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">12.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">54.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">38 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">124 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1980_Australian_federal_election" title="1980 Australian federal election">18 October 1980 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">8.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">51 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">74 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">125 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">5 March 1983 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">53.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">75 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">50 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">125 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">1 December 1984 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">7.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">51.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">66 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">148 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">11 July 1987 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">8.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">62 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">148 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election" title="1990 Australian federal election">24 March 1990 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">39.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">17.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">148 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">13 March 1993 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">44.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">10.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">51.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">147 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">2 March 1996 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">38.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">14.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">53.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">94 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">148 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_federal_election" title="1998 Australian federal election">3 October 1998 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">40.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">39.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">20.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">51.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">67 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">80 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">148 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_federal_election" title="2001 Australian federal election">10 November 2001 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">37.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">19.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">51.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">82 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2004_Australian_federal_election" title="2004 Australian federal election">9 October 2004 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">37.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">46.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">15.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">52.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">87 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">24 November 2007 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">14.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">52.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">83 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">21 August 2010 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">38.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">43.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">18.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">50.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">49.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">72 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">72 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">7 September 2013 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">33.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">45.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">21.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center; bgcolor=">46.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">53.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">55 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">90 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=""><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2 July 2016 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">34.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">42.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">23.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center; bgcolor=">49.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">50.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">150 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">18 May 2019 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">33.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">41.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">25.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">48.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">51.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">68 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">151 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">21 May 2022 election</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">32.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">36.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">32.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">52.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">47.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f66;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="">151 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_party_composition_of_the_Senate">Historical party composition of the Senate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical party composition of the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Senate has included representatives from a range of political parties, including several parties that have seldom or never had representation in the House of Representatives, but which have consistently secured a small but significant level of electoral support, as the table shows. </p><p>Results represent the composition of the Senate after the elections. The full Senate has been contested on eight occasions; the inaugural election and seven <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolutions</a>. These are underlined and highlighted in puce.