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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_emigration_phenomenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_emigration_phenomenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reasons for emigration phenomenon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reasons_for_emigration_phenomenon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reasons for emigration phenomenon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_emigration_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circular_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circular_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Circular migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circular_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_and_Zionist_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_and_Zionist_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Emigration and Zionist ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_and_Zionist_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_in_Israeli_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_in_Israeli_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Attitudes in Israeli society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_in_Israeli_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_and_Israeli_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_and_Israeli_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Emigration and Israeli politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_and_Israeli_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_Jewish_diaspora_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_Jewish_diaspora_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reaction of Jewish diaspora communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_Jewish_diaspora_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_emigrants_in_the_Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_emigrants_in_the_Diaspora"> <div 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Երիդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երիդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yerida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ירידה מארץ ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ירידה מארץ ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yerida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yerida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Йерида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йерида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Israeli diaspora" redirects here. For the exiled Israelites of Antiquity, see <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity">Assyrian captivity</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emigration by Israeli Jews from Israel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (April 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Yerida (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: ירידה, "descent") is <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> (or in religious texts, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>). Yerida is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>עליה‎, lit. "ascent"), which is immigration by Jews to Israel. <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> are generally critical of the act of yerida and the term is somewhat derogatory.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The emigration of non-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> is not included in the term. Common reasons for emigration given are the high cost of living, a desire to escape from the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, academic or professional ambitions, and disillusionment with Israeli society.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Emigrants from Israel are known as yordim ("those who go down [from Israel]"). Immigrants to Israel are known as olim ("those who go up [to Israel]"). The use of the Hebrew word "Yored" (which means "descending") is a modern renewal of a term taken from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>: "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אנכי ארד עמך מצרימה ואנכי אעלך גם עלו‎" ("I myself will go down with you to Egypt, and I will also bring you up again" Genesis 46:4), "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ויהי רעב בארץ; וירד אברם מצרימה לגור שם כי-כבד הרעב בארץ‎" ("Now there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to live there because the famine was severe." Genesis 12:10), and from the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>: "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">הכל מעלין לארץ ישראל ואין הכל מוציאין‎", and from the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ארץ ישראל גבוה מכל הארצות‎" (The Land of Israel is higher than all the [other] lands). In the Bible, the first yored was Abraham, followed later by Joseph and Jacob, who "went down" to Egypt in the book of Genesis.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> Rabbinical scholars later interpreted this principle as yerida letsorech aliyah which translates to "to sink in order to rise" (a concept similar to the contemporary expression of hitting "rock bottom").<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_law">Jewish law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish law">edit</a>]</div> Jewish Law or <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> defines certain restrictions on emigration from Israel. According to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Moses Maimonides</a>, it is only permitted to emigrate and resettle abroad in cases of severe <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trani" title="Joseph Trani">Joseph Trani</a> determined that it is permissible to emigrate from Israel for marriage, to study Torah or to support oneself, including in cases where famine is not present. In any case, emigration from Israel and even temporary departure is not thought of in Orthodox or traditional Judaism as a worthy act for a man.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> It is difficult to estimate the number of people who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a> between the start of the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist movement</a> and the establishment of the State of Israel, or the proportion of emigrants compared with the number of immigrants into the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Estimates of the extent of emigration during the period of the initial Zionist settlement in Palestine with the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a>, range between approximately 40% (an estimation made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Kaniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joshua Kaniel (page does not exist)">Joshua Kaniel</a>) of all immigrants and up to 80–90%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although the precise number is unknown, it is known that many of the European Jewish immigrants during this period gave up after a few months and left, often suffering from hunger and disease.<a href="#cite_note-Soviet-5">[5]</a> In the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth Aliyah</a>, during 1926–1928, the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">mandatory</a> authorities recorded 17,972 Jewish immigrants, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a> counted about 1,100 more who were not registered with the authorities. During the same period, the authorities recorded 14,607 Jewish emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Overall, it is estimated that about 60,000 Jews emigrated from Mandatory Palestine between 1923 and 1948, and that the total number of Jews who emigrated from the start of the Zionist project to the establishment of the state was around 90,000.