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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued November 10, 1969<br />Decided December 8, 1969</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co., Inc.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">396 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/396/57/case.html">57</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_396" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 396">more</a></i>)<div>90 S. Ct. 305; 24 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 258; 1969 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 3322; 163 <a href="/wiki/U.S.P.Q." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.P.Q.">U.S.P.Q.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BNA">BNA</a>) 673</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pavement Salvage Co. v. Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc.</i>, 308 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/19671249308fsupp94111056">941</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.D.W._Va." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D.W. Va.">S.D.W. Va.</a> 1967); reversed, 404 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/404/450/225028/">450</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th Cir.</a> 1968); <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert.</a></i> granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_394" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394">394</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 916 (1969).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">When old elements are combined in a way such that they do not interact in a novel, unobvious way, then the resulting combination is obvious and therefore <a href="/wiki/Unpatentable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpatentable">unpatentable</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_(born_1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)">John M. Harlan II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Douglas, joined by Black, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Burger took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Company" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Company">Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Company</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.</b></i>, 396 U.S. 57 (1969), is a 1969 decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> on the legal standard governing the <a href="/wiki/Inventive_step_and_non-obviousness" title="Inventive step and non-obviousness">obviousness</a> of <a href="/wiki/Claim_(patent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claim (patent)">claimed</a> inventions. It stands for the proposition that, when old elements are combined in a way such that they do not interact in a novel, unobvious way, then the resulting combination is obvious and therefore <a href="/wiki/Unpatentable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpatentable">unpatentable</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackRoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/BlackRoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="108" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the machine patented in this case<sup id="cite_ref-patent_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The patent<sup id="cite_ref-patent_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sought to solve a problem in paving asphalt roads鈥攖he joint between the new section and old, cold sections tends to bond poorly. Previously, one machine spread and shaped the new deposit of asphalt and a second machine contained a radiant-heat burner, which softened cold asphalt. The claimed invention combined on one machine chassis the spreading and shaping equipment along with a radiant-heat burner. </p><p>The defendant highway constructor's alleged infringement resulted from its placing of a radiant-heat burner on the front of a standard paving machine. This allowed "its machine to perform the same functions with the same basic elements as those described in [the] patent."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proceedings_in_lower_courts">Proceedings in lower courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proceedings in lower courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_court_ruling">District court ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: District court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patent owner, Pavement Salvage Company, sued the highway constructor, Anderson's-Black Rock, in the United States District Court at Charleston, West Virginia. The district court held the claimed invention obvious and the patent invalid,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because (according to the court of appeals) it believed that it was known that the answer to the problem of cold joints lay in heat treatment and that a generator of the type described by the inventor "would do the job."<sup id="cite_ref-FourthCir_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FourthCir-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The district judge concluded: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The question of radiant heat was old in the art. The pivotal question would more logically appear to be, assuming that the radiant heat would work effectively, was it obvious that a more successful machine would evolve if all of the elements were constructed on one chassis? It is my opinion that such a combination was reasonably obvious to one possessing ordinary skill in the art.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_of_appeals_ruling">Court of appeals ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Court of appeals ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The patent owner appealed and the Fourth Circuit reversed (2-1). It held: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The defense is simply obviousness. The prior art, however, is predominantly a long history of failure to solve the problem by heat treatment. At a time when the industry was concentrating on a quite different, though expensive, partial corrective, there was nothing in the junk pile of prior art heat treatment patents to make it obvious to anyone that they supplied the ultimate solution. That this is so is forcefully demonstrated by the duration of the fruitless search, by the skepticism and incredulity with which experts in the field received Neville's disclosure, by its commercial success after demonstrations dissipated the disbelief of the experts, by the conduct of competitors in accepting licenses and purchasing equipment and the bold tribute of the alleged infringer in hailing it as the very antithesis of the obvious.<sup id="cite_ref-FourthCir_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FourthCir-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One judge dissented. He said, "Nor is it demonstrated to my satisfaction that the combination on one chassis of the paving machine and heat generator is necessary to produce the desired result. Yet, the combination is held patentable, though for all we know the same desired result may be achieved by two machines juxtaposed and separately propelled."