CINXE.COM
Welcome | Primary Sources at Yale
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--[if lte IE 8]> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="ie8"> <![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <!-- GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGG fGGGGGG ;GGGGG. GGGi GGGG CGGGG: GGG GGGG lGGGGt GGL GGGG .GGGGC GG: GGGG GGGGG .GG. ;CGGGGGGL GGGG .LGGGGGGGL GGGGG iGG GGG: ,GGGG GGGG tGGf ;GGGC LGGGGfGG GGGG CGGG; GGGG GGGL GGGGt lGGGGL CGGG; GGGG CGGGCCCCCCCCCCCCC GGGG GGGG, GGGG GGGG GGGG tCGG; CGGG, GGGG GGGG GGGG GGGG CGGG. GGGG GGGGL GGGG GGGGC CGGG. GGGG :GGGGC : ,GGGGG. GGGGG: .LGGGGG,.tG GGGG GGGGGGt,..,fGC ,GGGGGGGGGGGGGGf iGGGGGG CGGGGC GGGGGGGGGG LGGGGGGGC --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/welcome" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/63" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes" /> <title>Welcome | Primary Sources at Yale</title> <!--[if IEMobile]><meta http-equiv="cleartype" content="on" /><![endif]--> <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="icon" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_Su7rX6EoIXPLYFsQf5QXn55lGKTt0fO2KaAL4O6ynqo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_EdKf_rqLul25UCTk0FckhaYNPgComEH6JIfLBPkIjQE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_zaOco2G8k_Y9ZPkHcPipwrYE0eu9i_I-umrYSytTB3U.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_SbupwLY96NaCH1HAe9Sy9EfHqQ1Kyj0Oq1Ed_4OscR4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_6.css?s9hddn" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_8.css?s9hddn" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_-DcqtLNtKon5wcdCNSNhboPrxXSS0qK0_hbyY644CBg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_24.css?s9hddn" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_25.css?s9hddn" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_mT6U67RJwzAFQM-D7ef8gtS0QDHVfOxeSx-jdVjHI4w.css" media="all" /> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_nBvgsRGFO8eRuGybs3zqi1R0F_76QazEf5KpSL9kQhA.css" media="all" /> <![endif]--> <!--[if gte IE 9]><!--> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_059BxwQdO3W6gC_prw0ohrQj1fWv8MiFJkqt4YP0qJk.css" media="all" /> <!--<![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?s9hddn"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- document.cookie = 'adaptive_image=' + Math.max(screen.width, screen.height) + '; path=/'; //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.8/jquery.min.js'>\x3C/script>") //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_onbE0n0cQY6KTDQtHO_E27UBymFC-RuqypZZ6Zxez-o.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_NpX2cwCeepkWZZ194B6-ViyVBHleaYLOx5R9EWBOMRU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_C4Q2H7A0KLP4Fw9bGlmUrNU9cnSXssZBKu1uMrksfpQ.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-85734123-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-85734123-1", {"groups":"default","cookie_domain":"primarysources.yale.edu","anonymize_ip":true}); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_tlrLbES_-obH6Lh3hw49Qt2uSY_AH8q9KolRKfUDBPo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_UNPtX_ZGxcpSkJyp8ls50mHCG5a_tcqRFqN4KjkfLso.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js_injector/js_injector_1.js?s9hddn"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"yalenew_wide","theme_token":"I6NedmLlOQndeoFuim4OU5cBjQKptBD6gEcTsEMvnkE","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/js\/jcaption.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/respondjs\/respond.min.js":1,"1":1,"\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\/ajax\/libs\/jquery\/1.8.3\/jquery.min.js":1,"2":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/extlink.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sfsmallscreen.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/image_caption\/image_caption.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.jscrollpane.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.mousewheel.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/custom_search\/js\/custom_search.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=UA-85734123-1":1,"3":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/jquery.hoverIntent.minified.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/sftouchscreen.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/jquery.formalize.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-mediaqueries.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/js\/modernizr.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/js\/jquery.fitted.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/js\/appendAround.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/js\/scripts.js":1,"sites\/default\/files\/js_injector\/js_injector_1.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/adaptive_image\/css\/adaptive-image.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/extlink\/extlink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/example4\/colorbox.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/css\/jquery.jscrollpane.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/typogrify\/typogrify.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/custom_search\/custom_search.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ds\/layouts\/ds_2col_stacked\/ds_2col_stacked.css":1,"\/\/maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com\/font-awesome\/4.7.0\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish.css":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/css\/superfish-smallscreen.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/omega\/omega\/css\/formalize.css":1,"sites\/default\/files\/fontyourface\/font.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-italic-bold\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-italic-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-normal-bold\/stylesheet.css":1,"\/sites\/all\/libraries\/fontyourface\/YaleDesign-normal-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/css\/globalnew.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_6.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_8.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_11.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_12.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_13.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_14.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_19.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_23.