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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Golden_Age"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Golden_Age""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Golden Age"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Golden_Age"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Revivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_and_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_and_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes and settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_and_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarahyreike_hembiapogua%27u_omopir%C4%A9va" title="Kuarahyreike hembiapogua'u omopirĩva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarahyreike hembiapogua'u omopirĩva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestern_filmi" title="Vestern filmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vestern filmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_western" title="Film western – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Film western" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(film)" title="Western (film) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Western (film)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westernfilm" title="Westernfilm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Westernfilm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_w%C3%A9stern" title="Cine wéstern – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine wéstern" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakera_filmo" title="Vakera filmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vakera filmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(cinema)" title="Western (cinema) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Western (cinema)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6" title="Վեստերն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստերն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestern" title="Vestern – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vestern" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armizita_rebelo" title="Armizita rebelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Armizita rebelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מערבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვესტერნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვესტერნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_western" title="Cinema western – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cinema western" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westernfilm" title="Westernfilm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Westernfilm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვესტერნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვესტერნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="فيلم غرب امريكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلم غرب امريكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_western" title="Cinema western – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema western" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80)" title="Вестерн (киножанр) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестерн (киножанр)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیلمی ڕۆژاوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی ڕۆژاوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nnenelokuva" title="Lännenelokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lännenelokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western" title="Western – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Western" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/120px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/180px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg/240px-Stanley_L._Wood00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Media</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_Art" title="Western American Art">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_Western" title="Dime Western">Dime novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">Subgenres</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Australian Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Western">Epic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_romance_literature" title="Western romance literature">Western romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Lists of Western films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_fiction_authors" title="List of Western fiction authors">List of Western fiction authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_television_series" title="List of Western television series">List of Western television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boot_Awards" title="Golden Boot Awards">Golden Boot Awards</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#989898 1px solid;padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Terms</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Cowboy culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Quick draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Western</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">film genre</a> defined by the American Film Institute as films which are "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Thesis" title="Frontier Thesis">new frontier</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally set in the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> between the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> of 1849 and the closing of the frontier in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 557">: 557 </span></sup> the genre also includes many examples of stories set in locations outside the frontier – including <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> – as well as stories that take place before 1849 and after 1890. Western films comprise part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a>, which encompasses literature, music, television, and plastic arts. </p><p>Western films derive from the <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a> that began in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup> Originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the shortened term "Western" came to describe the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other Western films were made earlier, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> (1903) is often considered to mark the beginning of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westerns were a major genre during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent era</a> (1894–1929) and continued to grow in popularity during the <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound era</a> (post–1929). </p><p>The genre reached its pinnacle between 1945 and 1965 when it comprised roughly a quarter of studio output.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advent of color and widescreen during this era opened up new possibilities for directors to portray the vastness of the American landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup> This era also produced the genre's most iconic figures, including <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Scott" title="Randolph Scott">Randolph Scott</a>, who developed personae that they maintained across most of their films.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Director <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> is often considered one of the genre's greatest filmmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the proliferation of television in the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">television Westerns</a> began to supersede film Westerns in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the decade, studios had mostly ceased to make Westerns. Despite their dwindling popularity during this decade, the 1960s gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">revisionist Western</a>, several examples of which became vital entries in the canon.