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> After Israel was established in 1948, the country experienced a wave of mass immigration lasting from 1948 to 1951, primarily from post-Holocaust Europe and Arab and Muslim countries, absorbing 688,000 immigrants during this period. However, some 10% of these immigrants would leave the country in the following years, primarily to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. A small number went to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and it was thought that the US would be the primary destination had immigration restrictions set out by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> not still been in place. By 1953, the wave of immigration had leveled off, and emigration was increasing.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Initially, emigration from Israel was composed largely of immigrants who were unsatisfied with life there, but in the mid-1970s the number of native Israelis leaving the country grew.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> From 1948 until 1961, Israeli citizens required an exit visa as well as a passport to travel overseas even temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-Rozin-11">[11]</a> Initially the intention was to prevent the departure of Jews who ought to be fighting, but also due to a perception that those leaving harmed national solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-Rozin-11">[11]</a> To prevent the outflow of foreign currency, tickets could only be purchased with money sent from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Rozin-11">[11]</a> The general need for an exit visa was finally abolished in 1961 after several court cases and Knesset decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Rozin-11">[11]</a> Other restrictions were eased after the Six-Day War, but still many administrative hurdles were put in front of those wishing to leave.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1980 deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Simha_Erlich" title="Simha Erlich">Simha Erlich</a> and the Director of the Jewish Agency <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shmuel_Lahis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shmuel Lahis (page does not exist)">Shmuel Lahis</a> studied emigration to the United States. The Lahis Report estimated that there were 300,000 to 500,000 Israelis living in the United States, mainly in New York and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-Lahav_2005_89-13">[13]</a> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Dov_Shilansky" title="Dov Shilansky">Dov Shilansky</a>, a Deputy Minister who was tasked with heading efforts to prevent Yerida, noted that some 300,000 Israelis had emigrated since 1948, and attributed a housing shortage and high unemployment as the primary reasons for Israeli emigration at the time.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Yerida skyrocketed in the mid-1980s, due to a combination of the effects of the <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a>, exposure of Israeli tourists to other cultures and new opportunities in other Western countries, and an economic crisis brought on by the <a href="/wiki/1983_Israel_bank_stock_crisis" title="1983 Israel bank stock crisis">1983 bank stock crisis</a>. In 1984 and 1985, more Jews emigrated from than immigrated to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> At the time, the Israeli government became alarmed over the large amount of emigration, and politicians and government entities often cited statistics claiming that hundreds of thousands of Israelis were living abroad. However, these statistics may not have been accurate; around this time, Pini Herman, a demographer, interviewed an Israeli government statistician in charge of compiling data on yordim. According to Herman, the data showed that since 1948, fewer than 400,000 Israelis had moved abroad and never returned. When asked how other government entities regularly claimed much higher figures, the statistician said that his bureau had never been actually consulted.<a href="#cite_note-rumors-16">[16]</a> In November 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Immigrant_Absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Immigrant Absorption">Ministry of Immigration and Absorption</a> estimated that 750,000 Israelis were living abroad, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>—about 12.5 percent of the Jewish population of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In April 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Absorption_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel">Ministry of Immigration and Absorption</a> estimated that 700,000 Israelis were living abroad; of those 450,000 were living in the U.S. and Canada, with a further 50,000-70,000 in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 2012, a new Global Religion and Migration Database constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed that there were a total of 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living abroad, approximately 4% of Israel's native-born Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-rumors-16">[16]</a> Immigrants to Israel who later left were not counted. Danny Gadot of the Israeli consulate in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> claimed that although some 600,000-750,000 Israelis were estimated to be living in the United States, many were not native-born and were in fact the children of Israeli expatriates, as the children of Israelis born abroad are counted as Israeli citizens.<a href="#cite_note-rumors-16">[16]</a> That year, it was reported that yerida had hit a 40-year low, while the number of Israelis returning from abroad had increased.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Jewish_Emigrants_2010_Pew_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Total Israeli-born Jewish Emigrants 2010 Estimate"><img alt="Total Israeli-born Jewish Emigrants 2010 Estimate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Israeli_Jewish_Emigrants_2010_Pew_Map.png" decoding="async" width="718" height="571" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="571" /></a> <ul><li>Between 1948 and 1958, over 100,000 Jews emigrated from Israel.</li> <li>Israel's net international migration balance and the total immigration between 1948 and 1994 was 80 per cent, pointing to a missing share, i.e., a ratio of immigrants to emigrants, of 20 percent. Historically, Israel's long term migration retention ratio of 80 per cent is much higher than other countries' receiving large masses of immigration such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola" title="Sergio Della Pergola">Sergio Della Pergola</a> attributes Israel's comparatively high migration retention to two related factors. The family transfer character of <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, that is the relocation of entire households, including women, children and elderly members, implies abandonment of the place of origin. The second factor was the impossibility of return to countries where perceived discrimination or actual persecutions were among the main motivating factors for leaving.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>In 2012 the total estimated Israeli-born Jewish international migrants originating in Israel was 230,000 from the Pew Research Center Global Religion and Migration Database.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Over 100,000 Israeli citizens are believed to be living in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-lubavitch1-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-23">[23]</a> Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the Russian-Israeli community in Russia, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Israeli cultural centres</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>All evidence points to the U.S. being the primary destination of Israeli emigrants. In 1982, demographer Pini Herman estimated that there were 100,000 Israeli emigrants residing in the U.S., half of whom lived in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area with another 10,000–12,000 living in the Los Angeles area.