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.overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container input::placeholder{color:#ababab}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button{border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0;height:3.125rem;font-size:1.375rem;letter-spacing:.01375rem;margin-top:0;padding:0 1.5625rem;width:9.125rem}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button.webmd-button--primary{background-color:#3557ff}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button.webmd-button--primary:disabled{background:#b3b3b3!important;color:#676767}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .email-container button span{font-weight:600}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-disclaimer{color:#1b1b1b;padding:1rem 0;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.05rem;letter-spacing:.0375rem;text-align:left}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container .nl-disclaimer a{color:#3557ff;text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container{display:block}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container input{color:#ababab;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .email-container button{margin-top:1rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nl-disclaimer{color:#1b1b1b;padding:1rem 0;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nl-disclaimer a{text-decoration:none}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .multie-nl-container{display:block}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .success-content,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .error-content,.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content{padding:2.1875rem 1.5625rem;width:100%;text-align:center}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content 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.webmd-checkbox.webmd-checkbox--small{display:block;padding:.375rem 1.5rem .25rem 0}.multie-nl-container .webmd-checkbox+.webmd-checkbox{margin-left:0}.multie-nl-container .webmd-checkbox__input.is-focus .webmd-checkbox__inner{outline:auto;outline-color:#9bf}@media only screen and (max-width:47.938em){.newsletter-wrapper .newsletter-container{padding:0}.newsletter-wrapper.vn-subscribe .webmd-dialog{top:2rem;width:100%;min-height:30rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog{height:auto;max-width:25rem;top:2%;width:95%}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__headerbtn{top:.5625rem;right:.5625rem}.newsletter-wrapper .webmd-dialog__close{padding:0}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:reverse;-ms-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhover-image-container img{height:auto}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay .nlhov-content-container{max-width:25rem;padding:1.5rem 1.25rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .overlay 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.overlay .nlhover-image-container img{width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay .success-content{padding:1rem;width:100%}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2{font-size:1.375rem;line-height:1.09;padding:.5rem 2rem}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay h2 span{font-weight:700}.newsletter-wrapper .success-reg.overlay p{border-bottom:none;color:#000;margin-top:.5rem;padding:0 .5rem .5rem}.newsletter-wrapper .err-reg.overlay .error-content{width:100%}.right .webmd-checkbox__label{margin-right:2rem}}@media only screen and (min-width:48rem){.ia-nl{min-width:46.875rem;padding-left:0}.ia-nl .newsletter-main{background-color:#edf0ff;border-radius:.25rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin:1.25rem 0 1.875rem 0;min-height:0;min-width:25rem;padding:2.125rem;width:46.875rem}.ia-nl .newsletter-main 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.see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:self-start;-ms-flex-align:self-start;align-items:self-start;-webkit-box-pack:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.footer-nl-social .success-reg .see-more-container{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.footer-nl-social .success-reg .sub-title-text{color:#fff;line-height:20px}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.footer-nl-social .success-reg .sub-title-text{-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.375rem;font-weight:700;line-height:30.8px;margin-bottom:.75rem}@media(max-width:64rem){.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{font-size:2rem;line-height:42px;margin-bottom:1rem}}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.in-art-ty h2,.right-cont h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:33.6px;margin-bottom:.25rem}}.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:left;-ms-flex-align:left;align-items:left;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left;margin-top:1rem}@media(max-width:64rem){.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{margin-bottom:.75rem}}@media(max-width:47.938rem){.in-art-ty .see-more-container,.right-cont .see-more-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center}}.in-art-ty .see-more-container .see-more-btn,.right-cont .see-more-container .see-more-btn{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:#3557ff;border-radius:4px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:600;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;line-height:28.8px;min-width:150px;padding:8px 16px;text-decoration:none}.in-art-ty .sub-title-text,.right-cont .sub-title-text{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:28.8px}.vn-scrim:before{background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);content:"";height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;visibility:hidden;z-index:100000;-webkit-transition:all .4s ease;transition:all .4s ease}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-scrim:before{-webkit-transition-delay:.2s;transition-delay:.2s}}.vn-scrim.vn-open:before{opacity:1;visibility:visible;-webkit-transition-delay:0s;transition-delay:0s}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-scrim.vn-open:before :not(.lite){visibility:hidden}}html body{margin-top:3rem;padding-top:0;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}@media(max-width:37.5rem){html body main{margin-top:1rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){html body{margin-top:0}}html.class-bg-ghost{background:#f8f8f8}.vn-typeahead-suggestions{background:#fff;border-radius:5px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;left:0!important;margin:0 8px!important;height:24.875rem;overflow:hidden;top:6.875rem!important;width:calc(100% - 1rem)}.vn-typeahead-suggestions .webmd-autocomplete-suggestion__wrap{border:0;border-radius:0}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-typeahead-suggestions.lite{top:8.625rem!important}}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-typeahead-suggestions{max-width:calc(400px - 1rem)!important}}.webmd-autocomplete-suggestion{z-index:1000000!important}.vn-skip-to-main{background:#fff;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;color:#1b1b1b;display:block;height:1.875rem;padding:.3rem;margin:0 .5rem;position:fixed;text-decoration:none;top:-100px;-webkit-transition:top .3s ease;transition:top .3s ease;z-index:100001}.vn-skip-to-main:focus{top:0}.vn-wrapper{background:#00157c;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;position:fixed;top:0;-webkit-transition:transform .5s ease;transition:transform .