CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mediterranean cuisine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"eb9c6d28-a6b8-43a5-b2c3-64a1f86e760d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mediterranean_cuisine","wgTitle":"Mediterranean cuisine","wgCurRevisionId":1257101638,"wgRevisionId":1257101638,"wgArticleId":1342098,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use British English from September 2024","Use dmy dates from January 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Mediterranean cuisine","Mediterranean"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Mediterranean_cuisine","wgRelevantArticleId":1342098,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q934309","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP" ,"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1299"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/800px-Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="866"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/640px-Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="693"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mediterranean cuisine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Mediterranean_cuisine rootpage-Mediterranean_cuisine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mediterranean+cuisine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mediterranean+cuisine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mediterranean+cuisine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mediterranean+cuisine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_ingredients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_ingredients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Key ingredients</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_ingredients-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key ingredients subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_ingredients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Olive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wheat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Grape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cooking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maghrebi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghrebi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Maghrebi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghrebi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Egyptian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Levantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ottoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Balkan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese:_partly_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese:_partly_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Portuguese: partly Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese:_partly_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anise_spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anise_spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anise spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anise_spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_diet_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_diet_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mediterranean diet and cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_diet_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_changing_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_changing_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>A changing cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_changing_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mediterranean cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="مطبخ متوسطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ متوسطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral%C4%B1q_d%C9%99nizi_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Aralıq dənizi mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aralıq dənizi mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Средиземноморска кухня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средиземноморска кухня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteranska_kuhinja" title="Mediteranska kuhinja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mediteranska kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_mediterr%C3%A0nia" title="Gastronomia mediterrània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia mediterrània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edomo%C5%99sk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Středomořská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středomořská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelmeerk%C3%BCche" title="Mittelmeerküche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelmeerküche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_mediterr%C3%A1nea" title="Gastronomía mediterránea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía mediterránea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteranea_kuirarto" title="Mediteranea kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mediteranea kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_mediterraneo" title="Gastronomia mediterraneo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gastronomia mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="آشپزی مدیترانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی مدیترانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne" title="Cuisine méditerranéenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine méditerranéenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A4%91%ED%95%B4_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="지중해 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지중해 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Միջերկրական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջերկրական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemna_kuhinja" title="Sredozemna kuhinja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sredozemna kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Mediterania" title="Hidangan Mediterania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Mediterania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_mediterranea" title="Cucina mediterranea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina mediterranea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המטבח הים-תיכוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח הים-תיכוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ხმელთაშუა ზღვის სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხმელთაშუა ზღვის სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidur%C5%BEemio_j%C5%ABros_virtuv%C4%97" title="Viduržemio jūros virtuvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduržemio jūros virtuvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosini_mediteranean" title="Cosini mediteranean – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cosini mediteranean" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Средоземна кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средоземна кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="مطبخ البحر الابيض المتوسط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مطبخ البحر الابيض المتوسط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Mediterranean" title="Masakan Mediterranean – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Mediterranean" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterrane_keuken" title="Mediterrane keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mediterrane keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_%C5%9Br%C3%B3dziemnomorska" title="Kuchnia śródziemnomorska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia śródziemnomorska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_do_Mediterr%C3%A2neo" title="Culinária do Mediterrâneo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária do Mediterrâneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83ria_mediteraneean%C4%83" title="Bucătăria mediteraneeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătăria mediteraneeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Средиземноморская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средиземноморская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzhina_mesdhetare" title="Kuzhina mesdhetare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuzhina mesdhetare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Медитеранска кухиња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медитеранска кухиња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medelhavsk%C3%B6ket" title="Medelhavsköket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medelhavsköket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Akdeniz mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akdeniz mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Середземноморська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середземноморська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E8%8F%9C" title="地中海菜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地中海菜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q934309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mediterranean_cuisine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mediterranean_cuisine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&oldid=1257101638" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mediterranean_cuisine&id=1257101638&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMediterranean_cuisine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMediterranean_cuisine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Cuisine_of_the_Mediterranean" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q934309" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culinary tradition</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/260px-Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/390px-Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/520px-Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lunch_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="The Lunch (Velázquez)">The Lunch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617</span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mediterranean cuisine</b> is the food and methods of preparation used by the people of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. The idea of a Mediterranean cuisine originates with the cookery writer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> (1950), and was amplified by other writers working in English. </p><p>Many writers define the three core elements of the cuisine as the olive, wheat, and the grape, yielding <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, bread and pasta, and wine; other writers deny that the widely varied foods of the Mediterranean basin constitute a cuisine at all. A common definition of the geographical area covered, proposed by David, follows the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a>. </p><p>The region spans a wide variety of cultures with distinct cuisines, in particular (going anticlockwise around the region) the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provençal</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>, although some authors include additional cuisines. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a>, in particular, is partly Mediterranean in character. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg/260px-Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg/390px-Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg/520px-Vin_et_gastronomie_chypriotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a> as eaten in many countries around the Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical connections of the region, as well as the impact of the Mediterranean Sea on <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">the region's climate</a> and economy, mean that these cuisines share dishes beyond the core trio of oil, bread, and wine, such as roast lamb or <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a>, meat <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> with vegetables and tomato (for example, Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Andrajos" title="Andrajos">andrajos</a></i>), vegetable stews (Provençal <a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">ratatouille</a>, Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Pisto" title="Pisto">pisto</a></i>, Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Ciambotta" title="Ciambotta">ciambotta</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the salted cured fish roe, <a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">bottarga</a>, found across the region. Spirits based on <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> are drunk in many countries around the Mediterranean. </p><p>The cooking of the area is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, made popular because of the apparent health benefits of a diet rich in olive oil, wheat and other grains, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, but low in <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>. Mediterranean cuisine encompasses the ways that these and other ingredients, including meat, are dealt with in the kitchen, whether they are health-giving or not. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg/350px-Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg/525px-Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg/700px-Olea_europaea_subsp._europaea_range.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> defines the Mediterranean region as that of the Olive, <i><a href="/wiki/Olea_europaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europaea">Olea europaea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caudullo_Welk_2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caudullo_Welk_2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Various authors have defined the scope of Mediterranean cooking either by geography or by its core ingredients. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a>, in her <i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> (1950), defines her scope as "the cooking of the Mediterranean shores" and sketches out the geographical limits:<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, down the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> Valley, through the great seaports of <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, across to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, embracing all the Mediterranean islands, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> influence begins to be felt), to the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the much disputed territories of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Despite this definition, David's book focuses largely on Spain, France, Italy, and Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashdan_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg/290px-Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg/435px-Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg/580px-Olivov%C3%BD_h%C3%A1j.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>"Those blessed lands of sun and sea and olive trees":<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a landscape in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, in the Eastern Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> <p>She defines this region as coextensive with the range of the <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive tree</a>: "those blessed lands of sun and sea and olive trees."<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The olive's natural distribution is limited by <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> and by availability of water. It is therefore constrained to a more or less narrow zone around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, except in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, where it is distributed more widely, and on the islands of the Mediterranean, where it is widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Oteros2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oteros2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tunisian historian Mohamed Yassine Essid similarly defines the region by the olive's presence, along with bread, wheat, and the grape as the "basic products of Mediterranean folk cuisine":<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mediterranean cuisine is defined by the presence of fundamental elements which are said to play a more important role than others, reflecting a community of beliefs and practices which transcend religions, languages and even societies. The olive tree, the emblematic tree on more than one account, traces the bounds of a frontier of landscapes and lives on either side of which the Mediterranean begins or ends. Above <a href="/wiki/Montelimar" class="mw-redirect" title="Montelimar">Montelimar</a>, nicknamed "Gates of Provence", is the limit of the olive.<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other authors question that there is any such common core: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The belief in a common core, emerging from a claim to authority over that kernel of "Mediterranean-ness", is what underlies writing describing the culinary Mediterranean, yet it seems that only from far away does a unified Mediterranean exist. The closer one gets to that common core, the less it is visible, until the food of Umbria comes to seem entirely different from the food of Tuscany, and to compare either to the food of Greece would be absurd. The very idea of a Mediterranean ensemble—be it onions and olive oil and tomatoes or some other combination entirely—presupposes not only a shared history but a unified history, an imagined moment in which the Mediterranean presented a single culture that over time has, like a language, split and branched and flowered into the wild variety of contemporary cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashdan_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some writers include the cuisines of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> coast of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>—<a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a>, while most do not mention them. Some writers also include areas not touching the Mediterranean Sea or supporting olive cultivation, including <a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a> cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfert_1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfert_1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_ingredients">Key ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Key ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Trinity"></span><span class="anchor" id="Triad"></span> </p><p>Essid identifies the "trinity" of basic ingredients of traditional Mediterranean cuisine as the olive, wheat, and the grape, yielding oil, bread, and wine respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a> calls this the "Mediterranean triad".