CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Albanian alphabet - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fe5d8794-4f37-4879-8a81-ff68855d18ed","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Albanian_alphabet","wgTitle":"Albanian alphabet","wgCurRevisionId":1275255720,"wgRevisionId":1275255720,"wgArticleId":262665,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Albanian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Pages with plain IPA","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)","Latin alphabets","Albanian scripts","Albanian language"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Albanian_alphabet","wgRelevantArticleId":262665,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage" ,"wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q582471","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Albanian alphabet - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Albanian_alphabet rootpage-Albanian_alphabet skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Albanian+alphabet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Albanian+alphabet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Albanian+alphabet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Albanian+alphabet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet_used_in_early_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet_used_in_early_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Alphabet used in early literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet_used_in_early_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_awakening_19th-century_endeavours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_awakening_19th-century_endeavours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>National awakening 19th-century endeavours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_awakening_19th-century_endeavours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_of_Manastir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_of_Manastir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Congress of Manastir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_of_Manastir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_alphabets_used_for_written_Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_alphabets_used_for_written_Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other alphabets used for written Albanian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_alphabets_used_for_written_Albanian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other alphabets used for written Albanian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_alphabets_used_for_written_Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Derived alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Original alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_versions_of_the_alphabet_in_Latin_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_versions_of_the_alphabet_in_Latin_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Older versions of the alphabet in Latin characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_versions_of_the_alphabet_in_Latin_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Greek_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Greek_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Old Greek alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Greek_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Cyrillic_alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Cyrillic_alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Old Cyrillic alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Cyrillic_alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Albanian alphabet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية ألبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية ألبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Албанска азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Албанска азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanisches_Alphabet" title="Albanisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albanisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ալբաներենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբաներենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska_stafr%C3%B3fi%C3%B0" title="Albanska stafrófið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Albanska stafrófið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C5%B3_kalbos_ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Albanų kalbos abėcėlė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albanų kalbos abėcėlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Albán ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albán ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Албанска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Албанска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_alba%C5%84ski" title="Alfabet albański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet albański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Албанский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Албанский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_shqip" title="Alfabeti shqip – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti shqip" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska_abeceda" title="Albanska abeceda – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Albanska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska_abeceda" title="Albanska abeceda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albanska abeceda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska_alfabetet" title="Albanska alfabetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albanska alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Алифбои албанӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алифбои албанӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavut_alfabesi" title="Arnavut alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavut alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Албанська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Албанська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q582471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Albanian_alphabet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Albanian_alphabet" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Albanian_alphabet" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&oldid=1275255720" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Albanian_alphabet&id=1275255720&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlbanian_alphabet"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlbanian_alphabet"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Albanian_alphabet&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q582471" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alphabets used for Albanian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the alphabet formerly used in the Caucasus, see <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian script</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Albanian alphabet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">abetarja shqipe</i>) is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> used to write the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>. It consists of 36 letters:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="37"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Capital letters</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="15"><b>A</b></td> <td width="15">B</td> <td width="15">C</td> <td width="15">Ç</td> <td width="15">D</td> <td width="15">Dh</td> <td width="15"><b>E</b></td> <td width="15"><b>Ë</b></td> <td width="15">F</td> <td width="15">G</td> <td width="15">Gj</td> <td width="15">H</td> <td width="15"><b>I</b></td> <td width="15">J</td> <td width="15">K</td> <td width="15">L</td> <td width="15">Ll</td> <td width="15">M</td> <td width="15">N</td> <td width="15">Nj</td> <td width="15"><b>O</b></td> <td width="15">P</td> <td width="15">Q</td> <td width="15">R</td> <td width="15">Rr</td> <td width="15">S</td> <td width="15">Sh</td> <td width="15">T</td> <td width="15">Th</td> <td width="15"><b>U</b></td> <td width="15">V</td> <td width="15">X</td> <td width="15">Xh</td> <td width="15"><b>Y</b> </td> <td width="15">Z</td> <td width="15">Zh </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="37"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lower case</a> letters</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>a</b></td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>ç</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td><b>e</b></td> <td><b>ë</b></td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>gj</td> <td>h</td> <td><b>i</b></td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>ll</td> <td>m</td> <td>n </td> <td>nj</td> <td><b>o</b></td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>rr</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td><b>u</b></td> <td>v</td> <td>x</td> <td>xh</td> <td><b>y</b> </td> <td>z</td> <td>zh </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#EFEFEF" colspan="37"><b>IPA value</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></a></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l̪</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɫ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></a></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾ</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dʒ</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vowels are shown in bold. </p><p>The letters are named simply by their sounds, followed by ë for consonants (e.g. shë). <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Albanian_alphabet.ogg\/Albanian_alphabet.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Albanian alphabet.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Albanian_alphabet.ogg/Albanian_alphabet.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_alphabet.ogg" title="File:Albanian alphabet.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> to the pronunciation of the 36 letters. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known mention of Albanian writings comes from a French Catholic church document from 1332.<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi111_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written either by archbishop <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Adam" title="Guillaume Adam">Guillaume Adam</a> or the monk Brocardus Monacus the report notes that <i>Licet Albanenses aliam omnino linguam a latina habeant et diversam, tamen litteram latinam habent in usu et in omnibus suis libris</i> ("Though the Albanians have a language entirely their own and different from Latin, they nevertheless use Latin letters in all their books").<sup id="cite_ref-Skendi111_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skendi111-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsie2003_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars warn that this could mean Albanians also wrote in the Latin language, not necessarily just Albanian with a Latin script.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the later Albanian alphabet is closely linked with the influence of religion among Albanians. The writers from the North of Albania used Latin letters under the influence of the Catholic Church, those from the South of Albania under the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others used Arabic letters under the influence of Islam. There were also attempts for an original Albanian alphabet in the period of 1750–1850. The current alphabet in use among Albanians is one of the two variants approved in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (<a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet_used_in_early_literature">Alphabet used in early literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alphabet used in early literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first certain document in Albanian is the "<a href="/wiki/Formula_e_pag%C3%ABzimit" title="Formula e pagëzimit">Formula e pagëzimit</a>" (1462) (baptismal formula), issued by <a href="/wiki/Pal_Engj%C3%ABlli" title="Pal Engjëlli">Pal Engjëlli</a> (1417–1470); it was written in Latin characters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a simple phrase that was supposed to be used by the relatives of a dying person if they could not make it to churches during the troubled times of the Ottoman invasion. </p><p>Also, the five Albanian writers of the 16th and 17th centuries (<a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Matr%C3%ABnga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekë Matrënga">Lekë Matrënga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Budi" title="Pjetër Budi">Pjetër Budi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a>) who form the core of early <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a>, all used a Latin alphabet for their Albanian books; this alphabet remained in use by writers in northern Albania until the beginning of the 20th century. </p><p>The Greek intellectual Anastasios Michael, in his speech to the Berlin Academy (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1707</span>) mentions an Albanian alphabet produced "recently" by Kosmas from Cyprus, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrachium</a>. It is assumed that this is the alphabet used later for the "Gospel of Elbasan". Anastasios calls Kosmas the "<a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> of Albania".