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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemische potentiaal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 37 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_potensiaal" title="Chemiese potensiaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese potensiaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="جهد كيميائي – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهد كيميائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Хімічны патэнцыял – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічны патэнцыял" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Химичен потенциал – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химичен потенциал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_qu%C3%ADmic" title="Potencial químic – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potencial químic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Chemický potenciál – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemický potenciál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Химилле потенциал – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле потенциал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_potential" title="Kemisk potential – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk potential" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisches_Potential" title="Chemisches Potential – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemisches Potential" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential" title="Chemical potential – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical potential" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_potencialo" title="Kemia potencialo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia potencialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Potencial químico – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencial químico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_potentsiaal" title="Keemiline potentsiaal – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline potentsiaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پتانسیل شیمیایی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتانسیل شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_potentiaali" title="Kemiallinen potentiaali – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen potentiaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_chimique" title="Potentiel chimique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potentiel chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="פוטנציאל כימי – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוטנציאל כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Kémiai potenciál – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai potenciál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Քիմիական պոտենցիալ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական պոտենցիալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potensial_kimia" title="Potensial kimia – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Potensial kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenziale_chimico" title="Potenziale chimico – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potenziale chimico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%9D%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="化学ポテンシャル – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学ポテンシャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="화학 퍼텐셜 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 퍼텐셜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Химийн потенциал – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн потенциал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_potensial" title="Kjemisk potensial – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk potensial" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencja%C5%82_chemiczny" title="Potencjał chemiczny – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potencjał chemiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_qu%C3%ADmico" title="Potencial químico – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potencial químico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Potențial chimic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Химический потенциал – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химический потенциал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_potential" title="Chemical potential – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical potential" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_potenci%C3%A1l" title="Chemický potenciál – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický potenciál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dni_potencial" title="Kemični potencial – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemični potencial" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_potential" title="Kemisk potential – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk potential" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வேதிப்பண்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதிப்பண்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хімічний потенціал – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічний потенціал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学势" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8B%A2" title="化學勢 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學勢" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q737004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>De <b>chemische potentiaal</b> van een bestanddeel in een systeem is de toename in <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> die zou optreden als men aan een systeem een eenheid van dat bestanddeel zou toevoegen, bij gelijkblijvende <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Druk_(grootheid)" title="Druk (grootheid)">druk</a>. Men duidt de chemische potentiaal in de chemie ook wel aan als de molaire <a href="/wiki/Vrije_energie" title="Vrije energie">Gibbs vrije energie</a>. </p><p>Als een systeem verschillende soorten deeltjes bevat, heeft elke soort in het systeem zijn eigen chemische potentiaal. De chemische potentiaal van een bestanddeel is de energieverandering die optreedt bij verandering van het aantal deeltjes van dat bestanddeel. </p><p>De chemische potentiaal wordt gewoonlijk aangegeven met de Griekse letter <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span>. </p><p>De chemische potentiaal is vooral van belang voor de beschrijving van processen waarin de samenstelling van een mengsel verandert, zoals: </p> <ul><li>bij stoftransport, waarbij deeltjes uit de ene <a href="/wiki/Fase_(stof)" title="Fase (stof)">fase</a> overgaan naar een andere fase, bijvoorbeeld het <a href="/wiki/Verdamping" title="Verdamping">verdampen</a> van vluchtige bestanddelen uit een mengsel of het <a href="/wiki/Kristallisatie" title="Kristallisatie">kristalliseren</a> van een <a href="/wiki/Zouten" title="Zouten">zout</a> uit een <a href="/wiki/Oplossing_(scheikunde)" title="Oplossing (scheikunde)">oplossing</a>,</li> <li>bij <a href="/wiki/Chemische_reactie" title="Chemische reactie">chemische reacties</a>, waarin bepaalde soorten verbindingen worden omgezet in andere verbindingen.</li> <li>in de <a href="/wiki/Kwantumveldentheorie" title="Kwantumveldentheorie">kwantumveldentheorie</a> bij eindige temperatuur en/of dichtheid, daar bij veel processen — en ook in het <a href="/wiki/Vacu%C3%BCm" title="Vacuüm">vacuüm</a> — creatie en annihilatie van deeltjes kan optreden.</li></ul> <p>Als de verbindingen die bij een bepaalde reactie verdwijnen bij elkaar dezelfde chemische potentiaal hebben als de verbindingen die bij die reactie verschijnen, is de reactie in <a href="/wiki/Reacties_in_evenwicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Reacties in evenwicht">evenwicht</a>. </p><p>Indien men voor alle stoffen die aan een reactie deelnemen de chemische potentiaal als functie van de samenstelling (en andere factoren als temperatuur en druk) kent, kan men in principe uitrekenen bij welke concentraties er een evenwicht optreedt. </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermigas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermigas (de pagina bestaat niet)">Fermigassen</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermivloeistof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fermivloeistof (de pagina bestaat niet)">Fermivloeistoffen</a> is de chemische potentiaal bij het <a href="/wiki/Absolute_nulpunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute nulpunt">absolute nulpunt</a> gelijk aan de <a href="/wiki/Fermi-energie" title="Fermi-energie">Fermi-energie</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie">elektrochemische</a> systemen is de chemische potentiaal gelijk aan de negatieve <a href="/wiki/Elektrische_potentiaal" title="Elektrische potentiaal">elektrische