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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republic of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varna_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varna_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Varna status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varna_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_infanticide_and_status_of_woman_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_infanticide_and_status_of_woman_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Female infanticide and status of woman in society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_infanticide_and_status_of_woman_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clan_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clan_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clan system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clan_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clan system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clan_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jats</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B7" title="زط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catlar_(xalq)" title="Catlar (xalq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Catlar (xalq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82)" title="جات‌لار (خالق) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جات‌لار (خالق)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="জাট সম্প্রদায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাট সম্প্রদায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Джаты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джаты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat" title="Jat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C3%A1tov%C3%A9" title="Džátové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džátové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(Volk)" title="Jat (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jat (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%84" title="Τζατ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζατ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat" title="Jat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Catoj" title="Ĝatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%AA" title="مردم جت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم جت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jats" title="Jats – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jats" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F" title="જાટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%ED%8A%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="자트족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자트족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%A9_(%D5%A7%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Ջաթ (էթնոս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջաթ (էթնոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="जाट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जाट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(narod)" title="Jat (narod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jat (narod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang-orang_Jat" title="Orang-orang Jat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang-orang Jat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(popolo)" title="Jat (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jat (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%98_(%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="ג'אט (קבוצה אתנית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אט (קבוצה אתנית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಜಾಟರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಟರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჯატები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯატები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Джат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="ജാട്ട് ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാട്ട് ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="چاط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چاط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_(volk)" title="Jat (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jat (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E6%97%8F" title="ジャート族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャート族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatlar" title="Jatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F" title="ਜੱਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੱਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="जाट – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जाट" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%B9" title="جٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCatowie" title="Dżatowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżatowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jates" title="Jates – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat" title="Jat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Джат (этнос) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джат (этнос)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="जाट – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जाट" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatt" title="Jatt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jatt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phor_Jats" title="Phor Jats – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phor Jats" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BD_(%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="جاٽ (ذات) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاٽ (ذات)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" 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height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaniya&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaniya">Kasaniya</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social group of India and Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jat" and "Jat people" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jat (disambiguation)">Jat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Jats_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jats of Afghanistan">Jats of Afghanistan</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jat</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~30–43 million (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2009/10</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Khariboli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">dialects</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Jat people</b>, also spelt <b>Jaat</b> and <b>Jatt</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a traditionally <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NesbittE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NesbittE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gould_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glossary_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayly_201_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly_201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayly_212_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly_212-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> in the lower <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a>-valley of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, many Jats migrated north into the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">late medieval</a> times, and subsequently into the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Territory" title="Delhi Territory">Delhi Territory</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, and the western <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KhazanovWink2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KhazanovWink2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wink2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and the Pakistani regions of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">AJK</a>. </p><p>The Jats took up arms against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a>, a Hindu Jat landlord was among the earliest rebel leaders who fought against the Mughal rule during <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s era.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu Jat kingdom reached its zenith under <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Suraj_Mal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Suraj Mal">Maharaja Suraj Mal</a> (1707–1763).<sup id="cite_ref-Unit1973_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unit1973-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community played an important role in the development of the martial <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Panth" title="Panth">panth</a></i> of Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Karine1987_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karine1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivas1962_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivas1962-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nuna1989_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuna1989-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RudolphRudolph1984_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudolphRudolph1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlMelvin2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlMelvin2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunil2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunil2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 April, International Jat Day is celebrated every year all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/220px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/330px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/440px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>Jat Zamindars. Hindoos. Rajpootana 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jats are a paradigmatic example of community- and identity-formation in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Jat" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging community<sup id="cite_ref-Talwar_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talwar-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alavi_p.67_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alavi_p.67-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from simple landowning peasants <sup id="cite_ref-Glossary_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayly_201_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly_201-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayly_212_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayly_212-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to wealthy and influential <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_1997_pp._336_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_1997_pp._336-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alam_1978_pp._509–522_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alam_1978_pp._509–522-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Syan_2013_p.40_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syan_2013_p.40-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A female Jat is often known as <i>Jatni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-k575_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k575-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jat_Skinner_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jat_Skinner_full.jpg/250px-Jat_Skinner_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jat_Skinner_full.jpg/375px-Jat_Skinner_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Jat_Skinner_full.jpg/500px-Jat_Skinner_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="2123" /></a><figcaption>Early 19th century painting of a Jat farmer.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad bin Qasim</a>'s conquest of Sind in the eighth century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats, known to them as <a href="/wiki/Zutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zutt">Zutt</a>, in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land of Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayaram2003-p19_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayaram2003-p19-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab rulers, though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, maintained the position of Jats and the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2003-p15_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2003-p15-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries, Jat herders at the Sind migrated up along the river valleys,<sup id="cite_ref-Grewal1998-p5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998-p5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the Punjab,<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have been largely uncultivated in the first millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludden1999-p117_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludden1999-p117-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many took up tilling in regions such as western <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakia">sakia</a> (water wheel) had been recently introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ansari1992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early Mughal times, in the Punjab, the term "Jat" had become loosely synonymous with "peasant",<sup id="cite_ref-Mayaram2003-p33_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayaram2003-p33-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Jats had come to own land and exert local influence.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jats had their origins in <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley">Indus valley</a>, and gradually became agriculturalist farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1595, Jat Zamindars controlled a little over 32% of the <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindaris</a> in the Punjab region.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_1982_pp._342–350_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_1982_pp._342–350-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot,<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Jats also provide an important insight into how religious identities evolved during the precolonial era. Before they settled in the Punjab and other northern regions, the pastoralist Jats had little exposure to any of the mainstream religions. Only after they became more integrated into the agrarian world did the Jats adopt the dominant religion of the people in whose midst they dwelt.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Over time the Jats became primarily Muslim in the western Punjab, Sikh in the eastern Punjab, and Hindu in the areas between <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Territory" title="Delhi Territory">Delhi Territory</a> and Agra, with the divisions by faith reflecting the geographical strengths of these religions.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the decline of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal rule</a> in the early 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>'s hinterland dwellers, many of whom were armed and nomadic, increasingly interacted with settled townspeople and agriculturists. Many new rulers of the 18th century came from such martial and nomadic backgrounds. The effect of this interaction on India's social organization lasted well into the colonial period. During much of this time, non-elite tillers and pastoralists, such as the Jats or <a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a>, were part of a social spectrum that blended only indistinctly into the elite landowning classes at one end, and the menial or ritually polluting classes at the other.<sup id="cite_ref-bayly-p41_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bayly-p41-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the heyday of Mughal rule, Jats had recognized rights. According to <a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Barbara D. Metcalf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Thomas R. Metcalf</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Upstart warriors, Marathas, Jats, and the like, as coherent social groups with military and governing ideals, were themselves a product of the Mughal context, which recognized them and provided them with military and governing experience. Their successes were a part of the Mughal success.<sup id="cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p23_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JatSikhLahore1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/JatSikhLahore1872.jpg/200px-JatSikhLahore1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/JatSikhLahore1872.jpg/300px-JatSikhLahore1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/JatSikhLahore1872.jpg/400px-JatSikhLahore1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>Jat Sikh of the "Sindhoo" clan, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Mughal empire faltered, there were a series of rural rebellions in North India.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p271_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these had sometimes been characterized as "peasant rebellions", others, such as <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Muzaffar Alam</a>, have pointed out that small local landholders, or <i><a href="/wiki/Zemindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemindar">zemindars</a></i>, often led these uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p271_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p271-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh and Jat rebellions were led by such small local zemindars, who had close association and family connections with each other and with the peasants under them, and who were often armed.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These communities of rising peasant-warriors were not well-established Indian castes,<sup id="cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p24_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p24-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather quite new, without fixed status categories, and with the ability to absorb older peasant castes, sundry warlords, and nomadic groups on the fringes of settled agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p20_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p20-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mughal Empire, even at the zenith of its power, functioned by devolving authority and never had direct control over its rural grandees.