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:100000}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper.lite{padding:0 1.5rem}}.vn-wrapper.no-stick{position:relative}.vn-wrapper *{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:normal}.vn-wrapper.vn-slide-up{-webkit-transform:translateY(-100%);transform:translateY(-100%)}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper{position:relative}}@media(max-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper{padding:0 1rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-dt{display:none!important}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-dt{display:block!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-mt{display:block}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-mt{display:none!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-hidden{visibility:hidden!important}.vn-wrapper .vn-trans{opacity:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-none{display:none!important}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-none{display:none!important}}.vn-wrapper .vn-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:3rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:77.5rem;z-index:1}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container{height:4.6875rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{max-width:100%}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{height:3.5rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;line-height:1;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:1.166875rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn i{font-size:2.25rem;width:2.25rem;overflow:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn svg{fill:currentColor;pointer-events:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search i{font-size:1.875rem;width:1.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search:not(.lite){margin-right:0}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search:not(.lite) i{font-size:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search.lite i{font-size:2rem;width:2rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo-div{height:.9375rem;margin:0 .625rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo-div{height:1.5625rem;margin:0 1.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo{line-height:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo img{display:block;height:1.3125rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img,.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-prog-logo img{height:1.625rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container .vn-logo img:not(.lite){width:7.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:.875rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:1.4375rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:1.5625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links{background:#f9f9fc;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);left:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:left .5s ease;transition:left .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:100}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links{max-width:25rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links:not(.lite){background:none;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;height:100%;left:0;max-width:100%;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:relative;top:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open{left:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:-100vw}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:3rem;margin-bottom:.25rem;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:0;-ms-flex-order:-1;order:-1}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite){background:#fff;border:1px solid #c6cedb;border-radius:5px;opacity:0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;position:absolute;right:2.8125rem;top:.8125rem;width:38%;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite).vn-open{visibility:visible;opacity:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite) input{border:0;height:2.8125rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper>div{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper>div>div{width:100%}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input{border:1px solid #cccce7;border-right:0;border-radius:5px 0 0 5px;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;font-size:1.125rem;height:3rem;padding:0 1.375rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-moz-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper input::placeholder{color:#7f888f}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper button{background:#3557ff;border:0;border-radius:0 5px 5px 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i{font-size:.625rem;margin-left:.3125rem;-webkit-transition:transform .3s ease;transition:transform .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a{background:#fff;color:#00157c}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a i{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a{background:#fff;color:#1b1b1b}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a i,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a i{-webkit-transform:rotateX(180deg);transform:rotateX(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible .vn-menu-section,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible) .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}}@media(min-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:not(:nth-child(7)){margin-right:1rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{background:#f9f9fc;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);right:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:0 1.5rem 6.25rem 1.