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="float:left; margin-right:.5em; margin-top:.4em; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf;"> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Election<br />Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic<br />Labor</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Democrats</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">CLP</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Other<br />parties </th> <th rowspan="2">Total<br />seats </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Electoral<br />system </th></tr> <tr> <td height="4" style="background-color:#F00011;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#080CAB;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#080CAB;"> </td> <td style="background-color:green;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffb536;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFCD00;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#10C25B;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FF7F00;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th width="20"><u><a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1st</a></u> </th> <th width="40"><u>1901</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="width:30px; text-align:center;">11<sup id="cite_ref-D_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width:30px; text-align:center;">17 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Plurality-at-large voting</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">2nd</a> </th> <th>1903 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12<sup id="cite_ref-D_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="width:30px; text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Tariff_Party_(Tasmania)" title="Revenue Tariff Party (Tasmania)">Revenue Tariff</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_federal_election" title="1906 Australian federal election">3rd</a> </th> <th>1906 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6<sup id="cite_ref-D_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_federal_election" title="1910 Australian federal election">4th</a> </th> <th>1910 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">14 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_federal_election" title="1913 Australian federal election">5th</a> </th> <th>1913 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">6th</a></u> </th> <th><u>1914</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_federal_election" title="1917 Australian federal election">7th</a> </th> <th>1917 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Plurality-at-large voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_Australian_federal_election" title="1919 Australian federal election">8th</a> </th> <th>1919 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">35 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Preferential_block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential block voting">Preferential block voting</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1922_Australian_federal_election" title="1922 Australian federal election">9th</a> </th> <th>1922 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1925_Australian_federal_election" title="1925 Australian federal election">10th</a> </th> <th>1925 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">11th</a> </th> <th>1928 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">12th</a> </th> <th>1931 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">13th</a> </th> <th>1934 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">14th</a> </th> <th>1937 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">15th</a> </th> <th>1940 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">15 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">16th</a> </th> <th>1943 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_federal_election" title="1946 Australian federal election">17th</a> </th> <th>1946 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">33 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Preferential block voting </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">18th</a> </th> <th>1949 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></b> (Full preferential voting) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_federal_election" title="1951 Australian federal election">19th</a></u> </th> <th><u>1951</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Australian_Senate_election" title="1953 Australian Senate election">20th</a> </th> <th>1953 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1955_Australian_federal_election" title="1955 Australian federal election">21st</a> </th> <th>1955 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Australian_federal_election" title="1958 Australian federal election">22nd</a> </th> <th>1958 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_Australian_federal_election" title="1961 Australian federal election">23rd</a> </th> <th>1961 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1964_Australian_Senate_election" title="1964 Australian Senate election">24th</a> </th> <th>1964 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_Senate_election" title="1967 Australian Senate election">25th</a> </th> <th>1967 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_Australian_Senate_election" title="1970 Australian Senate election">26th</a> </th> <th>1970 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">21 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">27th</a></u> </th> <th><u>1974</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Australia)" title="Liberal Movement (Australia)">Liberal Movement</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">28th</a></u> </th> <th><u>1975</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Movement_(Australia)" title="Liberal Movement (Australia)">Liberal Movement</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_federal_election" title="1977 Australian federal election">29th</a> </th> <th>1977 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_Australian_federal_election" title="1980 Australian federal election">30th</a> </th> <th>1980 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">31st</a></u> </th> <th><u>1983</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">32nd</a> </th> <th>1984 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">34 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">27 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Disarmament_Party" title="Nuclear Disarmament Party">Nuclear Disarmament</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Single transferable vote (<a href="/wiki/Group_voting_tickets_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Group voting tickets in Australia">Group voting ticket</a>)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">33rd</a></u> </th> <th><u>1987</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Disarmament_Party" title="Nuclear Disarmament Party">Nuclear Disarmament</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election" title="1990 Australian federal election">34th</a> </th> <th>1990 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens_Western_Australia" title="Greens Western Australia">Greens (WA)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">35th</a> </th> <th>1993 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens_Western_Australia" title="Greens Western Australia">Greens (WA)</a> (2) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">36th</a> </th> <th>1996 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens_Western_Australia" title="Greens Western Australia">Greens (WA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Greens" title="Tasmanian Greens">Greens (Tas)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_federal_election" title="1998 Australian federal election">37th</a> </th> <th>1998 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">29 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_federal_election" title="2001 Australian federal election">38th</a> </th> <th>2001 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Australian_federal_election" title="2004 Australian federal election">39th</a> </th> <th>2004 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">33 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">40th</a> </th> <th>2007 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">32 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">41st</a> </th> <th>2010 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">31 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">28 + (3 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">42nd</a> </th> <th>2013 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">25 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 + (5 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 + (1 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Australia)">Liberal