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The relative stability of the New York component of this Israeli immigrant population was confirmed nearly three decades later in a 2009 study for the UJA Federation of New York by Steven M. Cohen and Judith Veinstein, which found that New York has 41,000 Israelis immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2009-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Cohen and Haberfield estimated that in 1990 there were 110,000 to 130,000 Israeli immigrants residing in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>Statistics from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> show that between 1949 and 2015, about 250,000 Israelis gained permanent residency in the United States, although they did not track those who later returned to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-times-28">[28]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 1990">1990 U.S decennial census</a> indicates that 94,718 Israel/Palestine-born persons lived in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 U.S decennial census</a> indicates that the number of Israel/Palestine-born U.S. persons rose to 125,325.<a href="#cite_note-usa.ipums.org-29">[29]</a></li> <li>The 1990 National Jewish Population Survey estimate of Israelis in the U.S. is based on the definition of "Israelis" as Jews who were born in Israel and estimates a total of 63,000 Israeli-born adult Jews living in the United States. In addition, a total of 30,000 children live in the households of Israel-born adult Jews. Maximally, then, the Israeli-born Jewish population in the U.S. in 1990 was 93,000. However, only 7,000 of the children were reported born before the Israeli-born adult emigrated to the United States, suggesting the Israeli-born Jewish population residing in the United States is 70,000, with 23,000 children born to Israeli immigrants already living in the U.S. and thus technically first generation Americans.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>The 2010 U.S. Census found an increase of 30 percent of persons born in Israel, some 140,323 persons born in Israel, up from 109,720 in 2000. About two-thirds of U.S. Israeli-borns held U.S. citizenship, 90,179 had U.S. citizenship in 2010 and 50,144 did not.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>The number of American Jews who immigrated to Israel and gained Israeli citizenship, lived there for a certain period of time, and then returned to the United States is more difficult to estimate, ranging 30,000 and 60,000 by 1990, and between 53,000 and 75,000 by 2000. In total during that year, the number of Israeli Jews (those who were born in Israel and those who only lived there for a certain period of time) who lived in the United States stood between 153,000 and 175,000.<a href="#cite_note-yinon-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Assuming that the United States is the most significant destination of immigration for Israelis, the <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Yinon_Cohen" title="Yinon Cohen">Yinon Cohen</a> estimated that in 2000 the total number of the Israeli Jews who live outside Israel was between 300,000 and 350,000.<a href="#cite_note-yinon-32">[32]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> classifies "Israelis who left the country" as Israelis who lived outside Israel for more than one year continuously, but who prior to that year lived in Israel for at least 90 days continuously, thus distinguishing between those who left the state and those who left in the past and returned for a short visit. In the 1950s and 1960s, indeed until the early 1970s, the Statistical Abstract published by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> did list emigration figures. Subsequently, the practice was suspended,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> this avoided conflict with other Israeli government entities who cited much larger numbers of emigrants than the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> published estimates. Emigration estimates can still be inferred from current population projections by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">CBS</a>: Between the years 1990 to 2005 emigration assumptions from Israel by the CBS averaged 14,000 people per year. 1993, 1995 and 2001–2002 saw relatively high levels of emigration. The rate of the emigrants from Israel decreased during those years from 3 per thousand to 1 per thousand as a result of an increase in total Israeli population. This total estimate includes both the Israeli Arab emigrants and Israeli Jews who may have died while abroad. The CBS analyzed the border control data and computed a "gross balance" of 581,000 Israelis living abroad during the period 1948–1992. In other words, there were 581,000 more exits from Israel than re-entries on the part of Israeli residents (i.e., persons living in Israel whether native-born or born elsewhere). About half of the persons leaving Israel named the United States as their destination. Assuming that they stayed in the United States, and that no other Israelis came to the United States via other countries, the "gross balance" of Israelis residing in the United States would be 290,500. Zvi Eisenbach, working from Israeli data, has calculated that about 74 percent of American Israelis are Jews. Thus, the gross balance of Israeli Jews in the United States over the period 1948–1992 is adjusted down to 216,000. Gold and Phillips subtracted from this number 25,000 persons who would have died, leaving 265,500. Since the gross balance subtracts reentrances to Israel from exits out of Israel, Gold and Phillips subtracted 18,400 more persons who may be assumed to have returned to Israel in 1993 (the number that re-entered Israel in 1992), for an adjusted gross balance of 172,848 Jewish Israelis living in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175 <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries examined in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Over a third of persons in the U.S. who define themselves as Israeli may be American born children of Israeli emigrants, many of whom have never lived in or even visited Israel, but are counted as Israeli citizens under Israeli law. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 U.S. decennial Census</a> had 107,000 persons who reported Israeli as their first or second ancestry, of these persons 51 percent reported country of birth as Israel/Palestine, 39 percent reported being born in the U.S., 3 percent were born in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and the remaining 7 percent in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-usa.ipums.org-29">[29]</a></li> <li>The number of undocumented Israelis in the U.S. has been demonstrated to be relatively low during the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">IRCA legalizations</a> in the early 1990s, when only 1.62 percent of Israeli foreign born (1,449 persons) applied for legalization as compared to 12.6 percent undocumented (2.5 million persons) of all foreign born in the U.S. applying for IRCA legalization.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Between 2005 and 2012, 116 Israelis were granted asylum in the United States after claiming that they were persecuted or faced "mortal danger" by remaining in Israel, out of a total of 405 requests. These cases were believed to consist of <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli-Arabs</a>, former Soviet immigrants, and radical <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics estimates that between the state's founding in 1948 and 2015, about 720,000 Israelis emigrated and never returned to live in Israel. In 2017, it estimated that between 557,000 and 593,000 Israelis, not including children born to Israeli emigrants, were living abroad.