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, new Western films have only appeared sporadically. Despite their decreased prominence, Western films remain an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Thesis" title="Frontier Thesis">new frontier</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in <i>Motion Picture World</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular <a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a>, and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Philip_French" title="Philip French">Philip French</a> has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the <i>Kabuki</i> Theater."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear <a href="/wiki/Stetson" title="Stetson">Stetson</a> hats, <a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">bandannas</a>, spurs, and <a href="/wiki/Buckskins" title="Buckskins">buckskins</a>, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG/220px-John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG/330px-John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG/440px-John_Wayne_-_1961.JPG 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>John Wayne in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comancheros_(film)" title="The Comancheros (film)">The Comancheros</a></i> (1961)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film Westerns derive from the <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a> that began in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 48">: 48 </span></sup> These shows, which included stage plays and outdoor exhibitions, culminated in <i>Buffalo Bill's Wild West</i>, a touring performance that ran from 1883 to 1913. Wild West shows, which were intended for urban audiences, established many of the elements that came to define Western films, such as the blending of fact and fiction and the romanticization of the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early films were originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the term "Western" came to describe the genre. The use of this shortened term appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in <i>Motion Picture World</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first films that belong to the Western genre are a series of short single reel silents made in 1894 by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Edison%27s_Black_Maria" title="Edison's Black Maria">Black Maria</a> studio in <a href="/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="West Orange, New Jersey">West Orange, New Jersey</a>. These featured veterans of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill"><i>Buffalo Bill's Wild West</i> show</a> exhibiting skills acquired by living in the Old West – they included <a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a> (shooting) and members of the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> (dancing).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_era">Silent era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Silent era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western films were enormously popular in the <a href="/wiki/Silent-film" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent-film">silent-film</a> era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short <i><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_by_Indians" title="Kidnapping by Indians">Kidnapping by Indians</a></i>, made by <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_and_Kenyon" title="Mitchell and Kenyon">Mitchell and Kenyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, England, in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Train_Robbery_(1903_film)" title="The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)">The Great Train Robbery</a></i> (1903, based on the earlier British film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Daring_Daylight_Burglary" title="A Daring Daylight Burglary">A Daring Daylight Burglary</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>'s film starring <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Broncho Billy Anderson</a>, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and <a href="/wiki/William_K._Everson" title="William K. Everson">William K. Everson</a> point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to <i>The Great Train Robbery</i>". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mix" title="Tom Mix">Tom Mix</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Hart" title="William S. Hart">William S. Hart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of sound in 1927–28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City_(film)" title="Dodge City (film)">Dodge City</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Errol_Flynn" title="Errol Flynn">Errol Flynn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_(1939_film)" title="Jesse James (1939 film)">Jesse James</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Power" title="Tyrone Power">Tyrone Power</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_(film)" title="Union Pacific (film)">Union Pacific</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Joel_McCrea" title="Joel McCrea">Joel McCrea</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Destry_Rides_Again" title="Destry Rides Again">Destry Rides Again</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, and especially <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford's</a> landmark Western adventure <i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a> </i> starring <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, <i>Stagecoach</i> made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the <a href="/wiki/Leading_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading man">leading man</a> in director <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a>'s spectacular <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Trail" title="The Big Trail">The Big Trail</a></i>, which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>, and the giant <a href="/wiki/Redwoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Redwoods">redwoods</a>, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Golden_Age""><span id=".22Golden_Age.22"></span>"Golden Age"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Golden Age""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Robert Aldrich</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Apache_(film)" title="Apache (film)">Apache</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Vera_Cruz_(film)" title="Vera Cruz (film)">Vera Cruz</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budd_Boetticher" title="Budd Boetticher">Budd Boetticher</a> – several films with <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Scott" title="Randolph Scott">Randolph Scott</a> including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tall_T" title="The Tall T">The Tall T</a></i> (1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Station" title="Comanche Station">Comanche Station</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmer_Daves" title="Delmer Daves">Delmer Daves</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow_(1950_film)" title="Broken Arrow (1950 film)">Broken Arrow</a></i> (1950), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Wagon_(1956_film)" title="The Last Wagon (1956 film)">The Last Wagon</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(1957_film)" title="3:10 to Yuma (1957 film)">3:10 to Yuma</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_anthology_television_series" title="Disney anthology television series">Walt Disney</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frontierland" title="Frontierland">Frontierland</a> (theme park), <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(miniseries)" title="Davy Crockett (miniseries)"><i>Davy Crockett</i> series</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca"><i>Elfego Baca</i> series</a> (1958), <a href="/wiki/Texas_John_Slaughter_(TV_series)" title="Texas John Slaughter (TV series)"><i>Texas John Slaughter</i> series</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Dwan" title="Allan Dwan">Allan Dwan</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lode_(film)" title="Silver Lode (film)">Silver Lode</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Cattle_Queen_of_Montana" title="Cattle Queen of Montana">Cattle Queen of Montana</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a></i> (1939), <i><a href="/wiki/My_Darling_Clementine" title="My Darling Clementine">My Darling Clementine</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Searchers" title="The