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was these zemindars who gained most from these rebellions, increasing the land under their control.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triumphant even attained the ranks of minor princes, such as the Jat ruler Badan Singh of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of Bharatpur.<sup id="cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_Jats">Hindu Jats</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Maharajah_of_Bharatpore._circa_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/The_Maharajah_of_Bharatpore._circa_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The Hindu Jat Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure><p> In 1669, the Hindu Jats, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a>, rebelled against the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community came to predominate south and east of Delhi after 1710.<sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Christopher Bayly</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Men characterised by early eighteenth century Mughal records as plunderers and bandits preying on the imperial lines of communications had by the end of the century spawned a range of petty states linked by marriage alliance and religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Jats had moved into the Gangetic Plain in two large migrations, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not a caste in the usual Hindu sense, for example, in which <a href="/wiki/Bhumihar" title="Bhumihar">Bhumihars</a> of the eastern Gangetic plain were; rather they were an umbrella group of peasant-warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christopher Bayly: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This was a society where <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> were few and male Jats married into the whole range of lower agricultural and entrepreneurial castes. A kind of tribal nationalism animated them rather than a nice calculation of caste differences expressed within the context of Brahminical Hindu state.<sup id="cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> By the mid-eighteenth century, the ruler of the recently established Jat kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a>, Raja <a href="/wiki/Surajmal_Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Surajmal Jat">Surajmal</a>, felt sanguine enough about durability to build a garden palace at nearby <a href="/wiki/Deeg" title="Deeg">Deeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p35_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p35-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Thomas_Stokes" title="Eric Thomas Stokes">Eric Stokes</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When the power of the Bharatpur raja was riding high, fighting clans of Jats encroached into the Karnal/Panipat, Mathura, Agra, and Aligarh districts, usually at the expense of Rajput groups. But such a political umbrella was too fragile and short-lived for substantial displacement to be effected.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes1980-p69_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes1980-p69-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jats in the Delhi Territory in 1868."><img alt="Jats in the Delhi Territory in 1868." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/180px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/270px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg/360px-JatsAroundDelhi1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jats in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Territory" title="Delhi Territory">Delhi Territory</a> in 1868.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jat girl from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1868."><img alt="Jat girl from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1868." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg/100px-JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg/150px-JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg/200px-JatGirlAllyghur1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jat girl from <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India, 1868.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnographic photograph of Jat zemindars (land owners) in Rajasthan, playing pachisi, 1874."><img alt="Ethnographic photograph of Jat zemindars (land owners) in Rajasthan, playing pachisi, 1874." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/180px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/270px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg/360px-JatZemindarsRajpootana1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1059" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnographic photograph of Jat <a href="/wiki/Zemindars" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemindars">zemindars</a> (land owners) in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, playing <a href="/wiki/Pachisi" title="Pachisi">pachisi</a>, 1874.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The durbar of the teenage Hindu Jat ruler of Bharatpur, a princely state in Rajasthan, early 1860s."><img alt="The durbar of the teenage Hindu Jat ruler of Bharatpur, a princely state in Rajasthan, early 1860s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg/180px-JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg/270px-JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg/360px-JatBhurtporeDurbar1860s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> of the teenage Hindu Jat ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, early 1860s.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Jats">Muslim Jats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Jats">Muslim Jats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Jats" title="Sindhi Jats">Sindhi Jats</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> entered Sindh and other Southern regions of current Pakistan in the seventh century, the chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the <a href="/wiki/Med_people" title="Med people">Med people</a>. These Jats are often referred as <i><a href="/wiki/Zu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD" title="Zuṭṭ">Zatts</a></i> in early Arab writings. The Muslim conquest chronicles further point at the important concentrations of Jats in towns and fortresses of Lower and Central Sindh.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Hind1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Hind1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Muslim Jats are found in Pakistan and India.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Jats">Sikh Jats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Sir_Rajinder_Singh_Maharaja_of_Patiala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The Sikh Jat Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>While followers important to Sikh tradition like <a href="/wiki/Baba_Buddha" title="Baba Buddha">Baba Buddha</a> were among the earliest significant historical Sikh figures, and significant numbers of conversions occurred as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a> (1504–1552),<sup id="cite_ref-mandair_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandair-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first large-scale conversions of Jats is commonly held to have begun during the time of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> (1563–1606).<sup id="cite_ref-mandair_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandair-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 265">: 265 </span></sup> While touring the countryside of eastern Punjab, he founded several important towns like <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran Sahib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartarpur,_India" title="Kartarpur, India">Kartarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Hargobindpur" title="Sri Hargobindpur">Hargobindpur</a> which functioned as social and economic hubs, and together with the <a href="/wiki/Dasvandh" title="Dasvandh">community-funded</a> completion of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Darbar Sahib</a> to house the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> and serve as a rallying point and center for Sikh activity, established the beginnings of a self-contained Sikh community, which was especially swelled with the region's Jat peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-mandair_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandair-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> from the 18th century onwards. </p><p>It has been postulated, though inconclusively, that the increased militarization of the Sikh panth following the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a> (beginning during the era of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> and continuing after) and its large Jat presence may have reciprocally influenced each other.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1981190,_265_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1981190,_265-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least eight of the 12 Sikh <i><a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misls</a></i> (Sikh confederacies) were led by Jat Sikhs,<sup id="cite_ref-dhavan60_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhavan60-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would form the vast majority of Sikh chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhavan_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhavan-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to censuses in gazetteers published during the colonial period in the early 20th century, further waves of Jat conversions, from Hinduism to Sikhism, continued during the preceding decades.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing about the Jats of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, the Sikh author <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> opined that their attitude never allowed themselves to be absorbed in the Brahminic fold.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British played a significant role in the rise of Sikh Jat population by encouraging Hindu Jats to convert to Sikhism so as to get larger number of Sikh recruits for their army.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were ruled by the Sikh Jats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <p>According to anthropologist Sunil K. Khanna, Jat population is estimated to be around 30 million (or 3 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a>) in South Asia in 2010. This estimation is based on statistics of the last caste census and the population growth of the region. The last caste census was conducted in 1931, which estimated Jats to be 8 million, mostly concentrated in India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Khanna2010-p18_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khanna2010-p18-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deryck O. Lodrick estimates Jat population to be over 33 million (around 12 million and over 21 million in India and Pakistan, respectively) in South Asia in 2009 while noting the unavailability of precise statistics in this regard. His estimation is based on a late 1980s population projection of Jats and the population growth of India and Pakistan. He also notes that some estimates put their total population in South Asia at approximately 43 million in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodrick_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodrick-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_India">Republic of India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG/220px-CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG/330px-CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/CharanSinghRedFortDelhi15August1979.JPG 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Chaudhary <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, the first Jat <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, accompanied by his wife, on his way to address the nation at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Independence Day, 15 August 1979.</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, multiple 21st-century estimates put Jats' population share at 20–25% in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> state and at 20–35% in <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">Punjab</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-Meena_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meena-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaijee_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaijee-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jodhka_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jodhka-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh, they constitute around 9%, 5%, and 1.2% respectively of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelot_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelot-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robin_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century and more recently, Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sixth Deputy Prime Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Devi_Lal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary Devi Lal">Chaudhary Devi Lal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jats are classified as <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Class</a> (OBC) in seven of India's thirty-six <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and UTs</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saubhadra_Chatterji_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saubhadra_Chatterji-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only the Jats of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> – excluding those of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_district" title="Bharatpur district">Bharatpur district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholpur_district" title="Dholpur district">Dholpur district</a> – are entitled to <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservation</a> of central government jobs under the <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</a> reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the Jats of Haryana <a href="/wiki/Jat_reservation_agitation" title="Jat reservation agitation">organized massive protests</a> demanding to be classified as OBC in order to obtain such affirmative action benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-Saubhadra_Chatterji_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saubhadra_Chatterji-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Jat_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Jat of Punjab">Muslim Jat of Punjab</a></div> <p>Many Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan and have dominant roles in public life in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Pakistani Punjab</a> and Pakistan in general. Jat communities also exist in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Pakistani-administered Kashmir</a>, in Sindh, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus delta</a> and among <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Seraiki</a>-speaking communities in southern Pakistani Punjab, the <a href="/wiki/Kachhi_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachhi region">Kachhi region</a> of Balochistan and the <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan_District" title="Dera Ismail Khan District">Dera Ismail Khan District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North West Frontier Province</a>. </p><p>In Pakistan also, Jat people have become notable political leaders, like <a href="/wiki/Hina_Rabbani_Khar" title="Hina Rabbani Khar">Hina Rabbani Khar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_(Risaldar_Major)_by_AC_Lovett_(1862-1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg/220px-14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg/330px-14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg/440px-14th_Murrays_Jat_Lancers_%28Risaldar_Major%29_by_AC_Lovett_%281862-1919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862–1919).jpg</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg/270px-The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg/405px-The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg/540px-The_Jat_Regiment_marching_contingents_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_66th_Republic_Day_Parade_2015%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_26%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>A contingent of the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Republic_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Republic Day">Republic day</a> parade</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Jat people serve in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Rifles" title="Rajputana Rifles">Rajputana Rifles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Grenadiers" title="The Grenadiers">Grenadiers</a>, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)">Punjab Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jat people were designated by officials of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial race</a>", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting,<sup id="cite_ref-rand_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rand-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-Street_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control.<sup id="cite_ref-Khalidi2003_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalidi2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Levine2003_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.<sup id="cite_ref-Samanta2000_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samanta2000-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jats participated in both <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as a part of the British Indian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period subsequent to 1881, when the British reversed their prior anti-Sikh policies, it was necessary to profess Sikhism in order to be recruited to the army because the administration believed Hindus to be inferior for military purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> admitted in 2013 that the 150-strong Presidential Bodyguard comprises only people who are Hindu Jats, Jat Sikhs and Hindu Rajputs. Refuting claims of discrimination, it said that this was for "functional" reasons rather than selection based on caste or religion.