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_emigration_phenomenon">Reasons for emigration phenomenon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reasons for emigration phenomenon">edit</a>]</div> The main motives for leaving Israel are usually connected with the emigrants' desire for improved living standards, or to search for work opportunities and professional advancement, for higher education. From the beginning of the 1980s, the emigration phenomenon in Israel gained momentum because of the social, financial, cultural, and political changes that occurred in the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Berlin for instance the main reasons for Israeli migration to the city were found to be the following: dissatisfactions with life in Israel, a realization of personal potential career and academic wise, following the relocation of a spouse / having a German spouse, and the relatively low cost of living in Berlin integrated with the cultural value and diversity the city has to offer.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A study conducted by Omer Moav and Arik Gold, analyzing Israelis leaving the country from 1995-2005. They found a much higher rate in highly educated people who go instead of those with mandatory education. In light of the current situation, parents have come together to try to bring Israeli scientists home. They say there are not enough grants or conditions offered for those who emigrate from Israel, specifically the young. The other countries offer better opportunities with their research centers and funding, allowing that sufficient qualified income to support themselves financially while often going through school.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Polls amongst emigrants have shown that the political situation and security threats in Israel are not among the main factors in emigration. Emigration is also common amongst new immigrants who failed to successfully integrate into Israeli society especially if they were unable to master the Hebrew language, failed to integrate into the labor market, or who already made one major residence change in their lives and therefore found an additional change easier to make. Some of the immigrants move to a third country, almost always in the <a href="/wiki/West" title="West">West</a>, and some of them return to the country of their origin, a phenomenon which increases when the conditions in the country of origin improve, as occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Former_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Former USSR">former USSR</a> in the first decade of the 21st century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since the founding of the State of Israel, polls have shown that those leaving the country were on average more educated than the ones who remained in Israel. This phenomenon is even more extreme amongst new immigrants who leave Israel than amongst native-born Israelis who leave Israel. Therefore, the emigration from Israel has occasionally been referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>. An <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> estimate put the highly educated emigrant rate at 5.3 per thousand highly educated Israelis, actually placing Israel in the lower third compared to <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries where the overall average was 14 per thousand highly educated emigrants. Israel, with its well developed technical and educational infrastructure and larger base of highly educated citizens, is retaining a greater percentage of its highly educated persons than developed countries such as <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circular_migration">Circular migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Circular migration">edit</a>]</div> The migration of Israeli Jews was often thought to be unidirectional and described as yerida, but there is reason to believe that a significant pattern of return, hazara (חזרה hazara, "return"), has been described as returning to Israel after relatively long periods, of at least a year or more, where homes and livelihoods have to be established or re-established. Most Israelis who emigrate do not leave permanently, and eventually return home after an extended period abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Herman_2012-43">[43]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Circular_migration" title="Circular migration">circular migration</a> may be especially pronounced for highly skilled<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and highly educated Israeli migrants and their families. In 2007 a special program by the <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Absorption_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel">Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel</a> was announced, intended to encourage Israeli emigrants to return to Israel. It was further decided that by 2008 the Ministry would invest 19 million shekels to establish lucrative absorption plans for the returning emigrants. (see: <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Taxation in Israel</a>). Until then, 4,000 Israeli expatriates returned each year. In 2008, these numbers began growing. Since the start of this campaign, the number of Israelis returning home has doubled. Return reached a peak of 11,000 in 2010. From 2010 to October 2012, a record 22,470 Israelis returned, including 4,837 academics and researchers, 2,720 technical professionals, and 681 business managers.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Israel has granted the legal status of Toshav Hozer (תושב חוזר toshav hozer, "returning resident") to Israeli citizens having resided abroad for at least two years (1.5 years for students); during his/her time abroad, has not visited Israel for 120 days or more per year (365 days); has not used his/her rights as a returning resident in the past.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to demographer Pini Herman, this circular migration has been an economic boon to Israel. Israel does not have the technological, academic, and other infrastructural resources to absorb its disproportionate number of highly trained and skilled population, second only to the United States. As a result, many Israelis have worked overseas for extended periods of time. Upon their return, they have often attracted or repatriated with them to Israel new infrastructure, such as that provided by companies like as <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herman_2012-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_and_Zionist_ideology">Emigration and Zionist ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emigration and Zionist ideology">edit</a>]</div> The rejection of emigration from Israel is a central assumption in all forms of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> as a corollary of the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a> in Zionist ideology, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Schweid" title="Eliezer Schweid">Eliezer Schweid</a>, was a central tenet of Israeli Zionist education until the 1970s when there was a need for Israel to reconcile itself with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> and its massive support of Israel following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Many believe that the Yerida phenomenon is the failure of the Zionist movement, yet some believe that it is its success. When asked about it in an interview, the poet Irit Katz said that she thinks Israeli Jews are comfortably emigrating to other countries because Israel is finally "normal" and that they are finally "allowed" to do so without hurting their country.