<sup id="cite_ref-FourthCir_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FourthCir-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_ruling">Supreme Court ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supreme Court ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court, without dissent, reversed the judgment of the Fourth Circuit and reinstated the judgment of the district court. Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> delivered the opinion of the Court. </p><p>The Court agreed with the reasoning of the district court and the court of appeals dissent that combining the claimed elements of the patent was obvious: "A separate heater can also be used in conjunction with a standard paving machine to eliminate the cold joint, and in fact is so used for heating the transverse joints of the pavement."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court continued, "The combination of putting the burner together with the other elements in one machine, though perhaps a matter of great convenience, did not produce a 'new or different function.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court also dismissed the Fourth Circuit's reliance on commercial success, because "those matters without invention will not make patentability."<sup id="cite_ref-BlackRock61_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackRock61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pointing to the Supreme Court's 1966 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._John_Deere_Co." title="Graham v. John Deere Co.">Graham v. John Deere Co.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court said, as that case held, that "[t]he patent standard is basically constitutional, Article I, 搂 8, of the Constitution," and thus under that grant of power authorizing Congress "to promote the Progress of . . . useful Arts" Congress may not "enlarge the patent monopoly without regard to the innovation, advancement or social benefit gained thereby. . . . This is the standard expressed in the Constitution and it may not be ignored."<sup id="cite_ref-BlackRock61_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackRock61-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, based on the methodology commanded in the <i>Graham</i> case, the Court held the claimed combination obvious: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We conclude that while the combination of old elements performed a useful function, it added nothing to the nature and quality of the radiant-heat burner already patented. We conclude further that to those skilled in the art the use of the old elements in combination was not an invention by the obvious-nonobvious standard. Use of the radiant-heat burner in this important field marked a successful venture. But as noted, more than that is needed for invention.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> for many years ignored and refused to cite or follow the <i>Black Rock</i> decision. But the 2007 Supreme Court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc." title="KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.">KSR v. Teflex</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cited and followed <i>Black Rock</i> for the proposition that "a court must ask whether the improvement is more than the predictable use of prior art elements according to their established functions," gave the Federal Circuit "forceful instruction"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to change its approach. After the Supreme Court granted <i>certiorari</i> in the <i>KSR</i> case, the Federal Circuit began to defer to the <i>Black Rock</i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The citations in this article are written in <a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a> style. Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co." title="Talk:Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.">talk page</a> for more information. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-patent-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patent_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patent_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3055280">US patent 3055280</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3055280&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_396" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 396">396</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/396/57/#58">57, 58</a> (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Pavement Salvage Co. v. Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/19671249308fsupp94111056">308 F. Supp. 941</a> (S.D.W. Va. 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FourthCir-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FourthCir_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FourthCir_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FourthCir_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Pavement Salvage Co. v. Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/404/450/225028/">404 F.2d 450</a>, 454 (4th Cir. 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pavement Salvage Co.</i>, 308 F. Supp. at 945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock</i>, 396 U.S. at 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock</i>, 396 U.S. at 60 (quoting <i>Lincoln Co. v. Stewart-Warner Corp.</i>, 303 U.S. 545, 549 (1938)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackRock61-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackRock61_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackRock61_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock</i>, 396 U.S. at 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">383 U.S. 1, 6 (1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anderson's-Black Rock</i>, 396 U.S. at 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc." title="KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.">KSR Int'l Co. v. Teleflex Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_550" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 550">550</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/550/398/">398</a> (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Ebert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp/more-on-the-impact-of-KSR/"><i>More on the impact of</i> KSR</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Scotus Blog</span> (May 1, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite><i>Dystar Textilfarben GmbH v. C.H. Patrick Co.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/464/1356/617099/">464 F.3d 1356</a>, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006). See also <i>Sundance, Inc. v. Demonte Fabricating Ltd.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20081226138">550 F.3d 1356</a>, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2008); <cite><i>Tyco Healthcare Group LP v. Mut. Pharm. Co.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20110622213">642 F.3d 1370</a>, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Before <i>Dystar</i> the Federal Circuit appears to have cited <i>Black Rock</i> only twice, in 1984 and 1985.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. 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