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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name and meaning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name_and_meaning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Name and meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Name_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_related_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_related_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology and related meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_related_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saqiya_versus_noria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saqiya_versus_noria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Saqiya</i> versus <i>noria</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saqiya_versus_noria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_buckets_directly_on_the_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_buckets_directly_on_the_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>With buckets directly on the wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_buckets_directly_on_the_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_buckets_attached_to_endless_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_buckets_attached_to_endless_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>With buckets attached to endless belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_buckets_attached_to_endless_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_type_also_wind-powered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_type_also_wind-powered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spanish type also wind-powered</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_type_also_wind-powered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Talmudic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Islamic_realm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Islamic_realm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Medieval Islamic realm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Islamic_realm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="ساقية (آلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساقية (آلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Сығыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сығыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqiya" title="Saqiya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saqiya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakia" title="Sakia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sakia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda_persa" title="Rueda persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rueda persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakia" title="Sakia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sakia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roue_persane" title="Roue persane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roue persane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqiya" title="Saqiya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saqiya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqia" title="Saqia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saqia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chig%CA%BBir" title="Chigʻir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chigʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਹਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%B9" title="رہٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رہٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakija" title="Sakija – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sakija" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Чигирь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чигирь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوڀارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوڀارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="కపిలి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కపిలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="ระหัด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระหัด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Чигир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чигир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1624359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tablia" redirects here. For the Byzantine decorative element, see <a href="/wiki/Tablion" title="Tablion">tablion</a>. For the Filipino chocolate tablet, see <a href="/wiki/Tsokolate#Tabliya" title="Tsokolate">Tsokolate § Tabliya</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg/220px-The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg/330px-The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg/440px-The_%22Persian_Wheel.%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>The Saqiyah, c. 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Punjab_Wheel,_India_c1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="taken at Sikandra, India c1917 and titled near the time as 'A Punjabi Wheel'; from photo album of Robert Victor Soper, Private, Hampshire Regiment, in India 1916-19" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg/220px-A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg/330px-A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg/440px-A_Punjab_Wheel%2C_India_c1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>'Punjab Wheel', India c.1917</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sāqiyah</b> or <b>saqiya</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ساقية</span>), also spelled <b>sakia</b> or <b>saqia</b>) is a mechanical water lifting device. It is also called a <b>Persian wheel</b>, <b>tablia</b>, <b>rehat</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <b>tympanum</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:fao_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:fao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar in function to a <a href="/wiki/Scoop_wheel" title="Scoop wheel">scoop wheel</a>, which uses buckets, jars, or scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel, or to an endless belt activated by such a wheel. The vertical wheel is itself attached by a <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">drive shaft</a> to a horizontal wheel, which is traditionally set in motion by animal power (<a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, donkeys, etc.) Because it is not using <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">the power of flowing water</a>, the sāqiyah is different from a <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a> and any other type of water wheel. </p><p>The sāqiyah is still used in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. It may have been invented in <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a> or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The sāqiyah was mainly used for irrigation, but not exclusively, as the example of <a href="/wiki/Qusayr_%27Amra" title="Qusayr 'Amra">Qusayr 'Amra</a> shows, where it was used at least in part to provide water for a royal bathhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_meaning">Name and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_related_meanings">Etymology and related meanings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and related meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabic word <i>saqiya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ساقية</span>) is derived from the root verb <i>saqa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سقى</span>), meaning to "give to drink" or "make (someone/something) drink".