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_24.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_25.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_35.css":1,"ie::wide::sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/css\/grid\/yalenew_default\/wide\/yalenew-default-wide-12.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/css\/grid\/yalenew_default\/fluid\/yalenew-default-fluid-12.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/css\/grid\/yalenew_default\/narrow\/yalenew-default-narrow-12.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/yalenew_base\/css\/grid\/yalenew_default\/wide\/yalenew-default-wide-12.css":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"jScrollPane":{"class":".scroll-pane"},"custom_search":{"form_target":"_self","solr":0},"extlink":{"extTarget":"_blank","extClass":0,"extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":0,"extSubdomains":0,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"y-icons \r\ny-yale \r\ny-univ","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":0,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site.","mailtoClass":0,"mailtoLabel":"(link sends e-mail)"},"googleanalytics":{"account":["UA-85734123-1"],"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1,"trackDomainMode":1},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/":true},"superfish":{"1":{"id":"1","sf":{"delay":"500","animation":{"opacity":"show"},"speed":"fast","autoArrows":false,"dropShadows":false},"plugins":{"touchscreen":{"behaviour":"0","mode":"useragent_predefined"},"smallscreen":{"mode":"window_width","breakpoint":980,"breakpointUnit":"px","accordionButton":"2","title":"Main menu"}}}},"omega":{"layouts":{"primary":"wide","order":["fluid","narrow","wide"],"queries":{"fluid":"all and (max-width: 739px)","narrow":"all and (min-width: 740px) and (max-width: 1024px)","wide":"all and (min-width: 1025px)"}}}}); //--><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html front not-logged-in page-node page-node- page-node-63 node-type-basic-page yalenew-wide no-sidebars nav-carbon block-carbon nav-condensed block-font-serif block-background"> <aside role='complementary' id="skip-link" aria-label="Skip to main content"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </aside> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header" role="banner"> <div id="zone-topper-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-topper-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-topper" class="zone zone-topper clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-3 region region-topper-first" id="region-topper-first"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-first-inner"> <div class="topper-logo"><a href="http://www.yale.edu" class="y-icons y-yale y-univ"><span class="element-invisible">Yale University</span></a> </div> <div id="moved-main-nav-wrapper"> <button aria-expanded="false" id="nav-ready" class="nav-ready"><span class="element-invisible">Open Main Navigation</span></button> <div id="moved-main-nav" class="moved-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"></div> <button aria-expanded="true" id="nav-close" class="nav-close nav-hidden"><span class="element-invisible">Close Main Navigation</span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-9 region region-topper-second" id="region-topper-second"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-second-inner"> <div class="block block-search block-form block-search-form odd block-without-title" id="block-search-form"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <form class="search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site Search" action="/" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label for="edit-search-block-form--2"><i class="fa fa-search"></i> </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="Search this site" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-5Sk6Qhfp-xwkW9PwzGr8zMMYadsDFAPFQV8YgBA82bI" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-branding-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-branding-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-10 region region-branding" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="branding-data clearfix"> <h1 class="site-name"><a href="/" title="Home" class="active">Primary Sources at Yale </a></h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></header> <main id="section-content" class="section section-content" role="main"> <div id="section-content-inner"> <div id="zone-menu-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-menu-wrapper clearfix yale-wide-menu"> <div id="zone-menu" class="zone zone-menu clearfix container-12"> <div id="original-main-nav-wrapper"> <div id="original-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"> <div id="main-nav"> <div class="grid-12 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <nav id="main-menu-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="navigation"> <div class="block block-superfish block-1 block-superfish-1 odd block-without-title" id="block-superfish-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-7 sf-parent-items-4 sf-single-items-3"><li id="menu-384-1" class="active-trail first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/" class="sf-depth-1 active">Home</a></li><li id="menu-826-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-13 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-13 menuparent"><a href="/identify-types-formats" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Identify Types & Formats</a><ul><li id="menu-837-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#archives" class="sf-depth-2">Archives and Manuscripts</a></li><li id="menu-831-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#books" class="sf-depth-2">Books and Pamphlets</a></li><li id="menu-836-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#data" class="sf-depth-2">Data</a></li><li id="menu-843-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#dissertations" class="sf-depth-2">Dissertations</a></li><li id="menu-1024-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#ephemera" class="sf-depth-2">Ephemera</a></li><li id="menu-835-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#govdocs" class="sf-depth-2">Government Documents</a></li><li id="menu-838-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#maps" class="sf-depth-2">Maps</a></li><li id="menu-3283-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#music-scores" class="sf-depth-2">Music