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<li id="toc-Relations_with_the_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relations with the military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WWII-era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WWII-era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>WWII-era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WWII-era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mann_Gulch_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mann_Gulch_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mann Gulch fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mann_Gulch_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smokejumper_crews_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smokejumper_crews_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Smokejumper crews worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Smokejumper_crews_worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Smokejumper crews worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Smokejumper_crews_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Equipment and gear</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_and_gear-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment and gear subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firefighting_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firefighting_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Firefighting gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firefighting_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_Protective_Equipment_(PPE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_Protective_Equipment_(PPE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_Protective_Equipment_(PPE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Survival gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recruitment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recruitment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Team_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Team members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_fitness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_fitness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Physical fitness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_fitness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture_(chronological)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture_(chronological)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture (chronological)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture_(chronological)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombero_paracaidista" title="Bombero paracaidista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombero paracaidista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompier_parachutiste" title="Pompier parachutiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pompier parachutiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigile_del_fuoco_paracadutista" title="Vigile del fuoco paracadutista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vigile del fuoco paracadutista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Смоукджампер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Смоукджампер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%99%8D%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E5%91%98" title="空降消防员 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="空降消防员" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q379497#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Smokejumper%22">"Smokejumper"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Smokejumper%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Smokejumper%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Smokejumper%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Smokejumper%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Smokejumper%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the US and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Smokejumper" title="Talk:Smokejumper">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mso_smokejumpers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mso_smokejumpers.png/220px-Mso_smokejumpers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mso_smokejumpers.png/330px-Mso_smokejumpers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Mso_smokejumpers.png/440px-Mso_smokejumpers.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Fully outfitted smokejumpers boarding a <a href="/wiki/Short_C-23_Sherpa" title="Short C-23 Sherpa">Short C-23 Sherpa</a> aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>, en route to a fire in the <a href="/wiki/Idaho_panhandle" title="Idaho panhandle">Idaho panhandle</a>, July 1994</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Smokejumpers</b> are specially trained <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">wildland firefighters</a> who provide an initial attack response on remote <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. They are inserted at the site of the fire by <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a>. This allows firefighters to access remote fires in their early stages without needing to hike long distances carrying equipment and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional terrestrial crews can use only what they can carry and often require hours and days to reach fire on foot. The benefits of smokejumping include the speed at which firefighters can reach a burn site, the broad range of fires a single crew can reach by aircraft, and the larger equipment payloads that can be delivered to a fire compared to pedestrian crews.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once arrived on site, smokejumpers utilize similar strategies to <a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">hotshot crews</a> and terrestrial crews to extinguish fires. Primarily, firefighters use axes to dig trenches around the fire's perimeter to isolate the flames from further fuel sources - nearby trees and shrubs. By tilling the newly exposed soil, the firefighters limit available material for the fire and it slowly burns itself out. If necessary, crews will supervise the fire overnight, and churn the ash in the morning to effectively put out any remaining embers. Once the fires are deemed thoroughly extinguished, smokejumpers retrieve the equipment and hike to the nearest clearing to be collected by helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only four countries currently house smokejumpers: Russia, Canada, United States and Malaysia. These countries often coordinate exchange programs in which smokejumpers travel to aid in intense wildfire seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to performing the initial attack on wildfires, they may also provide leadership for extended attacks on wildland fires. Shortly after smokejumpers touch ground, they are supplied by parachute with food, water, and firefighting tools, making them self-sufficient for 48 hours. Smokejumpers are usually on duty from early spring through late fall. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smokejumpers,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Smokejumpers%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Forest Service">US Forest Service</a> smokejumpers, based in <a href="/wiki/Deming,_New_Mexico" title="Deming, New Mexico">Deming, New Mexico</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the full establishment of smokejumping, experiments with parachute insertion of firefighters were conducted in 1934 in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Earlier, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">aerial firefighting</a> experiments had been conducted with air delivery of equipment and water bombs. Although this first experiment was not pursued, another began in 1939 in the <a href="/wiki/Methow_River" title="Methow River">Methow Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, where professional parachutists jumped into a variety of timbered and mountainous terrains, proving the feasibility of the idea. </p><p>Smokejumping was first proposed in 1934 in the <a href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain Region</a> (Region 4), by Regional Forester T.V. Pearson. By 1939, the program began as an experiment in the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6). The first official non-fire jump was made in the <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_National_Forest" title="Nez Perce National Forest">Nez Perce National Forest</a> in the Northern Region (Region 1) in 1940 by John Furgurson and Lester Gohler. The McCall smokejumper program was established in 1943; their base is on the Idaho shores of <a href="/wiki/Payette_Lake" title="Payette Lake">Payette Lake</a>. The base is near six <a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">national forests</a>: Nez Perce / <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_National_Forest" title="Clearwater National Forest">Clearwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_National_Forest" title="Sawtooth National Forest">Sawtooth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boise_National_Forest" title="Boise National Forest">Boise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Payette_National_Forest" title="Payette National Forest">Payette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon%E2%80%93Challis_National_Forest" title="Salmon–Challis National Forest">Salmon–Challis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallowa-Whitman_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallowa-Whitman National Forest">Wallowa-Whitman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, permanent jump operations were established at <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Washington" title="Winthrop, Washington">Winthrop, Washington</a>, and Ninemile Camp, an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> camp (Camp Menard) a mile north of the Forest Service's Ninemile Remount Depot (<a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack mule</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Huson,_Montana" title="Huson, Montana">Huson, Montana</a>, about 30 mi (48 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a>. The first fire jumps were made by Rufus Robinson and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Cooley_(smokejumper)" title="Earl Cooley (smokejumper)">Earl Cooley</a> at Rock Pillar near Marten Creek in the Nez Perce National Forest on July 12, 1940, out of Ninemile, followed shortly by a two-man fire jump out of Winthrop. In subsequent years, the Ninemile Camp operation moved to Missoula, where it became the Missoula Smokejumper Base. The Winthrop operation remained at its original location, as North Cascades Smokejumper Base. The "birthplace" of smokejumping continues to be debated between these two bases, the argument having persisted for about 70 years. </p><p>The first smokejumper training camp was at the <a href="/wiki/Seeley_Lake,_Montana" title="Seeley Lake, Montana">Seeley Lake Ranger Station</a>, over 60 mi (97 km) northeast of Missoula. The camp relocated to Camp Menard in July 1943. Here, when not fighting fires, the men spent much time putting up hay to feed the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">pack mules</a> that carried supplies and equipment to guard stations and fire locations. To work fires, the men, organized into squads of eight to fifteen, were stationed at six strategic points, also known as "spike camps": Seeley Lake, Big Prairie, and Ninemile in Montana; Moose Creek and McCall in Idaho; and Redwood Ranger Station in southwestern Oregon at the edge of <a href="/wiki/Cave_Junction,_Oregon" title="Cave Junction, Oregon">Cave Junction</a>. The men worked from other spike camps as well, including some in Washington. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_military">Relations with the military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relations with the military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After observing smokejumper training methods at <a href="/wiki/Seeley_Lake,_Montana" title="Seeley Lake, Montana">Seeley Lake</a> in June 1940, then-Major <a href="/wiki/William_C._Lee" title="William C. Lee">William C. Lee</a> of the United States Army went on to become a major general and establish the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1978, members of the Army National Guard's <a href="/wiki/19th_Special_Forces_Group" title="19th Special Forces Group">19th Special Forces Group</a> (Airborne) and other western military units briefly began airborne training at the Missoula Smokejumper School. Although in years past, the army had conducted basic airborne training at various locations, it has since been consolidated at Fort Benning, (now called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moore" title="Fort Moore">Fort Moore</a>) Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WWII-era">WWII-era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: WWII-era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/555th_Parachute_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" title="555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)">555th Parachute Infantry Battalion</a> gained fame as the only entirely black airborne unit in United States Army history. The 555th was allegedly not sent to combat because of segregation in the military during World War II. In May 1945, the unit was sent to the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a> to combat forest fires ignited by <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_balloon" title="Incendiary balloon">incendiary balloons</a> sent by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a>, an operation named "Operation Firefly". Although this threat did not fully materialize, the 555th fought numerous other forest fires while there. Stationed at <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oregon_Regional_Airport" title="Eastern Oregon Regional Airport">Pendleton Field</a>, Oregon, with a detachment in <a href="/wiki/Chico,_California" title="Chico, California">Chico, California</a>, 300 unit members participated in firefighting missions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> during the summer and fall of 1945, earning the nickname "Smoke Jumpers". The 555th made a total of 1,200 jumps to 36 fires, 19 from Pendleton and 17 from Chico. Only one member, PFC Malvin L. Brown, was killed on August 6, 1945, after falling during a let-down from a tree in the <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_National_Forest" title="Umpqua National Forest">Umpqua National Forest</a> near <a href="/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon" title="Roseburg, Oregon">Roseburg, Oregon</a>. His death is the first recorded smokejumper fatality during a fire jump.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around 240 workers from <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> (CPS) camps worked as smokejumpers during World War II. An initial group of 15 men began training in parachute rigging in May 1943 at Seeley Lake, and a total of 33 completed jump training in the middle of June, followed by two weeks of training in fire ground control and first aid. About 500 training jumps were made by the first 70 CPS smokejumpers in 1943, who went on to fight 31 fires that first season. Their number increased to 110 in 1944, and to 220 in 1945, as more equipment became available from the War Department. Twenty-nine jumpers battled the remote Bell Lake fire in September 1944, among 70 fires suppressed that year, and 179 were fought in the Missoula Region alone by September 1945, with other jumpers assigned to McCall and Cave Junction. The last CPS smokejumper left the service in January 1946. </p><p>The Smokejumper Project had become a permanent establishment of the USFS in 1944. In 1946, the Missoula Region had 164 smokejumpers, many of them recent military veterans, college students, or recent college graduates. New bases were opened in <a href="/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho" title="Grangeville, Idaho">Grangeville, Idaho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana" title="West Yellowstone, Montana">West Yellowstone, Montana</a>. </p><p>Most smokejumpers of the era were not career professionals, but seasonal employees lured by the prospect of earning as much as $1,000 over a summer. They tended to be well-behaved, self-motivated, and responsible. Squad-sized and larger crews were supervised by foremen who were career wildland firefighters and experts in all types of wildfires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mann_Gulch_fire">Mann Gulch fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mann Gulch fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fire with the greatest toll of smokejumper deaths was the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Gulch_fire" title="Mann Gulch fire">Mann Gulch fire</a> in 1949, which occurred north of <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Mountains_Wilderness" title="Gates of the Mountains Wilderness">Gates of the Mountains</a> area along the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. Thirteen firefighters died during the blowup, twelve of them smokejumpers. This disaster directly led to the establishment of modern safety standards used by all wildland firefighters. Author <a href="/wiki/Norman_Maclean" title="Norman Maclean">Norman Maclean</a> described the incident in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Men_and_Fire" title="Young Men and Fire">Young Men and Fire</a></i> (1992). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smokejumper_crews_worldwide">Smokejumper crews worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Smokejumper crews worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smokejumpers are employed by the Russian Federation, United States (namely the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a>), Canada (in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia, smokejumpers are firefighters who parachute or rappel, or both, into fires. They work for the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Forest_Protection_Service_(Russia)" title="Aerial Forest Protection Service (Russia)">Aerial Forest Protection Service</a>, or <i>Avialesookhrana</i>. This agency represents the largest cohort of smokejumpers worldwide, employing up to 4,000 individuals who protect 2,000,000,000 acres (810,000,000 ha) of land across 11 different time zones. This makes the <i>Avialsookhrana</i> the primary defences for half of Russia's wildland. Smokejumpers are located at 340 Avialsookhrana bases and dispatched in groups of differing sizes according to the situation at hand. Rappelling crews consist of a maximum of 20 firefighters, while parachuting teams are usually made up of five or six.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, smokejumpers are employed by the <a href="/wiki/BC_Wildfire_Service" title="BC Wildfire Service">BC Wildfire Service</a>. Here, there are three classes of initial response firefighters; initial attack crews, rapattack crews (refers to firefighters who <a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">rappel</a> from aircraft into wildfires), and parattack crews (smokejumpers). The BC Wildfire Service houses roughly 60 smokejumpers yearly<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operates the only smokejumper crews in Canada. There are two crews located in the northeast of the province.