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olive">Olive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivesfromjordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/170px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/255px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Olivesfromjordan.jpg/340px-Olivesfromjordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a> (<i>Olea europaea</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The olive appears to come from the region of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, at least 6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spread from there to nearby areas, and has been cultivated since the early Bronze Age (up to 3,150 BC) in southern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ten countries with the largest harvests (in 2011) are all near the Mediterranean (Portugal being the tenth largest): together, they produce 95% of the world's olives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The olive yields bitter fruits, made edible by curing and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>. Some 90% of the fruit production (1996) goes into olive oil.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mediterranean region accounts for the world's highest consumption of olive oil: in 2014, the highest-consuming country, Greece, used 17 kg<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per head; Italy, 12 kg, Spain, 13 kg; the United States for comparison used only 1 kg per head.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheat">Wheat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wheat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/220px-Wheat_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/330px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wheat_close-up.JPG/440px-Wheat_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> (<i>Triticum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wheat was domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, in and near the Levant some 10,000 years ago. Its ancestors include wild <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer wheat</a>; this was <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridised</a>, harvested and sown to create domestic strains with larger grains, in ears that shatter less readily than wild forms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was spread across the Mediterranean region as far as Spain by 5,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wheat is a staple food in the Mediterranean region. Wheat <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> was already critically important in the empire of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">ancient Rome</a>, which included the entire region; at that time, around 2,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> was the "breadbasket" of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other staple wheat-based Mediterranean foods include <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">wheat middlings</a>) products such as <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, these are made into dishes such as the Greek dessert <i><a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">galaktoboureko</a></i> (<i>milk börek</i>), consisting of filo pastry parcels around a custard made with semolina.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A widespread wheat dish from Turkey and the Levant to Iran and India is <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halva</a>, a dessert of sweetened semolina with butter, milk, and <a href="/wiki/Pine_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine kernel">pine kernels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grape">Grape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abhar-iran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/170px-Abhar-iran.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/255px-Abhar-iran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Abhar-iran.JPG/340px-Abhar-iran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The grape was domesticated between 7,000 and 4,000 BC between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and Persia; archaeological evidence shows that wine was being made there by 6,000 BC, reaching Greece and Crete in the fifth millennium BC and Spain by the last millennium BC. Winemaking started in Italy in the ninth century BC, and in France around 600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grapes are mostly grown for making wine and vinegar as basic components of the Mediterranean diet, as well for drying as <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a> or for eating as <a href="/wiki/Table_grape" title="Table grape">table grapes</a>. Raisins and table grape varieties are chosen for their flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept">Concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg/220px-Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg/330px-Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg/440px-Ratatouille_%C3%A9olienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A dish of roast aubergines and peppers (often called by its Provençal name, <a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">ratatouille</a>, in English), as interpreted on the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a Mediterranean cuisine is very recent, probably dating from the publication of David's <i>A Book of Mediterranean Food</i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1999xv_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1999xv-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David herself did not use the term, speaking instead of Mediterranean "food", "cookery", or "cooking".<sup id="cite_ref-David_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usefulness of the concept is disputed. Carol Helstosky, author of the book <i>Food Culture in the Mediterranean</i> (2009), is among the authors who use "Mediterranean cuisine" interchangeably with "Mediterranean food". In the preface to her book she writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mediterranean food is incredibly popular: pasta, <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyros" title="Gyros">gyros</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> can be found just about everywhere. Food experts and cookbook authors adore Mediterranean cuisine ...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Essid acknowledges that "geographical differences and the vicissitudes of history" have affected the food of different Mediterranean lands, but nonetheless asserts that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEssid201251_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEssid201251-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rules for the preparation and consumption of food are common to the lands that border the Mediterranean. They offer both stability, continuity and reproduction of a specific pattern of eating which resists conquest, invasion, colonisation, social change, industrialisation and urbanisation. Consequently, wherever you go, in Southern Europe or the lands bordering the Southern Mediterranean, you will find a cuisine and gastronomic ritual which is always familiar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEssid201251_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEssid201251-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG/170px-Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG/255px-Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG/340px-Cristoforo_munari-bodegon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>One of several Mediterranean cuisines: Spanish kitchen <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a> (<i>Bodegón de cocina</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Munari" title="Cristoforo Munari">Cristoforo Munari</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1710</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Sami_Zubaida" title="Sami Zubaida">Sami Zubaida</a> argues in his book <i>Culinary Cultures of the Middle East</i> (1994) that:<sup id="cite_ref-Zubaida_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubaida-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The idea of the "standard Mediterranean" ... is a modern construction of food writers and publicists in Europe and North America earnestly preaching what is now thought to be a healthy diet to their audiences by invoking a stereotype of the healthy other on the shores of the Mediterranean. Their colleagues in Mediterranean countries are only too willing to perpetuate this myth. The fact of the matter is that the Mediterranean contains varied cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubaida_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubaida-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The cookery author Clifford A. Wright wrote in 1999: "There really is no such thing as 'Mediterranean cuisine'. At the same time, we seem to know what we mean when we use the expression ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19991_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19991-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wright argued that David's book itself was largely about specifically <i>French</i> Mediterranean food, pointing out that "only 4 percent of her recipes come from North Africa or the Levant", so that the focus was on an aspect of <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European cuisine</a>, largely omitting coverage of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wrightnote_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrightnote-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since David's time, a variety of books on Mediterranean cuisine have been written, including Abu Shihab's 2012 book of that name;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu_Shihab2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu_Shihab2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helstosky's 2009 book; books by other cookery writers include S. Rowe's <i>Purple Citrus and Sweet Perfume: Cuisine of the Eastern Mediterranean</i> (2011);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mari-Pierre Moine's <i>Mediterranean Cookbook</i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoine2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoine2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many more cookbooks covering specific cuisines in the Mediterranean area, such as B. Santich's <i>The Original Mediterranean Cuisine: Medieval Recipes for Today</i> (1995), on Catalan and Italian recipes;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantich1995_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantich1995-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and H. F. Ullman's (2006), on the cooking of Tunisia,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each one subtitled "Mediterranean Cuisine". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg/220px-Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg/330px-Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg/440px-Cassoulet_mit_Gans_und_Bohnen_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Haricot_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haricot bean">haricot beans</a> used in a southern French <a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">cassoulet</a> were <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">brought to Europe from the Americas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ingredients of Mediterranean cuisine are to an extent different from those of the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, with olive oil instead of <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, wine instead of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. The list of available ingredients has changed over the centuries. One major change was the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">introduction of many foods</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Arabs to Portugal, Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwabe1979_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwabe1979-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those foods included aubergines, <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating the distinctive culinary tradition of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another major change was the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">arrival of foods from the Americas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern times</a> (around the sixteenth century), notably the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_potato" title="History of the potato">incorporation of the potato</a> into Northern European cuisine,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eager adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> into Mediterranean cuisine. The tomato, so central now to that cuisine, was first described in print by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Andrea_Mattioli" title="Pietro Andrea Mattioli">Pietro Andrea Mattioli</a> in 1544. Similarly, many of the species of <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Phaseolus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> now used around the Mediterranean, including <i><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">P. vulgaris</a></i> (the French or haricot bean), were brought back from the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwabe1979_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwabe1979-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HayesLaudan2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HayesLaudan2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooking">Cooking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg/220px-Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg/330px-Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg/440px-Syrian_apricot_paste_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Syrian <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a> paste "dissolved in water to make a cooling drink"<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>David's introduction to her 1950 book characterises the cooking of the Mediterranean countries as "conditioned naturally by variations in climate and soil and the relative industry or indolence of the inhabitants".<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David identifies "the ever recurring elements" in the food of this extensive region as olive oil, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, "pungent" local wines, as well as the "aromatic perfume" of herbs, especially <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">marjoram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, and the bright colours of fresh foods in the markets, "<a href="/wiki/Pimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimento">pimentos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubergine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aubergine">aubergines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomatoes">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>" and "shiny fish, silver, <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>, or tiger-striped". She includes cheeses of "sheep's or goat's milk", "<a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a> from Smyrna on long strings" and "sheets of apricot paste which is dissolved in water to make a cooling drink".<sup id="cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With common ingredients including the olive, wheat, and grape; a shared climate; and a long period for cultural exchange, it might be expected that a single, pan-Mediterranean cuisine would have developed. Certain items, such as olive oil,<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bread,<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wine,<sup id="cite_ref-Essid29_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> roast lamb, or <a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">mutton</a><sup id="cite_ref-TableAgent_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TableAgent-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as Maghrebi <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9choui" title="Méchoui">méchoui</a></i>, Greek <i>kleftiko</i> and <a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">souvlaki</a>, and Turkish <a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">shish kebab</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">bottarga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coroneo_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coroneo-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stews of meat with vegetables and tomato (such as Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Andrajos" title="Andrajos">andrajos</a></i>, French <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estouffade_%C3%A0_la_proven%C3%A7ale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estouffade à la provençale (page does not exist)">estouffade à la provençale</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estouffade_%C3%A0_la_proven%C3%A7ale" class="extiw" title="fr:Estouffade à la provençale">fr</a>]</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Ciambotta" title="Ciambotta">ciambotta</a></i>, and Turkish <i><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%9Fu_kebab%C4%B1" title="Buğu kebabı">buğu kebabı</a></i>), are indeed found all around the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestle_1995_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestle_1995-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sea_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bream">sea bream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">squid</a> is eaten, often in stews, stuffed, or fried, in Spanish, French, and Italian dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014310,_727,_773–774_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014310,_727,_773–774-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, however, the lands bordering the Mediterranean sea have distinct regional cuisines, from the Maghrebi, Levant, and Ottoman to the Italian, French, and Spanish. Each of those, in turn, has national and provincial variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestle_1995_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestle_1995-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottarga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Certain foods are pan-Mediterranean, such as bottarga, the salted, cured roe of fish such as the grey mullet.[46]"><img alt="Certain foods are pan-Mediterranean, such as bottarga, the salted, cured roe of fish such as the grey mullet.