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this, the word <i>saqiya</i> (often transliterated as <i>seguia</i> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) has the sense of "one that gives water" or "irrigator". Its general meaning is to denote a water channel for irrigation or for city water supplies, but by extension it applies to a device which provides water for such irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia">acequia</a></i>, derived from the same word, is used to denote an irrigation canal or water channel in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Maghreb and Morocco, the related word <i>saqqaya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سقاية</span>) also denotes a public fountain where residents could take water (similar in function to a <i><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">sabil</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English term <i>Persian wheel</i> is first attested in the 17th century (but in the earliest case for a water-driven wheel).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saqiya_versus_noria"><i>Saqiya</i> versus <i>noria</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saqiya versus noria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>saqiyah</i> or <i>saqiya</i> is the usual term for water-raising devices powered by animals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><b><a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">noria</a></b></i> is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of similar devices are grouped under the name of <b><a href="/wiki/Chain_pump" title="Chain pump">chain pumps</a></b>. A <i>noria</i> in contrast uses the water power obtained from the flow of a river. The noria consists of a large <a href="/wiki/Undershot_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Undershot wheel">undershot water-wheel</a> whose rim is made up of a series of containers which lift water from the river to an aqueduct at the top of the wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some famous examples are the <a href="/wiki/Norias_of_Hama" title="Norias of Hama">norias of Hama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Albolafia" title="Albolafia">Albolafia</a> noria in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda22_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda22-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Spain and other areas are often used loosely and overlappingly, or vary depending on region. <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari" title="Ismail al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a>'s famous book on mechanical devices, for example, groups the water-driven wheel and several other types of water-lifting devices under the general term <i>saqiya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, by contrast, the term <i>noria</i> is used for both types of wheels, whether powered by animals or water current.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_buckets_directly_on_the_wheel">With buckets directly on the wheel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: With buckets directly on the wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The saqiya is a large hollow wheel, traditionally made of wood. One type has its clay pots or buckets attached directly to the periphery of the wheel, which limits the depth it can scoop water from to less than half its diameter. The modern version also known as <i>zawaffa</i> or <i>jhallan</i> is normally made of <a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanizing">galvanized sheet steel</a> and consists of a series of scoops. The modern type dispenses the water near the hub rather than from the top, the opposite of the traditional types. These devices were in widespread use in China, India, Pakistan, Syria and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saqiya wheels range in diameter from two to five metres. Though traditionally driven by <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">draught animals</a>, they are also attached to an <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> or electric motor. While animal-driven saqiyas can rotate at 2–4 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>, motorised ones can make as much as 8–15 rpm. Formerly hundreds of thousands were in use in the Nile valley and delta.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SakiaSchematicWater.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SakiaSchematicWater.svg/160px-SakiaSchematicWater.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SakiaSchematicWater.svg/240px-SakiaSchematicWater.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SakiaSchematicWater.svg/320px-SakiaSchematicWater.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a modern saqiya as described by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_buckets_attached_to_endless_belt">With buckets attached to endless belt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: With buckets attached to endless belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical Middle-Eastern device known in Arabic as <i>saqiya</i> usually had its buckets attached to a double chain, creating a so-called "pot garland". This allowed scooping water out of a much deeper well. </p><p>An animal-driven saqiya can raise water from 10 to 20 metres depth, and is thus considerably more efficient than a swape<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">shadoof</a></i>, as it is known in Arabic, which can only pump water from 3 metres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_type_also_wind-powered">Spanish type also wind-powered</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish type also wind-powered"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spanish an animal-driven saqiya is named aceña, with the exception of the Cartagena area, where it is called a noria de sangre, or "waterwheel of blood". There is also a much rarer type of saqiya which is driven by wind. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Kush">Kingdom of Kush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Kush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_(...)Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg/260px-L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg/390px-L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg/520px-L%27univers_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambie_et_Guin%C3%A9e_%28...%29Tardieu_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_bpt6k6209333w_621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>A Nubian saqiyah in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The saqiya was known in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> as Kolē.