Searchers">The Searchers</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Shot_Liberty_Valance" title="The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance">The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Samuel Fuller</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Run_of_the_Arrow" title="Run of the Arrow">Run of the Arrow</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Forty_Guns" title="Forty Guns">Forty Guns</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy_and_the_Sundance_Kid" title="Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid">Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(1948_film)" title="Red River (1948 film)">Red River</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Bravo_(film)" title="Rio Bravo (film)">Rio Bravo</a></i> (1959), <i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(1966_film)" title="El Dorado (1966 film)">El Dorado</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(director)" title="Henry King (director)">Henry King</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gunfighter" title="The Gunfighter">The Gunfighter</a></i> (1950), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bravados" title="The Bravados">The Bravados</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a> – the Spaghetti Western <i><a href="/wiki/Dollars_Trilogy" title="Dollars Trilogy">Dollars Trilogy</a></i> featuring <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Fistful_of_Dollars" title="A Fistful of Dollars">A Fistful of Dollars</a></i> (1964), <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_Few_Dollars_More" title="For a Few Dollars More">For a Few Dollars More</a></i> (1965), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly" title="The Good, the Bad and the Ugly">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</a></i> (1966); as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West" title="Once Upon a Time in the West">Once Upon a Time in the West</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mann" title="Anthony Mann">Anthony Mann</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Winchester_%2773" title="Winchester '73">Winchester '73</a></i> (1950), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Laramie" title="The Man from Laramie">The Man from Laramie</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Star" title="The Tin Star">The Tin Star</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Peckinpah" title="Sam Peckinpah">Sam Peckinpah</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Ride_the_High_Country" title="Ride the High Country">Ride the High Country</a></i> (1962), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Bunch" title="The Wild Bunch">The Wild Bunch</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Nicholas Ray</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Guitar" title="Johnny Guitar">Johnny Guitar</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley_(1935_film)" title="Annie Oakley (1935 film)">Annie Oakley</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/Shane_(film)" title="Shane (film)">Shane</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sturges" title="John Sturges">John Sturges</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral_(film)" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven" title="The Magnificent Seven">The Magnificent Seven</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tourneur" title="Jacques Tourneur">Jacques Tourneur</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Passage" title="Canyon Passage">Canyon Passage</a></i> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Wichita_(1955_film)" title="Wichita (1955 film)"><i>Wichita</i></a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Duel_in_the_Sun_(film)" title="Duel in the Sun (film)">Duel in the Sun</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Without_a_Star" title="Man Without a Star">Man Without a Star</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ox-Bow_Incident" title="The Ox-Bow Incident">The Ox-Bow Incident</a></i> (1943), <i><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sky" title="Yellow Sky">Yellow Sky</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Westerner_(1940_film)" title="The Westerner (1940 film)">The Westerner</a></i> (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Country" title="The Big Country">The Big Country</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a></i> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revivals">Revivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several instances of resurgence for the Western genre. According to <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, the popularity of the genre is due to its malleability: "As America has evolved, so too have Westerns."<sup id="cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netflix_Tudum_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Westerns</a> from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>'s storytelling method.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_2023_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_2023-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_Gray_2019_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_Gray_2019-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances with Wolves">Dances with Wolves</a></i> (1990) and <i><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a></i> (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netflix_Tudum_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_III" title="Back to the Future Part III">Back to the Future Part III</a></i> (1990) was "a full-blown Western" set in 1885; although the least commercially successful of <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(franchise)" title="Back to the Future (franchise)">the trilogy</a> and according to some a departure from <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">the 1985 original</a> (a sci-fi) and <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_Part_II" title="Back to the Future Part II">the 1989 sequel</a> (an action adventure), <i>Part III</i> has been regarded by others as a fitting end to the series.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busby_Buscombe_Pearson_1999_p=520-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely influenced by the recapturing of <a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a> <a href="/wiki/American_mythology" title="American mythology">mythology</a>, appreciation for the <a href="/wiki/Vaquero" title="Vaquero">vaquero</a> folklore within <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Mexican culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">the US Southwest</a>, interest in the <a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">clothing</a>, along with popular videos games series such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Dead_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dead (series)"><i>Red Dead</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leyda_2002_pp._46–70_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyda_2002_pp._46–70-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mens_Health_2022_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mens_Health_2022-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penny_2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penny_2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harpers_BAZAAR_2023_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harpers_BAZAAR_2023-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_settings">Themes and settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes and settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Screenwriter and scholar <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Williams" title="Eric R. Williams">Eric R. Williams</a> identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his <a href="/wiki/Screenwriters_Taxonomy" title="Screenwriters Taxonomy">screenwriters' taxonomy</a>, claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">slice of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western films often depict conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the Native Americans as dishonorable villains,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Trail_(1931_film)" title="The Big Trail (1931 film)">The Big Trail</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perilous journeys (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven" title="The Magnificent Seven">The Magnificent Seven</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup> </p><p>Early Westerns were mostly filmed in the studio, as in other early Hollywood films, but when location shooting became more common from the 1930s, producers of Westerns used desolate corners of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. These settings gave filmmakers the ability to depict vast plains, looming mountains, and epic canyons.