[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bottarga.jpg/200px-Bottarga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bottarga.jpg/300px-Bottarga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bottarga.jpg/400px-Bottarga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Certain foods are pan-Mediterranean, such as <a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">bottarga</a>, the salted, cured roe of fish such as the <a href="/wiki/Mugil_cephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugil cephalus">grey mullet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coroneo_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coroneo-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 305px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The major culinary regions of the Mediterranean"><img alt="The major culinary regions of the Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg/300px-Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg/450px-Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg/600px-Mediterranean_Cuisines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The major culinary regions of the Mediterranean</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghrebi">Maghrebi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maghrebi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelaa-des-Mgouna_(rosino-02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg/220px-Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg/330px-Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg/440px-Kelaa-des-Mgouna_%28rosino-02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tagine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagine">Tagines</a> slow-cooking on a <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> street</figcaption></figure> <p>Mediterranean Maghrebi cuisine includes the cuisines of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisia</a>. One of the most characteristic dishes of the region is couscous, a steamed, small-grained wheat semolina, served with a stew. The dish is ancient, mentioned by the Medieval traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Naylor2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naylor2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found for example also in the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Western Sicilian cuisine</a>, especially in the province of <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, where it was re-introduced after 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One stew that may be served with couscous is the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tagine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagine">tagine</a>, a hearty, somewhat dry dish of meat and vegetables, cooked slowly in a pot (called a tagine) with a tall conical lid. Dishes from the Maghreb region of North Africa are often coloured and flavoured with the hot spice mixtures <a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">harissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">ras el hanout</a> (containing such spices as cumin, coriander, saffron, cinnamon, cloves, chillies, and paprika). Other characteristic flavourings of the region are preserved lemons and dried apricots and raisins.<sup id="cite_ref-TableAgent_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TableAgent-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian">Egyptian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Egyptian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ful_medames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ful_medames.jpg/220px-Ful_medames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ful_medames.jpg/330px-Ful_medames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ful_medames.jpg/440px-Ful_medames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></i> on an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a> street with bread and pickled vegetables</figcaption></figure> <p>Egyptian cuisine has <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient roots</a>, with evidence that, for example, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cheese" title="Egyptian cheese">cheese</a> has been made in Egypt since at least 3,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falafel are small fried croquettes of bean or <a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">chickpea</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flour, currently also eaten across the Levant and the West, but originating in Egypt's Roman era; they are claimed as theirs by <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christian">Coptic Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014294–295_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014294–295-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></i> is a dip made of pounded herbs, hazelnuts, and spices, eaten with bread.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014269_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014269-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Koshary" title="Koshary">Kushari</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> dish<sup id="cite_ref-Genesis_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of rice, lentils, and pasta, variously garnished; it began as food for the poor, but has become a national dish.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levantine">Levantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Levantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG/220px-Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG/330px-Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG/440px-Traditional_Tabbouleh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Levantine cuisine is the cooking of the Levant (Mediterranean coast, east of Egypt). Among the most distinctive foods of this cuisine are traditional small <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LAmag_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAmag-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson201444_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201444-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabbouleh is a dish of bulgur cracked wheat with tomatoes, parsley, mint, and onion, dressed with olive oil and lemon juice.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baba ghanoush, sometimes called "poor man's caviar", is a puree of aubergine with olive oil, often mixed with chopped onion, tomato, cumin, garlic, lemon juice, and parsley. The dish is popular across the whole of the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotter2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotter2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></i>, originally from Egypt and still a national dish there, consists of <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a> with oil and cumin; it is popular throughout the Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dish may be ancient: dried beans of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> age have been found near <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman">Ottoman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ottoman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG/220px-Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG/330px-Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG/440px-Meze_Lido_Restaurant_Adalar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish cuisine</a> combine similar elements.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman cuisine has given rise to the cuisines of modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greece</a>. A distinctive element is the family of small flaky pastries called <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek" title="Börek">börek</a></i>. These are popular and widespread across the Eastern Mediterranean region, and date as far back as ancient Roman times. <i>Börek</i> are made of thin sheets of <a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">filo</a> pastry, filled with mixtures such as meat, caramelised onion and sweet peppers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson201495_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201495-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another widespread<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popular dish is <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">moussaka</a>, a baked dish of aubergine or potato with various other ingredients: often minced meat and tomatoes, sometimes a layer of <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">egg custard</a> or <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9chamel_sauce" title="Béchamel sauce">béchamel sauce</a> on top. In its Greek variant, well known outside the region, it includes layers of aubergine and minced meat with custard or béchamel sauce on top, but that version is a relatively recent innovation, introduced by the chef <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Tselementes" title="Nikolaos Tselementes">Nikolaos Tselementes</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekSalad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GreekSalad.jpg/170px-GreekSalad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GreekSalad.jpg/255px-GreekSalad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GreekSalad.jpg/340px-GreekSalad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greek cookery makes wide use of vegetables, olive oil, grains, fish, wine, and meat (white and red, including <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbit meat">rabbit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>). Other important ingredients include olives, cheese, aubergine, courgette, lemon juice, vegetables, herbs, bread, and yoghurt. Some more dishes that can be traced back to ancient Greece are: <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a> <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fasolada" title="Fasolada">fasolada</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a> (white or rosé wine flavoured with pine resin), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed_candy" title="Sesame seed candy">pasteli</a></i> (sesame seeds baked with honey); some to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> periods include: <i><a href="/wiki/Loukaniko" title="Loukaniko">loukaniko</a></i> (dried pork sausage); and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">feta cheese</a>, <i>avgotaraho</i> (bottarga), and <i><a href="/wiki/Paximathia" title="Paximathia">paximadhia</a></i> (rusk). <i><a href="/wiki/Lakerda" title="Lakerda">Lakerda</a></i> (pickled fish), <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">mizithra</a> cheese and desserts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">diples</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">koulourakia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moustalevria" title="Moustalevria">moustokouloura</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">melomakarono</a></i> also date back to the Byzantine period, while the variety of different <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pitas</a> probably dates back to ancient times. Much of Greek cuisine is part of the larger tradition of Ottoman cuisine, the names of the dishes revealing Arabic, Persian, or Turkish roots: moussaka, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">tzatziki</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yuvarlakia" title="Yuvarlakia">yuvarlakia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">keftes</a>, and so on. Many dishes' names probably entered the Greek vocabulary during Ottoman times, or earlier in contact with the Persians and the Arabs. However, some dishes may be pre-Ottoman, only taking Turkish names later; the historians of food John Ash and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Andrew Dalby</a>, for example, speculate that grape-leaf <a href="/wiki/Dolmadhes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmadhes">dolmadhes</a> were made by the early Byzantine period, while <a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Alan Davidson</a> traces <i><a href="/wiki/Tarhana" title="Tarhana">trahana</a></i> to the ancient Greek <i>tragos</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">skordalia</a></i> to the ancient Athenian <i>skorothalmi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1996190_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1996190-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014362–363_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014362–363-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan">Balkan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Balkan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David barely mentioned the non-Greek <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, stating only that yoghurt and moussaka are widespread in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashdan_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later cooks, such as Paula Wolfert, give a few recipes from Dalmatia, some being Ottoman.<sup id="cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kashdan_2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfert_1999_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfert_1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albena Shkodrova notes that the cuisines of the coastal provinces of <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and Dalmatia were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. She adds that cuisines labelled as "Italian" and "Mediterranean" are becoming popular in the Balkans, which she calls "a historical crossroads of Oriental, Mediterranean and Central-European influences".<sup id="cite_ref-Shkodrova_2019_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shkodrova_2019-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg/220px-Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg/330px-Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg/440px-Spaghetti_vongole_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_alle_vongole" title="Spaghetti alle vongole">Spaghetti alle vongole</a></i>, a typical <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian dish</a> of pasta with clams</figcaption></figure> <p>Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> includes much of Italy outside the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">north</a> and the mountainous inland regions. It is a diverse cuisine, but among its best-known and most characteristic foods are pizza in <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_pizza" title="Neapolitan pizza">Neapolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_pizza" title="Sicilian pizza">Sicilian styles</a>, pasta dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidRisotto_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidRisotto-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidPizza_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidPizza-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidSpaghetti_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidSpaghetti-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risotto is a dish made using Italian short-grain rice, which is both highly absorbent and resistant to turning into a pudding when cooked with <a href="/wiki/Stock_(food)" title="Stock (food)">stock</a> and flavoured with onions and garlic, cooked in butter.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidRisotto_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidRisotto-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Gosetti della Salda's book of Italian regional cookery lists 37 risotto recipes, 18 of them from the Veneto. Variations among Veneto risottos include additions of fish and white wine; chicken; eel; mushrooms and grated <a href="/wiki/Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan cheese</a>; quails; small pieces of beef; <a href="/wiki/Courgette" class="mw-redirect" title="Courgette">courgettes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rag%C3%B9" title="Ragù">ragù</a>; beans; <a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">mussels</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">prawns</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/220px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/330px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/440px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_pizza" title="Neapolitan pizza">Neapolitan pizza</a> with tomatoes and <a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">mozzarella</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pizza is a piece of bread <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a> rolled out thin, with a topping which varies from place to place, but is generally much simpler than those in the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-Altomari2005_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altomari2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidPizza_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidPizza-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the toppings in Italian pizzas may be, depending on the order, unquantifiable, in the most rigorous tradition of <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan cuisine</a> there are only two variants: <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Margherita" title="Pizza Margherita">Margherita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pizza_marinara" title="Pizza marinara">marinara</a>. </p><p>Spaghetti dishes also vary. It may be eaten as David says "simply with olive oil and garlic", without cheese, or with a sauce of "very red and ripe peeled tomatoes", cooked briefly and flavoured with garlic and either basil or parsley.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidSpaghetti_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidSpaghetti-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provencal cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullabessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/220px-Bullabessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/330px-Bullabessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bullabessa.jpg/440px-Bullabessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> <a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">bouillabaisse</a>, with the fish served separately after the soup</figcaption></figure> <p>Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> includes the cooking styles of <a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitania</a>, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsica</a>. Distinctive dishes that make use of local ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">bouillabaisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">salade niçoise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidBouillabaisse-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niçoise_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niçoise-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouillabaisse is a substantial dish from the French port of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, capital of Provence. It is a stew for at least eight people, because it should contain many types of fish such as <a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_robin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea robin">gurnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weever" title="Weever">weever</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dory" title="John Dory">John Dory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">monkfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conger_eel" class="mw-redirect" title="Conger eel">conger eel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlangius_merlangus" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlangius merlangus">whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_bass" title="Sea bass">sea bass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">crab</a>. These are cooked with Mediterranean vegetables and herbs, namely onions, garlic, tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, bay, and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange peel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidBouillabaisse-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salade niçoise is a colourful <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a> of tomatoes, <a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">tuna</a>, hard-boiled eggs, <a href="/wiki/Cailletier" title="Cailletier">Niçoise olives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a>, dressed with a <a href="/wiki/Vinaigrette" title="Vinaigrette">vinaigrette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niçoise_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niçoise-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg/220px-Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg/330px-Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg/440px-Red_paella_with_mussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">paella</a> with red peppers and <a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">mussels</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spain's varied Mediterranean cuisines include the cooking of <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a> is a characteristic Spanish dish, originally from <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="País Valencià">Valencia</a>, radiating early on to Catalonia and Murcia along Spain's Mediterranean coast. It comes in many versions, and may contain a mixture of chicken, pork, rabbit, or <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, sautéed in olive oil in a large shallow pan, with vegetables, and typically <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_varieties#Spanish_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rice varieties">round-grain rice</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often of the local <i>albufera</i>, <i>arròs bomba</i>, <i>sénia</i> varieties or similar) cooked to absorb the water and coloured with saffron. The dish may be varied with <a href="/wiki/Artichoke_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Artichoke heart">artichoke hearts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">peas</a>, sweet peppers, <a href="/wiki/Lima_bean" title="Lima bean">lima beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="String bean">string beans</a>, or sausages.