Democrats</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_Motoring_Enthusiast_Party" title="Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party">Motoring Enthusiast</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Palmer_United_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer United Party">Palmer United</a> (3) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Group voting ticket) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#cc8899;"> <th><u><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">43rd</a></u> </th> <th><u>2016</u> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">21 + (3 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 + (2 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Jacqui Lambie</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Derryn_Hinch%27s_Justice_Party" title="Derryn Hinch's Justice Party">Justice Party</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Australia)">Liberal Democrats</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Nick_Xenophon_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Xenophon Team">Nick Xenophon Team</a> (3), <br /><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> (4) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Single transferable vote (<a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">Optional preferential voting</a>)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">44th</a> </th> <th>2019 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">26 + (4 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 + (2 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a> (2), <br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_Conservatives" title="Australian Conservatives">Conservatives</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Jacqui Lambie</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> (2) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Optional preferential voting) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">45th</a> </th> <th>2022 </th> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">23 + (3 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 + (2 <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:centre;"><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Jacqui Lambie</a> (2), <br /><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> (2), <br /><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Single transferable vote (Optional preferential voting) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right politics in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sanctions_involving_Australia" title="List of sanctions involving Australia">List of sanctions involving Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_South_Wales" title="Politics of New South Wales">Politics of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Victoria" title="Politics of Victoria">Politics of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Politics of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Australia" title="Politics of Western Australia">Politics of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_donations_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political donations in Australia">Political donations in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_families_of_Australia" title="Political families of Australia">Political families of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_Representation_Society_of_Australia" title="Proportional Representation Society of Australia">Proportional Representation Society of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The timing of elections is related to the dissolution or expiry of the House of Representatives, which extends for a maximum period of three years from the date of its first sitting, not the date of the election of its members. The house can be dissolved and a new election called at any time. In <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Australian_federal_parliaments" title="Chronology of Australian federal parliaments">12 out of 41 parliaments</a> since Federation, more than three years have elapsed between elections. There is a complex formula for determining the date of such elections, which must satisfy section 32 of the Constitution of Australia and sections 156–8 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918. These provisions do not allow an election to be held less than 33 days or more than 68 days after the dissolution of the House of Representatives. See <a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 Australian federal election</a> for an example of how the formula applies in practice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes results for the <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a> for 1901 and 1903, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Socialist Party">Anti-Socialist Party</a> for 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a> for 1910–1914, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a> for 1917–1929, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> for 1931–1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used the name <a href="/wiki/Australian_Country_Party_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Country Party (1920)">Country Party</a> for 1919–1974 and <a href="/wiki/National_Country_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Country Party">National Country Party</a> for 1975–1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_references">Specific references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specific references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Members">the original</a> on 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FSenators_and_Members%2FMembers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/">"Separation of powers: Parliament, Executive and Judiciary"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031132705/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/system-of-government/separation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Separation+of+powers%3A+Parliament%2C+Executive+and+Judiciary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fsystem-of-government%2Fseparation-of-powers-parliament-executive-and-judiciary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s64.html">s 64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). <i>Blackshield and Williams Australian constitutional law and theory: commentary and materials</i> (7th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1"><bdi>978-1-76002-151-1</bdi></a>. <q>Under the Westminster system of government which Australia has inherited from the United Kingdom ... there is no similar strict separation between legislative and executive power. On the contrary, the executive is integrated into the legislature by the requirement that the ministers responsible for the departments of government must be Members of Parliament accountable to it through such mechanisms as question time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshield+and+Williams+Australian+constitutional+law+and+theory%3A+commentary+and+materials&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-151-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/">"How have the British and US systems of government influenced the Australian government system?"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timeline.peo.