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_awakening_19th-century_endeavours">National awakening 19th-century endeavours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National awakening 19th-century endeavours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/440px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/660px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/880px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>A table of the 'Istanbul' alphabet, which is not supported by Unicode</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1857 <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kristoforidhi" title="Kostandin Kristoforidhi">Kostandin Kristoforidhi</a>, an Albanian scholar and translator, drafted in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a <i>Memorandum for the Albanian language</i>. He then went to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where he stayed until 1860 in a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>, finishing the translation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament">The New Testament</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> dialects. He was helped by Nikolla Serreqi from <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> version of the New Testament. Nikolla Serreqi was also the propulsor for the use of the Latin script for the translation of the New Testament, which had already been used by the early writers of the Albanian literature; Kristoforidhi enthusiastically embraced the idea of a Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1869, a Commission for the Alphabet of the Albanian Language was gathered in Istanbul. One of its members was <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kristoforidhi" title="Kostandin Kristoforidhi">Kostandin Kristoforidhi</a> and the main purpose of the commission was the creation of a unique alphabet for all the Albanians. In January 1870 the commission ended its work of the standardisation of the alphabet, which was mainly in Latin letters. A plan on the creation of textbooks and spread of Albanian schools was drafted. However this plan was not realized, because the Ottoman government would not finance the expenses for the establishment of such schools.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this commission had gathered and delivered an alphabet in 1870, the writers from the North still used the Latin-based alphabet, whereas in southern Albania writers used mostly the Greek letters. In southern Albania, the main activity of Albanian writers consisted in translating Greek Orthodox religious texts, and not in forming any kind of literature which could form a strong tradition for the use of Greek letters. As the albanologist Robert Elsie has written:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The predominance of Greek as the language of Christian education and culture in southern Albania and the often hostile attitude of the Orthodox church to the spread of writing in Albanian made it impossible for an Albanian literature in Greek script to evolve. The Orthodox church, as the main vehicle of culture in the southern Balkans, while intent on spreading Christian education and values, was never convinced of the utility of writing in the vernacular as a means of converting the masses, as the Catholic church in northern Albania had been, to a certain extent, during the Counter-Reformation. Nor, with the exception of the ephemeral printing press in Voskopoja, did the southern Albanians ever have at their disposal publishing facilities like those available to the clerics and scholars of Catholic Albania in Venice and Dalmatia. As such, the Orthodox tradition in Albanian writing, a strong cultural heritage of scholarship and erudition, though one limited primarily to translations of religious texts and to the compilation of dictionaries, was to remain a flower which never really blossomed.</p></blockquote> <p>The turning point was the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> (1878) events when in 1879 <a href="/wiki/Sami_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Sami Frashëri">Sami Frashëri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Publication_of_Albanian_Writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings">Society for the Publication of Albanian Writings</a>. Sami Frashëri, <a href="/wiki/Koto_Hoxhi" title="Koto Hoxhi">Koto Hoxhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashko_Vasa" title="Pashko Vasa">Pashko Vasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jani_Vreto" title="Jani Vreto">Jani Vreto</a> created an alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was based on the principle of "one sound one letter" (although the revision of 1908 replaced the letter <i>ρ</i> with the <i>rr</i> digraph to avoid confusion with <i>p</i>). This was called the "Istanbul alphabet" (also "Frashëri alphabet"). In 1905 this alphabet was in widespread use in all Albanian territory, North and South, including Catholic, Muslim and Orthodox areas. </p><p>One year earlier, in 1904 had been published the Albanian dictionary (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kristoforidhi" title="Kostandin Kristoforidhi">Kostandin Kristoforidhi</a>, after the author's death. The dictionary had been drafted 25 years before its publication and was written in the Greek alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bashkimi_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashkimi alphabet (page does not exist)"><i>Bashkimi</i> alphabet</a> was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Unity_of_the_Albanian_Language" title="Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language">Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language</a> for being written on a French typewriter and includes no diacritics other than <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></i> (compared to ten graphemes of the Istanbul alphabet which were either non-Latin or had diacritics). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_of_Manastir">Congress of Manastir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Congress of Manastir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revista_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/170px-Revista_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/255px-Revista_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/340px-Revista_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>1905 issue of the magazine <i>Albania</i>, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century, which used the old Bashkimi alphabet.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> was held by Albanian intellectuals in <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>. The Congress was hosted by the <i>Bashkimi</i> ("unity") club, and prominent delegates included <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Fishta" title="Gjergj Fishta">Gjergj Fishta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndre_Mjeda" title="Ndre Mjeda">Ndre Mjeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mit%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mit'hat Frashëri">Mit'hat Frashëri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotir_Pe%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotir Peçi">Sotir Peçi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahin_Kolonja" title="Shahin Kolonja">Shahin Kolonja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_D._Qiriazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj D. Qiriazi">Gjergj D. Qiriazi</a>. There was much debate and the contending alphabets were <i>Istanbul</i>, <i>Bashkimi</i> and <i>Agimi</i>. However, the Congress was unable to make a clear decision and opted for a compromise solution of using both the widely used <i>Istanbul</i>, with minor changes, and a modified version of the <i>Bashkimi</i> alphabet. Usage of the alphabet of Istanbul declined rapidly and it was essentially extinct over the following decades, due largely to its inconvenience in requiring new custom-made glyphs that Bashkimi did not. </p><p>During 1909 and 1910 there were movements by members of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> to adopt an Arabic alphabet, as they considered the Latin script to be un-Islamic. In <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, demonstrations took place favoring the Latin script, and in <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, Muslim clerics led a demonstration for the Arabic script, telling their congregations that using the Latin script would make them infidels. In 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> dropped their opposition to the Latin script; finally, the Latin <i>Bashkimi</i> alphabet was adopted, and is still in use today. </p><p>The modifications to the Bashkimi alphabet were made to include characters used in the Istanbul and Agimi alphabets. <i>Ç</i> was chosen over <i>ch</i> since <i>c with cedilla</i> could be found on every typewriter, given its use in French. Other changes were more esthetic and as a way to combine the three scripts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">Alphabetical order:</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>13</td> <td>14</td> <td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>17</td> <td>18</td> <td>19</td> <td>20</td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>24</td> <td>25</td> <td>26</td> <td>27</td> <td>28</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>31</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>34</td> <td>35</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/IPA_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="IPA alphabet">IPA</a>:</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a ɑ ɒ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e ɛ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h ħ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k q]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o ɔ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c tɕ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[y]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Old Bashkimi alphabet:</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> a</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> b</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">Ts ts</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch ch</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> d</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">Dh dh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a> é</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> e</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> f</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> g</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh gh</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> h</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> i</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> j</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> k</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> l</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a> ll</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> m</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gn_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gn (digraph)">Gn gn</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> o</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> c</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> r</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr rr</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> s</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh sh</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> t</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th th</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> u</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> v</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zh (digraph)">Zh zh</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> x</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">Xh xh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Manastir alphabet (modified Bashkimi, current alphabet):</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç</a> ç</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ë</a> ë</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gj_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gj (digraph)">Gj gj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj nj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> q</td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> x</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">Xh xh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zh (digraph)">Zh zh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Manastir" title="Second Congress of Manastir">second congress at Manastir</a> (Bitola) was held in April 1910, which confirmed the decision taken in the first congress of Manastir. After <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian independence</a> in 1912, there were two alphabets in use. Following the events of the Balkan wars and World War I, the Bashkimi variant dominated. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today. The digraphs of the Albanian alphabet are the letters Dh, Gj, Ll, Nj, Rr, Sh, Th, Xh, and Zh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_alphabets_used_for_written_Albanian">Other alphabets used for written Albanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other alphabets used for written Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern Latin-based Albanian alphabet is the result of long evolution. Before the creation of the unified alphabet, Albanian was written in several different alphabets, with several sub-variants: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derived_alphabets">Derived alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Derived alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Latin-derived alphabet</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/330px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/495px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/660px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Publication_of_Albanian_Letters" title="Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters">Istanbul alphabet</a> for Albanian</figcaption></figure> <p>Albanian in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> used various conventions: </p> <ul><li>The oldest surviving document with Albanian text is from the 15th century and written in the Latin script. Early Albanian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Budi" title="Pjetër Budi">Pjetër Budi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a> also used a Latin-based script, adding Greek characters to represent extra sounds.</li> <li>A <i>Catholic alphabet</i> used by <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Publication_of_Albanian_Letters#Istanbul_Alphabet" title="Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters">Istanbul alphabet</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Sami_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Sami Frashëri">Sami Frashëri</a>, combining Latin and Greek. This became widely used as it was also adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Publication_of_Albanian_Letters" title="Society for the Publication of Albanian Letters">Society for the Printing of Albanian Writings</a>, which in 1879 printed <i>Alfabetare</i>, the first Albanian <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedarium</a>.</li> <li><i>Bashkimi</i>, developed by the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Unity_of_the_Albanian_Language" title="Society for the Unity of the Albanian Language">literary society Bashkimi (Unity)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> with the help of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> clergy and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> aiming at more simplicity than its forerunners. It used digraphs for unique sounds of the Albanian language. It resembles the current alphabet with the differences being the use of <i>ch</i> for <i>ç</i>, <i>c</i> for <i>q</i>, <i>ts</i> for <i>c</i>, <i>é</i> for <i>e</i>, <i>e</i> for <i>ë</i>, <i>gh</i> for <i>gj</i>, <i>gn</i> for <i>nj</i>, and <i>z/zh</i> have swapped places with <i>x/xh</i>.</li> <li><i>Agimi</i>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Agimi" title="Agimi">Agimi</a> ("Dawn") Literary Society in 1901, and spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Ndre_Mjeda" title="Ndre Mjeda">Ndre Mjeda</a>. It made use of diacritics instead of digraphs used by Bashkimi.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">Current alphabet:</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> b</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç</a> ç</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> d</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">Dh dh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ë</a> ë</td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> f</td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> g</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gj_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gj (digraph)">Gj gj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> h</td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> j</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> l</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a> ll</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj nj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> q</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> r</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">Rr rr</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh sh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> t</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> v</td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> x</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">Xh xh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zh (digraph)">Zh zh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Agimi alphabet (reordered):</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> b</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8C" title="Č">Č</a> č</td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> d</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">Ð</a> ð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə</a> ə</td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> f</td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> g</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%B4" title="Ǵ">Ǵ</a> ǵ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> h</td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> j</td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> l</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">Ł</a> ł</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%83" title="Ń">Ń</a> ń</td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%B0" title="Ḱ">Ḱ</a> ḱ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> r</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%CC%83" title="R̃">R̃</a> r̃</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0" title="Š">Š</a> š</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> t</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">Þ</a> þ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> v</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz dz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dž (digraph)">Dž dž</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BD" title="Ž">Ž</a> ž</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> q<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> w<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> x<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">in foreign words only</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Sample text in the Agimi alphabet: </p><p>Kelit i fali lala ńi mołə tə bukurə. Sá škoj nə špiə i þa Linəsə, sə moterəsə. „Ḱyr sá e bukurə âšt kəjo mołə! Eja e t’ a dájmə baškə.“ „Me kênə mã e mađe, i þa e motəra, kišimə me e daə baškə; por mbassi âšt aḱ e vogelə, haje vetə.“ „Ani ča? þa Keli, t’ a hámə baškə, se mə vjen mã e mirə.“ </p><p><i>Kəndime pər škołə tə para tə Šḱypəniəsə: Pjesa e parə</i>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibliotekadigjitale.bksh.al/?view=ImageView&manifest=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekadigjitale.bksh.al%2Fiiif%2FManifester%2FIIIF%2Flibra112%21HASH01b8.dir&canvas=https%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekadigjitale.bksh.al%2Fiiif%2FManifester%2FIIIF%2Flibra112%21HASH01b8.dir%21page104%2Fcanvas%2Fp104">Albanian National Library</a>, f. 100. </p><p><b>Greek-derived alphabet</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>; used to write <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> starting in about 1500 (Elsie, 1991). The printing press at <a href="/wiki/Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Voskopojë</a> published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century (Macrakis, 1996).</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Ottoman-derived alphabet</a></b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a>, favored by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. Last version called <i><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifbaja shqip</a></i> was published by scholar and writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rexhep_Voka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rexhep Voka (page does not exist)">Rexhep Voka</a>, a prominent figure of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Arabic-derived alphabet</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>; a primer was published in 1861 in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by <a href="/wiki/Daut_Bori%C3%A7i" title="Daut Boriçi">Mullah Daut Boriçi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norris_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="37">Albanian Arabic Alphabet (as per 1911/1912 primers published in Istanbul, and as used by "Zemër" newspaper)<sup id="cite_ref-Müfid-Yüksel1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müfid-Yüksel1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Müfid-Yüksel2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müfid-Yüksel2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>ا ـا</td> <td>ب</td> <td>پ</td> <td>ت</td> <td>ث</td> <td>ج</td> <td>چ</td> <td>څ</td> <td>د</td> <td>ذ</td> <td>ر</td> <td>ݛ</td> <td>ز</td> <td>ڗ</td> <td>ژ</td> <td>س</td> <td>ش</td> <td>غ</td> <td>ف</td> <td>ق</td> <td>ك</td> <td>ڬ</td> <td>ݿ</td> <td>گ</td> <td>ل</td> <td>ݪ</td> <td>م</td> <td>ن</td> <td>و</td> <td>او</td> <td>اۏ</td> <td>اۋ</td> <td>ھ</td> <td>ئە ـە ە</td> <td>یـ ی</td> <td>اېـ ېـ ې</td> <td>ئىٕـ ىٕـ ىٕ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="37">Modern Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>p</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>xh</td> <td>ç</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>dh</td> <td>r</td> <td>rr</td> <td>z</td> <td>x</td> <td>zh</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>g</td> <td>f</td> <td>k</td> <td>q</td> <td>nj</td> <td>ng</td> <td>gj</td> <td>l</td> <td>ll</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>v</td> <td>u</td> <td>y</td> <td>o</td> <td>h</td> <td>e</td> <td>j</td> <td>i</td> <td>ë </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_alphabets">Original alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Original alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Franco-Danish geographer <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a> sparked interest in developing an Albanian alphabet in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Universal Geography published in 1826 Malte-Brun mentions an Albanian "ecclesiastical alphabet, which consists of thirty letters."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After him Johann Georg von Hahn, Leopold Geitler, Gjergj Pekmezi and others continued studies on the same topic. Seven original Albanian alphabets have been discovered since.