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidPaella_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidPaella-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catalan cuisine has developed over centuries since ancient times in a cultural context distinct from that of other parts of Spain. It arose from the cooking of the Romans who occupied Iberia for nearly 700 years, until the latter part of the 5th century. Catalan cooking is a sophisticated cuisine with its own methods and recipes, and was influenced by Moorish, French, and Italian cookery. It shares with other Mediterranean cuisines ingredients such as bread and wine, fresh herbs and fruit, olive oil, garlic, tomatoes, peppers, onions, fish and shellfish, rice, pasta, sausages, lentils, chickpeas, and nuts including hazelnuts, almonds, and pine nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews2005_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews2005-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese:_partly_Mediterranean">Portuguese: partly Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portuguese: partly Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG/220px-MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG/330px-MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG/440px-MargaretCafe_PasteisDeNata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_nata" title="Pastel de nata">Pastéis de nata</a></i></figcaption></figure><p> Portugal lies on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, not the Mediterranean, but it is in the Mediterranean basin, characterised by olive groves and a Mediterranean climate, except on the wetter Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its cuisine too is partly Mediterranean, with the usual trio of bread, wine, and olive oil, but also partly Atlantic, with a tradition of fishing and many seafood dishes such as seafood rice (<i>arroz de Marisco</i>), clams, squid (<i>lulas grelhadas</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Bacalhau" title="Bacalhau">bacalhau</a></i>, imported salted cod. There are, equally, many meat dishes, using chicken, pork, and rabbit. Other major ingredients are onions, garlic, bay leaves, sweet peppers (<i>pimentão</i>), cloves, and <i><a href="/wiki/Chorizo" title="Chorizo">chouriço</a></i> sausage. Portuguese vegetables include the tomatoes common in Mediterranean cuisine, but also kale, carrots, and broad beans. Sweet dishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Pastel_de_nata" title="Pastel de nata">pastéis de nata</a></i>, custard tarts with cinnamon. The country produces red wines such as <a href="/wiki/Alentejo_wine" title="Alentejo wine">Alentejo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anise_spirits">Anise spirits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anise spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg/370px-Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg/555px-Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg/740px-Anise_alcohols_Mediterranean_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a> spirits of the Mediterranean region</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a> is used around the Mediterranean to flavour various traditional <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">spirits</a>, including: </p> <ul><li>French <a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">pastis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jr.Fahey2003_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jr.Fahey2003-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a></li> <li>Italian <a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">sambuca</a></li> <li>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">anísado</a></li> <li>Balkan <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">rakı</a></li> <li>Levantine <a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">arak</a></li> <li>Algerian <a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">anisette cristal</a><sup id="cite_ref-Monde_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monde-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_diet_and_cuisine">Mediterranean diet and cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mediterranean diet and cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, popularised in the 1970s, is inspired by the cuisine of Greece, especially Crete, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">the south of Italy</a> in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Willett_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willett-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Diabetes_Association" title="American Diabetes Association">American Diabetes Association</a> writes about "Mediterranean-Style Eating", mentioning "the traditional Mediterranean lifestyle ... of ... eating healthfully ... together among family and friends", and asserting that "Mediterranean cuisine is plant-based", citing the ingredients "whole grains, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, beans, nuts, seeds, and olive oil", and stating that most foods "in a Mediterranean diet come from plants".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg/220px-Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg/330px-Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg/440px-Roasted_chicken_with_pilav_and_fries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Fast food, Turkish style: with increasing wealth, people around the Mediterranean are changing their diet, towards more meat (here, fried chicken) and less vegetables.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1984 <i>Guida all'Italia gastronomica</i> states that, "around 1975, under the impulse of one of those new nutritional directives by which good cooking is too often influenced, the Americans discovered the so-called Mediterranean diet. The name even pleased Italian government officials, who made one modification: changing from <i>diet</i>—a word which has always seemed punitive and therefore unpleasant—to Mediterranean <i>cuisine</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Alberini_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberini-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_changing_cuisine">A changing cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: A changing cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since David wrote about Mediterranean food in 1950, and indeed since dietary researchers showed in the 1950s that people around the Mediterranean had less <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a> than the peoples of Northern Europe, the traditional Mediterranean ways of life and of eating have changed. Increased wealth and busy lives have led people to eat more meat and less vegetables: their diet is becoming more Northern European, with more <a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">convenience foods</a> and with less of a preventive effect on cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, "Mediterranean diet", stated to encompass the "skills, knowledge, rituals, symbols and traditions concerning crops, harvesting, fishing, animal husbandry, conservation, processing, cooking, and particularly the sharing and consumption of food" of the Mediterranean basin, was inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_2013_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_2013-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> is about 2.2 pounds in weight.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greek version of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6ner" class="mw-redirect" title="Döner">döner</a>, meat roasted on a vertical spit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrels of potatoes were exported from the Canary Islands to Antwerp in 1567.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chickpea is the usual base in Egypt; it has been grown in the region for 7,500 years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth David stated that "mousaká" was "well known all over the Balkans, Turkey, and the Middle East".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid198843_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid198843-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David's recipe is from M. Reboul's <i>La Cuisinière Provençale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidBouillabaisse-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony F. Buccini, "Western Mediterranean Vegetable Stews and the Integration of Culinary Exotica", <i>Authenticity in the Kitchen</i>, <i>Proceedings</i> of the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Symposium_on_Food_and_Cookery" title="Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery">Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery</a>, published 2006, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903018471" title="Special:BookSources/1903018471">1903018471</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=HflTVd898PAC&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PT132">p. 132</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511170914/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=HflTVd898PAC&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PT132">Archived</a> 2023-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidIntro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidIntro_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988, Introduction, pp.16–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caudullo_Welk_2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caudullo_Welk_2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaudulloWelkSan-Miguel-Ayanz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Caudullo, Giovanni; Welk, Erik; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435575">"Chorological maps for the main European woody species"</a>. <i>Data in Brief</i>. <b>12</b>: 662–666. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DIB....12..662C">2017DIB....12..662C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dib.2017.05.007">10.1016/j.dib.2017.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-3409">2352-3409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5435575">5435575</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560272">28560272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Data+in+Brief&rft.atitle=Chorological+maps+for+the+main+European+woody+species&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=662-666&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5435575%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017DIB....12..662C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28560272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dib.2017.05.007&rft.issn=2352-3409&rft.aulast=Caudullo&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Welk%2C+Erik&rft.au=San-Miguel-Ayanz%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5435575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashdan_2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kashdan_2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashdan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kashdan, Harry Eli (February 2017). "Anglophone cookbooks and the making of the Mediterranean". <i>Food and Foodways</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07409710.2017.1270646">10.1080/07409710.2017.1270646</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164487717">164487717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Foodways&rft.atitle=Anglophone+cookbooks+and+the+making+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07409710.2017.1270646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164487717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kashdan&rft.aufirst=Harry+Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oteros2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oteros2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOteros2014" class="citation book cs1">Oteros, Jose (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261005349"><i>Modelización del ciclo fenológico reproductor del olivo</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" title="University of Córdoba (Spain)">University of Córdoba</a> (PhD Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2690.8327">10.13140/RG.2.1.2690.8327</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modelizaci%C3%B3n+del+ciclo+fenol%C3%B3gico+reproductor+del+olivo&rft.pub=University+of+C%C3%B3rdoba+%28PhD+Thesis%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2690.8327&rft.aulast=Oteros&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261005349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essid29-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essid29_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEssid2012">Essid 2012, p.29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfert_1999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfert_1999_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfert_1999_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfert1999" class="citation book cs1">Wolfert, Paula (1999). <i>Mediterranean Cooking</i> (revised ed.). HarperCollins. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88001-402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88001-402-1"><bdi>978-0-88001-402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Cooking&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88001-402-1&rft.aulast=Wolfert&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, Colin</a> (1972). <i>The Emergence of Civilization; The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Civilization%3B+The+Cyclades+and+the+Aegean+in+the+Third+Millennium+B.C.&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoskou,_D.1996" class="citation book cs1">Boskou, D., ed. (1996). <i>Olive Oil. Chemistry and Technology</i>. AOCS Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olive+Oil.+Chemistry+and+Technology&rft.pub=AOCS+Press&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVossen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vossen, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.42.5.1093">"Olive Oil: History, Production, and Characteristics of the World's Classic Oils"</a>. <i>HortScience</i>. <b>42</b> (5): 1093–1100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.42.5.1093">10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1093</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=Olive+Oil%3A+History%2C+Production%2C+and+Characteristics+of+the+World%27s+Classic+Oils&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1093-1100&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2FHORTSCI.42.5.1093&rft.aulast=Vossen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21273%252FHORTSCI.42.5.1093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanza2011" class="citation book cs1">Lanza, Fabrizia (2011). <i>Olive: a global history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olive%3A+a+global+history&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lanza&rft.aufirst=Fabrizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/">FAOSTAT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118190636/http://faostat.fao.org/">Archived</a> 18 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World Olive Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Olive_Council" title="International Olive Council">International Olive Council</a>. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-01-61881-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-01-61881-9"><bdi>978-84-01-61881-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Olive+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=International+Olive+Council&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-84-01-61881-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerazono2015" class="citation news cs1">Terazono, Emiko (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bcc71c60-9a51-11e4-9602-00144feabdc0.html#axzz47VPbVR6x">"Olive oil demand falls in Europe homelands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708113023/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/bcc71c60-9a51-11e4-9602-00144feabdc0.html#axzz47VPbVR6x">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Olive+oil+demand+falls+in+Europe+homelands&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft.aulast=Terazono&rft.aufirst=Emiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fbcc71c60-9a51-11e4-9602-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz47VPbVR6x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannoWillcox2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tanno, K. Willcox; Willcox, G. (2006). "How fast was wild wheat domesticated?". <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5769): 1886. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1124635">10.1126/science.1124635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16574859">16574859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5738581">5738581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=How+fast+was+wild+wheat+domesticated%3F&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5769&rft.pages=1886&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5738581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16574859&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1124635&rft.aulast=Tanno&rft.aufirst=K.