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitudes_in_Israeli_society">Attitudes in Israeli society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attitudes in Israeli society">edit</a>]</div> During the first immigration waves the emigration from Israel was a great cause for pessimism in regards to the success of the Zionist enterprise. In a 1976 interview, Israel's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> identified the Israeli emigrants as "fall-outs of weaklings" (נפולת של נמושות). Nowadays there is much less <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antagonism" class="extiw" title="wikt:antagonism">antagonism</a> among Israelis regarding emigrants. The main problem for Israeli society in the past was the idea that people born in Israel could choose to emigrate, despite the fact that they did not face the same difficulties as new immigrants who decided to leave after failing to <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integrate</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a 2008 interview, <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>, the Israeli defense minister and former prime minister said that "Jews know that they can land on their feet in any corner of the world. The real test for us is to make Israel such an attractive place—cutting edge in science, education, culture, quality of life—that even American Jewish young people want to come here. If we cannot do this, even those who were born here will consciously decide to go to other places. This is a real problem."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Another way in which the ideation of migration is demonstrated is in the relatively high number of Israelis who seek citizenship of European Union countries,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> (where in 2007 an estimated 42 percent of Israelis are eligible for citizenship based on their parents' and grandparents' nationalities).<a href="#cite_note-barak-51">[51]</a> More than 4,000 Israelis received German citizenship in 2007, a 50 percent increase over 2005.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A recent survey by the Jerusalem-based <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin_Heritage_Center" title="Menachem Begin Heritage Center">Menachem Begin Heritage Center</a> found that 59% of Israelis had approached or intended to approach a foreign embassy to ask for citizenship and a passport<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and North American countries, possibly to use as a safe haven, but actually continue living in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-barak-51">[51]</a> The seeking, attainment and possession of multiple nationalities by a Jewish individual is allowed by Israeli law, whereas many other nations require a renouncement of foreign citizenship and the voluntary attainment of a foreign citizenship can result in the loss of citizenship in that country. For example, 220 Israeli diplomats to the U.S. received '<a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">Green card</a>' or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Permanent Resident Card">Permanent Resident Alien</a> status between 1966 and 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Herman_1983-54">[54]</a> but the likelihood is low that these career Israeli government officials permanently emigrated from Israel. Rather, they gained a passport to expedite travel to countries that may be less welcoming or even forbidden for Israeli passport holders. Some polls, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup World Poll</a> in 2007, revealed that a significant number of Israelis, 20 percent, would ideally, if they had the opportunity, move permanently to another country. This was in the mid-range of desire to migrate and less than, for example, the residents of Denmark, Belgium, Mexico, Argentina, Italy, Poland, Hungary, South Korea and Chile.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The 'push factor' bringing about <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> is often reflected in quality of life perceptions. In terms of self ranked quality of life Israelis rate their own lives on a scale numbered from zero at the bottom to ten at the top, Israelis' average rating in 2007 was 6.84,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> which is far higher than the 4 average for the world and compares with Denmark's 8,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> among the world's top. Younger Israeli age groups, such as teens, express a much higher desire to live abroad than the general Israeli population. Almost half of Israeli teens aged 14–18 years old expressed a desire to live outside of Israel in 2007. 68 percent of teens believed that Israel's general situation is "not good."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Common Israeli attitudes toward migration to Israel and Jews living in the Diaspora may have shifted polarities in terms of Zionism. In 2009, Hebrew University sociologist Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi said the fact that it has become commonplace for Israelis to move abroad, either permanently or for a stint, makes it contradictory for their families to look down on Diaspora Jews. Haifa University sociologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oz_Almog_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oz Almog (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Oz Almog</a> said in a 2009 interview: "Ask Israelis now what they think about Jews coming from countries where they aren't persecuted, like the U.S. and Britain, to live in Israel, and they'll say, 'Those who do are nuts.'"<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a>, former Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a> and former Speaker of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, questioned in 2007 the centrality of Israel in Jewish life and states his view that it is legitimate to live outside of Israel: "We were raised on the Zionism of Ben-Gurion, that there is only one place for Jews and that's Israel. I say no, there have always been multiple centers of Jewish life."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_and_Israeli_politics">Emigration and Israeli politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emigration and Israeli politics">edit</a>]</div> Yerida is a common issue in political campaigns, with parties claiming their opponents' policies may drive it up or their own can reduce it. Some parties include a yerida policy in their manifestos, and winners may assign a minister or deputy to address it. Legislation in the Knesset is frequently debated over its potential impact on yerida.<a href="#cite_note-Lahav_2005_89-13">[13]</a> Activists in Israeli protest movements, especially after wars and concerning economic and ethnic equality, have threatened to emigrate as a form of protest, sometimes publicly burning their ID cards. In the 1970s, an <a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Israeli Black Panther</a> protesting for ethnic equality emigrated to Morocco amid media attention, only to return to Israel later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1998 Janet Aviad, a leader of the Israeli group <a href="/wiki/Peace_Now" title="Peace Now">Peace Now</a>, noted, "As soon as our people hear Bibi [Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu], they turn off the radio. They have gone on 'inner yerida'."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2008 in the context of an ideological crisis in Israel caused by record-low and shrinking <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliya</a> figures, Israel's <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Absorption_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel">Immigration Absorption Ministry</a> embarked on a new mission targeting Israeli emigrants, the 'Israeli' Diaspora, in addition to the Jewish diaspora under the title of "Returning Home on Israel's 60th."