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan script</a> (18th century); used to write the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript. Widely thought to be the work of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Gregory of Durrës">Gregory of Durrës</a>. According to Robert Elsie, "The alphabet of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript is quite well suited to the Albanian language. Indeed, on the whole, one might regard it as better suited than the present-day Albanian alphabet, based on a Latin model. The Elbasan alphabet utilises one character per phoneme, with the exception of <i>n</i>, for which there are two characters, and <i>g</i>, for which there are three characters (two of which being restricted to specific Greek loanwords). The distinction between Albanian <i>r</i> and <i>rr</i> and between <i>l</i> and <i>ll</i> is created by a dot over the character. A dot over a <i>d</i> creates an <i>nd</i>. A spiritus lenis plus acute above the line, as in Greek, seems to be utilized on a sporadic basis to indicate word or phrase stress. On the whole, the writing system utilized in the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript is clear, relatively precise, and appears to be well thought out by its inventor."<sup id="cite_ref-Elise_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Undeciphered Script from the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript. On the front page of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript itself is a drawing and about a dozen words, perhaps personal names, written in a script which differs completely from that of the rest of the manuscript. This writing system has as yet to be deciphered, although Elbasan scholar Dhimitër Shuteriqi (b. 1915) has made an attempt to read it.<sup id="cite_ref-Elise_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri script</a> (18th century), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Theodhor_Haxhifilipi" title="Theodhor Haxhifilipi">Theodhor Haxhifilipi</a>. The Todhri alphabet was discovered by Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), Austrian consul in Janina and the father of Albanian Studies. Hahn published what he regarded as 'the original' Albanian alphabet in his monumental Albanesische Studien (Jena 1854) and saw in it a derivative of ancient <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician script</a>. The study of this alphabet was subsequently taken up by Leopold Geitler (1847–1885) who regarded Todhri script as derived primarily from Roman cursive, and by the Slovenian scholar <a href="/wiki/Rajko_Nahtigal" title="Rajko Nahtigal">Rajko Nahtigal</a> (1877–1958). The Todhri alphabet is a complex writing system of fifty-two characters which was used sporadically for written communication in and around Elbasan from the late eighteenth century on. It does not conform adequately to the Albanian language, certainly not as well as the alphabet of the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript, to which it shows no relation<sup id="cite_ref-Elise_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another original script, sometimes called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berati_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berati script (page does not exist)">Berati script</a>, is found in Codex of Berat (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Codex_Beratinus" title="Codex Beratinus">Codex Beratinus</a> I and <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_1143" title="Minuscule 1143">II</a>). This 154-page manuscript, now preserved in the National Library of Tiranë, is in fact a simple paper manuscript and must not be envisaged as an illuminated parchment 'codex' in the Western tradition. It seems to have been the work of at least two hands and to have been written between the years 1764 and 1798. The manuscript is commonly attributed to one <a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Berat" title="Constantine of Berat">Constantine of Berat</a> (c. 1745 – c. 1825), known in Albanian as Kostandin Berati or Kostë Berati, who is thought to have been an Orthodox monk and writer from Berat. Constantine of Berat is reported to have possessed the manuscript from 1764 to 1822, although there is no indication that he was its author. The Codex of Berat contains various and sundry texts in Greek and Albanian: biblical and Orthodox liturgical texts in Albanian written in the Greek alphabet, all of them no doubt translated from Greek or strongly influenced by Greek models; a forty-four-line Albanian poem with the corresponding Greek text known as Zonja Shën Mëri përpara kryqësë (The Virgin Mary before the cross); two Greek-Albanian glossaries comprising a total of 1,710 entries; various religious notes; and a chronicle of events between 1764 and 1789 written in Greek. On page 104 of the codex, we find two lines of Albanian written in an original alphabet of 37 letters, influenced, as it would seem, by <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a>. On page 106, the author also gives an overview of the writing system he created. It, too, is not well devised and does not seem to occur anywhere else.<sup id="cite_ref-Elise_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently it has been observed that the same script had a wider usage, including in Elbasan and possibly in Voskopojë.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjirokastër alphabet">Veso Bey alphabet</a>, another original alphabet by Veso bey, who is one of the most prominent chiefs of Gjirokastër, from the family of Alizot Pasha. Veso Bey learned it in his youth from an Albanian hodja as a secret script which his family inherited, and used it himself for correspondence with his relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Elise_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara script</a> was used in southern Albania, named after the Greek doctor, lyricist and writer <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Vilaras" title="Ioannis Vilaras">Ioannis Vilaras</a> (Alb: Jan Vellara). The son of a doctor, Vilaras studied medicine in Padua in 1789 and later lived in Venice. In 1801, he became a physician to Veli, son of the infamous <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> (1741–1822). Vilaras is remembered primarily as a modern Greek poet and does not seem to have been a native Albanian speaker at all. He is the author of eighty-six pages of bilingual grammatical notes, dated 1801, which were designed no doubt to teach other Greek-speakers Albanian. The Albanian in question is a Tosk dialect written in an original alphabet of thirty letters based on Latin and to a lesser extent on Greek. The manuscript of the work was donated to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris (supplément grec 251, f. 138–187) in 1819 by François Pouqueville (1770–1839), French consul in Janina during the reign of Ali Pasha Tepelena . Pouqueville was aware of the value of the work, noting: "Je possède un manuscrit, une grammaire grecque vulgaire et schype qui pourrait être utile aux philologues", but chose not to publish it in his travel narratives. Appendixed to the grammatical notes is also a letter dated 30 October 1801, written in Albanian in Vellara's handwriting from the village of <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Vokopola" title="Ferid Vokopola">Vokopolë</a>, south of Berat, where the physician had been obliged to follow Veli during the latter's military campaign against Ibrahim of Berat. Part of the manuscript is also a list of proverbs, both in modern Greek and Albanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Shuteriqi1976_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuteriqi1976-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VithkuqiScript.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VithkuqiScript.png/330px-VithkuqiScript.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VithkuqiScript.png/495px-VithkuqiScript.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VithkuqiScript.png/660px-VithkuqiScript.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>The letters of the Vithkuqi alphabet matched to their modern Albanian equivalents.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi alphabet</a> (1844). From 1824 to 1844, <a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a> developed and promoted a 33-letter alphabet which he had printed in an eight-page Albanian spelling book in 1844. This little spelling book was distributed throughout southern Albania, from Korçë to Berat, and was received, as it seems, with a good deal of enthusiasm. In the following year, 1845, the booklet was augmented to forty-eight pages in a now equally rare second edition entitled Faré i ri abétor shqip per djélm nismetore (A very new Albanian spelling book for elementary schoolboys). However, the resonance of this original alphabet, which reminds one at first glance of a type of cursive Armenian, was in fact limited, due in part to the author's premature death one year later and in part no doubt to financial and technical considerations. In the mid-nineteenth century, when publishing was making great strides even in the Balkans, a script requiring a new font for printing would have resulted in prohibitive costs for any prospective publisher. As such, although reasonably phonetic and confessionally neutral, the Veqilharxhi alphabet never took hold.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_versions_of_the_alphabet_in_Latin_characters">Older versions of the alphabet in Latin characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Older versions of the alphabet in Latin characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the standardisation of the Albanian alphabet, there were several ways of writing the sounds peculiar to Albanian, namely ⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨dh⟩, ⟨ë⟩, ⟨gj⟩, ⟨ll⟩, ⟨nj⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨rr⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨xh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨z⟩ and ⟨zh⟩. Also, ⟨j⟩ was written in more than one way. </p> <dl><dt>⟨c⟩, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨k⟩, and ⟨q⟩</dt></dl> <p>The earliest Albanian sources were written by people educated in Italy, as a consequence, the value of the letters were similar to those of the Italian alphabet. The present-day <b>c</b> was written with a ⟨z⟩, and the present-day <b>ç</b> was written as ⟨c⟩ as late as 1895. Conversely, the present-day <b>k</b> was written as ⟨c⟩ until 1868. <b>c</b> was also written as ⟨ts⟩ (Reinhold 1855 and Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨tz⟩ (Rada 1866) and ⟨zz⟩. It was first written as ⟨c⟩ in 1879 by Frashëri but also in 1908 by Pekmezi. <b>ç</b> was also written as ⟨tz⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ts̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ci⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨tš⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨tç⟩ (Dozon 1878), ⟨č⟩ (by Agimi) and ⟨ch⟩ (by Bashkimi). <b>ç</b> itself was first used by Frasheri (1879). </p><p>The present-day <b>q</b> was variously written as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨chi⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨ky⟩, ⟨kj⟩, k with dot (Leake 1814) k with overline (Reinhold 1855), k with apostrophe (Miklosich 1870), and ⟨ḱ⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863). ⟨q⟩ was first used in Frashëri's Stamboll mix-alphabet in 1879 and also in the <i>Grammaire albanaise</i> of 1887. </p> <dl><dt>⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩</dt></dl> <p>The present-day <b>dh</b> was originally written with a character similar to the Greek xi (ξ). This was doubled (ξξ) to write 'th'. These characters were used as late as 1895. Leake first used ⟨dh⟩ and ⟨th⟩ in 1814. <b>dh</b> was also written using the Greek letter delta (δ), while Alimi used ⟨đ⟩ and Frasheri used a ⟨d⟩ with a hook on the top stem of the letter. </p> <dl><dt>⟨ë⟩</dt></dl> <p>This letter was not usually differentiated from ⟨e⟩, but when it was, it was usually done by means of diacritics: ⟨ė⟩ (Bogdani 1685, da Lecce 1716 and Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨e̊⟩ (Lepsius 1863), ⟨ẹ̄⟩ (Miklosich 1870) or by new letters ⟨ö⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨υ⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨œ⟩ (Dozon 1878), ⟨ε⟩ (Meyer 1888 and 1891, note Frasheri used ⟨ε⟩ for ⟨e⟩, and ⟨e⟩ to write ⟨ë⟩; the revision of 1908 swapped these letters) and ⟨ə⟩ (Alimi). Rada first used ⟨ë⟩ in 1870. </p> <dl><dt>⟨gj⟩ and ⟨g⟩</dt></dl> <p>These two sounds