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:all .5s ease;transition:all .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:10}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{max-width:25rem;left:-140vw;right:auto}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{left:0;right:auto}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{right:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:.75rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header h3{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1;margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a{color:#3557ff;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a img{margin-right:.5rem;width:.8125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul{margin:.75rem 0;list-style:none;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a{color:#1b1b1b;display:block;padding:.75rem 0;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a:hover{color:#3557ff}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite){background:#fff;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;border-top:0;left:-20px;margin-left:-3.75rem;max-width:none;height:auto;opacity:0;padding:1.875rem 2.875rem;position:absolute;top:4.6875rem;width:18.75rem;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul{margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li:last-of-type{border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a{-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;color:#3557ff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a img{height:.75rem;margin-right:.5rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{width:60.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul{-webkit-columns:4;-moz-columns:4;columns:4;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(7),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(14),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(21){border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3{width:35rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul{-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(8),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(16){border-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:64rem)and (max-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{margin-left:-8.75rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#3557ff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:1rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back i{font-size:.75rem;margin-right:.3125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions{margin-top:1rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #cccce7;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:1.1875rem 0;padding-left:1.25rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe{border-left:none}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-signin{color:#3557ff;font-weight:600;padding:0 1.5rem;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-signin:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:1.0625rem;padding:0;margin:0 .9375rem;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin{background:none;border:0;color:#3557ff;font-weight:600;height:3rem;padding:0 1.5rem;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#fff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-size:0;padding:0;margin:0 1.25rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions .vn-loggedin:not(.lite):before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81654093/client/img/person.59072d56.svg) no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:block;height:1.625rem;width:1.625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe{display:inline-block;padding-top:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button{background:none;border:1px solid #3557ff;border-radius:5px;color:#3557ff;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;padding:.5rem .625rem .5rem .729375rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button:focus-visible{outline:2px solid #fff;outline-offset:3px}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81654093/client/img/mobile-mail.a5bfeb82.svg) no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";display:inline-block;height:.833125rem;margin-right:.25rem;vertical-align:bottom;width:1.041875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe .webmd-dialog__wrapper{background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.8)}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite){-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button{border-color:#cccce7;color:#fff}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#00157c;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:hover:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81654093/client/img/mail-navblue.7c5ef9b6.svg) no-repeat}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe:not(.lite)>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81654093/client/img/mail.c6992733.svg) no-repeat}}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub{margin-left:auto;margin-right:.75rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub>button{border:none;border-radius:0;border-right:1px solid #c6cedb;color:#fff;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:600}.vn-wrapper .vn-subscribe.vn-mob-gn-sub>button:before{background:url(//img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/webmd_static_vue/091e9c5e81654093/client/img/mail.c6992733.svg) no-repeat;background-size:.8125rem;height:.666875rem;width:.833125rem}.vn-menu-mask{display:none}.vn-menu-mask.active{display:block;height:100vh;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw;z-index:99}@media screen and (min-width:81.25rem){.global-container-1 .ad-container-101{min-height:8.25rem}.global-container-1 .ad-container-101 .ad.ad-101>div:first-child:after{top:.75rem}}.webmd-onc .ad-container-121{min-height:37.5rem}.webmd-onc .ad.ad-121{-webkit-box-align:start;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;margin-top:0;position:sticky;top:9.375rem}.breadcrumb{font-family:Source Sans Pro,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;letter-spacing:.7px;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 