+Willcox&rft.au=Willcox%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs_and_Steel:_A_short_history_of_everybody_for_the_last_13,000_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years"><i>Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-930278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-930278-0"><bdi>978-0-09-930278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs+and+Steel%3A+A+short+history+of+everybody+for+the+last+13%2C000+years&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-09-930278-0&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Essid, <a href="#CITEREFEssid2012">2012, p.51 and passim</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbis2012" class="citation web cs1">Abis, Sebastien (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015112/https://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2012/Abis_en.pdf">"Wheat in the Mediterranean Region: Societies, Trade and Strategies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iemed.org/observatori-en/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2012/Abis_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheat+in+the+Mediterranean+Region%3A+Societies%2C+Trade+and+Strategies&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Advanced+Mediterranean+Agronomic+Studies+%28CIHEAM%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Abis&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iemed.org%2Fobservatori-en%2Farees-danalisi%2Farxius-adjunts%2Fanuari%2Fmed.2012%2FAbis_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzner2014" class="citation book cs1">Ozner, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8oIqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT573"><i>The Complete Mediterranean Diet</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/BenBella_Books" title="BenBella Books">BenBella Books</a>. pp. 573–576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-939529-96-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-939529-96-1"><bdi>978-1-939529-96-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222152443/https://books.google.com/books?id=8oIqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT573#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Mediterranean+Diet&rft.pages=573-576&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-939529-96-1&rft.aulast=Ozner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8oIqAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Stein, Rick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/galaktoboureko_with_27774">"Galaktoboureko with orange syrup"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429070451/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/galaktoboureko_with_27774">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Galaktoboureko+with+orange+syrup&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2Fgalaktoboureko_with_27774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.com/recipe/divine-semolina-dessert-suji-halva-141371">"Divine Semolina Dessert - Suji Halva"</a>. Food.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504072158/http://www.food.com/recipe/divine-semolina-dessert-suji-halva-141371">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divine+Semolina+Dessert+-+Suji+Halva&rft.pub=Food.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.com%2Frecipe%2Fdivine-semolina-dessert-suji-halva-141371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThisLacombeThomash2006" class="citation journal cs1">This, Patrice; Lacombe, Thierry; Thomash, Mark R. (2006). "Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes". <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. <b>22</b> (9): 511–519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008">10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16872714">16872714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Historical+Origins+and+Genetic+Diversity+of+Wine+Grapes&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=511-519&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16872714&rft.aulast=This&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft.au=Lacombe%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Thomash%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span> More detail is given in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerralTabardBoubyIvorra2010" class="citation journal cs1">Terral, J.F.; Tabard, E.; Bouby, L.; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826248">"Evolution and history of grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) under domestication: new morphometric perspectives to understand seed domestication syndrome and reveal origins of ancient European cultivars"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>105</b> (3): 443–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcp298">10.1093/aob/mcp298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2826248">2826248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20034966">20034966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+history+of+grapevine+%28Vitis+vinifera%29+under+domestication%3A+new+morphometric+perspectives+to+understand+seed+domestication+syndrome+and+reveal+origins+of+ancient+European+cultivars&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443-455&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2826248%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20034966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcp298&rft.aulast=Terral&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.au=Tabard%2C+E.&rft.au=Bouby%2C+L.&rft.au=Ivorra%2C+S.&rft.au=Pastor%2C+T.&rft.au=Figueiral%2C+I.&rft.au=Picq%2C+S.&rft.au=Chevance%2C+J.B.&rft.au=Jung%2C+C.&rft.au=Fabre%2C+L.&rft.au=Tardy%2C+C.&rft.au=Compan%2C+M.&rft.au=Bacilieri%2C+R.&rft.au=Lacombe%2C+T.&rft.au=This%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2826248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1993" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qroRAuJqpZIC&pg=PA167"><i>Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 167–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8901-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-8901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Crop+Plants%3A+A+Select+Roster&rft.pages=167-174&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8901-6&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqroRAuJqpZIC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1999xv-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1999xv_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1999">Wright 1999</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David, 1950</a>, whole book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelstosky2009x_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelstosky2009">Helstosky 2009</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEssid201251-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEssid201251_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEssid201251_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEssid2012">Essid 2012</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zubaida-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zubaida_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zubaida_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sami Zubaida, "National, Communal and Global Dimensions in Middle Eastern Food Cultures" p. 43 in <a href="/wiki/Sami_Zubaida" title="Sami Zubaida">Sami Zubaida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tapper" title="Richard Tapper">Richard Tapper</a>, <i>[A Taste of Thyme:] Culinary Cultures of the Middle East</i>, London and New York, 1994 and 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-603-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-603-4">1-86064-603-4</a>. The book has been published with and without the "A Taste of Thyme" prefix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19991-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19991_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1999">Wright 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrightnote-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrightnote_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1999">Wright, 1999, Introduction, note 2</a>: "it really is not about Mediterranean food but rather about French food".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu_Shihab2012-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu_Shihab2012_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu_Shihab2012">Abu Shihab 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowe2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowe2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2011">Rowe 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoine2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoine2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoine2014">Moine 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantich1995-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantich1995_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantich1995">Santich 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, H. F. (2006). <i>Tunisia (Mediterranean Cuisine)</i>. Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2344-3"><bdi>978-3-8331-2344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunisia+%28Mediterranean+Cuisine%29&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-2344-3&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, H. F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spainmediterrane0000unse"><i>Spain (Mediterranean Cuisine)</i></a>. Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2035-0"><bdi>978-3-8331-2035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+%28Mediterranean+Cuisine%29&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-2035-0&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspainmediterrane0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllman2006" class="citation book cs1">Ullman, H. F. (2006). <i>Italy (Mediterranean Cuisine)</i>. Konemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-2031-2"><bdi>978-3-8331-2031-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+%28Mediterranean+Cuisine%29&rft.pub=Konemann&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-2031-2&rft.aulast=Ullman&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwabe1979-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwabe1979_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwabe1979_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe1979" class="citation book cs1">Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC&pg=PA414"><i>Unmentionable Cuisine</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5"><bdi>978-0-8139-1162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmentionable+Cuisine&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1162-5&rft.aulast=Schwabe&rft.aufirst=Calvin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiBntk9jGmoC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuarteFernandesBernardesMiguel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Duarte, A.; Fernandes, J.; Bernardes, J.; Miguel, G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311911612">"Citrus as a Component of the Mediterranean Diet"</a>. <i>Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics - JSOD</i>. <b>IV</b> (4): 289–304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220519/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311911612">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spatial+and+Organizational+Dynamics+-+JSOD&rft.atitle=Citrus+as+a+Component+of+the+Mediterranean+Diet&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=289-304&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+J.&rft.au=Bernardes%2C+J.&rft.au=Miguel%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311911612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html">"Arab Influence"</a>. Spanish Food. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412002804/http://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Influence&rft.pub=Spanish+Food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanish-food.org%2Fspanish-food-history-arab-influence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkesFrancisco-Ortega1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkes, J. G.; Francisco-Ortega, J. (1993). "The early history of the potato in Europe". <i>Euphytica</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00029633">10.1007/BF00029633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25078696">25078696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euphytica&rft.atitle=The+early+history+of+the+potato+in+Europe&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00029633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25078696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Francisco-Ortega%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_A._F.1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A. F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13"><i>The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-000-0"><bdi>978-1-57003-000-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomato+in+America%3A+Early+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Cookery&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-000-0&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftomatoinamericae00smit_0%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1965" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence (1965). "Archeology and Domestication in American Phaseolus (Beans)". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 358–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02904806">10.1007/bf02904806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252645">4252645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38705065">38705065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Archeology+and+Domestication+in+American+Phaseolus+%28Beans%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=358-368&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38705065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4252645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02904806&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesLaudan2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HayesLaudan2009_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesLaudan2009" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Dayle; Laudan, Rachel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJuCs-dW9oYC&pg=PA646"><i>Food and Nutrition</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 646. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7825-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-7825-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Nutrition&rft.pages=646&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7825-6&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Dayle&rft.au=Laudan%2C+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJuCs-dW9oYC%26pg%3DPA646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TableAgent-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TableAgent_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TableAgent_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tableagent.com/article/an-introduction-to-mediterranean-cuisine/">"An Introduction to Mediterranean Cuisine"</a>. <i>TableAgent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531110019/https://tableagent.com/article/an-introduction-to-mediterranean-cuisine/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TableAgent&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Mediterranean+Cuisine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftableagent.com%2Farticle%2Fan-introduction-to-mediterranean-cuisine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coroneo-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coroneo_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coroneo_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoroneo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Coroneo, V. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407070807/http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6">"Microbiological characterization of botargo. Classical and molecular microbiological methods"</a>. <i>Industrie Alimentari</i>. <b>48</b> (487). Brandas, V., Sanna, A., Sanna, C., Carraro, V., Dessi, S., Meloni, M.: 29–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093112173.html;jsessionid=B9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrie+Alimentari&rft.atitle=Microbiological+characterization+of+botargo.+Classical+and+molecular+microbiological+methods&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=487&rft.pages=29-36&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Coroneo&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093112173.html%3Bjsessionid%3DB9E73C6777AEE82BBC5C25B7191DE1B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirbila2013" class="citation news cs1">Virbila, S. Irene (7 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-virbila-20130907-story.html">"Bottarga, a briny Mediterranean delicacy worth smuggling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507220259/http://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-virbila-20130907-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a> is hardly a new ingredient: It has been traded up and down the Mediterranean for thousands of years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bottarga%2C+a+briny+Mediterranean+delicacy+worth+smuggling&rft.date=2013-09-07&rft.aulast=Virbila&rft.aufirst=S.+Irene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ffood%2Fla-fo-virbila-20130907-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1980" class="citation book cs1">David, Elizabeth (1980) [1951]. <i>French Country Cooking</i>. Dorling Kindersley [John Lehmann]. pp. 121–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Country+Cooking&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+%5BJohn+Lehmann%5D&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestle_1995-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestle_1995_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestle_1995_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestle1995" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nestle, Marion (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F61.6.1313S">"Mediterranean diets: historical and research overview"</a>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. 61 (supplement) (6 Suppl): 131S–1320S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F61.6.1313S">10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1313S</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7754981">7754981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+diets%3A+historical+and+research+overview&rft.volume=61+%28supplement%29&rft.issue=6+Suppl&rft.pages=131S-1320S&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F61.6.1313S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7754981&rft.aulast=Nestle&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F61.6.1313S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014310,_727,_773–774-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014310,_727,_773–774_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 310, 727, 773–774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naylor2015-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naylor2015_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195"><i>Historical Dictionary of Algeria</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7919-5&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftFbCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolettiSelmi2006" class="citation book cs1">Soletti, Francesco; Selmi, Luca (2006). <i>Turismo gastronomico in Italia, Volume 1</i>. Touring Club Italiano. p. 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turismo+gastronomico+in+Italia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Touring+Club+Italiano&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Soletti&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Selmi%2C+Luca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindstedt2012" class="citation book cs1">Kindstedt, Paul (2012). <i>Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and its Place in Western Civilization</i>. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheese+and+Culture%3A+A+History+of+Cheese+and+its+Place+in+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kindstedt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014294–295-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014294–295_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSortun2013" class="citation book cs1">Sortun, Ana (2013). <i>Spice: Flavors of the Eastern Mediterranean</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062336514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062336514"><bdi>978-0062336514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice%3A+Flavors+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0062336514&rft.aulast=Sortun&rft.aufirst=Ana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014269-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014269_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genesis-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfy" class="citation book cs1">Alfy, Aly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/ar/book/show/10956176"><i>الجبتانا أسفار التكوين المصرية - The Egyptian Book of Genesis</i></a>. p. 161. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170756/https://www.goodreads.com/ar/book/show/10956176">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>the Koshir was a breakfast dish that consisted of lentils, wheat, chickpeas, garlic and onions cooked together in clay pots.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+-+The+Egyptian+Book+of+Genesis&rft.pages=161&rft.aulast=Alfy&rft.aufirst=Aly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Far%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F10956176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvi2016" class="citation news cs1">Parvi, Shahrokh (6 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/mar/06/kushari-cairo-rice-lentils-pasta-spicy-cheap">"Cheap, healthy and oh so tasty: the best kushari in Cairo"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072541/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/mar/06/kushari-cairo-rice-lentils-pasta-spicy-cheap">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cheap%2C+healthy+and+oh+so+tasty%3A+the+best+kushari+in+Cairo&rft.date=2016-03-06&rft.aulast=Parvi&rft.aufirst=Shahrokh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2016%2Fmar%2F06%2Fkushari-cairo-rice-lentils-pasta-spicy-cheap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAmag-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAmag_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurum2005" class="citation book cs1">Burum, Linda (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WF8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA186"><i>Los Angeles Magazine</i></a>. Emmis Communications. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Magazine&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Emmis+Communications&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=Burum&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWF8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201444-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson201444_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sami Zubaida, "National, Communal and Global Dimensions in Middle Eastern Food Cultures" in <a href="/wiki/Sami_Zubaida" title="Sami Zubaida">Sami Zubaida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tapper" title="Richard Tapper">Richard Tapper</a>, <i>A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East</i>, London and New York, 1994 and 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-603-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-603-4">1-86064-603-4</a>, p. 35, 37; <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Roden" title="Claudia Roden">Claudia Roden</a>, <i>A Book of Middle Eastern Food</i>, p. 86; <a href="/wiki/Anissa_Helou" title="Anissa Helou">Anissa Helou</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Food">Oxford Companion to Food</a></i>, <i>s.v.</i> Lebanon and Syria; Maan Z. Madina, <i>Arabic-English Dictionary of the Modern Literary Language</i>, 1973, <i>s.v.</i> تبل</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Companion_to_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Companion to Food">Oxford Companion to Food</a></i>, <i>s.v.</i> tabbouleh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotter2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cotter2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Cotter, Charis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZRutjVBAyQC&pg=PA46"><i>One Thousand and One Foods</i></a>. Pavilion. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86205-785-2"><bdi>978-1-86205-785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Thousand+and+One+Foods&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Pavilion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86205-785-2&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Charis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ZRutjVBAyQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann,_James_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">McCann, James C. (2009). <i>Stirring the Pot: A History of African Cuisine</i>. Ohio University Press. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stirring+the+Pot%3A+A+History+of+African+Cuisine&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=McCann%2C+James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks,_Gil2010" class="citation book cs1">Marks, Gil (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojc4Uker_V0C&pg=PA191"><i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i></a>. Wiley. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470943540" title="Special:BookSources/9780470943540"><bdi>9780470943540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780470943540&rft.au=Marks%2C+Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dojc4Uker_V0C%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson201495-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson201495_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcoux2014" class="citation book cs1">Marcoux, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Cooking with Fire</i></a>. Storey. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-158-1"><bdi>978-1-61212-158-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222152559/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooking+with+Fire&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Storey&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61212-158-1&rft.aulast=Marcoux&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbgaAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid198843-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid198843_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKremezi,_Aglaia2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aglaia_Kremezi" title="Aglaia Kremezi">Kremezi, Aglaia</a> (13 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/food/archive/2010/07/classic-greek-cuisine-not-so-classic/59600">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Classic' Greek Cuisine: Not So Classic"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216231142/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2010/07/classic-greek-cuisine-not-so-classic/59600">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%27Classic%27+Greek+Cuisine%3A+Not+So+Classic&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft.au=Kremezi%2C+Aglaia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ffood%2Farchive%2F2010%2F07%2Fclassic-greek-cuisine-not-so-classic%2F59600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1996190-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1996190_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalby1996">Dalby 1996</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Ash, John (2006). <i>A Byzantine Journey</i>. Tauris Parke. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-307-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-307-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Byzantine+Journey&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-307-0&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014362–363-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014362–363_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, pp. 362–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shkodrova_2019-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shkodrova_2019_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShkodrova2019" class="citation journal cs1">Shkodrova, Albena (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/629819">"Rediscovering Europe and national Cuisine. How EU integration is shaping food tastes in Sofia and Belgrade in the 21st century"</a>. <i>Appetite</i>. <b>133</b>: 10–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2018.10.022">10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30347241">30347241</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53039111">53039111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+Europe+and+national+Cuisine.+How+EU+integration+is+shaping+food+tastes+in+Sofia+and+Belgrade+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53039111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30347241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.appet.2018.10.022&rft.aulast=Shkodrova&rft.aufirst=Albena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F629819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidRisotto-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidRisotto_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidRisotto_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988, Introduction, pp.101–103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidPizza-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidPizza_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidPizza_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidSpaghetti-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidSpaghetti_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidSpaghetti_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988</a>, pp. 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosetti_della_Salda1993" class="citation book cs1">Gosetti della Salda, Anna (1993). <i>Le Ricette Regionali Italiane</i> (11th ed.). Solares. pp. 377–384 and passim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Ricette+Regionali+Italiane&rft.pages=377-384+and+passim&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Solares&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gosetti+della+Salda&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Altomari2005-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Altomari2005_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltomari2005" class="citation book cs1">Altomari, Dawn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0IRo8BlHtYC&pg=PP11"><i>The Everything Italian Cookbook: 300 Authentic Recipes to Help You Cook Up a Feast!</i></a>. Everything Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-420-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-420-4"><bdi>978-1-59337-420-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Italian+Cookbook%3A+300+Authentic+Recipes+to+Help+You+Cook+Up+a+Feast%21&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Everything+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59337-420-4&rft.aulast=Altomari&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0IRo8BlHtYC%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidBouillabaisse-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidBouillabaisse_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988, pp.66–68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niçoise-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niçoise_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niçoise_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atelierdeschefs.fr/fr/recette/22398-salade-nicoise-traditionnelle.php">"Recette de Salade niçoise traditionnelle"</a>. L'Atelier des Chefs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603050836/https://www.atelierdeschefs.fr/fr/recette/22398-salade-nicoise-traditionnelle.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recette+de+Salade+ni%C3%A7oise+traditionnelle&rft.pub=L%27Atelier+des+Chefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atelierdeschefs.fr%2Ffr%2Frecette%2F22398-salade-nicoise-traditionnelle.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spain.info/en/consultas/gastronomia/cocina-regional.html">"Regional Cuisine in Spain"</a>. Spain.info. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604002459/http://www.spain.info/en/consultas/gastronomia/cocina-regional.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Cuisine+in+Spain&rft.pub=Spain.info&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spain.info%2Fen%2Fconsultas%2Fgastronomia%2Fcocina-regional.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cassolesdegirona.cat/arros_negre_palafrugell.htm">"Arròs negre de Palafrugell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101181953/http://www.cassolesdegirona.cat/arros_negre_palafrugell.htm">Archived</a> 1 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Cassoles de Girona: La cuina tradicional de les comarques gironines</i> (in Catalan). [Accessed 29 August 2017]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidPaella-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidPaella_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid1988">David 1988, Introduction, pp.104–106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews2005-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews2005_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Colman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-K_ekX6BVXsC&pg=PA3"><i>Catalan Cuisine, Revised Edition: Vivid Flavors From Spain's Mediterranean Coast</i></a>. Harvard Common Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-329-2"><bdi>978-1-55832-329-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120165027/https://books.google.com/books?id=-K_ekX6BVXsC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan+Cuisine%2C+Revised+Edition%3A+Vivid+Flavors+From+Spain%27s+Mediterranean+Coast&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55832-329-2&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Colman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-K_ekX6BVXsC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://habitatlinceabutre.lpn.pt/Homepage/Mediterranean-Landscape/Content.aspx?tabid=2327&code=en">"Mediterranean Landscape"</a>. Habitat Lince abutre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921083410/http://habitatlinceabutre.lpn.pt/Homepage/Mediterranean-Landscape/Content.aspx?tabid=2327&code=en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Landscape&rft.pub=Habitat+Lince+abutre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhabitatlinceabutre.lpn.pt%2FHomepage%2FMediterranean-Landscape%2FContent.aspx%3Ftabid%3D2327%26code%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm">"Climate of the World: Portugal"</a>. <i>Weatheronline.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103058/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatheronline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Climate+of+the+World%3A+Portugal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fclimate%2FPortugal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/199728">"Mediterranean Diet"</a>. <i>Visit Portugal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822142915/https://www.visitportugal.com/en/node/199728">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The Mediterranean Diet, classified as World Heritage by UNESCO, is part of the identity of the Portuguese gastronomy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Portugal&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Diet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportugal.com%2Fen%2Fnode%2F199728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tasteporto.com/ko/what-is-portuguese-food-a-masterclass-on-portuguese-food/">"What is Portuguese Food?"</a>. <i>Taste Porto</i>. 3 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120035207/https://tasteporto.com/ko/what-is-portuguese-food-a-masterclass-on-portuguese-food/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Portuguese food is not (only) Mediterranean cuisine, but Atlantic, African, Asian and Brazilian cuisine. This comes from Portugal's history, of which also a bit of the World's History. Starting with a Mediterranean base that has its roots in the trio bread, wine and olive oil, complemented by soups, fruit, pork meat and fish, the Portuguese cuisine also include ingredients that came from the Maritime Discoveries, like beans and potatoes, Indian spices or <i>malagueta</i>, also known as chilli or <i>periperi</i> from Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taste+Porto&rft.atitle=What+is+Portuguese+Food%3F&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftasteporto.com%2Fko%2Fwhat-is-portuguese-food-a-masterclass-on-portuguese-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Baggini2015" class="citation web cs1">Julian Baggini (18 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/18/custard-tart-brits-portugal-pasteis-de-nata">"Custard tart fight: can the British version ever compete with Portugal's pastéis de nata?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193611/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/18/custard-tart-brits-portugal-pasteis-de-nata">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Custard+tart+fight%3A+can+the+British+version+ever+compete+with+Portugal%27s+past%C3%A9is+de+nata%3F&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.au=Julian+Baggini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F18%2Fcustard-tart-brits-portugal-pasteis-de-nata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.Fahey2003-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Fahey2003_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_S._Blocker_Jr.David_M._FaheyIan_R._Tyrrell2003" class="citation book cs1">Jack S. Blocker Jr.; David M. Fahey; Ian R. Tyrrell (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA478"><i>Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An Global Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-833-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-833-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222152508/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuzNzm-x0l8C&pg=PA478">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+and+Temperance+in+Modern+History%3A+An+Global+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-833-4&rft.au=Jack+S.+Blocker+Jr.&rft.au=David+M.+Fahey&rft.au=Ian+R.+Tyrrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuzNzm-x0l8C%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monde_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDealbertoDesrayaud2017" class="citation news cs1">Dealberto, Clara; Desrayaud, Lea (25 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2017/07/24/le-pastis-elixir-provencal_5164154_4415198.html?xtmc=le_pastis_elixir&xtcr=1">"Le pastis, elixir provencal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>. Le Monde. p. 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015046/http://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2017/07/24/le-pastis-elixir-provencal_5164154_4415198.html?xtmc=le_pastis_elixir&xtcr=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Le+pastis%2C+elixir+provencal&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft.aulast=Dealberto&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft.au=Desrayaud%2C+Lea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Ffestival%2Farticle%2F2017%2F07%2F24%2Fle-pastis-elixir-provencal_5164154_4415198.html%3Fxtmc%3Dle_pastis_elixir%26xtcr%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willett-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willett_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett,_W.C.SacksTrichopoulouDrescher.