were not usually differentiated in writing. They were variously written as ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨ghi⟩. When they were differentiated, <b>g</b> was written as ⟨g⟩ or (by Liguori 1867) as ⟨gh⟩, while <b>gj</b> was written as ⟨gi⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ḡ⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ǵ⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863), ⟨gy⟩ (Dozon 1878) and a modified ⟨g⟩ (Frasheri). The <i>Grammaire albanaise</i> (1887) first used <b>gj</b>, but it was also used by Librandi (1897). Rada (1866) used ⟨g⟩, ⟨gh⟩, ⟨gc⟩, and ⟨gk⟩ for <b>g</b>, and ⟨gki⟩ for ⟨gj⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨h⟩</dt></dl> <p>The older versions of the Albanian alphabet differentiated between two "h" sounds, one for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> one for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">Voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. The second sound was written as ⟨h⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and Greek khi ⟨χ⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨j⟩</dt></dl> <p>This sound was most commonly written as ⟨j⟩, but some authors (Leake 1814, Lepsius 1863, Kristoforidis 1872, Dozon 1878) wrote this as ⟨y⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨ll⟩ and ⟨l⟩</dt></dl> <p>Three "l" sounds were distinguished in older Albanian alphabets, represented by <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">l</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span>. <b>l</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> was written as ⟨l⟩. <b>ll</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɫ/</span> was written as ⟨λ⟩, italic ⟨<i>l</i>⟩, ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨ł⟩. Blanchi (1635) first used <b>ll</b>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span> was written as ⟨l⟩, ⟨li⟩, ⟨l’⟩ (Miklosich 1870 and Meyer 1888 and 1891), ⟨ĺ⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨lh⟩, ⟨gl⟩, ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨lj⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨nj⟩</dt></dl> <p>This sound was most commonly written as ⟨gn⟩ in Italian fashion. It was also written as italic ⟨<i>n</i>⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨n̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ń⟩ (first used by Lepsius 1863), ⟨ṅ⟩ (Miklosich 1870), ⟨ñ⟩ (Dozon 1878). The <i>Grammaire albanaise</i> (1887) first used <b>nj</b>. </p> <dl><dt>⟨rr⟩</dt></dl> <p>Blanchi first used ⟨rr⟩ to represent this sound. However, also used were Greek rho (ρ) (Miklosich 1870), ⟨ṙ⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨rh⟩ (Dozon 1878 and <i>Grammaire albanaise</i> 1887), ⟨r̄⟩ (Meyer 1888 and 1891), ⟨r̀⟩ (Alimi) and ⟨p⟩ (Frasheri, who used a modified ⟨p⟩ for [p]). </p> <dl><dt>⟨sh⟩ and ⟨s⟩</dt></dl> <p>These two sounds were not consistently differentiated in the earliest versions of the Albanian alphabet. When they were differentiated, <b>s</b> was represented by ⟨s⟩ or ⟨ss⟩, while <b>sh</b> was represented by ⟨sc⟩, ⟨ſc⟩, ⟨s̄⟩ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨ç⟩ (Dozon 1878) and ⟨š⟩. <b>sh</b> was first used by Rada in 1866. </p> <dl><dt>⟨x⟩</dt></dl> <p>Frasheri first used ⟨x⟩ to represent this sound. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨ds⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨dz⟩, ⟨z⟩, and ⟨zh⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨xh⟩</dt></dl> <p>The <i>Grammaire albanaise</i> (1887) first used ⟨xh⟩. Formerly, it was written variously as ⟨gi⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨dš⟩ (Kristoforidis 1872), ⟨dž⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨zh⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨y⟩</dt></dl> <p>This sound was written as ⟨y⟩ in 1828. Formerly it was written as ȣ (Cyrillic <a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)">uk</a>), italic ⟨<i>u</i>⟩ (Leake 1814), ⟨ü⟩, ⟨ṳ⟩, and ⟨ε⟩. </p> <dl><dt>⟨z⟩</dt></dl> <p>Leake first used ⟨z⟩ to represent this sound in 1814. Formerly, it was written variously as a backward 3, Greek zeta (ζ) (Reinhold 1855), ⟨x⟩ (Bashkimi) and a symbol similar to ⟨p⟩ (Altsmar). </p> <dl><dt>⟨zh⟩</dt></dl> <p>This sound was variously written as an overlined ζ (Reinhold 1855), ⟨sg⟩ (Rada 1866), ⟨ž⟩, ⟨j⟩ (Dozon 1878), underdotted z, ⟨xh⟩ (Bashkimi), ⟨zc⟩. It was also written with a backward 3 in combination: 3gh and 3c. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Greek"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Greek_alphabets">Old Greek alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Old Greek alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> in Greece used the altered <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> to write in Albanian. There are several variants.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="37">Arvanitic alphabet 1 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Α</td> <td>Β</td> <td>B</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Γi</td> <td>Ϳ</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>D </td> <td>Dσ </td> <td>Dς</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>Ζ </td> <td>Ζς </td> <td>Η</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>Ι</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>Κi</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Λi</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Νi</td> <td>Ο/Ω </td> <td>Ȣ/Ου</td> <td>Π</td> <td>Ρ </td> <td>Ῥ</td> <td>Σ</td> <td>Σς</td> <td>Τ </td> <td>Τσ </td> <td>Τς</td> <td>Υ</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>Χ</td> <td>Χi </td></tr> <tr> <td>α</td> <td>β</td> <td>b</td> <td>γ</td> <td>γi</td> <td>ϳ</td> <td>δ</td> <td>d </td> <td>dσ </td> <td>dς</td> <td>ε</td> <td>ζ </td> <td>ζς </td> <td>η</td> <td>θ</td> <td>ι</td> <td>κ</td> <td>κi</td> <td>λ</td> <td>λi</td> <td>μ</td> <td>ν</td> <td>νi</td> <td>ο/ω </td> <td>ȣ/ου</td> <td>π</td> <td>ρ </td> <td>ῥ</td> <td>σ</td> <td>σς</td> <td>τ </td> <td>τσ </td> <td>τς</td> <td>υ</td> <td>φ</td> <td>χ</td> <td>χi </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="37">Modern Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>v</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>gj</td> <td>j</td> <td>dh</td> <td>d</td> <td>x</td> <td>xh </td> <td>e</td> <td>z</td> <td>zh </td> <td>ë</td> <td>th</td> <td>i</td> <td>k</td> <td>q</td> <td>l</td> <td>lj</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>nj</td> <td>o </td> <td>u</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>rr </td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>t</td> <td>c </td> <td>ç </td> <td>y </td> <td>f</td> <td>h </td> <td>hj </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="36">Arvanitic alphabet 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Α</td> <td>Β</td> <td>B</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Γ̇</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>D</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>Ε̰</td> <td>Ζ </td> <td>Ζ̇</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>Ι </td> <td>J</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>Κ̇</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Λ̇</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Ν̇</td> <td>Ο</td> <td>Π</td> <td>Ρ </td> <td>Ρ̇</td> <td>Σ</td> <td>Σ̈</td> <td>Τ </td> <td>Ȣ</td> <td>Υ</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>Χ̇ </td> <td>Τσ </td> <td>Τσ̈ </td> <td>Dσ</td> <td>Dσ̈ </td></tr> <tr> <td>α</td> <td>β</td> <td>b</td> <td>γ</td> <td>γ̇</td> <td>δ</td> <td>d</td> <td>ε</td> <td>ε̰</td> <td>ζ </td> <td>ζ̇</td> <td>θ</td> <td>ι </td> <td>j</td> <td>κ</td> <td>κ̇</td> <td>λ</td> <td>λ̇</td> <td>μ</td> <td>ν</td> <td>ν̇</td> <td>ο</td> <td>π</td> <td>ρ </td> <td>ρ̇</td> <td>σ</td> <td>σ̈</td> <td>τ </td> <td>ȣ</td> <td>υ</td> <td>φ</td> <td>χ̇ </td> <td>τσ </td> <td>τσ̈ </td> <td>dσ</td> <td>dσ̈ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="36">Modern Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>v</td> <td>b</td> <td>g</td> <td>gj</td> <td>dh</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ë</td> <td>z </td> <td>zh</td> <td>th</td> <td>i </td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>q</td> <td>l</td> <td>lj</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>nj</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>r </td> <td>rr</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>t </td> <td>u</td> <td>y</td> <td>f</td> <td>h </td> <td>c </td> <td>ç </td> <td>x</td> <td>xh </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Various remedies are used to graphically distinguish Greek Β from Latin B, including <span class="nowrap">⟨ʼΒ⟩</span> for the Greek and Cyrillic <span class="nowrap">⟨Б⟩</span> for the Latin,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though sometimes it's just a matter of the different typefaces used for Latin and Greek being sufficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Cyrillic_alphabets">Old Cyrillic alphabets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Old Cyrillic alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Latin </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dh (digraph)">dh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gj_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gj (digraph)">gj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%88_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="ǈ (digraph)">lj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nj_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nj (letter)">nj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">ng</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xh (digraph)">xh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zh (digraph)">zh</a></td> <td>je</td> <td>ju</td> <td>ja</td> <td>sht </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> alphabet in <i>Rečnik od tri jezika</i> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">а</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">б</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">ц</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">ч</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">д</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ">δ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">ъ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">ф</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">г</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Ђ">ђ</a>, гј</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">х</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Ј">ј</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">к</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">л</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Љ">љ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">м</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">н</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Њ">њ</a>, њj</td> <td>нг</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">о</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">п</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ћ">ћ</a>, кј</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">р</a></td> <td>рр</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">с</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">ш</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">т</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѳ">ѳ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">у</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">в</a></td> <td>дс</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Џ">џ</a></td> <td>ју</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">з</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">ж</a></td> <td>је</td> <td>ју</td> <td>ја</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">щ</a>, шт </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Another Cyrillic