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australasian+Federation+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.peo.gov.au%2F%23event-australasianafederationaconvention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_of_Australia-2023_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_8_-_Elections_for_the_House_of_Representatives">"Infosheet 8 – Elections for the House of Representatives"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626043015/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_8_-_Elections_for_the_House_of_Representatives">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Australian Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626095357/https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/territories/indian-ocean-territories/christmas-island/governance-administration">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626095050/https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/territories/indian-ocean-territories/cocos-keeling-islands/governance-administration">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Department+of+Infrastructure%2C+Transport%2C+Regional+Development%2C+Communications+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Cocos+%28Keeling%29+Islands+governance+and+administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infrastructure.gov.au%2Fterritories-regions-cities%2Fterritories%2Findian-ocean-territories%2Fcocos-keeling-islands%2Fgovernance-administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/having-your-say/elections-and-voting/referendums-and-plebiscites/">"Referendums and plebiscites"</a>. Parliamentary Education Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230626071602/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/having-your-say/elections-and-voting/referendums-and-plebiscites/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Referendums+and+plebiscites&rft.pub=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhaving-your-say%2Felections-and-voting%2Freferendums-and-plebiscites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/">Australian Constitution</a></i> (Cth) s 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s51.html">s 51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s107.html">s 107</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20191107024508/http://www.peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/the-roles-and-responsibilities-of-the-three-levels-of-government/">"Three levels of government: governing Australia"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. 19 July 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/the-roles-and-responsibilities-of-the-three-levels-of-government/">the original</a> on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Three+levels+of+government%3A+governing+Australia&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fthree-levels-of-government%2Fthe-roles-and-responsibilities-of-the-three-levels-of-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2015" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Cheryl (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1587019/383Saunders4.pdf">"The Concept of the Crown"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Melbourne University Law Review</i>. <b>38</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+the+Crown&rft.volume=38&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.unimelb.edu.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0004%2F1587019%2F383Saunders4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2022" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Nicholas (23 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-24/king-charles-australias-head-of-state-alternative-republic/101470156">"Australia's new king will be officially crowned in a few months. Here's what an alternative could look like"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>. <q>I think that that isn't well understood", said Cindy McCreery, a senior lecturer of history at the University of Sydney. "The fact is that the British monarch is separately, individually monarch of the remaining Commonwealth Realms. "So when King Charles goes to Canada, he is King of Canada, when he goes to Australia, he's King of Australia, and that those are actually separate relationships.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+new+king+will+be+officially+crowned+in+a+few+months.+Here%27s+what+an+alternative+could+look+like&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-12-24%2Fking-charles-australias-head-of-state-alternative-republic%2F101470156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemocracy" class="citation web cs1">Democracy, Centre of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreofdemocracy.sa.gov.au/head-of-state/">"Head of State"</a>. <i>Centre of Democracy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://www.centreofdemocracy.sa.gov.au/head-of-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Head+of+State&rft.aulast=Democracy&rft.aufirst=Centre+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreofdemocracy.sa.gov.au%2Fhead-of-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411022216/http://gg.gov.au/governor-generals-role">"Governor-General's Role"</a>. Office of the Governor-General. 20 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.gov.au/governor-generals-role">the original</a> on 11 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor-General%27s+Role&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor-General&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.gov.au%2Fgovernor-generals-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630105725/https://www.royal.uk/australia">"Australia"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>. 30 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/australia">the original</a> on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Australia&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Faustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-27.html">"Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 (Cth)"</a>. <i>Documenting Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Australian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Australian Democracy">Museum of Australian Democracy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft.atitle=Royal+Style+and+Titles+Act+1953+%28Cth%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem-did-27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-99.html">"Royal Style and Titles Act 1973 (Cth)"</a>. <i>Documenting Democracy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Australian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Australian Democracy">Museum of Australian Democracy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+Democracy&rft.atitle=Royal+Style+and+Titles+Act+1973+%28Cth%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem-sdid-99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/">"Who has more power, the Governor-General or the Prime Minister?"</a>. <i>The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230325134058/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/who-has-more-power-the-governor-general-or-the-prime-minister/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Parliamentary+Education+Office+%28PEO%29&rft.atitle=Who+has+more+power%2C+the+Governor-General+or+the+Prime+Minister%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). <i>Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials</i> (7th ed.). Sydney: Federation Press. p. 438 [12.16]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760022600" title="Special:BookSources/9781760022600"><bdi>9781760022600</bdi></a>. <q>There are exceptions to the convention that the Governor-General should act only on advice. These are the 'reserve powers', which the Governor-General can exercise in the absence of, or even contrary to, such advice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshield+and+Williams+Australian+Constitutional+Law+and+Theory%3A+Commentary+and+Materials.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=438+12.16&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781760022600&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20230312065832/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-reserve-powers/">"What are reserve powers?"