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Critics question if it is right for the <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Absorption_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel">Immigration Absorption Ministry</a> to focus on returning Israelis since its mandate is to aid new immigrants. The Ministry justifies this by noting the lack of any other body addressing the return of ex-residents.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2009, a Knesset bill introduced with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>'s support sought to give the right to vote to Israelis abroad. The bill did not pass.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 2014, following the <a href="/wiki/Protective_Edge" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective Edge">Protective Edge</a> Gaza War a song, "Berlin", dealing with emigration from Israel by the Israeli band <a href="/wiki/Shmemel" title="Shmemel">Shmemel</a> gained notice as a protest song whose lyrics and video content highlight the alternatives to living in Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2023, Israelis and media started using "relocation" instead of "Yerida", in response to Prime Minister Netanyahu's return to power with a far-right coalition and policies perceived as undermining democracy. This was often framed as an option for remote workers.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_of_Jewish_diaspora_communities">Reaction of Jewish diaspora communities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reaction of Jewish diaspora communities">edit</a>]</div> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">Joseph Telushkin</a> notes the American Jewish community's ambivalent response to yordim persists: "generally secular yordim shun involvement in Jewish communal life, and maintain social ties only with each other."<a href="#cite_note-telushkin-68">[68]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Eshman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rob Eshman (page does not exist)">Rob Eshman</a> notes that Israeli emigrants have been treated by local Jews "as something less than full members of the Tribe" and that this "cold shoulder" reception happened with the full blessing of the government of the State of Israel itself.<a href="#cite_note-Eshman-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Welcome of emigrants by diaspora Jewish community is seen as a possible betrayal of the Zionist ideal—immigration to Israel—and endangerment of Israel's success in retaining and growing its Jewish population. Israel encouraged organized Jewish diaspora communities not to offer Israeli emigrant services as this might be perceived as a welcome or assistance which would encourage the Israeli emigrants to stay.<a href="#cite_note-Eshman-69">[69]</a> Israeli emigrants have buttressed local Jewish diaspora communities.<a href="#cite_note-Eshman-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-spence-71">[71]</a> The apparent return of many Israeli emigrants to Israel was considered a sign of the severity of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and noted by Jewish-American media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-Dikla_Kadosh-72">[72]</a> For instance, there is a contentious debate in the New Jersey Jewish community over the high rates of yerida to <a href="/wiki/Teaneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaneck">Teaneck</a>. While the community celebrates its members moving to Israel, there is reluctance to acknowledge or honor those who leave Israel to settle in Teaneck. Some argue that yerida contradicts the values they wish to instill in their children and that having yordim (emigrants) in leadership positions in synagogues and schools is at odds with the community's religious Zionist goals.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Diaspora Jewish communities perceive Israeli emigrants as less engaged with local Jewish organizations and not contributing much financially. Many work in low-status jobs uncommon among local Jews. Illustratively, former Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> recalled an encounter with an Israeli waiter in New York, highlighting the type of occupations some emigrants take up abroad.<a href="#cite_note-telushkin-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli_emigrants_in_the_Diaspora">Israeli emigrants in the Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Israeli emigrants in the Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Australians" title="Israeli Australians">Israeli Australians</a></div> About 7,000 Israelis live in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. They are heavily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Israeli Canadians</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006 Canadian quinquennial census</a> counted 26,215 persons who reported Israeli citizenship, of whom two-thirds (67 percent) lived in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A 2009 study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> concluded that there were 45,000 Israelis living in Canada, while other estimates put the figure at 60,000. Of them, about 26,000 were found to live in the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Metropolitan Area">Vancouver Metropolitan Area</a>. Overall, Israeli expatriates were estimated to make up 14% of Canadian Jewry.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olim_L%27Berlin" title="Olim L'Berlin">Olim L'Berlin</a></div> Between 8,000 and 15,000 Israeli expatriates live in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Practically all of them reside in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Both the Jewish and Israeli community in Germany are growing. Named <a href="/wiki/Olim_L%27Berlin" title="Olim L'Berlin">Olim L'Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עולים לברלין, progress towards Berlin) 2014 a Facebook website coined a <a href="/wiki/Snowclone" title="Snowclone">snowclone</a> and the so-called 'pudding or milky protest' in Israel, as the prices for comparable household items in Germany are rather low in comparison.<a href="#cite_note-eco-77">[77]</a> Israeli Band Shmemels' song parodying <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_of_Gold" title="Jerusalem of Gold">Jerusalem of Gold</a> with the notion, 'Jacob went down to Egypt, because the rent was a third and salaries double - <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (building)">Reichstag</a> of Peace, Euro and Light' grew as well famous in the context.<a href="#cite_note-eco-77">[77]</a> According to Haaretz, the conflict is less about pudding prices but about the now shattered taboo of Yerida, emigrating from Israel.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The fact that Germany was chosen as the destination struck a raw nerve across the social and political spectrum, considering Israel's founding in 1948 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mcc-79">[79]</a> its large population of Holocaust survivors, and the many citizens who still refuse to buy products made in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-times2-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Israel)">Agriculture Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yair_Shamir" title="Yair Shamir">Yair Shamir</a> stated, "I pity the Israelis who no longer remember the Holocaust and abandoned Israel for a pudding".