alphabet<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">а</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">б</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">ц</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">ч</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">д</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҙ">ҙ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">е</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӗ">ӗ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">ф</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">г</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѓ">ѓ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">х</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">й</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">к</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">л</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Љ">љ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">м</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">н</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Њ">њ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ң">ң</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">о</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">п</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ќ">ќ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">р</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҏ">ҏ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">с</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">ш</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">т</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҫ">ҫ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">у</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">в</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѕ">ѕ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Џ">џ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">з</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">ж</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">є</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">ю</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">я</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">щ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Additional variants<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>гї </td> <td> </td> <td>ї </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D1%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѣ">ѣ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>кї </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">ӱ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ѣе </td> <td>ѣу </td> <td>ѣа </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sample of Albanian language text, written in Cyrillic characters (central column). From the book <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Тријазичник,_Ѓорѓиіа_Пулевски.pdf">"Речник од три језика (Rečnik od tri jezika)"</a> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf&page=9" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf/page9-170px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf/page9-255px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf/page9-340px-%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C_%D0%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%93%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="1031" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Gregory of Durrës">Gregory of Durrës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodhor_Haxhifilipi" title="Theodhor Haxhifilipi">Theodhor Haxhifilipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Sami Frashëri">Sami Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yll_Rugova" title="Yll Rugova">Yll Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewmarkHubbardPrifti1982">Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti 1982</a>, pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes pronounced as <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">ɑ</a> or <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">ɒ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also realised as <a href="/wiki/%C6%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɛ">ɛ</a> in some dialects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May also be <a href="/wiki/%C9%9F%CD%A1%CA%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ɟ͡ʝ">affricated</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May also be <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ħ">pharyngeal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically pronounced allophonically as <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">q</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also realised as <a href="/wiki/%C6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɔ">ɔ</a> in some dialects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May also be <a href="/wiki/T%CD%A1%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="T͡ɕ">affricated</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonly pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/%C9%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ɹ"> voiced alveolar approximant</a> in northern Gheg dialects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi111-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi111_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skendi111_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1967" class="citation book cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&pg=PR15"><i>The Albanian national awakening</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-4776-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+national+awakening&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4776-1&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QPWCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAlbanian%2BNational%2BAwakening%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2003_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2003_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2003" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxpAAAAMAAJ&q=Licet+Albanenses+aliam+omnino"><i>Early Albania: a reader of historical texts, 11th-17th centuries</i></a>. Harrassowitz. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04783-8"><bdi>978-3-447-04783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Albania%3A+a+reader+of+historical+texts%2C+11th-17th+centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04783-8&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoXxpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLicet%2BAlbanenses%2Baliam%2Bomnino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephCostanzoSlocum" class="citation web cs1">Joseph, Brian; Costanzo, Angelo; Slocum, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/albol">"Introduction to Albanian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Albanian&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Costanzo%2C+Angelo&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Falbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.albaner.net/Librat/Gjuha%20shqipe.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220031/http://www.albaner.net/Librat/Gjuha%20shqipe.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewmarkHubbardPrifti1982">Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti 1982</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AQJj5_pYxtIC&dq=%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB&pg=PA8">Minaoglou Charalampos, "Anastasios Michael and the Speech about Hellenism", Athens, 2013, p. 37 and note 90</a> In Greek language.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloshi pp.14-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloshi p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Birmingham, 15 (1991), p. 20-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloshi p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norris_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._T._Norris1993" class="citation cs2">H. T. Norris (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC&q=Daut+Bori%C3%A7i&pg=PA76"><i>Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World</i></a>, University of South Carolina Press, p. 76, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+Religion+and+Society+Between+Europe+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.au=H.+T.+Norris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGmzir-ITtUC%26q%3DDaut%2BBori%25C3%25A7i%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müfid-Yüksel1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Müfid-Yüksel1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müfid-Yüksel, "1328/1912'de İstanbul'da basılan Arnavutça Alfabe/Elifba&Okuma Kitapları - Albanian Alphabet/Reading Books Published In Istanbul In 1912" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/mufidyuksel/status/1287734820928446469">https://x.com/mufidyuksel/status/1287734820928446469</a> (Originally exctracted from <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_State_Archives" title="Directorate of State Archives">The Turkish Directorate of State Archives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müfid-Yüksel2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Müfid-Yüksel2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müfid-Yüksel, "1911-12'de İstanbul'da Arnavutça yayınlanan Zemér (Yürek) gazetesi. - The Albanian "Zemér" Newspaper published at Istanbul in 1911-12"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/mufidyuksel/status/891071868458987520">https://x.com/mufidyuksel/status/891071868458987520</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yll Rugova (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/82490245/Malte_Bruni_dhe_shkrimi_i_pare_per_alfabetin">Malte Bruni dhe fillimi i studimeve mbi alfabetet origjinale të gjuhës shqipe</a>. In Studimet për Shqiptarët në Francë, ASHAK Prishtina, pp. 568-71, 576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhimitër Shuteriqi (1978). Shkrimet Shqipe në vitet 1332–1850, Rilindja Prishtinë, pp. 151-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Elsie (2017). Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented, Kindle Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elise-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elise_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elise_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elise_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elise_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elise_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElise" class="citation web cs1">Elise, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1995ElbasanMs_Fig.pdf">"The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Robert Elise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elbasan+Gospel+Manuscript+%28Anonimi+i+Elbasanit%29%2C+1761%2C+and+the+struggle+for+an+original+Albanian+alphabet&rft.pub=Robert+Elise&rft.aulast=Elise&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsie.de%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2FA1995ElbasanMs_Fig.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRugova2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rugova, Yll (2023-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/124024737/Alfabeti_i_Kodikut_t%C3%AB_Beratit_nd%C3%ABrlidhja_e_mundshme_me_gravur%C3%ABn_e_Ardenic%C3%ABs_dhe_anonimin_e_Elbasanit">"Alfabeti i Kodikut të Beratit, ndërlidhja e mundshme me gravurën e Ardenicës dhe anonimin e Elbasanit"</a>. <i>The XLI International Seminar on Albanian Language, Literature and Culture, Revistë / Journal (41) ISSN 2521-3687</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+XLI+International+Seminar+on+Albanian+Language%2C+Literature+and+Culture%2C+Revist%C3%AB+%2F+Journal+%2841%29+ISSN+2521-3687&rft.atitle=Alfabeti+i+Kodikut+t%C3%AB+Beratit%2C+nd%C3%ABrlidhja+e+mundshme+me+gravur%C3%ABn+e+Ardenic%C3%ABs+dhe+anonimin+e+Elbasanit&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.aulast=Rugova&rft.aufirst=Yll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F124024737%2FAlfabeti_i_Kodikut_t%25C3%25AB_Beratit_nd%25C3%25ABrlidhja_e_mundshme_me_gravur%25C3%25ABn_e_Ardenic%25C3%25ABs_dhe_anonimin_e_Elbasanit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615013842/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09328-old-albanian.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09328-old-albanian.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2009%2F09328-old-albanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215092857/http://www.chikyukotobamura.org/muse/wr_europa_1.html">"世界の文字"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chikyukotobamura.org/muse/wr_europa_1.