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jat Muslim</a></div> <p>Deryck O. Lodrick estimates religion-wise break-up of Jats as follows: 47% Hindus, 33% Muslims, and 20% Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodrick_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodrick-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jats <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">pray to their dead ancestors</a>, a practice which is called <i>Jathera.</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varna_status">Varna status</h3></div> <p>There are conflicting scholarly views regarding the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> status of Jats in Hinduism. Historian <a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a> describes the varna of Jats as "ambivalent" during the medieval era.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> states that the Jats were a "pastoral Chandala-like tribe" in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> during the eighth century. Their 11th-century status of Shudra varna changed to Vaishya varna by the 17th century, with some of them aspiring to improve it further after their 17th-century rebellion against the Mughals. He cites <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dabestan-e_Mazaheb" title="Dabestan-e Mazaheb">Dabistan-i Mazahib</a></i> to support the claims of Shudra and Vashiya varna respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Habib_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habib-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rajputs refused to accept Jat claims to Kshatriya status during the later years of the British Raj and this disagreement frequently resulted in violent incidents between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim at that time of Kshatriya status was being made by the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, which was popular in the Jat community. The Arya Samaj saw it as a means to counter the colonial belief that the Jats were not of Aryan descent but of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrelotp431_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrelotp431-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_infanticide_and_status_of_woman_in_society">Female infanticide and status of woman in society</h3></div> <p>During the colonial period, many communities including Hindu Jats were found to be practicing female <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> in different regions of Northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1988 study of Jat society pointed out that differential treatment is given to women in comparison to men. The birth of a male child in a family is celebrated and is considered auspicious, while the reaction to the birth of a female child is more subdued. In villages, female members are supposed to get married at a younger age and they are expected to work in fields as subordinate to the male members. There is general bias against education for the female child in society, though trends are changing with urbanisation. Purdah system is practiced by women in Jat villages which act as hindrance to their overall emancipation. The village Jat councils which are male-dominated mostly don't allow female members to head their councils as the common opinion on it is that women are inferior, incapable and less intelligent to men.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clan_system">Clan system</h2></div> <p>The Jat people are subdivided into numerous clans, some of which overlap with the <a href="/wiki/Ror" title="Ror">Ror</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_95_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_95-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_95_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_95-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu and Sikh Jats practice <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">clan exogamy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_clans">List of clans</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahlawat" title="Ahlawat">Ahlawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_Chaudhari" title="Anjana Chaudhari">Anjana Chaudhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulakh" title="Aulakh">Aulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagri clan">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajwa" title="Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbar_(tribe)" title="Babbar (tribe)">Babbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beniwal" title="Beniwal">Beniwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharwana" title="Bharwana">Bharwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brar" title="Brar">Brar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttar" title="Buttar">Buttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheema_(surname)" title="Cheema (surname)">Cheema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabas_(clan)" title="Dabas (clan)">Dabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_(surname)" title="Dahiya (surname)">Dahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharan_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharan clan">Dharan</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Dhaliwal"></span> <a href="/wiki/Dhaliwal_(surname)" title="Dhaliwal (surname)">Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhillon" title="Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(name)" title="Gill (name)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godara" title="Godara">Godara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grewal" title="Grewal">Grewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakh" title="Khakh">Khakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangura" title="Khangura">Khangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashari" title="Lashari">Lashari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malhi (Jat clan)">Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Jat_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Jat clan">Malik</a></li> <li>Marhal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulaheri_Jats" title="Maulaheri Jats">Maulaheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdha" title="Mirdha">Mirdha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jats">Muley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naich_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naich clan">Naich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Panwar">Panwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonia" title="Poonia">Poonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahal_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahal clan">Rahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahar" title="Rahar">Rahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randhawa" title="Randhawa">Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjha clan">Ranjha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehvar" title="Rehvar">Rehvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahota" title="Sahota">Sahota</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhu" title="Sandhu">Sandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangwan" title="Sangwan">Sangwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhon" title="Sekhon">Sekhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sial_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial tribe">Sial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhu" title="Sidhu">Sidhu</a></li> <li>Sihag<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotia" title="Teotia">Teotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaheem_(tribe)" title="Thaheem (tribe)">Thaheem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomar_(Jat_clan)" title="Tomar (Jat clan)">Tomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virk" title="Virk">Virk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warraich_(clan)" title="Warraich (clan)">Warraich</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>Jats are part of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a> culture and are often portrayed in Indian and Pakistani films and songs. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maula_Jatt" title="Maula Jatt">Maula Jatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Maula_Jatt" title="The Legend of Maula Jatt">The Legend of Maula Jatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Flying_Jatt" title="A Flying Jatt">A Flying Jatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatt_%26_Juliet" title="Jatt & Juliet">Jatt & Juliet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatt_%26_Juliet_2" title="Jatt & Juliet 2">Jatt & Juliet 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatt_James_Bond" title="Jatt James Bond">Jatt James Bond</a></i></li> <li><i>Badla Jatti Da</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatts_In_Golmaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatts In Golmaal">Jatts In Golmaal</a></i></li> <li><i>Jaattan ka Chhora</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jats" title="List of Jats">List of Jats</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Regiment" title="Jat Regiment">Jat Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_reservation_agitation" title="Jat reservation agitation">Jat reservation agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo (ethnic group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Jat_Aryan_Foundation" title="World Jat Aryan Foundation">World Jat Aryan Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jat_dynasties_and_states" title="List of Jat dynasties and states">List of Jat dynasties and states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_Sikh" title="Jat Sikh">Jat Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glossary-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Glossary: <b>Jat</b>: title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."<sup id="cite_ref-sbayly-p385_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbayly-p385-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayly_201-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly_201_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly_201_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">NWP</a> and Gounder in Coimatore."<sup id="cite_ref-sbayly-p201_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbayly-p201-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayly_212-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly_212_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayly_212_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."<sup id="cite_ref-sbayly-p212_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbayly-p212-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bayly" title="Susan Bayly">Susan Bayly</a>, "... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers. In the Punjab and the western Gangetic Plains, convention defined the Rajput's non-elite counterpart as a Jat. Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. … To be called Jat has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people."<sup id="cite_ref-sbayly-p37_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbayly-p37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHilary_Metcalf,_Heather_Rolfe2010" class="citation report cs1">Hilary Metcalf, Heather Rolfe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Caste+discrimination+and++harassment+in+Great+Britain&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1726077169585&u=%23p%3D6I8QjiQzOcgJ">Caste discrimination and harassment in Great Britain</a> (Report). National Institute of Economic and Social Research. p. v.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Caste+discrimination+and+harassment+in+Great+Britain&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Economic+and+Social+Research&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hilary+Metcalf%2C+Heather+Rolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26q%3DCaste%2Bdiscrimination%2Band%2B%2Bharassment%2Bin%2BGreat%2BBritain%26btnG%3D%23d%3Dgs_qabs%26t%3D1726077169585%26u%3D%2523p%253D6I8QjiQzOcgJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khanna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khanna_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2004" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, Sunil K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA777">"Jat"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Carol_R._Ember" title="Carol R. Ember">Ember, Carol R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Ember" title="Melvin Ember">Ember, Melvin</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers</a>. p. 777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47754-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47754-6"><bdi>978-0-306-47754-6</bdi></a>. <q>Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Medical+Anthropology%3A+Health+and+Illness+in+the+World%27s+Cultures&rft.pages=777&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47754-6&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Sunil+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrMRezmNrPcC%26pg%3DPA777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NesbittE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NesbittE_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0"><bdi>978-0-19-874557-0</bdi></a>. <q>Jat: Sikhs' largest <i>zat</i>, a hereditary land-owning community</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=143&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-874557-0&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXebnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gould_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Gould" title="Harold A. Gould">Gould, Harold A.</a> (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rS5mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3480-6"><bdi>978-0-7619-3480-6</bdi></a>. <q>Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Sikhs%2C+Swamis%2C+Students+and+Spies%3A+The+India+Lobby+in+the+United+States%2C+1900%E2%80%931946&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3480-6&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Harold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrS5mDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbayly-p385-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbayly-p385_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA385"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbayly-p201-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbayly-p201_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA201"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbayly-p212-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbayly-p212_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA212"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p269-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p269_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ella+Blanshard&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhazanovWink2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KhazanovWink2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanovWink2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Khazanov" title="Anatoly Khazanov">Khazanov, Anatoly M.</a>; Wink, Andre (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-v_RORENFbMC&pg=PT177"><i>Nomads in the Sedentary World</i></a>, Routledge, p. 177, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12194-4"><bdi>978-1-136-12194-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+in+the+Sedentary+World&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12194-4&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rft.au=Wink%2C+Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-v_RORENFbMC%26pg%3DPT177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Hiuen Tsang gave the following account of a numerous pastoral-nomadic population in seventh-century Sin-ti (Sind): 'By the side of the river..[of Sind], along the flat marshy lowlands for some thousand li, there are several hundreds of thousands [a very great many] families ..[which] give themselves exclusively to tending cattle and from this derive their livelihood. They have no masters, and whether men or women, have neither rich nor poor.' While they were left unnamed by the Chinese pilgrim, these same people of lower Sind were called Jats' or 'Jats of the wastes' by the Arab geographers. The Jats, as 'dromedary men.' were one of the chief pastoral-nomadic divisions at that time, with numerous subdivisions, ....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wink2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2004" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA92"><i>Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries</i></a>, BRILL, pp. 92–93, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13561-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13561-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Islamic+society%3A+14th+%E2%80%93+15th+centuries&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13561-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyYslywJUE8C%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "In Sind, the breeding and grazing of sheep and buffaloes was the regular occupations of pastoral nomads in the lower country of the south, while the breeding of goats and camels was the dominant activity in the regions immediately to the east of the Kirthar range and between Multan and Mansura. The jats were one of the chief pastoral-nomadic divisions here in early-medieval times, and although some of these migrated as far as Iraq, they generally did not move over very long distances on a regular basis. Many jats migrated to the north, into the Panjab, and here, between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, the once largely pastoral-nomadic Jat population was transformed into sedentary peasants. Some Jats continued to live in the thinly populated <i>barr</i> country between the five rivers of the Panjab, adopting a kind of <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>, based on the herding of goats and camels. It seems that what happened to the jats is paradigmatic of most other pastoral and pastoral-nomadic populations in India in the sense that they became ever more closed in by an expanding sedentary-agricultural realm."