</a>. <i>The Parliamentary Education Office (PEO)</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Parliamentary+Education+Office+%28PEO%29&rft.atitle=What+are+reserve+powers%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/">"Reserve Powers and the Whitlam dismissal"</a>. <i>Rule of Law Education Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220318123154/https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/constitution/reserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rule+of+Law+Education+Centre&rft.atitle=Reserve+Powers+and+the+Whitlam+dismissal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruleoflaw.org.au%2Fconstitution%2Freserve-powers-and-the-whitlam-dismissal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/1999_Referendum_Reports_Statistics/1999.htm">"1999 Referendum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20220328165637/https://www.aec.gov.au/elections/referendums/1999_referendum_reports_statistics/1999.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Can I draw on my ballot paper? 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Retrieved 11 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lavelle, A. The Death of Social Democracy. 2008. Ashgate Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrys2018" class="citation book cs1">Humphrys, Elizabeth (2018). <i>How labour built neoliberalism : Australia's accord, the labour movement and the neoliberal project</i>. 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ABC News. 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fact+check%3A+Are+Labor%27s+policies+socialist%3F&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-09-20%2Ffact-check3a-are-labor27s-policies-socialist3f%2F8948552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/reviewing-an-anachronism-labor-to-debate-future-of-socialist-objective-45233">"Reviewing an anachronism? Labor to debate future of socialist objective"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Reviewing+an+anachronism%3F+Labor+to+debate+future+of+socialist+objective&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Freviewing-an-anachronism-labor-to-debate-future-of-socialist-objective-45233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Green" class="citation cs2">Antony Green, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/federal/2022/results/party-totals"><i>Party Totals</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Totals&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.au=Antony+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Felections%2Ffederal%2F2022%2Fresults%2Fparty-totals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2022" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (23 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/23/teal-independents-who-are-they-how-did-they-upend-australia-election">"Teal independents: who are they and how did they upend Australia's election?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Teal+independents%3A+who+are+they+and+how+did+they+upend+Australia%27s+election%3F&rft.date=2022-05-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2022%2Fmay%2F23%2Fteal-independents-who-are-they-how-did-they-upend-australia-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kenny_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Kenny (journalist)">Kenny, Mark</a> (12 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/halfway-through-their-term-the-teal-mps-look-here-to-stay-and-may-present-a-huge-challenge-in-2025-216528">"Halfway through their term, the 'teal' MPs look here to stay – and may present a huge challenge in 2025"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Halfway+through+their+term%2C+the+%27teal%27+MPs+look+here+to+stay+%E2%80%93+and+may+present+a+huge+challenge+in+2025&rft.date=2023-11-12&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhalfway-through-their-term-the-teal-mps-look-here-to-stay-and-may-present-a-huge-challenge-in-2025-216528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118085343/http://elections.uwa.edu.au/">"A database of elections, governments, parties and representation for Australian state and federal parliaments since 1890"</a>. <i>University of Western Australia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elections.uwa.edu.au/">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=A+database+of+elections%2C+governments%2C+parties+and+representation+for+Australian+state+and+federal+parliaments+since+1890&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felections.uwa.edu.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/">"Parliamentary Education Office"</a>. Commonwealth of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElderFowler2018" class="citation book cs1">Elder, D.R.; Fowler, P.E., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/Practice7"><i>House of Representatives Practice</i></a> (7th ed.). Canberra: Department of the House of Representatives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74366-654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74366-654-8"><bdi>978-1-74366-654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+Representatives+Practice&rft.place=Canberra&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Department+of+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-74366-654-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FHouse_of_Representatives%2FPowers_practice_and_procedure%2FPractice7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). <i>Government powers under a Federal Constitution: Constitutional Law in Australia</i> (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co (Thomas Reuters). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140000411">1140000411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+Constitutional+Law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co+%28Thomas+Reuters%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140000411&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Politics of Australia</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=politics+of+Australia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=politics+of+Australia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPercheBarryHaighFenna2024" class="citation book cs1">Perche, Diana; et al., eds. (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oercollective.caul.edu.au/aust-politics-policy/"><i>Australian Politics and Policy: 2024</i></a>. Sydney University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30722%2Fsup.9781743329542">10.30722/sup.9781743329542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74332-954-2"><bdi>978-1-74332-954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Politics+and+Policy%3A+2024&rft.pub=Sydney+University+Press&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30722%2Fsup.9781743329542&rft.isbn=978-1-74332-954-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foercollective.caul.edu.au%2Faust-politics-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Corcoran and Jackie Dickenson (2010), <i>A Dictionary of Australian Politics</i>, Allen and Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW</li> <li>Department of the Senate, 'Electing Australia's Senators', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829204046/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/pubs/briefs/brief01.htm"><i>Senate Briefs</i> No. 1</a>, 2006, retrieved July 2007</li> <li>Rodney Smith (2001), <i>Australian Political Culture</i>, Longman, Frenchs Forest NSW</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet_of_Australia" title="Shadow cabinet of Australia">Shadow Cabinet</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of 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system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_elections" title="Timeline of Australian elections">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br /> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">NT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">UAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardworking_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardworking Families">Hardworking Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langer_vote" title="Langer vote">Langer vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playmander" title="Playmander">Playmander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_test" title="Pub test">Pub test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_quiet_Australians" title="The