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Willett, W.C.; Sacks, F.; Trichopoulou, A.; Drescher., G.; Ferro-Luzzi, A.; Helsing, E.; Trichopoulos, D. (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/6/1402S">"Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating"</a>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 1402S–6S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F61.6.1402s">10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1402s</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7754995">7754995</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613051100/http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/6/1402S">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>We present a food pyramid that reflects Mediterranean dietary traditions, which historically have been associated with good health. This Mediterranean diet pyramid is based on food patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s, where adult life expectancy was among the highest in the world and rates of coronary heart disease, certain cancers, and other diet-related chronic diseases were among the lowest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+diet+pyramid%3A+a+cultural+model+for+healthy+eating&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1402S-6S&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F61.6.1402s&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7754995&rft.au=Willett%2C+W.C.&rft.au=Sacks%2C+F.&rft.au=Trichopoulou%2C+A.&rft.au=Drescher.%2C+G.&rft.au=Ferro-Luzzi%2C+A.&rft.au=Helsing%2C+E.&rft.au=Trichopoulos%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F61%2F6%2F1402S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306072716/http://www.diabetes.org/mfa-recipes/tips/2011-09/the-basics-of.html">"The Basics of Mediterranean-Style Eating"</a>. The American Diabetes Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diabetes.org/mfa-recipes/tips/2011-09/the-basics-of.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Basics+of+Mediterranean-Style+Eating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diabetes.org%2Fmfa-recipes%2Ftips%2F2011-09%2Fthe-basics-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberini-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberini_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberini,_MassimoMistretta,_Giorgio1984" class="citation book cs1">Alberini, Massimo; Mistretta, Giorgio (1984). <i>Guida all'Italia gastronomica</i>. Touring Club Italiano. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+all%27Italia+gastronomica&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Touring+Club+Italiano&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Alberini%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Mistretta%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumm-Kreuter2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rumm-Kreuter, D. (May 2001). "Comparison of the eating and cooking habits of Northern Europe and the Mediterranean countries in the past, present and future". <i>International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 141–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1024%2F0300-9831.71.3.141">10.1024/0300-9831.71.3.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11582834">11582834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Vitamin+and+Nutrition+Research&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+eating+and+cooking+habits+of+Northern+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+countries+in+the+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-148&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1024%2F0300-9831.71.3.141&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11582834&rft.aulast=Rumm-Kreuter&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_2013-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_2013_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mediterranean-diet-00884">"Mediterranean diet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181525/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mediterranean-diet-00884">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>[Nominated by] Cyprus, Croatia, Spain, Greece, Italy, Morocco and Portugal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+diet&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fmediterranean-diet-00884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (1996). <i>Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11620-6"><bdi>978-0-415-11620-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siren+Feasts%3A+A+History+of+Food+and+Gastronomy+in+Greece&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11620-6&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">David, Elizabeth</a> (1988) [1950]. <a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food"><i>A Book of Mediterranean Food</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">Dorling Kindersley</a> [John Lehmann].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Mediterranean+Food&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+%5BJohn+Lehmann%5D&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014). Tom Jaine (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssid2012" class="citation book cs1">Essid, Mohamed Yassine (2012). "Chapter 2. History of Mediterranean Food". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/mediterra-2012-english--9782724612486-page-51.htm"><i>MediTerra: The Mediterranean Diet for Sustainable Regional Development</i></a>. Presses de Sciences Po. pp. 51–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-1248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7246-1248-6"><bdi>978-2-7246-1248-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+History+of+Mediterranean+Food&rft.btitle=MediTerra%3A+The+Mediterranean+Diet+for+Sustainable+Regional+Development&rft.pages=51-69&rft.pub=Presses+de+Sciences+Po&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7246-1248-6&rft.aulast=Essid&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Yassine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fmediterra-2012-english--9782724612486-page-51.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelstosky2009" class="citation book cs1">Helstosky, Carol (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pk63U0ppWYAC"><i>Food Culture in the Mediterranean</i></a>. Food culture around the world. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34626-2"><bdi>978-0-313-34626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.series=Food+culture+around+the+world&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34626-2&rft.aulast=Helstosky&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpk63U0ppWYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoine2014" class="citation book cs1">Moine, Mari-Pierre (2014). <i>Mediterranean Cookbook</i>. Dorling Kindersley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-4724-8"><bdi>978-1-4093-4724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Cookbook&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-4724-8&rft.aulast=Moine&rft.aufirst=Mari-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2011" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Silvena (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8-Q-QgKvH0C"><i>Purple Citrus and Sweet Perfume: Cuisine of the Eastern Mediterranean</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210220-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-210220-1"><bdi>978-0-06-210220-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purple+Citrus+and+Sweet+Perfume%3A+Cuisine+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-210220-1&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Silvena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8-Q-QgKvH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantich1995" class="citation book cs1">Santich, Barbara (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhKmCa_w9c0C"><i>The Original Mediterranean Cuisine: Medieval Recipes for Today</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-331-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86254-331-7"><bdi>978-1-86254-331-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Mediterranean+Cuisine%3A+Medieval+Recipes+for+Today&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86254-331-7&rft.aulast=Santich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhKmCa_w9c0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Shihab2012" class="citation book cs1">Abu Shihab, Sana Nimer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kgVTx41NbYC"><i>Mediterranean Cuisine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-8309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-8309-7"><bdi>978-1-4772-8309-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Cuisine&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-8309-7&rft.aulast=Abu+Shihab&rft.aufirst=Sana+Nimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kgVTx41NbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1999" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Clifford A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mediterraneanfea00wrig"><i>A Mediterranean Feast: The Story of the Birth of the Celebrated Cuisines of the Mediterranean from the Merchants of Venice to the Barbary Corsairs, with More than 500 Recipes</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15305-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-15305-2"><bdi>978-0-688-15305-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mediterranean+Feast%3A+The+Story+of+the+Birth+of+the+Celebrated+Cuisines+of+the+Mediterranean+from+the+Merchants+of+Venice+to+the+Barbary+Corsairs%2C+with+More+than+500+Recipes&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-688-15305-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Clifford+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmediterraneanfea00wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mediterranean_cuisine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Template talk:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mediterranean cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mediterranean_cuisine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean cuisine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakhchoukha" title="Chakhchoukha">Chakhchoukha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)">Bazin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9choui" title="Méchoui">Méchoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">Tajine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">Ful medames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">Kushari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah" title="Mulukhiyah">Mulukhiyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamin" title="Hamin">Hamin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musakhan" title="Musakhan">Musakhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Cheeses" title="Turkish cuisine">Cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_desserts" title="List of Turkish desserts">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine#Kebabs" title="Turkish cuisine">Kebabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_in_Turkey" title="Tea in Turkey">Turkish tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyros_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyros (food)">Gyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stifado" class="mw-redirect" title="Stifado">Stifado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loukaniko" title="Loukaniko">Loukaniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Ionian Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourdeto" title="Bourdeto">Bourdeto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastitsada" title="Pastitsada">Pastitsada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Crete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paximathia" title="Paximathia">Paximadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shish_kebab" title="Shish kebab">Shish kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">Moussaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Regional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrosticini" title="Arrosticini">Arrosticini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortadella_di_Campotosto" title="Mortadella di Campotosto">Mortadella di Campotosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccheroni_alla_chitarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccheroni alla chitarra">Maccheroni alla chitarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzelle" title="Pizzelle">Pizzelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timballo" title="Timballo">Timballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocconotto" title="Bocconotto">Bocconotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrozzo" title="Parrozzo">Parrozzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciuppin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciuppin">Ciuppin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focaccia" title="Focaccia">Focaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesto" title="Pesto">Pesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravioli" title="Ravioli">Ravioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua" title="Cuisine of Mantua">Mantuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_rag%C3%B9" title="Neapolitan ragù">Neapolitan ragù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_e_fagioli" title="Pasta e fagioli">Pasta e fagioli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">Carbonara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian cuisine">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pane_carasau" title="Pane carasau">Pane carasau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malloreddus" title="Malloreddus">Malloreddus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirto_(liqueur)" title="Mirto (liqueur)">Mirto (liqueur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbamele" title="Abbamele">Abbamele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecorino_sardo" title="Pecorino sardo">Pecorino sardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culurgi%C3%B2nes" class="mw-redirect" title="Culurgiònes">Culurgiònes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seada" title="Seada">Seada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannoli" title="Cannoli">Cannoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caponata" title="Caponata">Caponata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta_alla_Norma" title="Pasta alla Norma">Pasta alla Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaccia" title="Scaccia">Scaccia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan cuisine">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribollita" title="Ribollita">Ribollita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_cuisine" title="Venetian cuisine">Venetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpaccio" title="Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">Polenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocciu" title="Brocciu">Brocciu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassoulet" title="Cassoulet">Cassoulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandade" title="Brandade">Brandade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provencal_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Provencal cuisine">Provencal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">Bouillabaisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille" title="Ratatouille">Ratatouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salade_ni%C3%A7oise" title="Salade niçoise">Salade niçoise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazpacho" title="Gazpacho">Gazpacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldereta" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldereta">Caldereta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombet" title="Tombet">Tombet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalivada" title="Escalivada">Escalivada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escudella_i_carn_d%27olla" class="mw-redirect" title="Escudella i carn d'olla">Escudella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollada" title="Ollada">Ollada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afelia" title="Afelia">Afelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">Halloumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anise spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Category:Mediterranean cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cuisines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuisines" title="Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuisines" title="Template talk:Cuisines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuisines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cuisines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage</a>: Representative List</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbila" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbila">Chopi timbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbofe (page does not exist)">Afounkaha Gbofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9" title="Gẹlẹdẹ">Gẹlẹdẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyau#Dances" title="Nyau">Gule Wamkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism" title="Anambra State">Ijele Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaba" title="Kangaba">Kamablon re-roofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankurang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankurang">Kankurang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Manden Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Mauritian Sega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Mbende Jerusarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum" title="Ritual dance of the royal drum">Ritual dance of the royal drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island" title="Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island">Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Ugandan barkcloth making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimbuza_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimbuza dance">Vimbuza healing dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaaral (page does not exist)">Yaaral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degal (page does not exist)">Degal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafimaniry" title="Zafimaniry">Zafimaniry woodcrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Makishi Festival">Zambian Makishi Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/70px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/105px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/140px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arab States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahellil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahellil">Ahellil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedu</a> culture at <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_al-iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqam al-iraqi">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa" title="Jemaa el-Fnaa">Jemaa el-Fnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hikaye" title="Palestinian hikaye">Palestinian hikaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Taghribat Bani Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-Tan_Moussem" title="Tan-Tan Moussem">Tan-Tan Moussem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture_and_moxibustion" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Acupuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainu_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainu dance (page does not exist)">Ainu dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiu_no_Taue_Odori" title="Akiu no Taue