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>North Peace Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John, British Columbia</a></li> <li>Omenica Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie,_British_Columbia" title="Mackenzie, British Columbia">Mackenzie, British Columbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) house 320 smokejumpers yearly, across nine bases in the western third of the country, in <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, across all the bases, 1,130 jumps were executed, with a total of 5211 days spent on initial attack.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2021, nine smokejumper crews operate in the United States; seven by the USFS and two by the BLM. </p><p>Operated by the U.S. Forest Service: </p> <ul><li>Northwest – Redmond Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Oregon" title="Redmond, Oregon">Redmond, Oregon</a>; North Cascades Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Washington" title="Winthrop, Washington">Winthrop, Washington</a></li> <li>Northern California – Region 5 Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Redding,_California" title="Redding, California">Redding, California</a></li> <li>Northern Rockies – Missoula Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula, Montana</a>; Grangeville Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Grangeville,_Idaho" title="Grangeville, Idaho">Grangeville, Idaho</a>; West Yellowstone Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana" title="West Yellowstone, Montana">West Yellowstone, Montana</a></li> <li>Great Basin – McCall Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/McCall,_Idaho" title="McCall, Idaho">McCall, Idaho</a></li></ul> <p>Operated by the Bureau of Land Management: </p> <ul><li>Great Basin – Boise Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li>Alaska – Alaska Smokejumpers in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wainwright" title="Fort Wainwright">Fort Wainwright, Alaska</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Pas</u>ukan <u>K</u>has <u>U</u>dara <u>B</u>omba (PASKUB) (English: <i lang="en">Bomba Special Air Services</i>) is a command for elite <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smokejumper</a> with support of helicopters from JBPM Air Wing. </p><p>Smoke Jumpers Unit (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Unit Payung Terjun Bomba</i>) is an elite unit of <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_Department_of_Malaysia" title="Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia">JBPM</a> and trained in parachute insertion (static line and freefall), helicopter-borne operation and jungle survival.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of elite Smoke Jumper began in 2000 after JBPM sent five firefighters to enter the <a href="/wiki/Static_line" title="Static line">Basic Static Line Parachuting</a> Course held at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force" title="Royal Malaysian Air Force">Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF)</a> <a href="/wiki/Simpang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpang Airport">Sempang Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Besi" title="Sungai Besi">Sungai Besi</a> as the pioneer team Smoke Jumpers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The course was conducted by RMAF Special Operations Force, <a href="/wiki/PASKAU" class="mw-redirect" title="PASKAU">PASKAU</a> until 2007 when JBPM established their own <a href="/wiki/Ram_Air_Progression_System" title="Ram Air Progression System">Static Ramp Air</a> Course.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the task of Smoke Jumper is: </p> <ul><li>Combat Air Rescue Medic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">Medical Evacuation (Medevac)</a></li> <li>Deep jungle/Isolated Area Firefighting Operations</li></ul> <p>Smoke Jumper enjoys good relations with <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysian Armed Force</a> Special Operations Forces as they always train with RMAF PASKAU, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Army" title="Malaysian Army">Malaysian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Training_Centre_(Malaysia)" title="Special Warfare Training Centre (Malaysia)">PULPAK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Royal Malaysian Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Gerakan_Khas#VAT_69" title="Pasukan Gerakan Khas">VAT 69 Commando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PASKUB members are selected from various units including STORM, MUST and EMRS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_gear">Equipment and gear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Equipment and gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smokejumping crews prefer the use of fixed wing aircraft rather than helicopters as they typically carry more passengers and larger payloads. At the <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John</a> base in British Columbia, Canada, modified <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">DC-3</a> planes are used to carry thirteen jumpers and two spotters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">CASA C-212 Aviocar</a> airplanes are common for American crews as they possess rear ramps that are retractable as stated in a news article from 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2020 the main aircraft used by the USFS smokejumpers were SD3-60, B model, <a href="/wiki/Short_C-23_Sherpa" title="Short C-23 Sherpa">Sherpas</a>. These represented seven of the nine agency owned aircraft that season.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently the United States have made advancements in paracargo technology that allows for supplies to be dropped with a high level of accuracy through low visibility settings such as night time and heavy smoke. This global positioning system (GPS) technology is called <a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Airdrop_System" title="Joint Precision Airdrop System">Joint Precision Air Drop System</a> (JPADS).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firefighting_gear">Firefighting gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Firefighting gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single crew of five to six smokejumpers in Canada will carry 6,000 ft (1,800 m) of hose, four heavy water pumps, four chainsaws, hand tools (<a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski axes</a>) and enough water for all crew members for 48 hours. These are all dropped with bound in a separate parachute drop.