Scores</a></li><li id="menu-839-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#objects" class="sf-depth-2">Objects and Artifacts</a></li><li id="menu-842-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#oralhistories" class="sf-depth-2">Oral Histories</a></li><li id="menu-834-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#serials" class="sf-depth-2">Serials</a></li><li id="menu-841-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#recordings" class="sf-depth-2">Sound Recordings</a></li><li id="menu-840-1" class="last odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/types-formats#visual" class="sf-depth-2">Visual Material</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-847-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/find-discover" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Find & Discover</a><ul><li id="menu-985-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/discovery-tools" class="sf-depth-2">Discovery Tools</a></li><li id="menu-3237-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/find-discover/search-strategies" class="sf-depth-2">Search Strategies</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-979-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-23 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-23 menuparent"><a href="/explore-collections" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Explore Collections</a><ul><li id="menu-986-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections" class="sf-depth-2">Babylonian Collection</a></li><li id="menu-988-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#beinecke" class="sf-depth-2">Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a></li><li id="menu-990-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#classics" class="sf-depth-2"> Classics Library</a></li><li id="menu-991-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#medical" class="sf-depth-2">Cushing/Whitney Medical Library</a></li><li id="menu-992-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#divinity" class="sf-depth-2">Divinity Library</a></li><li id="menu-993-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#fortunoff" class="sf-depth-2">Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies</a></li><li id="menu-994-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#music" class="sf-depth-2">Gilmore Music Library</a></li><li id="menu-996-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#hsr" class="sf-depth-2">Historical Sound Recordings</a></li><li id="menu-997-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#humanities" class="sf-depth-2">Humanities Collections</a></li><li id="menu-998-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#international" class="sf-depth-2">International Collections</a></li><li id="menu-999-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#walpole" class="sf-depth-2">Lewis Walpole Library</a></li><li id="menu-1000-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#law" class="sf-depth-2">Lillian Goldman Law Library</a></li><li id="menu-1001-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#mssa" class="sf-depth-2">Manuscripts and Archives</a></li><li id="menu-989-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#marx-library" class="sf-depth-2">Marx Library</a></li><li id="menu-1002-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#math" class="sf-depth-2">Mathematics Library</a></li><li id="menu-1003-1" class="middle even sf-item-16 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#microform" class="sf-depth-2"> Microform Reading Room</a></li><li id="menu-1004-1" class="middle odd sf-item-17 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#oham" class="sf-depth-2">Oral History of American Music</a></li><li id="menu-1005-1" class="middle even sf-item-18 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#peabody" class="sf-depth-2">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a></li><li id="menu-995-1" class="middle odd sf-item-19 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#art" class="sf-depth-2">Robert B. Haas Family Arts Library</a></li><li id="menu-1006-1" class="middle even sf-item-20 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#YCBA" class="sf-depth-2">Yale Center for British Art</a></li><li id="menu-1007-1" class="middle odd sf-item-21 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#instruments" class="sf-depth-2">Yale Collection of Musical Instruments</a></li><li id="menu-1025-1" class="middle even sf-item-22 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#film" class="sf-depth-2">Yale Film Archive</a></li><li id="menu-1008-1" class="last odd sf-item-23 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/collections#artgallery" class="sf-depth-2">Yale University Art Gallery</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3271-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/using-teaching" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Using & Teaching</a><ul><li id="menu-3239-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/using-teaching/using-special-collections" class="sf-depth-2">Using Special Collections</a></li><li id="menu-3240-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/using-teaching/teaching-special-collections" class="sf-depth-2">Teaching with Special Collections</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3236-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/faq" class="sf-depth-1">FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-984-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/get-help-primary-sources" class="sf-depth-1">Get Help</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav-wrapper" class="moved-sidenav-wrapper grid-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav" class="moved-sidenav" data-set="append-sidenav"></div> </div> <div class="grid-12 region region-content full-width" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="element-invisible"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Welcome </h1> </div> <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div about="/welcome" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" id="node-basic-page-63" class="ds-2col-stacked node node-basic-page node-promoted view-mode-full node-published node-not-sticky author-16 odd clearfix clearfix"> <div class="group-header"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p class="intro"><strong>What are primary sources?