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chikyukotobamura.org%2Fmuse%2Fwr_europa_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuteriqi1976-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shuteriqi1976_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuteriqi1976" class="citation cs2">Shuteriqi, Dhimiter (1976), <i>Shkrimet Shqipe ne Vitet 1332–1850</i>, Tirana: Academy of Sciences of PR of Albania, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252881121">252881121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shkrimet+Shqipe+ne+Vitet+1332%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+PR+of+Albania&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252881121&rft.aulast=Shuteriqi&rft.aufirst=Dhimiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraehle1974" class="citation book cs1">Straehle, Carolin (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fvhhAAAAMAAJ&q=Naum+Veqilharxhi"><i>International journal of the sociology of language</i></a>. Mouton. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+journal+of+the+sociology+of+language&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Straehle&rft.aufirst=Carolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfvhhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNaum%2BVeqilharxhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11378008?q=a&page=10,11">Albanikē melissa. 1878</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007170814/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/alphabet/alban-greek-alpha.jpg">Albanian-Greek</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.arvasynel.gr/grammar.html">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Albanian alphabet"><img alt="Modern Albanian alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg/120px-Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg/180px-Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg/240px-Alfabeti_i_gjuhes_shqipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Albanian alphabet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Albanian "Istanbul alphabet""><img alt="Albanian "Istanbul alphabet"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/120px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/180px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png/240px-Tabela_e_Alfabetit_t%C3%AB_Stambollit.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Albanian "Istanbul alphabet"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elifbaja_shqip.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albanian Arabic alphabet"><img alt="Albanian Arabic alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elifbaja_shqip.jpg/86px-Elifbaja_shqip.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elifbaja_shqip.jpg/128px-Elifbaja_shqip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Elifbaja_shqip.jpg/171px-Elifbaja_shqip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Albanian Arabic alphabet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alban-greek-alpha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albanian Greek alphabet"><img alt="Albanian Greek alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alban-greek-alpha.jpg/120px-Alban-greek-alpha.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alban-greek-alpha.jpg/180px-Alban-greek-alpha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alban-greek-alpha.jpg/240px-Alban-greek-alpha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Albanian Greek alphabet</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Van Christo, "The Long Struggle for the Albanian Alphabet", formerly available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.frosina.org/speeches/albalphabet.shtml">[3]</a>; archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000824162736/http://www.frosina.org/speeches/albalphabet.shtml">The Long Struggle for the Albanian Alphabet</a>. Christo in turn says "Much of the above material was excerpted or otherwise derived from <a href="/wiki/Stavro_Skendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavro Skendi">Stavro Skendi</a>'s excellent book <i>The Albanian National Awakening: 1878–1912</i>, Princeton University Press, 1967".</li> <li>Robert Elsie, "Albanian Literature in Greek Script: the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing", <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i> <b>15</b>:20 (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.elsie.de/pub/pdf_articles/A1991AlbLitGreek.pdf">[4]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Christophoridēs, Kōnstantinos, <i>Psalteri, këthyem mbas ebraishtesë vietërë shqip ndë gegënishte prei Konstantinit Kristoforidit</i>, Constantinople, 1872.</li> <li>Trix, Frances. 1997. Alphabet conflict in the Balkans: Albanian and the congress of Monastir. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> 128:1-23.</li> <li>Macrakis, Stavros M., "Character codes for Greek: Problems and modern solutions" in Macrakis, 1996. Includes discussion of the Greek alphabet used for languages other than Greek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216225737/http://www.writingsystems.net/systems/greek/languages.htm">writingsystems.net</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmarkHubbardPrifti1982" class="citation book cs1">Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqlYbhnII3QC&q=Standard+Albanian:+A+Reference+Grammar+for+Students&pg=PA1"><i>Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1129-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-1129-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Albanian%3A+A+Reference+Grammar+for+Students&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1129-6&rft.aulast=Newmark&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Philip&rft.au=Prifti%2C+Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqlYbhnII3QC%26q%3DStandard%2BAlbanian%3A%2BA%2BReference%2BGrammar%2Bfor%2BStudents%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloshi2008" class="citation book cs1">Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_gXTda0HS8C&q=gjuha+letrare+dhe+gjuha+standarde&pg=PA191"><i>Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes</i></a>. Logos-A. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9989-58-268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9989-58-268-4"><bdi>978-9989-58-268-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rreth+Alfabetit+te+Shqipes&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Logos-A&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9989-58-268-4&rft.aulast=Lloshi&rft.aufirst=Xhevat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_gXTda0HS8C%26q%3Dgjuha%2Bletrare%2Bdhe%2Bgjuha%2Bstandarde%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanišić1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stanišić, Vanja (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-al/jezik/vstanisic-pismenost.pdf"><i>Из историје примене словенске писмености за албански језик (From the History of Using the Slavic Literacy for Albanian Language)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Serbian), vol. 1, Priština: Baština</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA+%28From+the+History+of+Using+the+Slavic+Literacy+for+Albanian+Language%29&rft.place=Pri%C5%A1tina&rft.pub=Ba%C5%A1tina&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Stani%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vanja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Frastko-al%2Fjezik%2Fvstanisic-pismenost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Blanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Blanchi">Francisco Blanchi</a>, <i>Dictionarium latino-epiroticum una cum nonnullis usitatioribus loquendi formulis</i>, Sac. congr. de propag. fide, Roma, 1635. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/alban/blanchus/blanc.htm">full text</a></li> <li>Cuneus prophetarum de Christo Salvatore mundi et eius evangelica veritate, italice et epirotice contexta et in duas partes divisa a Petro Bogdano Macedone, sacr. congr. de prop. fide alumno, philosophiae et sacrae theologiae doctore, olim episcopo Scodrensi et administratore. Patavii, 1685 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wpvP8PWkv_QC">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Maria_da_Lecce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Maria da Lecce (page does not exist)">Francesco Maria da Lecce</a>, <i>Osservazioni grammaticali nella lingua albanese</i>, Stamperia della Sag. cong. di prop. fede, Roma, 1716 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3Tau7AzX76gC">full text</a></li> <li>William Martin-Leake, <i>Researches in Greece</i>, London, 1814. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.scribd.com/doc/10072250/Researches-in-Greece-William-Martin-Leake-1814">full text</a></li> <li><i>Pun t’ nevoiscem me u dytun per me scelbue scpjrtin</i>, Roma, 1828.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Ritter_von_Xylander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Ritter von Xylander (page does not exist)">Joseph Ritter von Xylander</a>, <i>Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkiptaren</i>, Andreäischen Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main, 1835.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a>, <i>Albanesischen Studien</i>, Friedrich Mauke, Jena, 1854. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahy9953.0001.001.umich.edu">full text</a></li> <li>Noctes pelasgicae vel symbolae ad cognoscendas dialectos Graeciae pelasgicas collatae cura Caroli Henrici Theodori Reinhold, classis regiae medici primarii. Athenis, 1855. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/4/0/e/metadata-112-0000000.tkl&do=248743.pdf&lang=en&pageno=1&pagestart=1&width=841.86%20pts%20(A4)&height=595.26%20pts%20(A4)&maxpage=79">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a>, <i>Standard Alphabet for reducing unwritten languages and foreign graphic systems to a uniform orthography in European letters, </i> Williams & Norgate, London, W. Hertz, Berlin, 1863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/standardalphabet00lepsuoft">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrio_Camarda" title="Demetrio Camarda">Demetrio Camarda</a>, <i>Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese</i>, Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, Livorno, 1864. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saggiodigrammat00camagoog">full text</a></li> <li><i>Rapsodie d’un poema albanese, raccolte nelle colonie del Napoletano</i>, tradotte da <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_de_Rada" title="Girolamo de Rada">Girolamo de Rada</a> e per cura di lui e di Niccolò Jeno de’ Coronei ordinate e messe in luce. Firenze, 1866. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qQc6TtAP5rEC">[5]</a></li> <li>T’ verteta t’ paa-sosme kaltsue prei sceitit Alfonso M. de’ Liguori e do divozione e msime tiera kθue n’ fial e n’ ghiù arbnore prei mesctarit scodran. Me sctampen t’ scêitit cuvèn t’ propàgands n’ Rom, 1867.</li> <li>Cuvendi i arbenit o concilli provintiaalli mbelieδune viettit mije sctat cint e tre ndne schiptarin Clementin XI. pape pretemaδin. E duta sctamp. Conciliun albanum provinciale sive nationale habitum anno MDCCCIII. Clemente XI. pont. max. albano. Editio secunda, posteriorum constitutionum apostolicarum ad Epiri ecclesias spectantium appendice ditata. Romae. Typis s. congregationis de propaganda fide. 1868.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Miklosich" title="Franz Miklosich">Franz Miklosich</a>, <i>Albanische Forschungen</i>, Kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 1870 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albanischeforsch01mikluoft">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kristoforidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Kristoforidis">Konstantin Kristoforidis</a>, Kater unġilat’ e zotit..., Konstantinopol, 1872. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831042748/http://www.shqiptarortodoks.com/bibla/Kristoforidhi_gegerisht.html">text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Dozon" title="Auguste Dozon">Auguste Dozon</a>, Manuel de la langue chkipe ou albanaise, Imprimerie D. Bardin, Paris, 1878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manueldelalangu00dozogoog">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Benloew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Benloew (page does not exist)">Louis Benloew</a>, Analyse de la langue albanaise, Maisonneuve et Cie, Paris 1879. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analysedelalang01benlgoog">full text</a></li> <li>P. W., <i>Grammaire albanaise</i>, Trübner & Co., London, 1887. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammairealbana00wgoog">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyer" title="Gustav Meyer">Gustav Meyer</a>, <i>Kurzgefasste albanische Grammatik mit Lesestücken und Glossar</i>, Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig, 1888. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurzgefasstealb00meyegoog">full text</a></li> <li>Gustav Meyer, <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache</i>, Karl J. Trübner, Strassburg, 1891. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/etymologischesw00meyegoog">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giacomo_Jungg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giacomo Jungg (page does not exist)">Giacomo Jungg</a>, <i>Fialuur i voghel sccȣp e ltinisct</i>, <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Sckoder</a> 1895. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fialuurivoghels00junggoog">full text</a> [An Albanian–Italian Dictionary]</li> <li>Vicenzo Librandi, <i>Grammatica albanese con la poesie rare di Variboba</i>, Ulrico Hoepli, Milano, 1897. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammaticaalbane00libruoft">full text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Pekmezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Pekmezi">Georg Pekmezi</a>, <i>Grammatik der albanischen Sprache</i>, Verlag des Albanischen Vereines "Dija", Wien, 1908. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammatikderalba00pekmuoft">full text</a></li> <li>Skendi, Stavro. 1960. The history of the Albanian alphabet: a case of complex cultural and political development. <i>Südost-Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Kultur und Landeskunde Südosteuropas</i> 19:263-284,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2017" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diTjAQAACAAJ"><i>Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented</i></a>. Centre for Albanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5442-9409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5442-9409-4"><bdi>978-1-5442-9409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Alphabets%3A+Borrowed+and+Invented&rft.pub=Centre+for+Albanian+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5442-9409-4&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdiTjAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aqyuznk5E1s">Albanian alphabet on YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnalbanianonline.com/">Albanian Language Portal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a><br />(1190–1385)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a><br />(1385–1912)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a><br />(1912–present)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages981" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_orthographies" title="Template talk:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language orthographies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orthographies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages981" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><b>Orthographies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans alphabet">Afrikaans</a></li> <li>Danish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian_alphabet" title="Elfdalian alphabet">Elfdalian</a></li> <li>English <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_orthography" title="Faroese orthography">Faroese</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a></li> <li>Norwegian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_alphabet" title="West Frisian alphabet">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_orthography" title="Yiddish orthography">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language#Orthography" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language#Orthography" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernewek_Kemmyn" title="Kernewek Kemmyn">Kernewek Kemmyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Written_Form" title="Standard Written Form">Standard Written Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernowek_Standard" title="Kernowek Standard">Kernowek Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cornish" title="Modern Cornish">Modern Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Cornish" title="Unified Cornish">Unified Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_orthography" title="Irish orthography">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language#Orthography" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_alphabet" title="Aromanian alphabet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_alphabet" title="Galician alphabet">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_alphabet" title="Istro-Romanian alphabet">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Phonology & ortography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_alphabet" title="Romanian alphabet">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_orthography" title="Walloon orthography">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_orthography" title="Lithuanian orthography">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet" title="Belarusian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Classical orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_orthography" title="Czech orthography">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_alphabet" title="Kashubian alphabet">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a></li> <li>Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_alphabet" title="Polish alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_orthography" title="Russian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_orthography" title="Silesian orthography">Silesian</a></li> <li>Serbo-Croatian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_alphabet" title="Montenegrin alphabet">Montenegrin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_orthography" title="Slovak orthography">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_alphabet" title="Slovene alphabet">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_alphabet" title="Sorbian alphabet">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography" title="Ukrainian orthography">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Latin_alphabet" title="Ukrainian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_orthography" title="Hindustani orthography">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_alphabets" title="Romani alphabets">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_orthography" title="Estonian orthography">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_orthography" title="Finnish orthography">Finnish</a></li> <li>Hungarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_alphabet" title="Hungarian alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_orthography" title="Hungarian orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_alphabet" title="Karelian alphabet">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_alphabets" title="Komi alphabets">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_alphabets" title="Mansi alphabets">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_alphabet" title="Mari alphabet">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_alphabets" title="Mordvinic alphabets">Mordvinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Sámi orthography">Sámi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi_orthography" title="Kildin Sámi orthography">Kildin Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_alphabets" title="Udmurt alphabets">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_alphabet" title="Gagauz alphabet">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_alphabets" title="Khakas alphabets">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_alphabets" title="Nogai alphabets">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_alphabet" title="Tatar alphabet">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_scripts" title="Yakut scripts">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungus—Manchu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Even_alphabets" title="Even alphabets">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_orthography" title="Evenki orthography">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udege_alphabets" title="Udege alphabets">Udege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet" title="Abkhaz alphabet">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargin_writing" title="Dargin writing">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li>Aramaic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ethiopian Semitic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_alphabets" title="Somali alphabets">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_orthography" title="Sesotho orthography">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_alphabet" title="Yoruba alphabet">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_scripts" title="Okinawan scripts">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan alphabet">Dungan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_alphabet" title="Mizo alphabet">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Latin_alphabet" title="Mongolian Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_alphabets" title="Nivkh alphabets">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Filipino <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_orthography" title="Filipino orthography">orthography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_orthography" title="Malay orthography">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_alphabet" title="Tetum alphabet">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_writing_systems" title="Massachusett writing systems">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582471#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009006986">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007547668805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&oldid=1275255720">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&oldid=1275255720</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabets" title="Category:Latin alphabets">Latin alphabets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">Albanian scripts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_language" title="Category:Albanian language">Albanian language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)">CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 23:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_alphabet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Albanian alphabet</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-j92bc","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.792","walltime":"1.032","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4857,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":278194,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56441,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85251,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 807.204 1 -total"," 23.77% 191.865 1 Template:Albania_topics"," 23.29% 188.011 1 Template:Country_topics"," 21.90% 176.771 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.50% 92.824 6 Template:Cite_book"," 10.69% 86.281 2 Template:Langx"," 7.95% 64.209 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.89% 55.610 75 Template:IPA"," 6.16% 49.730 12 Template:Navbox"," 6.13% 49.463 4 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.432","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16003322,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFElise\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH._T._Norris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephCostanzoSlocum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmarkHubbardPrifti1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRugova2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuteriqi1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkendi1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanišić1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraehle1974\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Albania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 3,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 75,\n [\"IPAlink\"] = 3,\n [\"Language orthographies\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-nxq5w","timestamp":"20250222032152","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Albanian alphabet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albanian_alphabet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q582471","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q582471","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-07T07:37:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T23:29:36Z","headline":"variant of Latin alphabet used to write the Albanian language"}</script> </body> </html>