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, tree climbing gear must be included in equipment drops as is possible for jumpers to become tangled in trees upon descent.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_Protective_Equipment_(PPE)"><span id="Personal_Protective_Equipment_.28PPE.29"></span>Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg/220px-Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg/330px-Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg/440px-Smoke_jumper_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Smokejumper equipment on display, West Yellowstone, Montana.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main body of a Canadian smokejumpers PPE is a <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a> suit to protect against the intense heat of fires, as well as sharp objects that may pierce the skin. Helmets are adorned with mesh face shields to maintain visibility while protecting the smokejumpers from branches and embers. Gear is designed to allow jumpers to free themselves if they become tangled in trees, and is designed to help firefighters to float should they land in a body of water. These standard design features for Canadian parattack crews run a cost of roughly $12,000 per crew member. However, there is the opportunity for jumpers to edit, alter, and ultimately add to their collection of gear. Many Canadian jumpers are known to use motocross gear or hockey pads in order to help soften the blows associated with landing a parachute in deeply forested territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American jumpsuits are fashioned using a blend of Kevlar and <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a> and serve similar functions to the aforementioned Canadian suits. These suits are crafted by the smokejumpers themselves using sewing supplies housed at each base. With only 400 suits needed yearly, it is not feasible to have them manufactured offshore or en masse. Just as with Canadian jumpers, Americans use hockey gear, motocross pads, and ski helmets to round out their kit. Each jumper dons roughly 85 lb (39 kg) of gear for a single jump.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_gear">Survival gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Survival gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant portion of initial attack jumps take multiple days to control.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of this, the payload deposited by aircraft include survival gear such as dried fruit, canned soup and beef <a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">jerky</a>. Crews are equipped with shelters for sleep and sleeping bags.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_record">Safety record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Safety record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the seemingly dangerous nature of the job, fatalities from jumping are infrequent, the best-known fatalities in the United States being those that occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Gulch_fire" title="Mann Gulch fire">Mann Gulch fire</a> in 1949 and the <a href="/wiki/South_Canyon_Fire" title="South Canyon Fire">South Canyon Fire</a> in 1994. </p><p>The Smokejumper Parachute Landing Injury Database and eSafety are the two databases used to record and collect data regarding smokejumper injuries in the United States. Serious and minor injuries are logged in this database depending on the many factors. Serious injuries are categorized as: </p> <ul><li>Requiring hospitalization for greater than 48 hours,</li> <li>Bone fractures (excluding finger and toes),</li> <li>Severe hemorrhaging,</li> <li>Severe nerve, muscle or tendon damage,</li> <li>Burns covering more than 5% of the body</li> <li>Second and third degree burns</li></ul> <p>According to the 2020 National Smokejumper Program End of Year Summary published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">USFS</a>, an American smokejumper in 2020 had a 99.75% chance of landing free of injury. This is attributed to the rigorous registry of injuries in the past 28 years, when these databases were created. By documenting the rate, severity, and cause of each incident, the USFS has been able to eliminate hazards and create better training.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jump injuries are infrequent. The <a href="/wiki/National_Interagency_Fire_Center" title="National Interagency Fire Center">National Interagency Fire Center</a> (NIFC) states injuries occur once for every 909 jumps - a rate of 0.11%.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smokejumper personnel take deliberate precautions before deciding whether to jump a particular fire. Multiple factors are analyzed, and then a decision is made as to whether jumping the fire is safe. Bases tend to look for highly motivated individuals who are in superior shape and have the ability to think independently and react to changing environments rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many smokejumpers have previous experience as <a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">hotshots</a>, who provide a strong foundation of wildland firefighting experience and physical conditioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to employment at a smokejumper in the United states, applicants are required to have one year of wildland firefighting experience as a minimum. It is said that competitive applicants range closer to three years of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian recruitment errs towards a minimum of two years of prior wildland firefighting experience, with a preferred six to seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Team_members">Team members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Team members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to execute a single jump, the number of smokejumpers involved may vary from fire to fire and from country to country. However, in each case teams require multiple jumpers, two spotters, jumpers-in-command, and two pilots'. Spotters are specialized smokejumpers who make decisions prior to the jump. They assess fires from the air, determine the approximate landing site, and use paper streamers - dropped from the plane hatch - to measure wind speed. Jumpers-in-command are the initial jumpers. In a pair, they reach land first and report via radio the conditions of the landing site and authorize the secondary jump for remaining smokejumpers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_fitness">Physical fitness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Physical fitness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The minimum required physical fitness standards for smokejumpers set by the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildfire_Coordinating_Group" title="National Wildfire Coordinating Group">National Wildfire Coordinating Group</a> are: packout 110 lb (50 kg) for 3 mi (4.8 km) within 90 minutes; run 1.5 mi (2.4 km) in 11 or fewer minutes; 25 push-ups in 60 seconds; 45 sit-ups in 60 seconds; and seven pull-ups.