</strong> Primary sources provide firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic or question under investigation.</p> <p>They are usually created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented. Often these sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring, but primary sources can also include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later.</p> <p>Primary sources can be found in all of Yale鈥檚 libraries and museums as well as in online resources.聽 You can <a href="/explore-collections">browse the collections</a> or begin your search with examples of <a href="identify-types-formats">various formats</a>.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="group-left"> </div> <div class="group-right"> </div> <div class="group-footer"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-postscript-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-postscript-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-postscript" class="zone zone-postscript clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-4 region region-postscript-first" id="region-postscript-first"> <div class="region-inner region-postscript-first-inner"> <div class="block block-block callout-gray block-7 block-block-7 odd" id="block-block-7"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/identify-types-formats" class="block-title-link">Identify Types & Formats</a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><a href="identify-types-formats"><img alt="Economic Growth Center Faculty and Students at 27 Hillhouse Avenue" src="/sites/default/files/images/CenterEconomicClass.jpg" style="width:350px; height:500px" width="350" height="500" /></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:98%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><sub><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/digcoll/4340387">Economic Growth Center Faculty and Students at 27 Hillhouse</a>. Yale Events and Activities Photographs (RU 690). <a href="https://web.library.yale.edu/mssa">Manuscripts and Archives</a>, Yale University Library.</sub></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-postscript-second" id="region-postscript-second"> <div class="region-inner region-postscript-second-inner"> <div class="block block-block callout-gray block-8 block-block-8 odd" id="block-block-8"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="/find-discover" class="block-title-link">Find & Discover</a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><a href="find-discover"><img alt="Women's Headshawl (Mendil). Yale University Art Gallery." src="/sites/default/files/images/Headshawl%20image%281%29.jpg" style="width:350px; height:500px" width="350" height="500" /></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:98%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><sub>Unidentified Berber artist, <a href="https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/214623">Woman鈥檚 Head Shawl (Mendil)</a>, Tunisia, Matmata Mountains, Tamezret or Toujout village, mid-20th century. Wool, cotton, natural dyes, silk, and rayon or synthetic yarn, 40 脳 29 in. (101.6 脳 73.66 cm). Yale University Art Gallery, Leonard C. Hanna, Jr., Class of 1913, Fund, 2016.86.5. Photo: Yale University Art Gallery</sub></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-postscript-third" id="region-postscript-third"> <div class="region-inner region-postscript-third-inner"> <div class="block block-block callout-gray block-9 block-block-9 odd" id="block-block-9"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title"><a href="http://primarysources.yale.edu/explore-collections" class="block-title-link">Explore Collections</a></h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><a href="explore-collections"><img alt="General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University" src="/sites/default/files/images/Home_Collections_BRBL_Ketubah%20Bozzolo.jpg" style="width:350px; height:500px" width="350" height="500" /></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:98%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><sub><a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/digcoll/3624992">Ketubah (marriage contract), made in Bozzolo, Italy, dated September 1, 1780.</a>聽General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</sub></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-2 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner"> <div class="footer-logo"><a href="http://www.yale.edu" class="y-icons y-yale y-mark"><span class="element-invisible">Yale</span></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-6 region region-footer-second" id="region-footer-second"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-second-inner"> <p class="copyright spacer"> <a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a> · <a href="http://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a> <br> Copyright © 2025 Yale University · All rights reserved </p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-4 region region-footer-third" id="region-footer-third"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-third-inner"> <div class="block block-menu sharing block-menu-social-buttons block-menu-menu-social-buttons odd block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-social-buttons"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleUniversity" class="fa fa-facebook-square"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-twitter"><a href="http://www.twitter.com/yale" class="fa fa-twitter"><span>Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-itunes"><a href="http://itunes.yale.edu" class="fa fa-apple"><span>iTunes</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/yale" class="fa fa-youtube-play"><span>YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-sina-weibo"><a href="http://weibo.com/yaleuniversity" class="fa fa-weibo"><span>Sina Weibo</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-tumblr"><a href="http://yaleuniversity.tumblr.com" class="fa fa-tumblr-square"><span>Tumblr</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer> </div> <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner"> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_66356571.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); //--><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://primarysources.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_JMVekk522eOkII71K9F5yD4Su-iRqPdTR_-LxjPAtMk.js"></script> </body> </html>