<a href="#cite_note-man-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> Greece is a popular emigration destination for Israelis due to its relatively low property prices, the "Golden Visa" program (permanent residency in exchange for investing €250,000 in the Greek economy), and proximity to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_India" title="Israelis in India">Israelis in India</a></div> Between 40,000 and 60,000 Israelis have either emigrated to or established long-term residency in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and live primarily in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> There is a small community of young Israelis in India who move after their military service. Some stay for religious reasons to help <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in India">local Jews</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkim">Italkim</a></div> Israelis frequently visit Italy for education, work, tourism, and scientific and artistic exchanges. In the last ten years 105 books of Italian authors were translated from Italian to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. A strong community of <a href="/wiki/Italqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Italqim">Italqim</a> who have made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to Israel have strengthened cultural ties and promoted Italian culture in the country. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Italian Cultural Institute recently initiated and organized a series of activities in the Cultural Center of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Jews of Libyan extraction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Or_Yehuda" title="Or Yehuda">Or Yehuda</a>, where recently a course of the Italian language has been launched. The two Countries signed a Cultural Agreement in Rome on 11 November 1971.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, many Israeli Jews moved to Romania, most of them as businesspeople. As of 2017, there were 3,000 Israeli-born people living in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In addition, every year tens of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Romanian Jews in Israel">Romanian Jews in Israel</a> and their descendants immigrate to their country of origin.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> Moscow has the largest single Israeli expatriate community in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizenship holders living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers holding <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lubavitch1-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-23">[23]</a> Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the community, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Israeli cultural centres</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> There are 60 flights a week between Tel Aviv and Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-lubavitch1-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israelis in the United Kingdom">Israelis in the United Kingdom</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 UK census</a> recorded 11,892 Israelis living in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Most of them live in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>; particularly in the densely populated Jewish area of <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a>. It has been estimated that there are up to 70,000 people of Israeli descent in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></div>In 2009 Steven M. Cohen and Judith Veinstein found that in New York, Jewish Israeli emigrants are highly affiliated with the Jewish community even though community affiliation is low in Israel. Israelis were found to be more connected to Judaism than their American counterparts in terms of synagogue membership and attendance, <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> observance, participation in Jewish charity events and membership in Jewish community centers, among other indicators used by the study.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg_2009-26">[26]</a> In 1982, Pini Herman and David LaFontaine, in a study of Israeli emigrants in Los Angeles, found high levels of Jewish affiliation, Jewish organizational participation and concentration in Jewish neighborhoods by Israeli emigrants. Israeli emigrants who behaved in a comparatively secular manner in Israel tended to behave in a more devoutly Jewish manner in Los Angeles and Israeli emigrants who reported greater Jewish behaviors in Israel tended to engage in Jewish behaviors to a lesser degree in Los Angeles, thus both becoming more 'Americanized' in their Jewish behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-Herman_1983-54">[54]</a> Israelis tend to be disproportionately Jewishly active in their diaspora communities, creating and participating formal and informal organizations, participating in diaspora Jewish religious institutions and sending their children to Jewish education providers at a greater rate than local diaspora Jews.<a href="#cite_note-spence-71">[71]</a> In Los Angeles a Council of Israeli Community was founded in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In Los Angeles an Israel Leadership Club was organized and has been active in support activities for Israel, most recently in 2008, it sponsored, with the local <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">Jewish Federation</a> and Israeli consulate, a concert in support for the embattled population suffering rocket attacks of <a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a>, Israel where the three frontrunners for the U.S. president, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> greeted the attendees by video and expressed their support for the residents of <a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a>. An Israeli Business Network of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a> has existed since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The Israeli-American Study Initiative (IASI), a start-up project based at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> International Institute, is set out to document the lives and times of Israeli Americans—initially focusing on those in Los Angeles and eventually throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A variety of Hebrew language websites,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> newspapers and magazines are published in South Florida, New York,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Los Angeles<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and other U.S. regions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Israeli Channel along with two other Hebrew-language channels are available via satellite broadcast nationally in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Hebrew language Israeli programming on local television was broadcast in New York and Los Angeles during the 1990s, prior to Hebrew language satellite broadcast. Live performances by Israeli artists are a regular occurrence in centers of Israeli emigrants in the U.S. and Canada with audience attendance often in the hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> An Israeli Independence Day Festival has taken place yearly in Los Angeles since 1990 with thousands of Israeli emigrants and American Jews.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Comedian-writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smigel" title="Robert Smigel">Robert Smigel</a> came up with a <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> sketch in 1990 called the "<a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabra</a> Shopping Network". Two years later, Smigel followed it up with "Sabra Price Is Right", starring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> as a pushy Israeli game show host, Sandler and Rob Schneider as its presenters and Smigel as a cigarette-smoking announcer, all pushing shoddy electronics on hapless clientele.