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Productions were also filmed on location at <a href="/wiki/Movie_ranches" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie ranches">movie ranches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the early 1950s, various widescreen formats such as <a href="/wiki/Cinemascope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemascope">Cinemascope</a> (1953) and <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> used the expanded width of the screen to display spectacular western landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Ford's use of <a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a> as an expressive landscape in his films from <i>Stagecoach</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Autumn" title="Cheyenne Autumn">Cheyenne Autumn</a></i> (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-Cowie_20042_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowie_20042-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westerns_on_television" title="Westerns on television">Westerns on television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Western_subgenres" title="List of Western subgenres">List of Western subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Western_films" title="Lists of Western films">Lists of Western films</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/10top10/">"America's 10 Greatest Films in 10 Classic Genres"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+10+Greatest+Films+in+10+Classic+Genres&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F10top10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinCasper2013" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Joan Shelley; Casper, Scott E., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMN9xAEACAAJ"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976435-8"><bdi>978-0-19-976435-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+American+Cultural+and+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976435-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMN9xAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmon2003" class="citation book cs1">Simmon, Scott (2003-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EN64jzq4Q3AC"><i>The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half Century</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55581-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55581-4"><bdi>978-0-521-55581-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+Western+Film%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Genre%27s+First+Half+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55581-4&rft.aulast=Simmon&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEN64jzq4Q3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oA47uwEACAAJ"><i>Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema</i></a>. Continuum. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-4023-9"><bdi>978-1-5013-4023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+Guy+Blach%C3%A9%3A+Lost+Visionary+of+the+Cinema&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-4023-9&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoA47uwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeff2006" class="citation book cs1">Verhoeff, Nanna (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKDAsYDXxz8C"><i>The West in Early Cinema: After the Beginning</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-831-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-831-6"><bdi>978-90-5356-831-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+in+Early+Cinema%3A+After+the+Beginning&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-831-6&rft.aulast=Verhoeff&rft.aufirst=Nanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKDAsYDXxz8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2015" class="citation book cs1">Aron, Stephen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bSbSBAAAQBAJ"><i>The American West: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-985893-4"><bdi>978-0-19-985893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-985893-4&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSbSBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Munn, Michael (2005-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVJL6w1T3ocC"><i>John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth</i></a>. Penguin. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21026-0"><bdi>978-1-101-21026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wayne%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Myth&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-101-21026-0&rft.aulast=Munn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVJL6w1T3ocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson2016" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Sue (2016-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMZ4CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Westerns and War Films of John Ford</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-6106-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-6106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westerns+and+War+Films+of+John+Ford&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-6106-8&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMZ4CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1987" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, J. Fred (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9VkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Who Shot the Sheriff?: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western</i></a>. Praeger. pp. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92326-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92326-6"><bdi>978-0-275-92326-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Shot+the+Sheriff%3F%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Television+Western&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-275-92326-6&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=J.+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9VkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusted2003" class="citation book cs1">Lusted, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yF7vHCI3G-QC"><i>The Western</i></a>. Pearson/Longman. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-43736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-43736-4"><bdi>978-0-582-43736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-43736-4&rft.aulast=Lusted&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyF7vHCI3G-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1982" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Rita (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wwO1AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Western Hero in Film and Television: Mass Media Mythology</i></a>. UMI Research Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1287-3"><bdi>978-0-8357-1287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Hero+in+Film+and+Television%3A+Mass+Media+Mythology&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1287-3&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwwO1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2016" class="citation book cs1">Day, Kirsten (2016-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaMxEAAAQBAJ"><i>Cowboy Classics: The Roots of the American Western in the Epic Tradition</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0247-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0247-7"><bdi>978-1-4744-0247-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cowboy+Classics%3A+The+Roots+of+the+American+Western+in+the+Epic+Tradition&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0247-7&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaMxEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2014" class="citation