Odori">Akiu no Taue Odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Akyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan" title="Music of Iran">Bakhshi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul tradition of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boysun_District" title="Boysun District">Boysun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkirako" title="Chakkirako">Chakkirako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheoyongmu" title="Cheoyongmu">Cheoyongmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing#Origins_in_Asia" title="Woodblock printing">Chinese block printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese paper cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_carving" title="Seal carving">Chinese seal engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play#Chinese" title="Shadow play">Chinese shadow puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemokjang" title="Daemokjang">Daemokjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimokutate" title="Daimokutate">Daimokutate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darangen_Epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Darangen Epic">Darangen Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drametse_Ngacham" title="Drametse Ngacham">Drametse Ngacham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganggangsullae" title="Ganggangsullae">Ganggangsullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung_Danoje" title="Gangneung Danoje">Gangneung Danoje Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">Gimjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival" title="Gióng Festival">Gióng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_people#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Grand Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_guqin" title="History of the guqin">Guqin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansan_Mosi" title="Hansan Mosi">Hansan Mosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayachine_Kagura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayachine Kagura">Hayachine Kagura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Furyumono" title="Hitachi Furyumono">Hitachi Furyumono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud Chants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">Indonesian kris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Chilmeoridang_Yeongdeunggut" title="Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut">Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jultagi" title="Jultagi">Jultagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Kashan rug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katta_Ashula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katta Ashula (page does not exist)">Katta Ashula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Khoomei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koshikijima_no_Toshidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)">Koshikijima no Toshidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_Odori" title="Kumi Odori">Kumiodori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakh chant">Ladkah Buddhist chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakalaka" title="Lakalaka">Lakalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenj_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenj boat (page does not exist)">Lenj boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_yong" title="Mak yong">Mak yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Sankirtana" title="Meitei Sankirtana">Manipuri Sankirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Mangal Shobhajatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibu_no_Hana_Taue" title="Mibu no Hana Taue">Mibu no Hana Taue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosie_weaving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosie weaving (page does not exist)">Mosie ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiyett" title="Mudiyett">Mudiyett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsadang" title="Namsadang">Namsadang Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqqāli">Naqqāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Nuad Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oku-noto_no_Aenokoto" title="Oku-noto no Aenokoto">Oku-noto no Aenokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Pungmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramman_(festival)" title="Ramman (festival)">Ramman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal ballet of Cambodia">Royal ballet of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongren County">Regong arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Royal Ancestral Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sada Jinja">Sada Shin Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_drawing" title="Sand drawing">Sand drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbek_Toch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sbek Toch">Sbek Toch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekishu-Banshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekishu-Banshi (page does not exist)">Sekishu-Banshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Shiraz rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zīye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crafts_of_India" title="Crafts of India">Thathera utensil craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juldarigi" title="Juldarigi">Tugging rituals and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Urtiin Duu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamahoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamahoko">Yamahoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeondeunghoe" title="Yeondeunghoe">Yeondeunghoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongsanjae" title="Yeongsanjae">Yeongsanjae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi" title="Yūki-tsumugi">Yūki-tsumugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunjin" title="Yunjin">Yunjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe and<br />North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iso-Polyphony" title="Iso-Polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet" title="Azerbaijani carpet">Azerbaijani carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving" title="Azerbaijani carpet weaving">weaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li>Baltic song and dance celebrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari" title="Călușari">Călușari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of the Kalyady Tsars">Christmas Tsars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia" title="Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia">Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia" title="Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia">Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft" title="Lahıc copper craft">Copper craftsmanship of Lahij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia" title="Lacemaking in Croatia">Croatian lacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daina (Lithuania)">Daina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach" title="Dancing procession of Echternach">Dancing procession of Echternach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Daredevils of Sassoun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li>Falles of the Pyrenees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival" title="La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival">La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivity of Saint Blaise">Festivity of Saint Blaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li>French timber framing scribing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian vocal polyphony">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horezu_ceramics" title="Horezu ceramics">Horezu ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Houtem Jaarmarkt">Houtem Jaarmarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">Keşkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihnu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kihnu culture">Kihnu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar" title="Kırkpınar">Kırkpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cross_crafting" title="Lithuanian cross crafting">Lithuanian cross crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patum_de_Berga" title="Patum de Berga">La Patum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefkara_lace" title="Lefkara lace">Lefkaritika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licitar" title="Licitar">Licitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljelje" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljelje">Ljelje</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kraljice" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljice">Kraljice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Makishi Festival">Makishi Festival</a></li> <li>Moldovan Christmas Carols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">Meddah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesir_macunu" title="Mesir macunu">Mesir Macunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_Elche" title="Mystery Play of Elche">Mystery Play of Elche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijemo Kolo">Nijemo Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li>Turkish</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olonkho" title="Olonkho">Olonkho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">Opera dei Pupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrykivka_painting" title="Petrykivka painting">Petrykivka decorative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">Procession of the Holy Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna culture in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_leelo" title="Seto leelo">Seto leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Sinjska alka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings" title="Traditional Sohbet meetings">Sohbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiti">Suiti Cultural Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutartin%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutartinės">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_violin_craftsmanship_in_Cremona" title="Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona">Violins craftsmanship of Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wajãpi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje" title="Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje">Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen" title="Za križen">Za križen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari" title="Zvončari">Zvončari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean and<br />Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Carnaval de Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mella" title="Villa Mella">Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival" title="Blacks and Whites' Carnival">Carnaval de Negros y Blancos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADrio_de_Nazar%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Círio de Nazaré">Círio de Nazaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo_(dance)" title="Cocolo (dance)">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rican_oxherding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Rican oxherding (page does not exist)">Costa Rican oxherding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_devils_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Dancing devils of Corpus Christi">Dancing Devils of Yare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza_de_los_Voladores" title="Danza de los Voladores">Danza de los Voladores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danza_de_tijeras" title="Danza de tijeras">Danza de tijeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival" title="Gióng Festival">Gióng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harakmbut" title="Harakmbut">Harakmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaconada" title="Huaconada">Huaconada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Indigenous Day of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_Town,_Jamaica" title="Moore Town, Jamaica">Moore Town's</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Maroon Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_hat" title="Panama hat">Panama hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachico" title="Parachico">Parachico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_de_Bernal" title="Peña de Bernal">Peña de Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirekua" title="Pirekua">Pirekua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popay%C3%A1n_Holy_Week_processions" class="mw-redirect" title="Popayán Holy Week processions">Popayán Holy Week processions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCtchip%C3%BC%27%C3%BC" title="Pütchipü'ü">Pütchipü'ü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quyllurit%27i" title="Quyllurit'i">Quyllurit'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_Roda" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba de Roda">Samba de Roda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_de_Palenque" title="San Basilio de Palenque">San Basilio de Palenque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Pacific_Colombian_marimba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Pacific Colombian marimba (page does not exist)">South Pacific Colombian marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taquile_textiles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taquile textiles (page does not exist)">Taquile textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumba_francesa" title="Tumba francesa">Tumba francesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wajãpi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enawene_Nawe" title="Enawene Nawe">Yaokwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1paro_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Záparo culture">Záparo culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934309#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1753394/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031864">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182189m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12182189m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530292">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000132134&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560225005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030400112">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&oldid=1257101638">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&oldid=1257101638</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Category:Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean" title="Category:Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use British English from September 2024">Use British English from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 06:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_cuisine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-22g27","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.248","walltime":"1.525","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8253,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":333229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8114,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":328589,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1172.743 1 -total"," 43.12% 505.644 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.44% 169.401 42 Template:Cite_book"," 11.53% 135.274 11 Template:Navbox"," 10.66% 125.020 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.40% 110.235 18 Template:Sfn"," 7.51% 88.075 1 Template:Cuisine_of_the_Mediterranean"," 5.98% 70.095 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.99% 58.560 1 Template:Isbn"," 4.88% 57.197 13 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.666","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8888732,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Shihab2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberini,_MassimoMistretta,_Giorgio1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltomari2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoskou,_D.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaudulloWelkSan-Miguel-Ayanz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoroneo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDealbertoDesrayaud2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuarteFernandesBernardesMiguel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEssid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosetti_della_Salda1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkesFrancisco-Ortega1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesLaudan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelstosky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_S._Blocker_Jr.David_M._FaheyIan_R._Tyrrell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Baggini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashdan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindstedt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKremezi,_Aglaia2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcoux2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks,_Gil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann,_James_C.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNestle1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOteros2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParvi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrew1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumm-Kreuter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantich1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwabe1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShkodrova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_A._F.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolettiSelmi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSortun2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTannoWillcox2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerazono2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerralTabardBoubyIvorra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThisLacombeThomash2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllman2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFVirbila2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVossen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillett,_W.C.SacksTrichopoulouDrescher.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Triad\"] = 1,\n [\"Trinity\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuisine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuisine of the Mediterranean\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mediterranean Cuisine\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-chplc","timestamp":"20241127133106","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mediterranean cuisine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_cuisine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q934309","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q934309","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-29T22:51:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T06:58:16Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Tres_hombres_sentados_a_la_mesa%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg","headline":"culinary traditions of the Mediterranean"}</script> </body> </html>