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ella_Blanshard_AsherCynthia_Talbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). <i>India before Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.au=Catherine+Ella+Blanshard+Asher&rft.au=Cynthia+Talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>, H.C. Raychaudhari, Kalikinkar Datta: <a href="/wiki/An_Advanced_History_of_India" title="An Advanced History of India">An Advanced History of India</a>, 2006, p.490</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unit1973-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unit1973_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Gazetteer of India: History and culture</i>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. 1973. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186583361">186583361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gazetteer+of+India%3A+History+and+culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+India&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186583361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karine1987-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karine1987_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarine_Schomer_and_W._H._McLeod1987" class="citation book cs1">Karine Schomer and W. H. McLeod, ed. (1987). <i>The Sants: studies in a devotional tradition of India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sants%3A+studies+in+a+devotional+tradition+of+India&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0277-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivas1962-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Srinivas1962_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMysore_Narasimhachar_Srinivas1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas</a> (1962). <i>Caste in modern India: and other essays</i>. Asia Pub. House. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185987598">185987598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+in+modern+India%3A+and+other+essays&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+House&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185987598&rft.au=Mysore+Narasimhachar+Srinivas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuna1989-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nuna1989_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheel_Chand_Nuna1989" class="citation book cs1">Sheel Chand Nuna (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjjriYh_hykC&pg=PA61"><i>Spatial fragmentation of political behaviour in India: a geographical perspective on parliamentary elections</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 61–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-285-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-285-9"><bdi>978-81-7022-285-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatial+fragmentation+of+political+behaviour+in+India%3A+a+geographical+perspective+on+parliamentary+elections&rft.pages=61-&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-285-9&rft.au=Sheel+Chand+Nuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhjjriYh_hykC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RudolphRudolph1984-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RudolphRudolph1984_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_I._RudolphSusanne_Hoeber_Rudolph1984" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7guY1ut-0lwC&pg=PA86"><i>The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73137-7"><bdi>978-0-226-73137-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernity+of+Tradition%3A+Political+Development+in+India&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73137-7&rft.au=Lloyd+I.+Rudolph&rft.au=Susanne+Hoeber+Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7guY1ut-0lwC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarlMelvin2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarlMelvin2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_R._EmberMelvin_Ember2004" class="citation book cs1">Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember, eds. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of medical anthropology</i>. Springer. p. 778. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47754-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47754-6"><bdi>978-0-306-47754-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+medical+anthropology&rft.pages=778&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47754-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunil2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunil2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_K._Khanna2009" class="citation book cs1">Sunil K. Khanna (2009). <i>Fetal/fatal knowledge: new reproductive technologies and family-building strategies in India</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-09525-5"><bdi>978-0-495-09525-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetal%2Ffatal+knowledge%3A+new+reproductive+technologies+and+family-building+strategies+in+India&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09525-5&rft.au=Sunil+K.+Khanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/international-jat-day-celebrating-the-rich-cultural-heritage-and-contributions-of-jats-worldwide-au776-2103510">"International Jat Day: Why is this day important and who started it? Know details"</a>. <i>News9live</i>. 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News9live&rft.atitle=International+Jat+Day%3A+Why+is+this+day+important+and+who+started+it%3F+Know+details&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news9live.com%2Fknowledge%2Finternational-jat-day-celebrating-the-rich-cultural-heritage-and-contributions-of-jats-worldwide-au776-2103510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> “<i>International Jat Day is celebrated every year on April 13 to honour and highlight the contributions of the Jat community to the world.</i>”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/bhiwani/news/jat-milan-ceremony-on-the-occasion-of-international-jat-day-in-bhiwani-on-13th-131129328.html">"जाट मिलन समारोह:अंतरराष्ट्रीय जाट दिवस के उपलक्ष्य में जाट मिलन समारोह भिवानी में 13 को"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar" title="Dainik Bhaskar">Dainik Bhaskar</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%3A%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+13+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Flocal%2Fharyana%2Fbhiwani%2Fnews%2Fjat-milan-ceremony-on-the-occasion-of-international-jat-day-in-bhiwani-on-13th-131129328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talwar-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talwar_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldenburg2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veena_Talwar_Oldenburg" title="Veena Talwar Oldenburg">Oldenburg, Veena Talwar</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Fm1XdS-6EC&pg=PA232"><i>Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515071-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515071-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Jats, who are numerically dominant in central and eastern Punjab, can be Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim; they range from powerful landowners to poor subsistence farmers, and were recruited in large numbers to serve in the British army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dowry+Murder%3A+The+Imperial+Origins+of+a+Cultural+Crime&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515071-1&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Veena+Talwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5Fm1XdS-6EC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alavi_p.67-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alavi_p.67_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2002" class="citation book cs1">Alavi, Seema (2002). <i>The eighteenth century in India</i>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-565640-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-565640-7"><bdi>0-19-565640-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50783542">50783542</a>. <q>The Jat power neat Agra and Mathura arose out of the rebellion of peasants under zamindar leadership, attaining the apex of power under Suraj Mal...it seems to have been an extensive replacement of Rajput by Jat zamindars...and the 'warlike Jats' (a peasant and zamindar caste).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+eighteenth+century+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50783542&rft.isbn=0-19-565640-7&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudge2014" class="citation book cs1">Judge, Paramjit (2014). <i>Mapping social exclusion in India: caste, religion and borderlands</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05609-1"><bdi>978-1-107-05609-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880877884">880877884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+social+exclusion+in+India%3A+caste%2C+religion+and+borderlands&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880877884&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05609-1&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=Paramjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1978" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Eric (1978). <i>The peasant and the Raj: studies in agrarian society and peasant rebellion in colonial India</i>. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29770-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889813954">889813954</a>. <q>n the Ganges Canal Tract of the Muzaffarnagar district where the landowning castes – Tagas, Jats, Rajputs, Sayyids, Sheikhs, Gujars, Borahs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peasant+and+the+Raj%3A+studies+in+agrarian+society+and+peasant+rebellion+in+colonial+India&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889813954&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29770-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbayly-p37-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sbayly-p37_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA37"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_1997_pp._336-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan_1997_pp._336_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Zahoor Ali (1997). "ZAMINDARI CASTE CONFIGURATION IN THE PUNJAB, c.1595 — MAPPING THE DATA IN THE". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>58</b>: 336. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143925">44143925</a>. <q>The number of parganas with Jat zamindaris (Map 2) is surprisingly large and well spread out, though there are none beyond the Jhelum. They appear to be in two blocks, divided by a sparse zone between the Sutlej and the Sarasvati basin. The two blocks, in fact, represent two different segments of the Jats, the western one (Panjab) known as Jat (with short vowel) and the other (Haryanvi) as Jaat (with long vowel).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=ZAMINDARI+CASTE+CONFIGURATION+IN+THE+PUNJAB%2C+c.1595+%E2%80%94+MAPPING+THE+DATA+IN+THE&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=336&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zahoor+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2016" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2016). <i>Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India</i>. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55825-9"><bdi>978-1-351-55825-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993781016">993781016</a>. <q>Out of the 45 parganas of the sarkars of Delhi, 17 are reported to have Jat Zamindars. Out of these 17 parganas, the Jats are exclusively found in 11, whereas in other 6 they shared Zamindari rights with other communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+in+Medieval+and+Early+Colonial+India&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993781016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-55825-9&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (2011). <i>When sparrows became hawks: the making of the Sikh warrior tradition, 1699–1799</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695560144">695560144</a>. <q>Muzaffar Alam's study of the akhbarat (news reports) and chronicles of the period demonstrates that Banda and his followers had wide support amongst the Jat zamindars of the Majha, Jalandhar Doab, and the Malwa area. Jat zamindars actively colluded with the rebels, and frustrated the Mughal faujdars or commanders of the area by supplying Banda and his men with grain, horses, arms, and provisions. This evidence suggests that understanding the rebellion as a competition between peasants and feudal lords is an oversimplification, since the groups affiliated with Banda as well as those affiliated with the state included both Zamindars and peasants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+sparrows+became+hawks%3A+the+making+of+the+Sikh+warrior+tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695560144&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alam_1978_pp._509–522-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alam_1978_pp._509–522_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1978" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Muzaffar (1978). "Sikh Uprisings Under Banda Bahadur 1708–1715". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>39</b>: 509–522. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139389">44139389</a>. <q>Banda led predominantly the uprisings of the Jat zamindars.It is also to be noted that tha Jats were the dominant zamindar castes in some of the parganas where Banda had support. But Banda's spectacular success and the amazing increase in the strength of his army within a few months*6 does not cohere with the presence of a few Jat zamindaris…we can, however presume that the unidentified zamindars of our sources who rallied behind Banda were the small zamindars (mah'ks) and the Mughal assessees (malguzars). It is not without significance that they are almost invariably described as the zamindars of village (mauza and dehat). These zamindars were largely the Jats who had settled in the region for the last three or four centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Sikh+Uprisings+Under+Banda+Bahadur+1708%E2%80%931715&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=509-522&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44139389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syan_2013_p.40-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syan_2013_p.40_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Syan, H.S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1OezQEACAAJ"><i>Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-2370-9"><bdi>978-0-7556-2370-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>Guru Nanak's father- in-law, Mula Chonha, works as an administrator for the Jat landlord, Ajita Randawa. If we expand this train of thought and examine other Janamsakhi figures we can detect an interesting pattern…All of Nanak's immediate relatives were professional administrators for local or regional lords, including Jat masters. From this we can infer that Khatris did seem to occupy a position as a professional class and some Jats held the position of being landlords. There was clearly a professional services relationship between high-ranking Khatris and high-ranking Jats, and this seems indicative of the wider socio- economic relationship between Khatris and Jats in medieval Panjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Militancy+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Religious+Violence+in+Mughal+and+Early+Modern+India&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-2370-9&rft.aulast=Syan&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1OezQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k575-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k575_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsh2010" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsh, D.R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBJPAQAAIAAJ"><i>Sikhism and Women: History, Texts, and Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806002-4"><bdi>978-0-19-806002-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>Jatni ( female Jat ) , portrayed as stitching her own wedding clothes , personified the Victorian ideals both of morally superior rural handicraft production and of women's proper domestic work within a male - dominated lineage</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Women%3A+History%2C+Texts%2C+and+Experience&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806002-4&rft.aulast=Jakobsh&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBJPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayaram2003-p19-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayaram2003-p19_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaram2003" class="citation cs2">Mayaram, Shail (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA19"><i>Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins</i></a>, Columbia University Press, p. 19, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12730-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+history%2C+against+state%3A+counterperspectives+from+the+margins&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12730-1&rft.aulast=Mayaram&rft.aufirst=Shail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi6QpFCZBy8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson2003-p15-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2003-p15_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Peter (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA15"><i>The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54329-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54329-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlt2tqOpVRKgC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "... Nor can the liberation that the Muslim conquerors offered to those who sought to escape from the caste system be taken for granted. … a caliphal governor of Sind in the late 830s is said to have … (continued the previous Hindu requirement that) … the Jats, when walking out of doors in future, to be accompanied by a dog. The fact that the dog is an unclean animal to both Hindu and Muslim made it easy for the Muslim conquerors to retain the <i>status quo</i> regarding a low-caste tribe. In other words, the new regime in the eighth and ninth centuries did not abrogate discriminatory regulations dating from a period of Hindu sovereignty; rather, it maintained them. (page 15)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal1998-p5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998-p5_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation cs2">Grewal, J. S. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA5"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page 5)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludden1999-p117-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludden1999-p117_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden1999" class="citation cs2">Ludden, David E. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC&pg=PA117"><i>An agrarian history of South Asia</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 117, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36424-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36424-9"><bdi>978-0-521-36424-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+agrarian+history+of+South+Asia&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36424-9&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeHi62S7vZlsC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "The flatlands in the upper Punjab doabs do not seem to have been heavily farmed in the first millennium. … Early-medieval dry farming developed in Sindh, around Multan, and in Rajasthan… From here, Jat farmers seem to have moved into the upper Punjab doabs and into the western Ganga basin in the first half of the second millennium. (page 117)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari1992-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari1992_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari1992" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&pg=PA27"><i>Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40530-0"><bdi>978-0-521-40530-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufi+saints+and+state+power%3A+the+pirs+of+Sind%2C+1843%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40530-0&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Sarah+F.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj8wrDHqwEFIC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, groups of nomadic pastoralists known as Jats, having worked their way northwards from Sind, settled in the Panjab as peasant agriculturalists and, largely on account of the introduction of the Persian wheel, transformed much of western Panjab into a rich producer of food crops. (page 27)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayaram2003-p33-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayaram2003-p33_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaram2003" class="citation cs2">Mayaram, Shail (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C&pg=PA33"><i>Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins</i></a>, Columbia University Press, p. 33, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12730-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+history%2C+against+state%3A+counterperspectives+from+the+margins&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12730-1&rft.aulast=Mayaram&rft.aufirst=Shail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi6QpFCZBy8C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazanovWink2012" class="citation book cs1">Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, Andre (12 October 2012). <i>Nomads in the Sedentary World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203037201">10.4324/9780203037201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203037201" title="Special:BookSources/9780203037201"><bdi>9780203037201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+in+the+Sedentary+World&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203037201&rft.isbn=9780203037201&rft.aulast=Khazanov&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+M.&rft.au=Wink%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan_1982_pp._342–350-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khan_1982_pp._342–350_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Iftikhar Ahmad (1982). "A Note on Medieval Jatt Immigration in the Punjab". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>43</b>: 347, 349. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141246">44141246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+Medieval+Jatt+Immigration+in+the+Punjab&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=347%2C+349&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Iftikhar+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherTalbot2006-p270-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsherTalbot2006-p270_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA270"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ella+Blanshard&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bayly-p41-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bayly-p41_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2001" class="citation cs2">Bayly, Susan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC"><i>Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 41, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79842-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79842-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+India+from+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79842-6&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHbAjKR_iHogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p23-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p23_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA23"><i>A concise history of modern India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p271-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p271_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p271_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA271"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asher-talbot-2006-p272-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asher-talbot-2006-p272_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2006" class="citation book cs1">Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA272"><i>India before Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80904-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80904-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+before+Europe&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80904-7&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p24-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p24_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA24"><i>A concise history of modern India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbayly-1988-p20-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p20_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, C. A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burjor_Avari" title="Burjor Avari">Avari, Burjor</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC"><i>Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41558-061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41558-061-8"><bdi>978-0-41558-061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Civilization+in+South+Asia%3A+A+History+of+Muslim+Power+and+Presence+in+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-41558-061-8&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGHpVtQ8eKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbayly-1988-p22-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbayly-1988-p22_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, C. A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31054-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31054-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3A+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31054-3&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p35-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006-p35_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C&pg=PA35"><i>A concise history of modern India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokes1980-p69-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokes1980-p69_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Thomas_Stokes" title="Eric Thomas Stokes">Stokes, Eric</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA69"><i>The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29770-7"><bdi>978-0-521-29770-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+and+the+Raj%3A+Studies+in+Agrarian+Society+and+Peasant+Rebellion+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29770-7&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9DU5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Hind1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Hind1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA154"><i>Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston: Brill. pp. 154–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391041738" title="Special:BookSources/9780391041738"><bdi>9780391041738</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48837811">48837811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam%2C+7th%E2%80%9311th+Centuries&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=154-160&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48837811&rft.isbn=9780391041738&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zutt">"Zuṭṭ | people"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Zu%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD+%7C+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FZutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha2001" class="citation book cs1">Singha, Bhagata (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovx5AAAAMAAJ&q=Canadian+Sikhs+Through+a+Century,+1897-1997"><i>Canadian Sikhs Through a Century, 1897–1997</i></a>. Gyan Sagar Publications. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176850759" title="Special:BookSources/9788176850759"><bdi>9788176850759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Sikhs+Through+a+Century%2C+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Gyan+Sagar+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788176850759&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=Bhagata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvx5AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCanadian%2BSikhs%2BThrough%2Ba%2BCentury%2C%2B1897-1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Most of the Muslim Jats are in Pakistan and some of them are in India as well."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandair-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandair_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandair_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandair2013" class="citation book cs1">Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&q=Jat+peasantry"><i>Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed</i></a> (illustrated ed.). London, U.K.: A&C Black. pp. 36–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441102317" title="Special:BookSources/9781441102317"><bdi>9781441102317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.place=London%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=36-42&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781441102317&rft.aulast=Mandair&rft.aufirst=Arvind-pal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvdhLAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DJat%2Bpeasantry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1981" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jagjit (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSikhRevolutionAPerspectiveView/page/n271/mode/2up"><i>The Sikh Revolution: A Perspective View</i></a>. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170340416" title="Special:BookSources/9788170340416"><bdi>9788170340416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Revolution%3A+A+Perspective+View&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Bahri+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9788170340416&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jagjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheSikhRevolutionAPerspectiveView%2Fpage%2Fn271%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, W. H. <i>Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity</i>. <q>The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut. The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the Khalsa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+a+Sikh%3F%3A+the+problem+of+Sikh+identity&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1981190,_265-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1981190,_265_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1981">Singh 1981</a>, pp. 190, 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhavan60-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dhavan60_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&q=Kapur+Singh&pg=PA63"><i>When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975655-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975655-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975655-1&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC%26q%3DKapur%2BSingh%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhavan-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhavan_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5idB8_QC&pg=PA63"><i>When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799</i></a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199756551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199756551"><bdi>978-0199756551</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199756551&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7HJ5idB8_QC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The transformation of Sikh society — Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco – <i>The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ... to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 – <i>The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism.</i> ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838</i></a> (2, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567308-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-567308-5"><bdi>0-19-567308-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/438966317">438966317</a>. <q>The Jat's spirit of freedom and equality refused to submit to Brahmanical Hinduism and in its turn drew the censure of the privileged Brahmins ... The upper caste Hindu's denigration of the Jat did not in the least lower the Jat in his own eyes nor elevate the Brahmin or the Kshatriya in the Jat's estimation. On the contrary, he assumed a somewhat condescending attitude towards the Brahmin, whom he considered little more than a soothsayer or a beggar, or the Kshatriya, who disdained earning an honest living and was proud of being a mercenary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931838&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F438966317&rft.isbn=0-19-567308-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Singh, Khushwant</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cIDAQAAQBAJ&q=The+Jat%27s+spirit+of+freedom+and+equality+refused+to+submit+to+Brahmanical+Hinduism+and+in+its+turn+drew+the+censure+of+the+privileged+Brahmins....+The+upper+caste+Hindu%27s+denigration&pg=PT209"><i>Not a Nice Man to know: The Best of Khushwant Singh</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351182788" title="Special:BookSources/9789351182788"><bdi>9789351182788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+a+Nice+Man+to+know%3A+The+Best+of+Khushwant+Singh&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789351182788&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cIDAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BJat%2527s%2Bspirit%2Bof%2Bfreedom%2Band%2Bequality%2Brefused%2Bto%2Bsubmit%2Bto%2BBrahmanical%2BHinduism%2Band%2Bin%2Bits%2Bturn%2Bdrew%2Bthe%2Bcensure%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bprivileged%2BBrahmins....%2BThe%2Bupper%2Bcaste%2BHindu%2527s%2Bdenigration%26pg%3DPT209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Streets2004" class="citation book cs1">Heather Streets (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C&dq=jats+converted+to+sikhism+for+recruitment&pg=PA174"><i>Martial Races : The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719069629" title="Special:BookSources/0719069629"><bdi>0719069629</bdi></a>. <q>Others were even more candid about the necessity-and feasibility -of 'creating' Sikhs for the army. One contributor to the Indian Army's <i>Journal of the United Services Institute of India</i> proposed a scheme that would change Hindus to Sikhs for the specific purpose of recruitment. To do this, the Sikh recruiting grounds would be extended and Hindu Jats encouraged to take the pahul (the conversion ritual to martial Sikhism)'. He went on to say that these latter might not be as good stuff as that procurable from the present Sikh centres but they would, if of good physique, compare favourably (as regards field service qualifications) with the weedy specimens sometimes enlisted'. In this officer's view, then, the army could 'encourage' Hindus to become Sikhs simply to increase their overall numbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Races+%3A+The+Military%2C+Race+and+Masculinity+in+British+Imperial+Culture%2C+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0719069629&rft.au=Heather+Streets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBscnZT_1po8C%26dq%3Djats%2Bconverted%2Bto%2Bsikhism%2Bfor%2Brecruitment%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2015" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (2015). Harsh V. Pant (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ&dq=british+encouraged+conversion+of+jats+to+sikhism&pg=PA71"><i>Handbook of Indian Defence Policy</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317380092" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317380092"><bdi>978-1317380092</bdi></a>. <q>The British policy of recruiting the Sikhs (due to the imperial belief that Sikhism is a martial religion) resulted in the spread of Sikhism among the Jats of undivided Punjab and conversion of the Singhs into the 'Lions of Punjab'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Indian+Defence+Policy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317380092&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xG4CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbritish%2Bencouraged%2Bconversion%2Bof%2Bjats%2Bto%2Bsikhism%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Julie E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyHkMlWnaicC&pg=PA237"><i>Animal Kingdoms</i></a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674074781" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674074781"><bdi>978-0674074781</bdi></a>. <q>While the rulers of Patiala were Jat Sikhs and not Rajputs, the state was the closest princely territory to Bikaner's northwest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Kingdoms&rft.pages=237&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0674074781&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Julie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyHkMlWnaicC%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2013" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Crispin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xZBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8132115892" title="Special:BookSources/978-8132115892"><bdi>978-8132115892</bdi></a>. <q>The passage to Delhi, however, lay through the cis–Sutlej states of <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind" title="Jind">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha" title="Nabha">Nabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, a long chain of Jat Sikh states that had entered into a treaty of alliance with the British as far back as April 1809 to escape incorporation into the kingdom of their illustrious and much more powerful neighbour, 'the lion of Punjab' Maharaja Ranjit Singh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutiny+at+the+Margins%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Indian+Uprising+of+1857%3A+Volume+I%3A+Anticipations+and+Experiences+in+the+Locality&rft.place=India&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8132115892&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xZBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khanna2010-p18-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khanna2010-p18_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna2010" class="citation book cs1">Khanna, Sunil K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dscr_DP9etsC&pg=PA18"><i>Fetal/Fatal Knowledge: New Reproductive Technologies and Family-Building Strategies in India</i></a>. Wadsworth, <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495095255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495095255"><bdi>978-0495095255</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fetal%2FFatal+Knowledge%3A+New+Reproductive+Technologies+and+Family-Building+Strategies+in+India&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0495095255&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Sunil+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddscr_DP9etsC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodrick-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodrick_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodrick_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodrick2009" class="citation book cs1">Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhZAAAAYAAJ">"JATS"</a>. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.). <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. pp. 418–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1414448916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1414448916"><bdi>978-1414448916</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=JATS&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life.+Volume+3%3A+Asia+%26+Oceania&rft.pages=418-419&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1414448916&rft.aulast=Lodrick&rft.aufirst=Deryck+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbhZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meena-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meena_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeena2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meena, Sohan Lal (October–December 2006). Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zC6DAAAAMAAJ">"Dynamics of State Politics in India"</a>. <i>The Indian Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>67</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association" title="International Political Science Association">International Political Science Association</a>: 712. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856253">41856253</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+State+Politics+in+India&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=712&rft.date=2006-10%2F2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41856253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Meena&rft.aufirst=Sohan+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzC6DAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaijee-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaijee_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidhuJaijee2011" class="citation book cs1">Sidhu, Aman; Jaijee, Inderjit Singh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKKoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>Debt and Death in Rural India: The Punjab Story</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8132106531" title="Special:BookSources/978-8132106531"><bdi>978-8132106531</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debt+and+Death+in+Rural+India%3A+The+Punjab+Story&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8132106531&rft.aulast=Sidhu&rft.aufirst=Aman&rft.au=Jaijee%2C+Inderjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKKoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jodhka-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jodhka_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodhka2003" class="citation book cs1">Jodhka, Surinder S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcW3eLUr4IoC&pg=PA12">"Contemporary Punjab: A Brief Introduction"</a>. In Gill, Manmohan Singh (ed.). <i>Punjab Society: Perspectives and Challenges</i>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8180690389" title="Special:BookSources/978-8180690389"><bdi>978-8180690389</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Punjab%3A+A+Brief+Introduction&rft.btitle=Punjab+Society%3A+Perspectives+and+Challenges&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8180690389&rft.aulast=Jodhka&rft.aufirst=Surinder+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcW3eLUr4IoC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelot-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelot_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot,_Christophe2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&pg=PA69"><i>India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> pp. 69, 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850656708" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850656708"><bdi>978-1850656708</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Silent+Revolution%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Lower+Castes+in+North+India&rft.pages=69%2C+281&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1850656708&rft.au=Jaffrelot%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAkW94DtUMAC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robin_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2009" class="citation book cs1">Robin, Cyril (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLu6E1AjLmgC&pg=PA66">"Bihar: The New Stronghold of OBC Politics"</a>. In Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kumar, Sanjay (eds.). <i>Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies</i>. Routledge. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415460927" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415460927"><bdi>978-0415460927</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bihar%3A+The+New+Stronghold+of+OBC+Politics&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Plebeians%3F%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+the+Indian+Legislative+Assemblies&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415460927&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLu6E1AjLmgC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Kumar_(professor)" title="Sanjay Kumar (professor)">Kumar, Sanjay</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2d39AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Changing Electoral Politics in Delhi: From Caste to Class</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8132113744" title="Special:BookSources/978-8132113744"><bdi>978-8132113744</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Electoral+Politics+in+Delhi%3A+From+Caste+to+Class&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8132113744&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2d39AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2004" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Ghanshyam (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UX2-pnGoScC&pg=PA197"><i>Caste and Democratic Politics in India</i></a>. Permanent Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178240954" title="Special:BookSources/9788178240954"><bdi>9788178240954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caste+and+Democratic+Politics+in+India&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788178240954&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Ghanshyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UX2-pnGoScC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804045102/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/january/21/india_news/history_of_punjab_politics_jats_do_it.html">"PremiumSale.com Premium Domains"</a>. <i>indianmuslims.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/january/21/india_news/history_of_punjab_politics_jats_do_it.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianmuslims.info&rft.atitle=PremiumSale.com+Premium+Domains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianmuslims.info%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjanuary%2F21%2Findia_news%2Fhistory_of_punjab_politics_jats_do_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ia.rediff.com/election/2003/nov/27akd.htm">"The anti-reservation man"</a>. Rediff. 27 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+anti-reservation+man&rft.date=2003-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fia.rediff.com%2Felection%2F2003%2Fnov%2F27akd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukumar_Muralidharan2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Sukumar Muralidharan (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315234640/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18091200.htm">"The Jat patriarch"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18091200.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Jat+patriarch&rft.date=2001-04&rft.au=Sukumar+Muralidharan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1809%2F18091200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K L Sharma:The Jats — Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh, page 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saubhadra_Chatterji-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saubhadra_Chatterji_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saubhadra_Chatterji_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaubhadra_Chatterji2016" class="citation news cs1">Saubhadra Chatterji (22 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/history-repeats-itself-as-yet-another-central-govt-faces-a-jat-stir/story-S01wlBGQUgpDBxfctW2rnK.html">"History repeats itself as yet another Central govt faces a Jat stir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=History+repeats+itself+as+yet+another+Central+govt+faces+a+Jat+stir&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.au=Saubhadra+Chatterji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fhistory-repeats-itself-as-yet-another-central-govt-faces-a-jat-stir%2Fstory-S01wlBGQUgpDBxfctW2rnK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthan-was-first-state-to-extend-OBC-benefits-to-Jats-in-1999/articleshow/51103445.cms">"Rajasthan was first state to extend OBC benefits to Jats in 1999"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Rajasthan+was+first+state+to+extend+OBC+benefits+to+Jats+in+1999&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fjaipur%2FRajasthan-was-first-state-to-extend-OBC-benefits-to-Jats-in-1999%2Farticleshow%2F51103445.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019040904/http://www.firstpost.com/hina-rabbani-khar/video/foreign-minister-hina-rabbani-khar/3753808q03h1H0MiMB11.html">"Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Post_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Post (India)">First Post (India)</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/hina-rabbani-khar/video/foreign-minister-hina-rabbani-khar/3753808q03h1H0MiMB11.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>Hina Rabbani Khar was born on 19 November 1977 in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan in a Muslim Jat family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Post+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Foreign+Minister+Hina+Rabbani+Khar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fhina-rabbani-khar%2Fvideo%2Fforeign-minister-hina-rabbani-khar%2F3753808q03h1H0MiMB11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Sumner2001" class="citation book cs1">Ian Sumner (2001). <i>The Indian Army 1914–1947</i>. London: Osprey. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-196-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-196-6"><bdi>1-84176-196-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+1914%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84176-196-6&rft.au=Ian+Sumner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPati1996" class="citation book cs1">Pati, Budheswar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASZvjTV1LdUC&pg=PA62"><i>India And The First World War</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171565818" title="Special:BookSources/9788171565818"><bdi>9788171565818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+And+The+First+World+War&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788171565818&rft.aulast=Pati&rft.aufirst=Budheswar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASZvjTV1LdUC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritten1997" class="citation book cs1">Britten, Thomas A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8mZQhVkc-kC&pg=PA128"><i>American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of New Mexico Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2090-2"><bdi>0-8263-2090-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Rajputs, Jats, Dogras, Pathans, Gorkhas, and Sikhs, for example, were considered martial races. Consequently, the British labored to ensure that members of the so-called martial castes dominated the ranks of infantry and cavalry and placed them in special "class regiments."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indians+in+World+War+I%3A+At+Home+and+at+War&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8263-2090-2&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8mZQhVkc-kC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rand-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rand_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914". <i>European Review of History</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507480600586726">10.1080/13507480600586726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-7486">1350-7486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144987021">144987021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=Martial+Races+and+Imperial+Subjects%3A+Violence+and+Governance+in+Colonial+India+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144987021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1350-7486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507480600586726&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Street-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Street_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreets2004" class="citation book cs1">Streets, Heather (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BscnZT_1po8C"><i>Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6962-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6962-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Races%3A+The+military%2C+race+and+masculinity+in+British+Imperial+Culture%2C+1857%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6962-8&rft.aulast=Streets&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBscnZT_1po8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi2003-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi2003_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar_Khalidi2003" class="citation book cs1">Omar Khalidi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-NtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots</i></a>. Three Essays Collective. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788188789092" title="Special:BookSources/9788188789092"><bdi>9788188789092</bdi></a>. <q>Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khaki+and+the+Ethnic+Violence+in+India%3A+Army%2C+Police%2C+and+Paramilitary+Forces+During+Communal+Riots&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Three+Essays+Collective&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788188789092&rft.au=Omar+Khalidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-NtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine2003-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levine2003_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippa_Levine2003" class="citation book cs1">Philippa Levine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=It1lPzFCG9EC"><i>Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94447-2"><bdi>978-0-415-94447-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory, though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prostitution%2C+Race%2C+and+Politics%3A+Policing+Venereal+Disease+in+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=284-285&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94447-2&rft.au=Philippa+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIt1lPzFCG9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samanta2000-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samanta2000_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiya_K._Samanta2000" class="citation book cs1">Amiya K. Samanta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA26"><i>Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism</i></a>. APH Publishing. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-166-3"><bdi>978-81-7648-166-3</bdi></a>. <q>Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of nationalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorkhaland+Movement%3A+A+Study+in+Ethnic+Separatism&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-166-3&rft.au=Amiya+K.+Samanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4GqdfG0EU8C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_Jackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Ashley Jackson (2005). <i>The British Empire and the Second World War</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-417-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-417-0"><bdi>1-85285-417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85285-417-0&rft.au=Ashley+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Veer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_der_Veer" title="Peter van der Veer">Van Der Veer, Peter</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&pg=PA55"><i>Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08256-4"><bdi>978-0-520-08256-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Nationalism%3A+Hindus+and+Muslims+in+India&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08256-4&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Veer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp29ArJ7j6zgC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/prez-bodyguards-only-for-rajput-jats-and-sikhs-army/812301">"Prez Bodyguards Only for Rajput, Jats and Sikhs: Army"</a>. <i>Outlookindia.com</i>. 