book cs1">McMahan, Alison (2014-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaUMBAAAQBAJ"><i>Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-0268-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-0268-8"><bdi>978-1-5013-0268-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+Guy+Blach%C3%A9%3A+Lost+Visionary+of+the+Cinema&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-0268-8&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaUMBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Henry Nash (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzsUAAAAYAAJ"><i>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93955-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-93955-4"><bdi>978-0-674-93955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virgin+Land%3A+The+American+West+as+Symbol+and+Myth&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-674-93955-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Henry+Nash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzsUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_French" title="Philip French">French, Philip</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dI-GAAAAIAAJ"><i>Westerns: Aspects of a Movie Genre and Westerns Revisited</i></a>. Carcanet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85754-747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85754-747-4"><bdi>978-1-85754-747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westerns%3A+Aspects+of+a+Movie+Genre+and+Westerns+Revisited&rft.pub=Carcanet&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-85754-747-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdI-GAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2014" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (2014-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 8, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-9211-4</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he principal archetype of the genre, the Western hero, is analyzed within the context of his various personas: the chivalrous cowboy, the honorable marshal, the lone crusader, and the rebel outlaw... He is more comfortable living in the open fronteir than in the cities, and most importantly, he does not conform to the laws and customs of civilized society. He answers only to his own code of honor and enforces his own personal brand of justice... [W]riters established the cowboy hero as the legendary icon of the West. They dressed him in chaps and a ten-gallon hat, straddled him atop a horse, armed him with a revolver, and set him loose on the Western plains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Western%3A+How+the+American+Psyche+Plays+Out+on+Screen&rft.pages=8%2C+12&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE0-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarf1983" class="citation book cs1">Sarf, Wayne Michael (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r22_IwAACAAJ"><i>God Bless You, Buffalo Bill: A Layman's Guide to History and the Western Film</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-4732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8453-4732-4"><bdi>978-0-8453-4732-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Bless+You%2C+Buffalo+Bill%3A+A+Layman%27s+Guide+to+History+and+the+Western+Film&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8453-4732-4&rft.aulast=Sarf&rft.aufirst=Wayne+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr22_IwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/00694139/">"Sioux ghost dance"</a>. Library of Congress. 1894<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sioux+ghost+dance&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F00694139%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-50211023">"World's first Western movie 'filmed in Blackburn'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2019-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York City: Bonanza Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-163-70021-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-163-70021-1"><bdi>978-1-163-70021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western%3A+From+Silents+to+Cinerama&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bonanza+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-1-163-70021-1&rft.aulast=Fenin&rft.aufirst=George+N.&rft.au=Everson%2C+William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGE8htQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/21/archives/bronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html">"Bronco Billy Anderson Is Dead at 88"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 21 January 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bronco+Billy+Anderson+Is+Dead+at+88&rft.date=1971-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fbronco-billy-anderson-is-dead-at-88j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/10/magazine/11schatz.html,"><i>New York Times Magazine</i></a> (November 10, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2008" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (2008-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylSQBQAAQBAJ&dq=western+most+popular+film+genre+more+combined&pg=PA2"><i>The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen</i></a>. McFarland. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3460-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-3460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Western%3A+How+the+American+Psyche+Plays+Out+on+Screen&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3460-2&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylSQBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwestern%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bfilm%2Bgenre%2Bmore%2Bcombined%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittell2014" class="citation web cs1">Gittell, Noah (2014-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/the-return-of-the-western/372871/">"Superheroes Replaced Cowboys at the Movies. But It's Time to Go Back to Cowboys"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Superheroes+Replaced+Cowboys+at+the+Movies.+But+It%27s+Time+to+Go+Back+to+Cowboys.&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Gittell&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fthe-return-of-the-western%2F372871%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netflix_Tudum_2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netflix_Tudum_2021_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/why-are-westerns-still-popular">"Why Are Westerns Still Popular?"</a>. <i>Netflix Tudum</i>. 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"Back in the Saddle Again: New Essays on the Western". <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>30</b> (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971437">10.2307/971437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-3810">0043-3810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971437">971437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Back+in+the+Saddle+Again%3A+New+Essays+on+the+Western&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=520&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0043-3810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971437&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Buscombe%2C+Edward&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Roberta+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kollin_1999_pp._238–250_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kollin, Susan (1999). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Why+Everyone+Suddenly+Loves+Westerns+Again&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.menshealth.com%2Fentertainment%2Fa41830004%2Fmodern-westerns-masculinity-men-popularity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penny_2021-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penny_2021_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2021" class="citation web cs1">Penny, Daniel (June 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/cowboy-boots-in-the-city-why-western-style-is-trending-11624463862">"Cowboy Boots in the City? Why Western Style Is Trending"</a>. <i>WSJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Cowboy+Boots+in+the+City%3F+Why+Western+Style+Is+Trending&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fcowboy-boots-in-the-city-why-western-style-is-trending-11624463862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harpers_BAZAAR_2023-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harpers_BAZAAR_2023_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a40871600/western-fashion-guide/">"Western Fashion 2023: Western Boots, Dresses, and Shirts to Shop"</a>. <i>Harper's BAZAAR</i>. August 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+BAZAAR&rft.atitle=Western+Fashion+2023%3A+Western+Boots%2C+Dresses%2C+and+Shirts+to+Shop&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpersbazaar.com%2Ffashion%2Ftrends%2Fa40871600%2Fwestern-fashion-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Eric (2017-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AB00DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Collaborative Approach to Creative Storytelling</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-61066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-61066-7"><bdi>978-1-351-61066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Screenwriters+Taxonomy%3A+A+Collaborative+Approach+to+Creative+Storytelling&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-61066-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAB00DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2014" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (2014-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen</i></a>. McFarland. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-9211-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Western hero himself epitomizes the animus archetype. He is a character that is completely and utterly masculine... In turn, the Native American is often portrayed as the shadow archetype, the representative of savage, wild emotions, and the dark adversary for the hero in their oedipal rivalry over the maternal landscape.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Western%3A+How+the+American+Psyche+Plays+Out+on+Screen&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE0-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2006" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Stephanie Greco (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIx1LIZPgDgC"><i>Media & Minorities: The Politics of Race in News and Entertainment</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9453-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9453-2"><bdi>978-0-8476-9453-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+%26+Minorities%3A+The+Politics+of+Race+in+News+and+Entertainment&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9453-2&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+Greco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIx1LIZPgDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanfling2016" class="citation book cs1">Hanfling, Barrie (2016-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Opg-CgAAQBAJ"><i>Westerns and the Trail of Tradition: A Year-by-Year History, 1929-1962</i></a>. McFarland. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0836-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0836-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-0836-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westerns+and+the+Trail+of+Tradition%3A+A+Year-by-Year+History%2C+1929-1962&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-0836-5&rft.aulast=Hanfling&rft.aufirst=Barrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpg-CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2003" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Barry Keith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqrJWnPSxK0C"><i>John Ford's Stagecoach</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79743-6"><bdi>978-0-521-79743-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ford%27s+Stagecoach&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79743-6&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Barry+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqrJWnPSxK0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell2000" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, William K. (2000-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6zOEAAAQBAJ"><i>Literature and Film as Modern Mythology</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-00286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-00286-1"><bdi>978-0-313-00286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Film+as+Modern+Mythology&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2000-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-313-00286-1&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6zOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndick2014" class="citation book cs1">Indick, William (2014-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE0-EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Psychology of the Western: How the American Psyche Plays Out on Screen</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9211-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-9211-4</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he role of the landscape is typically accentuated, making the scenery in the Western as equally import a character as the hero or villain... a good Western must import a strong sense of the frontier landscape... to depict the glory and majesty of the frontier landscape.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Western%3A+How+the+American+Psyche+Plays+Out+on+Screen&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9211-4&rft.aulast=Indick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE0-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://californiathroughmylens.com/paramount-ranch-old-movie-town/">"Paramount Ranch: Old Movie Town & Westworld Filming Location in Agoura Hills"</a>. <i>California Through My Lens</i>. 2014-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Through+My+Lens&rft.atitle=Paramount+Ranch%3A+Old+Movie+Town+%26+Westworld+Filming+Location+in+Agoura+Hills&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaliforniathroughmylens.com%2Fparamount-ranch-old-movie-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyStoehr2012" class="citation book cs1">Bandy, Mary Lea; Stoehr, Kevin L. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaLmJwamoxgC"><i>Ride, Boldly Ride: The Evolution of the American Western</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25866-2"><bdi>978-0-520-25866-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ride%2C+Boldly+Ride%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+American+Western&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012-10&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25866-2&rft.aulast=Bandy&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lea&rft.au=Stoehr%2C+Kevin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaLmJwamoxgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan1980" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, John H. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3TaxS2uWxQC"><i>Showdown, Confronting Modern America in the Western Film</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01254-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01254-9"><bdi>978-0-252-01254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showdown%2C+Confronting+Modern+America+in+the+Western+Film&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01254-9&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3TaxS2uWxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowie_20042-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowie_20042_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie2004" class="citation book cs1">Cowie, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wNlAAAAMAAJ"><i>John Ford and the American West</i></a>. New York: Harry Abrams Inc. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4976-8"><bdi>978-0-8109-4976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ford+and+the+American+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Harry+Abrams+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4976-8&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wNlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" 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