quiet Australians">Quiet Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_family" title="Working family">Working Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_(marketing)" title="Worm (marketing)">Worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australian_states_and_territories" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia_by_state" title="Template:Politics of Australia by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia_by_state" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Australian_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Australian</a> states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States and mainland<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_South_Wales" title="Politics of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Victoria_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Queensland" title="Politics of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Australia" title="Politics of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of the Australian Capital Territory (page does not exist)">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Jervis_Bay_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">External territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Australian_Antarctic_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Coral_Sea_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Politics of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="28px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_parties_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_parties_in_Australia" title="Template:Political parties in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_parties_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Political parties in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_parties_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political parties in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="28px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Political_parties_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/28px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/56px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political parties in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliamentary</a> parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">H</a>: 78, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">S</a>: 25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (H: 55, S: 30) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> (H: 40, S: 24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> (H: 15, S: 6)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> (H: 4, S: 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a> (S: 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%27s_Voice" title="Australia's Voice">Australia's Voice</a> (S: <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Payman" title="Fatima Payman">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a> (H: <a href="/wiki/Rebekha_Sharkie" title="Rebekha Sharkie">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a> (H: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a> (S: <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie" title="Jacqui Lambie">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Australia)" title="People First Party (Australia)">People First</a> (S: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Rennick" title="Gerard Rennick">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">State and territory parliaments</a><br />(parties not represented federally)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legalise_Cannabis_Australia" title="Legalise Cannabis Australia">Legalise Cannabis</a> (NSW: <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Buckingham" title="Jeremy Buckingham">1</a>, Vic: 2, WA: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Walker_(politician)" title="Brian Walker (politician)">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party" title="Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party">Shooters, Fishers and Farmers</a> (NSW: 2, Vic: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bourman" title="Jeff Bourman">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice</a> (NSW: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hurst" title="Emma Hurst">1</a>, Vic: <a href="/wiki/Georgie_Purcell" title="Georgie Purcell">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Australia)" title="Libertarian Party (Australia)">Libertarian</a> (NSW: <a href="/wiki/John_Ruddick" title="John Ruddick">1</a>, Vic: <a href="/wiki/David_Limbrick" title="David Limbrick">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA-Best" title="SA-Best">SA-Best</a> (SA: <a href="/wiki/Connie_Bonaros" title="Connie Bonaros">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">AEC</a>-registered parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christians_(political_party)" title="Australian Christians (political party)">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Citizens_Party" title="Australian Citizens Party">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation_Party" title="Australian Federation Party">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_Party_(Australia)" title="Fusion Party (Australia)">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party_(2021)" title="Family First Party (2021)">Family First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Australian_Party" title="The Great Australian Party">Great Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous-Aboriginal_Party_of_Australia" title="Indigenous-Aboriginal Party of Australia">Indigenous-Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Rubenstein#Kim_for_Canberra" title="Kim Rubenstein">Kim for Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alliance_(Australia)" title="Socialist Alliance (Australia)">Socialist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Australia">Sustainable Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialists" title="Victorian Socialists">Victorian Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Defunct parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_government_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of local government political parties in Australia">Local government parties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Oceania">Politics of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji" title="Politics of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kiribati" title="Politics of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nauru" title="Politics of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Palau" title="Politics of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Politics of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Politics of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tonga" title="Politics of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tuvalu" title="Politics of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vanuatu" title="Politics of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Politics of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Niue" title="Politics of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_American_Samoa" title="Politics of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_French_Polynesia" title="Politics of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guam" title="Politics of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Caledonia" title="Politics of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Politics of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Politics of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tokelau" title="Politics of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Politics of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ideology_in_Australian_politics">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related 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