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlookindia.com&rft.atitle=Prez+Bodyguards+Only+for+Rajput%2C+Jats+and+Sikhs%3A+Army&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fprez-bodyguards-only-for-rajput-jats-and-sikhs-army%2F812301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhutti2003" class="citation book cs1">Jhutti, Sundeep S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wciBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Getes</i></a>. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56397976">56397976</a>. <q>The Jats of the Panjab worship their ancestors in a practice known as Jathera.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Getes&rft.pub=Department+of+East+Asian+Languages+and+Civilizations%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56397976&rft.aulast=Jhutti&rft.aufirst=Sundeep+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwciBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (1973). "Social Background to the Rise of the Maratha Movement during the 17th Century in India". <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Economic_and_Social_History_Review" title="Indian Economic and Social History Review">Indian Economic and Social History Review</a></i>. <b>10</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>: 214–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946467301000301">10.1177/001946467301000301</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144887395">144887395</a>. <q>The Marathas formed the fighting class in Maharashtra and also engaged themselves in agriculture. Like the Jats in north India, their position in the <i>varna</i> system was ambivalent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Economic+and+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Background+to+the+Rise+of+the+Maratha+Movement+during+the+17th+Century+in+India&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=214-215&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946467301000301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144887395%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habib-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habib_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2002" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Irfan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=foG83i6XPuMC&pg=PA175"><i>Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception</i></a>. Anthem Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843310259" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843310259"><bdi>978-1843310259</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>A historically singular case is that of the Jatts, a pastoral Chandala-like tribe in eighth-century Sind, who attained sudra status by the eleventh century (Alberuni), and had become peasants par excellence (of vaisya status) by the seventeenth century (Dabistani-i Mazahib). The shift to peasant agriculture was probably accompanied by a process of 'sanskritization', a process which continued, when, with the Jat rebellion of the seventeenth century a section of the Jats began to aspire to the position of zamindars and the status of Rajputs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Indian+History%3A+Towards+a+Marxist+Perception&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1843310259&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfoG83i6XPuMC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1988" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NK1MhWq-9VkC&pg=PA287"><i>The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004082830" title="Special:BookSources/9789004082830"><bdi>9789004082830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cat+and+the+Lion%3A+Jaipur+State+in+the+British+Raj&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789004082830&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNK1MhWq-9VkC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrelotp431-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrelotp431_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2010" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA431"><i>Religion, Caste & Politics in India</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380607047" title="Special:BookSources/9789380607047"><bdi>9789380607047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Caste+%26+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=431&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789380607047&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAO3i_gS61wC%26pg%3DPA431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishwanath2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vishwanath, L. S. (2004). "Female Infanticide: The Colonial Experience". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>39</b> (22): 2313–2318. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4415098">4415098</a>. <q>The 1921 census reports classifies castes into two categories, namely, castes. having a tradition' of female infanticide and castes without such a tradition (see table). This census provides figures from 1901 to 1921 to show that in Punjab, United Provinces and Rajputana castes such as Hindu rajputs, Hindu jats and gujars with 'a tradition' of female infanticide had a much lower number of females per thousand males compared to castes without such a tradition which included: Muslim rajputs, Muslim jats, chamar, kanet, arain, kumhar, kurmi, brahmin, dhobi, teli and lodha</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Female+Infanticide%3A+The+Colonial+Experience&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2313-2318&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4415098%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Vishwanath&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVISHWANATH1994" class="citation journal cs1">VISHWANATH, L. S. (1994). "Towards a Conceptual Understanding of Female Infanticide and Neglect in Colonial India". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>55</b>: 606–613. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143417">44143417</a>. <q>By 1850, several castes, in North India, the Jats, Ahirs, Gujars and Khutris, and the Lewa Patidar Kanbis in Central Gujarat were found to practice female infanticide. The colonial authorities also found that both in rural North and West India, the castes which practised female infanticide were propertied (they owned substantial arable land), had the hypergamous marriage norm and paid large dowries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Conceptual+Understanding+of+Female+Infanticide+and+Neglect+in+Colonial+India&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=606-613&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44143417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=VISHWANATH&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1988" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Kamlesh (1988). "Status Portrait of Jat Woman". <i>Indian Anthropologist</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 51–67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0927">0970-0927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41919573">41919573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Status+Portrait+of+Jat+Woman&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-67&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41919573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-0927&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Kamlesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1992" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kumar Suresh (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Lather"><i>People of India: Haryana</i></a>. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-091-7"><bdi>978-81-7304-091-7</bdi></a>. <q>Ror clans: Sangwan, Dhiya, Malik, Lather, etc, are also found among the Jats. From an economic point of view the Rors living in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts consider themselves better off than their counterparts in Jind and Sonepat districts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+Haryana&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-091-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Suresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhIwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DLather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_95-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_95_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_95_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2016" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Mukhtar (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHFHDAAAQBAJ&dq=jat+clans+overlap+with+rajput&pg=PA95"><i>The Arains: A Historical Perspective</i></a>. Createspace. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5327-8117-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5327-8117-9"><bdi>978-1-5327-8117-9</bdi></a>. <q>Some clans of the <b>Arains</b> which is also shared by Rajputs and the <b>Jats</b>. Bhutto is another variant of Bhutta. Some important Arian clans overlap with the Rajputs, for instance: Sirohsa, Ganja, Shaun, Bhatti, Butto, Chachar, Indrai, Joiya...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arains%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Createspace&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-5327-8117-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Mukhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHFHDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djat%2Bclans%2Boverlap%2Bwith%2Brajput%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1960" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, J. A. (1960). <i>Guide to Taxila</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Taxila&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2018" class="citation book cs1">Webster, John C. B. (22 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvqNDwAAQBAJ&q=sahota+&pg=PT33"><i>A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909757-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909757-9"><bdi>978-0-19-909757-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Christianity%3A+North-west+India+since+1800&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909757-9&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=John+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvqNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsahota%2B%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar1996" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ramesh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oE5uAAAAMAAJ&q=sihag+jat+caste"><i>Regionalisation of Politics in India</i></a>. Mohit Publications. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7445-018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7445-018-0"><bdi>978-81-7445-018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regionalisation+of+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Mohit+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7445-018-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoE5uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsihag%2Bjat%2Bcaste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly1989" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, C. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC&pg=PA190"><i>Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38650-0"><bdi>978-0-521-38650-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Society+and+the+Making+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=190-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38650-0&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX2zMfWqIzMC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass1995" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Tom (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcjA67sdrsC&pg=PA183"><i>New farmers' movements in India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 183–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4134-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-4134-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+farmers%27+movements+in+India&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4134-8&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IcjA67sdrsC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByres1999" class="citation book cs1">Byres, T. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SkYn0aRN9YC&pg=PA217"><i>Rural labour relations in India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 217–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8046-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-8046-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+labour+relations+in+India&rft.pages=217-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8046-0&rft.aulast=Byres&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SkYn0aRN9YC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhry2008" class="citation book cs1">Chowdhry, Prem (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEPYbuzOwcQC&pg=PA147">"Customs in a Peasant Economy: Women in Colonial Harayana"</a>. In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). <i>Women and social reform in modern India: a reader</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 147–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22049-3"><bdi>978-0-253-22049-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Customs+in+a+Peasant+Economy%3A+Women+in+Colonial+Harayana&rft.btitle=Women+and+social+reform+in+modern+India%3A+a+reader&rft.pages=147-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22049-3&rft.aulast=Chowdhry&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEPYbuzOwcQC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1998" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Akhil (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postcolonialdeve00akhi"><i>Postcolonial developments: agriculture in the making of modern India</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postcolonialdeve00akhi/page/361">361</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2213-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-2213-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+developments%3A+agriculture+in+the+making+of+modern+India&rft.pages=361-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2213-9&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Akhil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostcolonialdeve00akhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1996" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Dipankar (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBaY1QCFS2oC&pg=PA70"><i>Political sociology in India: contemporary trends</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 70–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0665-7"><bdi>978-81-250-0665-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12786-8"><bdi>978-0-231-12786-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+silent+revolution%3A+the+rise+of+the+lower+castes+in+North+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12786-8&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJZp5tDuY-gC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHPok4epvlIC&pg=PA212"><i>Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47862-5"><bdi>978-0-521-47862-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+authoritarianism+in+South+Asia%3A+a+comparative+and+historical+perspective&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47862-5&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHPok4epvlIC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1995" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6jmckIUHMAC&pg=PA90"><i>India's agony over religion</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2412-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-2412-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+agony+over+religion&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2412-4&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6jmckIUHMAC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1990" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Owen M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3HEvGsKflwC&pg=PA255"><i>Divine passions: the social construction of emotion in India</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 255–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06647-2"><bdi>978-0-520-06647-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+passions%3A+the+social+construction+of+emotion+in+India&rft.pages=255-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06647-2&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Owen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3HEvGsKflwC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumder2003" class="citation book cs1">Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O4Wop9vwS9sC&pg=PA176"><i>The Indian army and the making of Punjab</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 176–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-059-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+army+and+the+making+of+Punjab&rft.pages=176-&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-059-6&rft.aulast=Mazumder&rft.aufirst=Rajit+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4Wop9vwS9sC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2008" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Maria (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjxiMSd0YwoC&pg=PA89"><i>Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 89–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13721-7"><bdi>978-0-300-13721-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 34–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515071-1"><bdi>978-0-19-515071-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dowry+murder%3A+the+imperial+origins+of+a+cultural+crime&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515071-1&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Veena+Talwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5Fm1XdS-6EC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandianAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Pandian, Anand; Ali, Daud, eds. 