<sup id="cite_ref-G._Mokhtar_309_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G._Mokhtar_309-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Ancient Nubians</a> developed the saqiya to improve irrigation during the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic period">Meroitic period</a>. The introduction of this machine had a decisive influence on agriculture as this wheel lifted water 3 to 8 metres with much less labour force and time than the Shaduf, which was the previous irrigation device in the Kingdom. The Shaduf relied on human energy while the saqiya was driven by buffalos or other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-G._Mokhtar_309_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G._Mokhtar_309-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27,_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg/220px-Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg/330px-Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg/440px-Watercolour_painting_titled_%27Persian_wheel_near_Amritsar%27%2C_painted_in_1864%E2%80%9365_by_William_Simpson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Watercolour painting titled 'Persian wheel near <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>', painted in 1864–65 by <a href="/wiki/William_Simpson_(Scottish_artist)" title="William Simpson (Scottish artist)">William Simpson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sāqiyah might, according to <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a>, have been invented in India, where the earliest reference to it is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i> (c. 3rd century BCE), where it was known as an <i>araghaṭṭa</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a combination or the words <i>ara</i> (speedy or a spoked[wheel]) and <i>ghaṭṭa</i> "pot"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. That device was either used like a sāqiyah, to lift water from a well while being powered by <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> or people, or it was used to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigate</a> fields when it was powered in the manner of a water-wheel by being placed in a stream or large irrigation channel. In the latter case we usually speak of a noria as opposed to a sāqiyah.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Sitaram_Pandit" title="Ranjit Sitaram Pandit">Ranjit Sitaram Pandit</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/Kalhana" title="Kalhana">Kalhana</a>'s 12th century chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i>, this mechanism is alluded to when describing a <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a> used for drawing water from a well.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg/170px-David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg/255px-David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg/340px-David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Water wheel used for irrigation in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> in 1838</figcaption></figure> <p>Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels had appeared in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">ancient Egypt</a> by the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikander_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikander-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a>, both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria appeared in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by the 4th century BCE, with the saqiya being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a>, where the oldest archeological evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a> has been found, in the form of a saqiya dating back to the 3rd century BCE. A <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> dating to the 2nd century BCE also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> depicts a compartmented saqiya, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Callixenus_of_Rhodes" title="Callixenus of Rhodes">Callixenus of Rhodes</a> mention the use of a saqiya in the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> in the late 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Mediterranean evidence of a saqiya is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt that dates to the 2nd century BCE. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving a compartmented waterwheel. The saqiya gear system is already shown fully developed to the point that "modern Egyptian devices are virtually identical".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed that the scientists of the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a>, at the time the most active Greek research center, may have been involved in its implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An episode from <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a> in 48 BC tells of how Caesar's enemies employed geared waterwheels to pour sea water from elevated places on the position of the trapped Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a> wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> mentioned them around 30 B.C.; remains of tread wheel driven, bucket chains, dating from the 2nd century B.C., have been found in baths at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Costa, Italy; fragments of the buckets and a lead pipe, from a crank handle operated, chain driven, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pump" title="Bilge pump">bilge pump</a>, were found one of the 1st century A.D. <a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nemi" title="Lake Nemi">Lake Nemi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_109_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_109-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a preserved 2nd century A.D. example, used to raise water from a well, to an aquifer in London, has also been unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_sources">Talmudic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Talmudic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term used by <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> sources for a saqiya is '<i>antelayyā</i>-wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Islamic_realm">Medieval Islamic realm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medieval Islamic realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jazari_Automata_1205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Al-Jazari_Automata_1205.jpg/220px-Al-Jazari_Automata_1205.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Al-Jazari_Automata_1205.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazari" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazari">Al-Jazari</a>'s advanced saqiya, both animal- and water-wheel-driven (1206).</figcaption></figure> <p>A manuscript by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Jazari" title="Ismail al-Jazari">Ismail al-Jazari</a> featured an intricate device based on a saqiya, powered in part by the pull of an <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">ox</a> walking on the roof of an upper-level reservoir, but also by <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">water falling</a> onto the spoon-shaped pallets of a <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a> placed in a lower-level <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_353_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_353-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complex saqiyas consisting of more than 200 separate components were used extensively by <a href="/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions in the Islamic world">Muslim inventors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Muslim_scientists_and_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Muslim scientists and engineers">engineers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mechanical <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a>, used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine and, essentially, to allow lifting water from far greater depths (up to 200 metres), was employed by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassal" title="Ibn Bassal">ibn Bassal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1038–1075), of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known use of a <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a> in a saqiya was featured in another one of al-Jazari's machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill-776_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-776-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The concept of minimising the intermittence is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya devices, which was to maximise the efficiency of the saqiya.