potentiaal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitie">Definitie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemische_potentiaal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Definitie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemische_potentiaal&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Definitie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stel, een thermodynamisch systeem bestaat uit <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> verschillende soorten deeltjes. </p><p>De totale energie <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> een functie is van </p> <ul><li>de entropie <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span></li> <li>het volume <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></li> <li>het aantal mol, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4990341119d5cade225ab183d88a2dbbfd5afe4e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.713ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N}}"></span>, van elke component in het mengsel</li></ul> <p>In formulevorm </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\equiv E(S,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\equiv E(S,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51fa985538d804ce3af0bb5fd37144778b9f2fb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\equiv E(S,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{N})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De verandering van potentiaal <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/863383ac8ac9319e8e3745defeda6bb76ef1f5cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}}"></span> ten gevolge van de verandering van het aantal mol <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57f87f905ba5a4d8c691ccaecd65fc47bd007ba4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.194ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"></span> van de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>-de component, bij overig gelijkblijvende omstandigheden, is de verandering van <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_vrije_energie" title="Gibbs vrije energie">Gibbs vrije energie</a> (onder constant houden van de druk, de temperatuur en aantal andere deeltjes): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,n_{j\neq i}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,n_{j\neq i}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/273b20f6439e8855d86fe53e88e5be6a761cecd3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:21.743ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial n_{i}}}\right)_{T,P,n_{j\neq i}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Voor de differentiaalvorm van de Gibbs-energie geldt: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p-S\mathrm {d} T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p-S\mathrm {d} T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f019fc605f26f30ea2b4995eff24fca60a355d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.735ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p-S\mathrm {d} T}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Bij constante temperatuur wordt dit: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eadffabf445f169027a607004bcf0edea4f40d5b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.467ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} G=V\mathrm {d} p}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De arbeid om van de toestand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p_{1},V_{1})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p_{1},V_{1})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddde49ba94452cfc2536bd16bf9f5fb1b484a44e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p_{1},V_{1})}"></span> naar <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (p_{2},V_{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (p_{2},V_{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fbdefafd87b601e96e9c55885f5d06ef944bca4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (p_{2},V_{2})}"></span> te gaan, is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}V\cdot \mathrm {d} p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>V</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}V\cdot \mathrm {d} p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3f0a10a2f3a61c5dcd19328e456c73cc0e6ca56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.531ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}V\cdot \mathrm {d} p}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ervan uitgaande dat de componenten gasvormig zijn en dus de <a href="/wiki/Algemene_gaswet" title="Algemene gaswet">idealegaswet</a> volgen, wordt bovenstaande uitdrukking herleid tot: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}{\frac {nRT}{p}}\mathrm {d} p=nRT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}{\frac {nRT}{p}}\mathrm {d} p=nRT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2259c7ec50504a9c26a860831043bc533243815e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:36.397ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\int _{p_{1}}^{p_{2}}{\frac {nRT}{p}}\mathrm {d} p=nRT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De verandering van de chemische potentiaal is dus: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}={\frac {\Delta G}{n_{i}}}=RT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}={\frac {\Delta G}{n_{i}}}=RT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18bc74c40f7a22148782a561a0e21a886744f224" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.141ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \mu _{i}={\frac {\Delta G}{n_{i}}}=RT\ln \left({\frac {p_{2}}{p_{1}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Meestal wordt als referentietoestand 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a> (<i>p°</i>) gekozen, zodat: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+RT\ln \left({\frac {p}{p^{\circ }}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>p</mi> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+RT\ln \left({\frac {p}{p^{\circ }}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1aadcf9ff141a1a335b3cae52619dd09452395b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.804ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\mu _{i}^{\circ }+RT\ln \left({\frac {p}{p^{\circ }}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{\circ }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{\circ }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0fd7438cd79dc9cae61b3ba54fd6c1921e98589" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{\circ }}"></span> is de standaard chemische potentiaal en kan meestal in tabellen teruggevonden worden, en zo kan men de chemische potentiaal van elke stof bepalen. </p><p>De chemische potentiaal vereist dat de entropie constant gehouden moet worden. In de praktijk kan die echter moeilijk constant gehouden worden, want daarvoor is een perfecte thermische isolatie vereist. Men kan daarom beter de <a href="/wiki/Vrije_energie" title="Vrije energie">Helmholtz vrije energie</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> gebruiken, die een functie is van de <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>, volume en samenstelling: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F\equiv F(T,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{i})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F\equiv F(T,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{i})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a675c1e1fdc2685cf6509176e6188b8dd3b48f48" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.702ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F\equiv F(T,V,n_{1},\ldots ,n_{i})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Uitgedrukt in termen van de Helmholtz vrije energie is de chemische potentiaal gelijk aan: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,V,n_{j\neq i}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>j</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,V,n_{j\neq i}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab83ba4a8fdc83fd2097e98dd18aa5cc7bfcdacb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:20.308ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial F}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,V,n_{j\neq i}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Hier is enkel vereist dat de temperatuur, het volume en aantal deeltjes verschillend van <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57f87f905ba5a4d8c691ccaecd65fc47bd007ba4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.194ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{i}}"></span> constant moet worden gehouden, wat praktisch gezien veel beter haalbaar is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemische_potentiaal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemische_potentiaal&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wet_van_Raoult" title="Wet van Raoult">Wet van Raoult</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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