1rem}.breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__item:not(:last-of-type) .webmd-breadcrumb__separator{display:inline!important;font-size:0;font-style:normal}.breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__item:not(:last-of-type) .webmd-breadcrumb__separator:after{content:"/";font-size:.875rem}.breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a{color:#1d1d1d!important;text-decoration:none}.breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__inner a:hover{color:#3557ff!important;text-decoration:none}.breadcrumb .webmd-breadcrumb__inner:hover{text-decoration:none}.module-social-share-footer{height:2.5rem;margin-bottom:.625rem;position:relative}.module-social-share-footer .share-icons{height:3.7rem}.module-social-share-footer .share-icons .share-icons-tooltip{background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 2px 2px #ddd;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 2px #ddd;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-left:-6.25rem;min-width:13rem;padding:.5rem;position:absolute;text-align:center}@media screen and (max-width:64rem){.module-social-share-footer .share-icons .share-icons-tooltip{margin-left:auto;right:0}}.module-social-share-footer .share-icons .share-icons-tooltip:after{background:#fff;-webkit-box-shadow:-5px -5px 3px -5px #999;box-shadow:-5px -5px 3px -5px #999;content:"";height:1.25rem;right:25%;position:absolute;top:-4px;-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);width:1.25rem}@media screen and (max-width:64rem){.module-social-share-footer .share-icons .share-icons-tooltip:after{left:auto;right:1.75rem}}.module-social-share-footer .copy-link-tooltip{background:#1b1b1b;border-radius:15px;color:#fff;font-size:.875rem;left:75%;letter-spacing:normal;opacity:.7;padding:5px 12px;position:absolute;top:4.5rem;width:auto}@media screen and (max-width:47.938em){.module-social-share-footer .copy-link-tooltip{left:10.5rem;top:5rem}}.module-social-share-footer .share-footer-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:right;-ms-flex-pack:right;justify-content:right;gap:.3125rem}.module-social-share-footer .share-footer-container .share-text{color:#1b1b1b;font-family:Source Sans 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.plugin-socialshare-link:hover{background-color:#d2d9ff}}.module-social-share-footer .plugin-socialshare-link .icon-sb-footer-facebook{background-image:url(https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/share/icon-facebook.png);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:1.375rem;margin:-2px auto;width:.695rem}.module-social-share-footer .plugin-socialshare-link .icon-sb-footer-twitter{background-image:url(https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/share/icon-x.svg);display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:1.25rem;margin:-2px auto;width:1.375rem}.module-social-share-footer .plugin-socialshare-link .icon-sb-footer-copy{background-image:url(https://img.webmd.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/share/icon-copy.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:1.125rem;margin:1px auto;width:1.75rem}.module-social-share-footer 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DO","image":"https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/biographies/ratini_melinda_382x382.jpg","affiliation":{"@type":"Organization","name":"WebMD"}}</script><header><h1 class="article__header">Melinda Ratini, DO</h1></header><div class="article__body" data-metrics-module="embd-lnk"><div class="article__page active" data-page="1"><div class="author-container"><figure><div><img src="https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/biographies/ratini_melinda_382x382.jpg?resize=140px:*" alt="Melinda Ratini, DO" class="profile-photo"></div></figure></div><div class="article__text"><p>Melinda Ratini, DO, is a member of the WebMD medical review team and is responsible for ensuring the medical accuracy of WebMD’s news and feature stories. As a family practitioner, Ratini has been seeing patients since 1986. Remaining active in clinical practice has allowed her to identify firsthand the information needs of real patients and their families. She is also actively involved in the training of family practice residents as a clinical assistant professor in the department of family medicine at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Ratini is on staff at Lower Bucks Hospital, St. Mary Medical Center, and Aria Health in Bucks County, Pa. She is board-certified in both family practice and geriatrics. </p><p>In addition to being involved in direct patient care, she has devoted much of her professional career to the crafting of medical information in a way that allows the consumer to take steps toward getting and staying healthy. In this capacity, she has served as a medical director for the editorial division of one of the largest health care companies in the U.S., as well as serving as a medical consultant/editor for numerous medical communication, patient education, and population health management firms. Other areas of expertise include the development of interactive tools and programs that help demystify complicated medical topics. </p><p>Ratini is also a well-respected editor of clinical material geared towards physicians. She has served as an editor for the American College of Osteopathic Family Practitioners. She was also a clinical editor for <i>Harrison's Practice</i>, the online version of one of the most recognized and well-respected medical textbooks for physicians.</p><p>Her medical degree is from West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, where she received the Glasgow Award from the American Medical Women’s Association. In addition, Ratini also holds an MS in information science from Drexel University and a BS in biology from Pennsylvania State University.</p></div><footer><div class="art-pub-info-and-share-bar"><div class="article__publication-info"><span class="publication-info" data-chronicle="091e9c5e81654094" data-e2e="asset-publication" data-v-646cf98c>WebMD Biography</span></div><div class="module module-social-share-footer" data-e2e="social-sharebar"><div class="socialshare-container" data-metrics-module="fm-shr"><div class="share-footer-container"><div class="share-text">Share</div><div class="icon-sb-footer-svg icon-sb-footer-share"><svg class="icon-sb-footer-svg" width="18" height="20" viewbox="0 0 18 20" fill="none" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path class="icon-sb-footer-svg" d="M15 20C14.1667 20 13.4583 19.7083 12.875 19.125C12.2917 18.5417 12 17.8333 12 17C12 16.8833 12.0083 16.7623 12.025 16.637C12.0417 16.5123 12.0667 16.4 12.1 16.3L5.05 12.2C4.76667 12.45 4.45 12.6457 4.1 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