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill-776_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-776-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising device that was run by <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, though the Chinese had been using hydropower for the same purpose before him. Animal-powered saqiyas and water-powered <a href="/wiki/Noria" title="Noria">norias</a> similar to the ones he described have been supplying water in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> since the 13th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were in everyday use throughout the medieval Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill-776_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-776-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_engine" title="Man engine">Man engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:fao-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:fao_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm#5.4.2">"Water lifting devices"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9819685-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9819685-0-7"><bdi>978-3-9819685-0-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100399313">1100399313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+gymnasia+and+Graeco-Roman+cityscapes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100399313&rft.isbn=978-3-9819685-0-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1100399313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Damian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236157707"><i>Maritime Archaeology and AncientTrade in the Mediterranean</i></a>. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph. pp. 43–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+Archaeology+and+AncientTrade+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Oxford+Centre+for+Maritime+Archaeology+Monograph&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236157707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson1984" class="citation book cs1">Oleson, John Peter (1984-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynejM1-TATMC&dq=Nemi+ships+%22crank%22+handle&pg=PA231"><i>Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1693-4"><bdi>978-90-277-1693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Mechanical+Water-Lifting+Devices%3A+The+History+of+a+Technology&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1984-06-30&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1693-4&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynejM1-TATMC%26dq%3DNemi%2Bships%2B%2522crank%2522%2Bhandle%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_109-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_109_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairSpainTaylor2019" class="citation cs2">Blair, Ian; Spain, Robert; Taylor, Tony (2019-04-08), Bouet, Alain (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ausonius/10458">"The technology of the 1st – and 2nd – century roman bucket chains from London: from excavation to reconstruction"</a>, <i>Aquam in altum exprimere : Les machines élévatrices d’eau dans l’Antiquité</i>, Scripta Antiqua, Pessac: Ausonius Éditions, pp. 85–114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-295-6"><bdi>978-2-35613-295-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquam+in+altum+exprimere+%3A+Les+machines+%C3%A9l%C3%A9vatrices+d%E2%80%99eau+dans+l%E2%80%99Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=The+technology+of+the+1st+%E2%80%93+and+2nd+%E2%80%93+century+roman+bucket+chains+from+London%3A+from+excavation+to+reconstruction&rft.pages=85-114&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-295-6&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Spain%2C+Robert&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F10458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_R._Stieglitz2006" class="citation web cs1">Robert R. Stieglitz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/excavations/Tanninim_032901.shtml">"Tel Tanninim"</a>. The Bible and Interpretation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tel+Tanninim&rft.pub=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Robert+R.+Stieglitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleinterp.com%2Fexcavations%2FTanninim_032901.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_353-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_353_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Donald Hill</a> (1996), "Engineering", in Roshdi Rashed, <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>, Vol. 3, pp. 751–795 [771].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themechanic.weebly.com/uploads/4/3/5/7/4357357/flywheel.pdf">"Flywheel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>themechanic.weebly.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=themechanic.weebly.com&rft.atitle=Flywheel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemechanic.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F3%2F5%2F7%2F4357357%2Fflywheel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-776-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-776_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-776_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill-776_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Donald Hill</a>, "Engineering", p. 776, in Roshdi Rashed, ed., <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>, Vol. 2, pp. 751–795, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London and New York</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208205525/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%206.htm">"History of Science and Technology in Islam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%206.htm">the original</a> on February 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2FArticles%2Farticles%25206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">Oleson, John Peter</a> (2000), "Water-Lifting", in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander" title="Örjan Wikander">Wikander, Örjan</a> (ed.), <i>Handbook of Ancient Water Technology</i>, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 217–302, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9"><bdi>90-04-11123-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water-Lifting&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Water+Technology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Technology+and+Change+in+History&rft.pages=217-302&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11123-9&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqiyah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqiyah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fraenkel, P., (1990) "Water-Pumping Devices: A Handbook for users and choosers" <i>Intermediate Technology Publications</i>.</li> <li>Molenaar, A., (1956) "Water lifting devices for irrigation" <i>FAO Agricultural Development Paper</i> No. 60, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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