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The concept for the 2008 <a href="/wiki/You_Don%27t_Mess_with_the_Zohan" title="You Don't Mess with the Zohan">You Don't Mess with the Zohan</a> movie, which was based on the skits "Sabra Shopping Network" and "Sabra Price Is Right", focused on Zohan Dvir, an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> commando soldier, who stages his own death to fulfill his deepest dream—moving to New York to become a <a href="/wiki/Hairdresser" title="Hairdresser">hairdresser</a>. At the end of the 2005 film <a href="/wiki/Munich_(2005_film)" title="Munich (2005 film)">Munich</a>, the main character Avner (played by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bana" title="Eric Bana">Eric Bana</a>), who is an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> agent, decides to move from Israel to Brooklyn, New York, to reunite with his wife and their child. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emigration_from_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emigration from Israel">Emigration from Israel</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galut" class="mw-redirect" title="Galut">Galut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerida&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBen-MosheZohar_Segev2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Ben-Moshe" title="Danny Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe, Danny</a>; Zohar Segev (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bXETKMOI1cC&q=yerida+derogatory&pg=PA324">Israel, the Diaspora and Jewish Identity</a>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-189-4"><bdi>978-1-84519-189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+the+Diaspora+and+Jewish+Identity&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-189-4&rft.aulast=Ben-Moshe&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Zohar+Segev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bXETKMOI1cC%26q%3Dyerida%2Bderogatory%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611024928/http://presentense.org/magazine/going-down-the-art-of-israeli-yerida">"Going Down: The Art of Israeli Yerida"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presentense.org/magazine/going-down-the-art-of-israeli-yerida">the original</a> on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2016-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Going+Down%3A+The+Art+of+Israeli+Yerida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresentense.org%2Fmagazine%2Fgoing-down-the-art-of-israeli-yerida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz" class="citation magazine cs1">Schwartz, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-yerida/">"Jewish Word: Yerida"</a>. Moment Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moment+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jewish+Word%3A+Yerida&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmomentmag.com%2Fjewish-word-yerida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavon" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="הרב חיים נבון (page does not exist)">Navon, Chayim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144441/http://www.yba.org.il/show.asp?id=23683&big_cat=1512">"יציאה מארץ ישראל (Departing from the land of Israel?)"</a> (in Hebrew). מרכז ישיבות בני עקיבא (Bnei Akiva Yeshiva Center). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yba.org.il/show.asp?id=23683&big_cat=1512">the original</a> on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2008-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%28Departing+from+the+land+of+Israel%3F%29&rft.pub=%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%90+%28Bnei+Akiva+Yeshiva+Center%29&rft.aulast=Navon&rft.aufirst=Chayim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yba.org.il%2Fshow.asp%3Fid%3D23683%26big_cat%3D1512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_5-0">^</a> Joel Brinkley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/11/world/as-jerusalem-labors-to-settle-soviet-jews-native-israelis-slip-quietly-away.html?pagewanted=all">As Jerusalem Labors to Settle Soviet Jews, Native Israelis Slip Quietly Away</a>, The New York Times, 11 February 1990. Quote: "In the late 19th and early 20th century many of the European Jews who set up religious settlements in Palestine gave up after a few months and returned home, often hungry and diseased.". Accessed 4 May 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Immigration,_Land_Settlement_and_Development,_Cmd._3686" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on Immigration, Land Settlement and Development, Cmd. 3686">Hope Simpson Report</a>, Appendices 22–23. The Jewish Agency counted about 1,100 Jewish immigrants not registered with the authorities. (McCarthy, Population of Palestine, p227.) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-untold-story-of-the-jews-who-left-mandatory-palestine-1.5825125">"A dark corner of Zionist history: The untold story of the Jews who left pre-state Israel"</a>. Haaretz. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jafi.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/Society/4)+The+Mass+Migration+of+the+1950s.htm">the original</a> on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mass+Migration+of+the+1950s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjafi.org%2FJewishAgency%2FEnglish%2FJewish%2BEducation%2FCompelling%2BContent%2FEye%2Bon%2BIsrael%2FSociety%2F4%29%2BThe%2BMass%2BMigration%2Bof%2Bthe%2B1950s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Lev Ari, Lilakh and Rebhun, Uzi: American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozin-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rozin_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozin_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozin_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rozin_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrit_Rozin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Orit Rozin (2010). "Israel and the right to travel abroad 1948–1961". 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Retrieved 2008-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Are+in+America+-+The+Israeli+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weinamerica.com%2Fwia%2Fabout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723130910/http://www.phillyisraelim.com/About.asp">"PhillyIsraelim.com"</a> (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyisraelim.com/About.asp">the original</a> on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PhillyIsraelim.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyisraelim.com%2FAbout.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407111756/http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/whats_on_dish/international/Israeli/packages.aspx">"The Israeli Channel on Dish Network"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dishnetwork.com/content/whats_on_dish/international/Israeli/packages.aspx">the original</a> on 2008-04-07. Retrieved 2008-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Channel+on+Dish+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dishnetwork.com%2Fcontent%2Fwhats_on_dish%2Finternational%2FIsraeli%2Fpackages.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofaim.com/">"Mofaim"</a> (in Hebrew). 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Retrieved 2008-04-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Independence+Day+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelfestival.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYerida" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030180248/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYObK3SNHFY&gl=US&hl=en">"Sabra Price is Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYObK3SNHFY">the original</a> on October 30, 2012. 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Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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