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University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/12">12</a>, 26, 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20061-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20061-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56603-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56603-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-795-8"><bdi>978-0-87154-795-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+cultural+differences%3A+the+multicultural+challenge+in+liberal+democracies&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2004-11&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-795-8&rft.aulast=Shweder&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Minow%2C+Martha&rft.au=Markus%2C+Hazel+Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDljvifEwf34C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg2007" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA100">"Caste Regions of the Northern Plain"</a>. In Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00912-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00912-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Psychology Press. pp. 94–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0427-9"><bdi>978-0-7007-0427-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khizr+Tiwana%2C+the+Punjab+Unionist+Party+and+the+partition+of+India&rft.pages=94-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0427-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4w0HDZxXvlwC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2005" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Tai Yong (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrCdFzlq5-AC&pg=PA85"><i>The garrison state: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849–1947</i></a>. SAGE. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3336-6"><bdi>978-0-7619-3336-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Nal+and+the+Goddess%3A+the+north+Indian+epic+Dhola+in+performance&rft.pages=60-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34478-6&rft.aulast=Wadley&rft.aufirst=Susan+Snow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqcttdCbb9wC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA163"><i>Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries</i></a>. 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navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwal" title="Atwal">Atwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulakh" title="Aulakh">Aulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajwa" title="Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutta_(surname)" title="Bhutta (surname)">Bhutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttar" title="Buttar">Buttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudhary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheema_(surname)" title="Cheema (surname)">Cheema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_dynasty" title="Chauhan dynasty">Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhankhar" title="Dhankhar">Dhankhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deol" title="Deol">Deol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (surname)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grewal" title="Grewal">Grewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswal" title="Jaswal">Jaswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlon" title="Kahlon">Kahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_(surname)" title="Maan (surname)">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malhi (Jat clan)">Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_(clan)" title="Malik (clan)">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdha" title="Mirdha">Mirdha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokal" title="Mokal">Mokal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_(surname)" title="Noon (surname)">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjha clan">Ranjha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randhawa" title="Randhawa">Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahota" title="Sahota">Sahota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhu" title="Sandhu">Sandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhon" title="Sekhon">Sekhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shergill" title="Shergill">Shergill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhu" title="Sidhu">Sidhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sial_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial tribe">Sial tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipra">Sipra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohal" title="Sohal">Sohal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sohi_(clan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sohi (clan) (page does not exist)">Sohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhera" title="Sukhera">Sukhera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppal_(surname)" title="Uppal (surname)">Uppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virk" title="Virk">Virk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warraich_(clan)" title="Warraich (clan)">Warraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyne_(surname)" title="Wyne (surname)">Wyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_(name)" title="Anand (name)">Anand</a></li> <li>Bhamba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhambri" title="Bhambri">Bhambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari" title="Bhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasin">Bhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindra" title="Bindra">Bindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadha" title="Chadha">Chadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopra_(surname)" title="Chopra (surname)">Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawan" title="Dhawan">Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggal" title="Duggal">Duggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambhir" title="Gambhir">Gambhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghai">Ghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujral" title="Gujral">Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkar" title="Kakkar">Kakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandhari" title="Kandhari">Kandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapoor" title="Kapoor">Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanna_(name)" title="Khanna (name)">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khattar_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khattar (clan)">Khattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosla" title="Khosla">Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khukhrain" title="Khukhrain">Khukhrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohli_(clan)" title="Kohli (clan)">Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khullar" title="Khullar">Khullar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhok" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhok">Madhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendru" title="Mahendru">Mahendru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_(name)" title="Makan (name)">Makan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhotra" title="Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehra" title="Mehra">Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrotra" title="Mehrotra">Mehrotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpal">Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(surname)" title="Nanda (surname)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula" title="Narula">Narula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayar_(name)" title="Nayar (name)">Nayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberoi" title="Oberoi">Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(surname)" title="Puri (surname)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabharwal" title="Sabharwal">Sabharwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahni" title="Sahni">Sahni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehgal" title="Sehgal">Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_(surname)" title="Seth (surname)">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethi" title="Sethi">Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a></li> <li>Soni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talwar_(surname)" title="Talwar (surname)">Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandon" title="Tandon">Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapar_(surname)" title="Thapar (surname)">Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehan_(surname)" title="Trehan (surname)">Trehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadera" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadera">Vadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadra" title="Vadra">Vadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohra" title="Vohra">Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mohyal_Brahmin" title="Mohyal Brahmin">Mohyal Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_clan" title="Bali clan">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimwal" title="Bhimwal">Bhimwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhibber" title="Chhibber">Chhibber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datt" title="Datt">Datt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lau clan">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_(clan)" title="Mohan (clan)">Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaid_(surname)" title="Vaid (surname)">Vaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarral" title="Jarral">Jarral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Mair Rajput">Mair Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauhan Dynasty">Chauhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhas" title="Minhas">Minhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswal" title="Jaswal">Jaswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamwal" title="Jamwal">Jamwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(name)" title="Rana (name)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattoo_(surname)" title="Wattoo (surname)">Wattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panesar" title="Panesar">Panesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohal" title="Sohal">Sohal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagga" title="Bagga">Bagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakarwal" title="Bakarwal">Bakarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_people" title="Sansi people">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Shaikh" title="Punjabi Shaikh">Shaikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clans_of_the_Jat_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gotras_of_Jats" title="Template:Gotras of Jats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gotras_of_Jats" title="Template talk:Gotras of Jats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gotras_of_Jats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gotras of Jats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clans_of_the_Jat_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clans of the <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a> people</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atwal" title="Atwal">Atwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulakh" title="Aulakh">Aulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajwa" title="Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargoti">Bargoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalothia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhalothia">Bhalothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttar" title="Buttar">Buttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangu" title="Bhangu">Bhangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battar">Battar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti" title="Bhatti">Bhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutta_(surname)" title="Bhutta (surname)">Bhutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattha_(clan)" title="Chattha (clan)">Chattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheema_(surname)" title="Cheema (surname)">Cheema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhina" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhina">Chhina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilka">Chilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_(surname)" title="Chauhan (surname)">Chauhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopra_clan" title="Chopra clan">Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabas_(clan)" title="Dabas (clan)">Dabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_Khap" title="Dahiya Khap">Dahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara clan">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaulya">Dhaulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhillon" title="Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhindsa" title="Dhindsa">Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumman_(surname)" title="Ghumman (surname)">Ghumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(name)" title="Gill (name)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondal_(clan)" title="Gondal (clan)">Gondal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grewal" title="Grewal">Grewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guhila_(clan)" title="Guhila (clan)">Guhila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans clan">Hans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswal" title="Jaswal">Jaswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewlia">Jewlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhajharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhajharia">Jhajharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhanjhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhanjhar">Jhanjhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlon" title="Kahlon">Kahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kak_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kak clan">Kak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakas" title="Kakas">Kakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalwania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalwania">Kalwania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasaniya">Kasaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Katewa">Katewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangura" title="Khangura">Khangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatkar">Khatkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatra" title="Khatra">Khatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khera" title="Khera">Khaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakh" title="Khakh">Khakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langrial_clan" title="Langrial clan">Langrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langah_(clan)" title="Langah (clan)">Langah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(tribe)" title="Lali (tribe)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_(surname)" title="Maan (surname)">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhdoom_(clan)" title="Makhdoom (clan)">Makhdoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malhi (Jat clan)">Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Jat_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Jat clan">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhas" title="Minhas">Minhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdha_(tribe)" title="Mirdha (tribe)">Mirdha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mor_(Clan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mor (Clan) (page does not exist)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_(surname)" title="Noon (surname)">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijjar" title="Nijjar">Nijjar-Gill lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmar_(clan)" title="Parmar (clan)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Panwar">Panwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannu" title="Pannu">Pannu</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilania" title="Pilania">Pilania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randhawa" title="Randhawa">Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjha clan">Ranjha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahi clan">Sahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahu clan">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhu" title="Sandhu">Sandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagoo" title="Sagoo">Sagoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehdev" title="Sehdev">Sehdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheokhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheokhand">Shokeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheoran" title="Sheoran">Sheoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sial_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial tribe">Sial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhu" title="Sidhu">Sidhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipra">Sipra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohal" title="Sohal">Sohal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanki_(Mer_clan)" title="Solanki (Mer clan)">Solanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda clan">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarar_(surname)" title="Tarar (surname)">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomar_(Jat_clan)" title="Tomar (Jat clan)">Tomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppal_(surname)" title="Uppal (surname)">Uppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virk" title="Virk">Virk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warraich_(clan)" title="Warraich (clan)">Warraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyne_(surname)" title="Wyne (surname)">Wyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645980#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069782">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531510705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/20475/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jats&oldid=1255584601#List_of_clans">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jats&oldid=1255584601#List_of_clans</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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