<sup id="cite_ref-pms304-2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pms304-2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture_(chronological)"><span id="In_popular_culture_.28chronological.29"></span>In popular culture (chronological)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture (chronological)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smokejumpers are featured in the 1985 novel <i>Wildfire</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_Stern" title="Richard Martin Stern">Richard Martin Stern</a></li> <li>The 1996 film <i>Smoke Jumpers</i> is loosely based on Don Mackey's life. Mackey was a smokejumper and one of the 14 fatalities of the 1994 South Canyon fire. In the movie, he pursues job-related accolades while his marriage disintegrates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2002 made-for-television movie <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=SuperFire_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SuperFire (film) (page does not exist)">SuperFire</a></i>, a disgraced pilot joins a group of smokejumpers as they attempt to save a town from a raging wildfire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This film is recognised for its inaccurate description of smokejumper practices.</li> <li>In the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Entourage_(American_TV_series)" title="Entourage (American TV series)">Entourage</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Chase" title="Vincent Chase">Vincent Chase</a> lands a lead role in an action film called <i>Smokejumpers</i> in an episode airing in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smokejumpers are described in Philip Connor's 2011 book <i>Fire Season</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Author Nora Roberts's 2011 novel <i>Chasing Fire</i> details the lives and loves of a group of smokejumpers at Missoula Smokejumper Base.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/M._L._Buchman" title="M. L. Buchman">M. L. Buchman's</a> <i>Firehawks Smokejumpers Trilogy,</i> published in 2014 and 2015<i>,</i> follows a team of fictitious Oregon-based smokejumpers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2019 American family comedy film <i><a href="/wiki/Playing_with_Fire_(2019_film)" title="Playing with Fire (2019 film)">Playing with Fire</a></i> follows a group of smokejumpers who must watch over three children who have been separated from their parents following an accident. The film stars John Cena, Keegan-Michael Key, John Leguizamo, Brianna Hildebrand, Dennis Haysbert, and Judy Greer.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Smokejumper_Association" title="National Smokejumper Association">National Smokejumper Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smokejumper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frimedia.org/uploads/1/2/2/7/122743954/heritage-vol-4-no9.pdf">"Smokejumpers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Heritage</i>. <b>4</b> (9): 44–47 – via Fire and Rescue 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=Firehawks+Smokejumpers+Trilogy+by+M.L.+Buchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fseries%2F157575-firehawks-smokejumpers-trilogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmokejumper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9134216/"><i>Playing with Fire</i></a>, 8 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-06</span></span></cite><span 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.side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Smokejumpers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Smokejumpers">Smokejumpers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gacc.nifc.gov/oncc/logistics/crews/smokejumpers/index.html">California Smokejumpers Official Site.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokejumpers.com">National Smokejumper Association (USA)</a>, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokejumpers.com/history/index.php">history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/sj_guide/index.html">US Forest Service - National Interagency Smokejumper Training Guide</a>, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/aviation/av_library/sj_guide/02_LESSON_PLAN_HISTORY.pdf">history (in PDF format)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilianpublicservice.org/camps/103/1">CPS Unit Number 103-01, World War II Smokejumpers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucktrack.com/Smokejumping.html">Smokejumpers and Smokejumping: Information and Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spotfireimages.com/">Spotfire Images: Quality Smokejumper and Fire Photos</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/6753780/Earl-Cooley.html">Earl Cooley</a> - Daily Telegraph obituary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/people/smokejumpers/bases.html">US Forest Service list of smokejumper bases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/nicksundtsmokejumpers_oralhistory/">Nick Sundt Smokejumpers Oral History Project</a> (University of Montana Archives)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/civilianpublicservicesmokejumpers_oralhistory/">Civilian Public Service Smokejumpers Oral History Project</a> (University of Montana Archives)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firefighting" title="Template talk:Firefighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment <br />and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting" title="Category:Firefighting"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Firefighting"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting"><b>Glossary</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles"><b>Index</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" 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